surveillance and enforcement in komodo national park - long-term trends 1985 - 2009

8/9/2019 Surveillance and Enforcement in Komodo National Park - Long-term trends 1985 - 2009

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Seillne n Enoeent in Kooo Ntionl Pk: Long-te Tens 1985 - 2009

S u r v e i l l a n c e a n d E n f o r c e m e n t i n K o m o d o N a t i o n a l P a r k :

L o n g - t e r m T r e n d s 1 9 8 5 2 0 0 9

H a r v E y a , P a S y a a & y u S a m a N d r a H

m a r c H 2 0 1 0

K o m o d o N a t i o n a l P a r k S u r v e i l l a n c e a n d E n f o r c e m e n t S e r i e s : 1 9 8 5 - 2 0 0 9


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Th Nt Cnsnc

The mission o The Nature Conservancy is to preserve the plants, animals and natural communities thatrepresent the diversity o lie on Earth by protecting the lands and waters they need to survive. The Conservancy

launched the Global Marine Initiative in 2002 to protect and restore the most resilient examples o oceanand coastal ecosystems in ways that benet marine lie, local communities and economies. The Conservancyoperates over 100 marine conservation projects in more than 21 countries and 22 US states; they work withpartners across seascapes and landscapes through transormative strategies and integrated planning andaction. The ocus is on: (1) Setting priorities or marine conservation using ecoregional assessments andtools or ecosystem based management; (2) Ensuring coral ree survival by creating resilient networks o

marine protected areas; (3) Restoring and conserving coastal habitats by utilizing innovative new methods;(4) Building support or marine conservation through strategic partnerships and working to shape globaland national policies. Marine conservation in The Nature Conservancy builds upon the organizations corestrengths: achieving demonstrable results; working with a wide range o partners, including non-traditional

partners; science-based, robust conservation planning methodologies; our experience with transactions; and,perhaps most importantly, our ability and commitment to back up our strategies with human, nancial andpolitical capital. For more inormation e-mail [email protected] or go to www.nature.org/marine.

PT Pt N Kd

PT Putri Naga Komodo is a non-or-prot tourism destination management company and holds the sole

tourism concession license to operate within Komodo National Park. Putri Naga Komodos mission is toachieve nancial sustainability or park management through the development o tourism, and to supportbiodiversity conservation and compatible community development initiatives lead by the Komodo National

Park Authority. The company is a joint partnership majority owned by The Nature Conservancy, who providetechnical expertise and support to science-based management initiatives.


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Published by: The Nature Conservancy and PT Putri Naga Komodo

Copyright: 2010 The Nature Conservancy/ PT Putri Naga Komodo

Reproduction o this publication or educational or other non-commercial purposes isauthorized without prior written permission rom the copyright holders provided the sourceis ully acknowledged.

Reproduction o this publication or resale or other commercial purposes is prohibitedwithout prior written permission o the copyright holders.

Citation: Harvey A Pasya A & Yusamandra H (2010), Surveillance and Enorcement in Komodo NationalPark: Long-term Trends 1985 2009. The Nature Conservancy & PT Putri Naga Komodo, Bali,

Indonesia.

Illustrations: Donald Bason

Available rom:

The Nature Conservancy, Jl. Pengembak No. 2, Sanur, Bali 80228, Indonesia.

PT Putri Naga Komodo, Gang Mesjid, Labuan Bajo, Manggarai Barat, NTT, Indonesia. www.

gokomodo.org


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Summary or DeCiSioN maKerS

Seillne n enoeent in KNP is the soeeign

thoit o BTNK. Sine 1996, TNc hs sppote

seillne n enoeent in KNP, inling i

opetionl ngeent o FrS n speebots. Sine

2005, this sppot hs been inistee b PNK.

Spei inestents into seillne n enoeent

opetions (e.g. qisition o speebots n FrS)

oinie with pi ineses in the nbe o

enoeent ses, o one in 1985 to 17 in 2009. most

ses elte to ine esoe ioltions, ptill

esttie shing ges liste ne PErda 28.

Enoeent eos n pk-wie rum t inite

eline in the se o esttie shing ges estite

ne istit lws (PErda 28), inling bob n

nie shing. Howee ee glening/ eting eins

oon.

The nbe o estite shing ges etete b FrS

ptols eline between 2005 n 2009. Howee pk-

wie resoe use monitoing t sggests estite

ges ein oon within soe es o KNP. FrS

ptols loll ee se o estite ges long

egl ptol otes. aweness o estite ge

tpes ws low, with sope to ipoe enition nonition o ge estitions.

FrS ptols sessll etete high popotion

o ll zoning ioltions (23.49% in 2009). Howee no

oente ses o enoeent o posetion o

zoning ioltions exist. The legl stts o KNPs zontion

shee is nle. Gp nlsis wol poie st step

to stengthening zoning ipleenttion b ientiing

legisltie gps, n poiing le gine to

enoeent oes.


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Intetion between enoeent tes n toists

ws low, with onl two intetions pe eoe in

2009. Extening the bssoil ole o ptol tes

ol enhne the isito expeiene in KNP, b poiing

inotion n gine on pk egltions, ooingbos, oes o ont, ilities et.

The ost o onitoing n enoing ioltions b

toists is ispopotiontel high (uS$ 8,442 pe

se) ope to the ost o ioltions (uS$ 15 tiket

ee). costs ol be ee i penent o sei-

penent nge sttions t seen tois hot spots

in KNP.

cent ptol intensities ol be intine with one

opetionl FrS. atie FrS ptol s ie o 59 to

249 pe e. The ent ngeent o two FrS in KNP

poies pbilit o 730 tie ptol s pe e.

cent bgets e heil weighte tows

onitoing o non-opline. at on uS$ 150,000

pe e osts e high, g ensit is low, n etetion

tes e low. Inestent into othe itil oponents

o opline biling, inling legl ewoks

n onstiten biling, is low. Possible senios o

eing osts n eetiel tgeting liite ns

e pesente in this epot.

Seillne n enoeent inestents hesessll inese pk ngeent pit to

etet esoe ioltions, n ee esttie shing.

Pk nges ol the stengthen opline

with KNP egltions thogh:

reiew o ngeent plns n sppotinglegisltion;

Ientition o gps n nees, n

Ipleenttion o sttegies tht xiize g

ensit, xiize etetion tes n iniizeosts.


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abbreviaTioNS

BTNK Balai Taman Nasional Komodo (Komodo National Park Authority)

FRS Floating Ranger Station

GIS Geographic Inormation System

IFC International Finance Corporation

KNP Komodo National Park

PHKA Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam, Departemen Kehutana (Forest Protection and NatureConservation, Ministry o Forestry)

PNK PT Putri Naga Komodo

RUM Resource Use Monitoring


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Kooo Ntionl Pk

1010

aCKNowleDgemeNTS

This epot is bse on ptol eos n enoeent t ollete b BTNK n Polie oes with TNc

n PNK bot ews between 1996 n 2009, s well s histoil enoeent ses ting bk to 1985.The thos e gtel to BTNK, s the enoeent gen in KNP, o poiing ess to thee eos.

The eots o ll el n sppot st who he been inole in the olletion n ngeent o this

t e ppeite.

We e gtel to ll pst n pesent ietos o Kooo Ntionl Pk o thei ision n oitent

to onsetion otoes in KNP. We lso knowlege the ontibtions o West mnggi distit

Goenent, lol onities n othe stkeholes to Kooo Ntionl Pk.

The inpts n tehnil ie o st o TNcs Inonesi costl n mine Pog n col Tingle

cente wee il in eeloping this epot.


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exeCuTive Summary

This epot eiews TNc/ PNK sppot to BTNK seillne n enoeent opetions in KNP between

1996 n 2009. Histoil enoeent ses o 1985 to 2009 e exine. KNPs 25-e ngeentpln poies the ewok o this eiew.

Inestents into seillne n enoeent oespon with n inese in enoeent ses in KNP,

o one se in 1985 to 17 in 2009. Fishing ge ioltions opise the joit o ses.

The se o esttie shing ges pohibite ne istit lws (PErda 28) eline between 2006 n

2009.

detetion o estite shing ges b FrS ptols eline between 1996 n 2009. Howee pk-wie

resoe use monitoing sggests tht estite shing ges ontine to onstitte high popotion

o totl KNP shing eot. FrS ptols he lol ipt on estite shing ges ne to ptolotes.

FrS ptols etete 23.49% o zoning ioltions in the pk. Howee no oente ses o enoeent

o posetion elte to zoning ioltions he been ientie. The legl stts o KNPs zoning sste is

nle. anlsis o gps n nees shol be peoe to eiew ngeent objeties n ienti

pioities o stengthening legisltie ewoks n SOPs.

Ptol intensit in KNP is ible, with xi o 250 tie ptol s pe e eoe between

2003 n 2009. cent ptol intensities ol be intine with one opetionl FrS.

Bgets o biling opline with esoe egltions in KNP e heil weighte tows FrS ptols,

with n nnl bget o on uS$ 150,000. In 2009 seillne osts wee uS$ 130 pe intetionwith pk ses, n uS$ 8,442 pe enoeent o posetion se (exling sbseqent legl n

posetion osts). Seillne n enoeent eien ol be inese b inesing the ensit

o gs, inesing etetion tes, stengthening legisltie ewoks, n eing osts. Possible

senios n options e pesente in this epot.


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CoNTeNTS

1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 15

1.1 Komodo National Park..........................................................................................181.1.1 Physical Features and Biodiversity..............................................................18

1.1.2EcosystemServicesandBenefts ................................................................18

1.1.3 Governance ..................................................................................................19

1.1.4 Marine Threats and Impacts ........................................................................19

1.2 Surveillance and Enforcement in KNP .................................................................20

1.2.1 Objectives ....................................................................................................20

1.2.2 Zoning scheme and management plan .........................................................22

1.2.3 Enforcement operations ...............................................................................22

2 Methodology ..................................................................................................... 23

2.1 Patrol Logistics and Support .................................................................................242.2 Patrol Strategies ....................................................................................................25

2.3 Data analysis .........................................................................................................25

3 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................ 273.1 Data Management .................................................................................................28

3.2 Surveillance and Enforcement Operations ............................................................28

3.3 Enforcement of Tourism Regulations ...................................................................31

3.4 Enforcement of Fishery Regulations.....................................................................32

3.4.1 Gear Restrictions .........................................................................................32

3.4.2 Exclusive Use Rights ...................................................................................32

3.4.4 Zone Restrictions .........................................................................................33

3.4.5 Cases ............................................................................................................34

4 Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 355 Recommendations .............................................................................................. 396 Literature Cited ................................................................................................. 41

Appendix A: Proorma ............................................................................................. 45Appendix B: FRS patrol patterns ............................................................................... 53Appendix C: Management Eectiveness...................................................................... 55Appendix D: Patrol Scenarios ................................................................................... 57Appendix E: Raw Data ............................................................................................. 63


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Introduction1


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In sstes o ntl esoe ngeent, les

e itil to intin the integit o oon-pool

esoes in sittions wee iniil sel-inteest

ll to oten peil (Osto et al 1994). monitoing

o non-opline n enoeent e ipotntoponents in n sste o les (Kene et al2008), n essentil o sessl onsetion

n ntl esoe ngeent (Gezelis 2002;

Gibson et al 2005; Osto 1990; rowlie et al 2004;Wlsh et al 2003).

mnging potete e ens nging

people (cpbell et al 2010). as potete e,KNP is goene b seies o les n egltions

esigne to potet ntl ssets, n to intin

the lol, ntionl n globl eosste seiesthe poie (PHKa & TNc 2000). Ke objeties

inle seging KNPs bioiesit, sppoting

sstinble gowth o tois n she setos,

n iniising onfits between esoe ses.

Biling opline with ngeent les n

egltions is ltiete poess inoling

(cpbell et al 2010):

Education;

Building community support or conservation;

Developing appropriate management plans and

supporting legislation;

Inorming the public about the penalties or non-

compliance;

Monitoring or non-compliance; and

Developing the legal rameworks to enorce

legislation, and to impose sanctions and

prosecutions.

BTNK hols soeeign thoit o enoeent

in KNP. TNc, thogh PNK, hs sppote the

opline biling poess in KNP sine 1996.

This epot seeks to eiew n elte TNcs

sppot o seillne n enoeent in KNP,

exine the lessons lent, n ienti te

tions n next steps.

The epot ses KNPs 25-e mste Pln o

mngeent (PHKa & TNc 2000) s ewok

o ssessing ngeent n onsetion

otoes. The epot is intene to poie n

ont o seillne n enoeent sppot,

n to stilte isssion o the epots nings

ongst ll stkeholes. Ptill ipotnt

will be the snthesis o the nings pesente in

this epot with opetionl, lw enoeent n

politil pespeties tht lie within the expetise o

BTNK, n with pbli peeptions n opinions o

ll stkeholes in KNP.


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Kooo Ntionl Pk

1818

K o m o d o N a t i o n a l P a r k1 . 1

P h y s i c a l F e a t u r e s a n d1 . 1 . 1B i o d i v e r s i t y

Kooo Ntionl Pk (11930

E, 8

35

S) is lotein the Lesse Sn islns o Inonesi, Est Ns

Tengg poine. Ling in the Spe stits between

Floes n Sbw, it opises the thee islns

o Kooo, rin n P, slle soning

islns, the stits between the in islns n ll

wtes within 1000 o shoe (Fige 1). Kooo

Ntionl Pk (KNP) enopsses both ine n

teestil enionents, inling hbitts o the

lneble Kooo gon (Varanus komodoensis)n 132,000 h o the wols ihest ine

enionents, inling ol ees, ngoes,segss eows, seonts n bs.

KNPs ine eosstes sppot high bioiesit,

inling oe 1,000 speies o sh, 385 speies

o ee biling ols (Bege & Tk 2005), 70

speies o sponge (PHKa & TNc 2000) n 9 speies

o segss (Pedju 2004). Lge histi n,

inling 10 speies o olphin, 7 speies o whle

(Khn 2000) n two speies o se ttle, ontibte

to KNPs ppel s tois estintion. Theteneo enngee speies (IucN 2009) he been

eoe within KNPs wtes, inling gongs

(Dugong dugon), nt s (Manta birostris),whitetip ee shk (Triaenodon obesus), blktip eeshk (Carcharhinus melanopterus), Bni o(Cromileptes altivelis), Npoleon wsse (Cheilinusundulates), hwksbill ttle (Eretmochelys imbricata),geen ttle (Chelonia mydas), n gint l(Tridacna gigas) (En 2004).

E c o s y s t e m S e r v i c e s a n d1 . 1 . 2B e n e f i t s

KNP intins eosste goos n seies

(millenni Eosste assessent 2005) tht

poie benets t the lol, ntionl n globl leel(Box 1). High eonoi les he been ttibte

to the tpes o ostl eosstes ontine within

KNP e to the seies the poie: ngoe

sstes e woth n estite uS$ 4,290 nnll

pe hete, segsses n lgoons poie

benets o on uS$ 73,900 pe e pe hete,

while ol ees e ong the ost eonoill

lble o ll eosstes t uS$ 129,000 pe e

pe hete (TEEB 2009).

as potete e ontining ine n ostleosstes, KNP pls ke ole in:

Maintaining Indonesias healthy coasts and seas in

order to sustain social and economic development;

and

Maintaining signicant natural resources on behal

o the global community (IUCN et al 2008).

at the lol leel, KNPs ine eosstes nepin

eonoies, lielihoos n oo seit thogh,

o exple:

Increased diving tourism and resulting revenues

(Bonaire Marine Park, Netherlands Antilles);

Increased subsistence sh catches, expanded

tourist activity, and greater involvement o local

people in managing resorts and boats (Tai Island,Fiji);

1: lctn Kd Ntn Pk, indns thn th lss Snd nd C Tn n c-n.


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b 1 - mPa nfts

MPAs provide a range o global, national and local benets (Kelle-her 1999), including:

Conservation o biodiversity, especially critical habitats othreatened species;

Protection o attractive habitats and species on which sustain-able tourism can be based;

Increased productivity o sheries by:

insurance against stock collapse;

buer against recruitment ailure;

increase in densities and average sizes o individuals;

increase in reproductive output;

provision o centres or dispersal o propagules and adults

(spillover);containing more natural species composition, age struc-ture, spawning potential and genetic variability;

Contribute to increased knowledge o marine science through:

inormation on unctional linkages,

implementation o the precautionary principle,

provision o control sites or research and ecologicalbenchmarks against which to measure human-inducedchange;

potential as nodes in monitoring networks;

more natural systems where natural mortality can becompared with shing mortality;

A reuge or intensely exploited species;

Protection o genetic diversity o heavily exploited popula-

tions;

Protection o cultural diversity, e.g. sacred places, wrecks andlighthouses.

Growth o tourism and resulting revenue through

gate, guide, and camping ees, rental o boats and

equipment, and hotel expenses (Malindi/ Watamu,

Mobasa and Kisite/ Mpunguti National Parks andReserves, Kenya); and

Accrual o indirect benets through the creation o

jobs in hotels and or guides and boatmen (Salm

et al 2000).

The eonoi le o KNP, in tes o inoe

o sheies n tois lone o the esients

o Kooo distit is estite t on 60 billion

pih (ppoxitel uSd 6 illion) pe nn(Sttistis Inonesi 2009). The ge is possibl

een lge when sppoting insties sh s

tnspot e onsiee. With ppoxitel 90%

o woking people in the pk eling on shing s

thei pi inoe (PHKa & TNc 2000), ine

eosste goos n seies e itil to the

soil n eonoi wele o lol onities

(mobeg & Folke 1999). Pk ngeent n

goenne seeks to sstin n enhne KNPs

bioiesit, eosste seies, n the benetsthe poie

G o v e r n a n c e1 . 1 . 3KNP lies within the 45 illion h Lesse Sn

ine eo-egion o the col Tingle, n is

pt o n inteonnete netwok o thee mine

Potete aes (mPa) oeing obine e o

ppoxitel 3.5 illion h (Kooo Ntionl Pk,

Ns Peni mPa, S Se mPa). These ine es

ke signint ontibtion to ntionl tgets,

oitte to ne the conention on Biologildiesit (cBd), to potet 10% o Inonesis

ine n ostl enionents b 2012, n 20%

b 2020.

KNP hs been estblishe n is nge within

ewok o intentionl lw n lti-ntionl

teties (Box 1), ntionl poli n legisltion

(uNEP-Wcmc 2005). designtion s ntionl pk

oe in 1984 ne PHKa deee 46/kpts/vI-Sek/

1984, with zoning sste n ssoite esoe

se egltions thoise in 2001 ne PHKadeee 65/kpts/dJ-v/ 2001. Spei ngeent

objeties eslt o esigntion s mn n

Biosphee resee n Wol Heitge Site in 1986,

ontibting to oitents ne the cBd n

llling eoentions o the Jkt mnteon mine n costl diesit.

M a r i n e T h r e a t s a n d1 . 1 . 4

I m p a c t sKNPs high bioiesit n ssoite eosste

seies e intine b the high iet o

hbitt tpes n onitions in KNP (Bege & Tk

2005), inling ol ees, ngoes, segss

eows, seonts n bs. Eosste seies

oten el on eologil pthws onneting

ieent hbitts (Box 3). Poesses n istbnespste et the qntit n qlit o


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Kooo Ntionl Pk

20

b 2: intntn nd tts ppc t KNP

UNESCO Man and Biosphere Programme 1986 designates KNP asa UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserve with three unctions: conser-vation; sustainable economic development; and provision o sitesand acilities to support research, education and training.

World Heritage Convention 1986 designates KNP as a WorldHeritage Site under criteria:

(vii) contains superlative natural phenomena and areas o aes-thetic importance due to outstanding universal value;

(x) contains important habitats or conservation, includingthose o threatened species.

Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 KNP contributes tocommitments made by Indonesia, as a Party to the Convention onBiological Diversity (CBD) to:

develop a national biodiversity strategy;

to establish systems o protected areas to conserve biodiver-sity; and

to promote environmentally sound and sustainable develop-ment in areas adjacent to protected areas.

Jakarta Mandate on Marine and Coastal Diversity 1995 - em-phasised the importance o Marine and Coastal Protected Areas innational biodiversity strategies.

b 4: ecsst Scs

Coral rees and associated habitats provide a suite o ecosystemservices alling within our broad categories:

Provisioning services e.g. sheries, mariculture;

Regulating services e.g. protection o beaches and coastlinesrom erosion or damage by storm surges, waves and tsuna-mis;

Cultural services e.g. tourism, recreation and traditionalpractices;

Supporting services e.g. nursery habitats, nutrient and car-

bon cycling.(UNEP-WCMC 2006) (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005)

KNPs eosste seies poie ownste

(Box 4), with eslting ipt on lol eonoies,

lielihoos n oo seit.

KNPs ine eosstes he lws been sbjet

to ntl istbnes (Box 5) tht peioill

et o estte hbitts with eslting eosste-

wie epessions. Helth hbitts e esilient to

these ipts n will eoe with tie (Hghes &

connell 1999).

KNPs hn popltions, whih epen pinipll

on shing o thei lielihoos, he inese b

1000% sine 1930, binging eslting inese in

nthopogeni istbnes (PHKa & TNc 2000).

Globl isses sh s lite hnge n oen

iition to these thets. The ipt o

ltiple stessos, both ntl n nthopogeni,

he ltiplitie eet on eosstes (Bnt

et al 1998), with hn-ge ees oelneble to ntl istbnes n tking

longe to eoe (Bown 1997).

Pi thets to the eosste goos n seies

eie o KNPs ine eosstes inle

esttie shing (espeill blst n nie

shing), oeshing, cown-o-Thons Stsh, ss

blehing eents n nho ge (mos et al2007; PHKa & TNc 2000).

S u r v e i l l a n c e a n d1 . 2E n f o r c e m e n t i n K N P

O b j e c t i v e s1 . 2 . 1Seillne n Enoeent opetions in KNP

i to ee nthopogeni thets to KNPs

eosstes n seies b onitoing opline

with n enoing ngeent egltions.

copline with les is itil eteinnt opotete e eetieness.

Spei objeties o potetion in KNP inle:

An operational zonation system in place, protecting

all areas with high biological value.

An eective surveillance system implemented by

motivated Park sta, to enorce regulations.

Park regulations are clear, enorceable, and ensure

the protection o the natural resources.

The Parks auna and fora are protected and

conserved in their natural habitats.

Limited harvesting activities do not threaten the

populations o any species in the Park.


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b 3: Connectivity between coral ree, mangrove and sea grass habitats (CRMP 2004).

b 5: Dstnc t C rs

Natural disturbances to coral rees include:

disease,

temperature extremes,

pest outbreaks including Crown-o-Thorns Starsh,

cyclones,

seismic events including earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanoes

Anthropogenic disturbances to coral rees include:

Pollution , including mine runo and sewage discharge, poi-sons ree communities, pollutes ree waters and promotes algalgrowth (Bjork et al 1994; Brown 1997; Richmond 1994);

Overfshing results in shits in sh size, abundance and speciescomposition o ree communities. The removal o key herbivore

and predator species may cause cascading eects in the trophicweb, bringing large scale changes to ecosystems and the servic-es they provide (Bohnsack 1993; Dulvy et al 2004; Jennings &

Polunin 1996; Pennisi; Pinnegar et al 2002; Roberts 1995).

Destructive fshing practices, including bomb and cyanide sh-ing, muroami and trawling, are non-selective, remove largenumbers o undersized target species and non-target species

and cause habitat damage. Cyanide shing to support the liveood sh trade has led to widespread reductions in groupers, Na-poleon wrasse and other species (Johannes & Riepen 1995).

Climate change will increase background disturbances (throughe.g. elevated sea surace temperatures, ocean acidication andincreased storm requency and intensity) reducing resilience toother human disturbances (Bryant et al 1998).

Coastal development , including reclamation and construction,alters coastal dynamics, removes important nursery grounds, andincreases terrestrial run-o and pollution (Wilkinson 2004).

Unregulated tourism can impact on coral rees through tram-pling by swimmers and divers, anchor damage, and sewage dis-charge rom hotels (Global Environment Facility 1996).

Eetie seillne n enoeent is stteg

o hieing bioiesit n sstinble se

objeties n peone initos in KNP,

inling etion in esttie shing n

eoe o sh stoks (IFc 2004; PHKa & TNc2000).

Soeeign thoit o seillne n enoeent

in KNP lies with BTNK, within ntionl ewok

goene b PHKa. KNPs 25-ye mngeent

Pln gies ngeent tiities, inling

seillne n enoeent (PHKa & TNc 2000).


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Kooo Ntionl Pk

22

Z o n i n g s c h e m e a n d1 . 2 . 2m a n a g e m e n t p l a n

KNPs 25-e ngeent pln otlines

ngeent objeties, poliies n estitions in

the pk, inling poliies goening shing geestitions, se ees, ess ights n esoe

se egltions.

The 25-e ngeent pln otlines popose

zoning shee. athoit ws gnte to BTNK to

ipleent zoning shee in KNP PHKa deee

No. 65/kpt/dJ-v/2001 (Keptsn dijen PHKa

2001) n inle the popose zoning shee s

n ppenix. The popose zoning shee enes

seen se zones within KNP, n thei oesponing

esoe egltions (Fige 2).

E n f o r c e m e n t o p e r a t i o n s1 . 2 . 3BTNK plns n nges seillne n

enoeent opetions in KNP. Opetionl sppot

is poie b TNc i PNK, n hs inle

opetionl ngeent o foting nge sttions,

opetionl ngeent o io onition

ilities, opetionl sppot o teestil nge

sttions, n tining n tehnil sppot.

Polie, n n ollbote with BTNK on

enoeent pogs s eqie.

The pi instent o enoeent in KNP is

ptolling n seillne. This inoles phsil

obsetion o the pk to see who is sing it n

how, n in ptil to hek tht:

Regulations on zoning, shing, marine and

terrestrial legislation are known, understood and

are being respected;

User ees (where appropriate) are being

appropriately collected and tickets issued;

Mooring buoys are being used;

Tourism operators are appropriately licensed and

tourists are using beaches, dive sites and other

popular areas according to regulations;

Other activities in or adjacent to KNP, that might

have an adverse impact on it, are monitored;

Visitors and users are made aware o the importance,

purpose and value o KNP and the resources it is

established to protect.

The epot ssesses ngeent n onsetion

otoes in KNP elte to seillne n

enoeent opetions sppote b TNc n PNK.

The epot eeenes objeties n peone

initos speie in IFc 2004; PHKa & TNc 2000.

The epot is intene to ino stkehole

isssions n KNPs ptie ngeent

poess.

2: Znn sch nd sc s tns n KNP sd n PHKa N. 65/kpts/DJ-v/2001.


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Methodology2


24/66

Kooo Ntionl Pk

24

P a t r o l L o g i s t i c s a n d2 . 1S u p p o r t

Between 2000 n 2009, o FrSs ptolle KNP t

ios ties (Tble 1), nge n opete bTNc n sbseqentl PNK. a speebot sppots

eh FrS, poiing qik esponse pbilit.

Seillne tes wok ten- ptols within KNP,

with eh FrS nne b ew o six opnie

b two BTNK nges n two Polie oes.

FrSs opete ottionl shele. Optil sttegies

ene two FrSs ptolling KNP siltneosl to

poie xil oege. Fo 2008, onl two FrS

he been opetionl in KNP, woking ltenting

10- ptols.

Thee PNK speebots n two BTNK speebots e

ilble o ptol n qik esponse s eqie,

s well s to sppot othe pk ngeent

tiities. Pio to the qisition o FrS Kep

in 2000, pk seillne n enoeent ws

onte entiel o speebot. centlspeebot pltos e el se o ptolling.

Seillne n enoeent opetions e le

b BTNK, who oointe with polie, n n .

PNK poies esoes o egl oointion

eetings between BTNK, PNK, the lol polie n

othe elent enoeent genies.

PNK poies seillne eqipent (io

eqipent, GPS, potble genetos) in eh

FrS n esoes o binnl stok-tking nintenne. a joint-io onition sste

is oointe n egll intine b PNK

n BTNK t the Pk heqtes. Eh sttion is

eqippe b shot bn io n motool io

opete 24 hos . The io onition

is se ostl o epoting the seillne stts,

bt lso to epot n eo the tois tiities,

inling the pssing b o isito bots.

Table 1: Inventory of Floang Ranger Staons of KNP, including

commission and decommission dates.

Vessel name Commission Date Decommission Date

FRS Kerapu 2000 2002

FRS Salmon2003 2008

FRS Lajang 2003 -

FRS Kingsher 2007 -

3: mnnt sctns KNP.


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P a t r o l S t r a t e g i e s2 . 2

Two FrSs opete ltenting 10- ptols in

KNP. Pk ses enontee ing ptols e

ppohe n inteiewe. Enoeent teseo ll intetions with pk ses. detils

o eh intetion e eoe on poo

(appenix a), inling inotion bot lotion,

ngeent zone, pk setion (Fige 3), tpe o

tiit, n etils o n ioltion o lws n pk

egltions.

violtions o lws o egltions eslt in isse o

ebl o witten wnings, onstion o estite

eqipent, o est epening on seeit o the

ioltion.

Enoeent eos e tnsee to miosot

Exel spesheet te eh ptol. a plite

op o this tbse is intine b both BTNK

n PNK.

D a t a a n a l y s i s2 . 3

This nlsis o long-te seillne n

enoeent tens in KNP eqie initilientition o t eos. dt wee hel in

seel snhonos tbse esions stoe in

ios lotions.

dt o ltiple soes wee st opile

into single tbse. all t wee lene n

otte to ense optibilit withot loss o

inotion. mn eos i not spei the pk

zone within whih inteiews oe. GIS ws se

to poplte this issing t bse on eoe

GPS oointes.

Whee ppopite t ws nolise to ont

o ible ptol intensities between es.

a stn ese o the ege nbe o

seillne intetions pe tie ptol ws

se.

Ptol lengths wee elte sing GIS o no

sple o 20% o ll ptols o eh e.


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Kooo Ntionl Pk

26


27/66


Results &

Discussion

3


28/66

Kooo Ntionl Pk

28

D a t a M a n a g e m e n t3 . 1

reos n oenttion on inte-ognistionl

oointion is essentil to ssist onitoing n

eltion o the ptie ngeent poess.Seillne n enoeent in KNP is n inte-

ognistionl opetion, inoling BTNK, PNK,

Polie, n othe enoeent genies. close

oointion is eqie o eetie plnning

n ipleenttion o seillne. PNK poies

esoes to sppot egl oointion eetings

between ognistions. ding the peption

o this epot we wee nble to lote n

oente eos o oointion eetings

to eiew the seillne plnning n ptie

eebk poess.

Seillne n enoeent t is not eil

ilble o ssessent n eiew b pk

nges. reos wee istibte oss seel

tbse esions hel in ios lotions.

We ie ot oplex n tie-onsing

onsolition, lening n otting o t

beoe n intepettion ol be ttepte.

Ipoe t ngeent poees wol

ssist pi eeene n nlsis b pk ngesn enoeent genies. These eos poie

itil insights tht n help to tget seillne

n enoeent opetions oe eientl n

eetiel.

We ientie etile ptol eos o the peio

2005 to 2009, s ptol t o 2003, n

eos o enoeent ses n posetions

1985 ntil 2009.

S u r v e i l l a n c e3 . 2a n d E n f o r c e m e n tO p e r a t i o n s

copline-biling objeties in KNP be

inhibite b etion in ptol tiit n the

bsene o ltentie sttegies. FrS ptol tiit

ie wiel between 2003 n 2009 (Fige 4).

Highest ptol tiit ws eoe in 2003 (249

ptol s). Ptol tiit ws lowest in 2005 (59ptol s), with no FrS ptol eos o 2004. The

nbe o tie FrS ptol s pe e eline

between 2007 n 2009 (218 194 ptol s).

One FrS ol sstin ent leels o ptolling,

iniising opetionl n intenne osts.

Fo ll es, thee wee peios >110 s pe

e ing whih no FrS ptol tiit oe.

cpbilit exists o 730 tie ptol s pe e

ne the ent sittion o two FrS in KNP. In

2009, onl 194 tie ptol s wee eoe.

une ent sttegies, seillne n

enoeent osts e high, with potentil o

ipoing eien. The ege nbe o

seillne intetions with pk ses nge

4: ann tn n th tt n ds ctrS pts tn 2003 nd 2009.

5: Sctn rS pt tcks th pd 2005 t2009.


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o 5.11 (2003) to 7.21 (2007) pe tie ptol

(Fige 7). Totl FrS opetionl bgets in

2009 wee uS$ 143,000, eqting to totl ost

pe seillne intetion o uS$ 130. O these

intetions, 17 eslte in sessl ientition

n est o ioltions, t ost o uS$ 8,411 pe

est. This ge oes not onsie itionl osts

o legl n posetion ees.

FrS ptol eien eline between 2007 n

2009, ipting on opline-biling n isitoexpeiene objeties. The nbe o seillne

intetions pe eline o 2007 to 2009

(7.21 5.65), espite oesponing inese in

the ege nbe o shing bots opeting in

the pk o 63.25 to 78.44 pe , n inese in

tois bots o 11.59 to 23.35 pe (He

& ysn 2010).

FrS ptol eien ws eql oss ll s o the

week, with no signint ition in the ege

nbe o inteiews onte (Fige 8).

Potentil exists o extening the oege, nge

n ipt o FrS ptols b on 300%. Between

2005 n 2009 FrS ptols oee ost es o

KNP, with os on the Ppgng to Loh Ki

egion n noth Kooo (Fige 5). Ptol length

ws ible, n ege ppoxitel 145

n oss ll es (Fige 7). Fll loe with

el, eh FrS hs xi potentil nge o

ppoxitel 500 n pe ptol.

FrS ptol eot ws osse on noth n entl

KNP, with potentil o inesing eot withinseel ipotnt shing n tois es. Fo

2005, ptols eoe the lotion o seillne

intetions. Fo ll es, the getest nbe

o intetions ws in setions 1 n 2 (noth n

nothest Kooo, inling Gili Lw) (Fige B1).

a high nbe o intetions wee lso eoe

in setions 14 n 14 (P) n setions 9 n 10

(Loh Ki to Ppgng). Intetions wee low in

setions 5 n 6 (soth n sothwest Kooo), n

e low in setions 15 n 16 (Gili motng). Thesetens e likel to be initie o ible ptol

intensit between setions, the thn ible

istibtion o esoe ses o le bekes. High

shing tiit hs been eoe o ll setions

o KNP, ptill within wileness zones n

esignte No-Tke Zones, n high tois tiit

hs been eoe in seen hot spots (He &

ysn 2010).

6: a nth (n) nd stndd rS ptstn 2005 nd 2009.

7 ann tn n th n ntcptnsp d rS pts tn 2003 nd 2009.

8 a n ntcptns p d th ktn 2003 nd 2009.


30/66

Kooo Ntionl Pk

30

cent FrS etetion tes be insient

to hiee pk-wie opline with esoe

egltions. appoxitel 80 shing bots n 25

toist bot opete in KNP ee . rum sggests

tht >50% o shing bots o not entl oplwith pblishe KNP ngeent egltions (e.g.

se o illegl shing ges, shing within no-tke

zones) (He & ysn 2010). ding 2009

FrS ptols intete with onl 5.65 bots pe

, with onl 10 eoe ses o illegl ine

esoe tiit o the entie e. detetion

tes o this leel e likel to be insient to

ete non-opline (Wlke 2009). Inenties

to bek the les will ein high i the peeie

pobbilit o seeit o pnishent is low (cook1977). Peeptions o etetion tes e gete

eteent thn pnishent seeit (aio & clk

1978; Ehlih 1973), n shol be os o

ngeent sttegies.

detetion tes ol be ipoe b inesing

g ensit. une ent opetionl

ngeents, two FrSs opete ltenting 10-

ptols. The ensit o gs in KNPs ine

hbitts t n one tie is one pe 1,200 k2.

G ensit is the stongest peito o pkeetieness t poteting bioiesit, with the

ost eetie pks hing t lest 3 gs pe

100 k2 (Bne et al 2001). a gete ensit oine ptols n highe etetion tes in KNP

ol ssist pk nges to see inese

opline with ngeent egltions i top-

own ppohes.

Seel oppotnities exist to inese ine g

ensit in KNP with inil inestent:

Tourism industry policing: Currently, dive operators

and tourism boats regularly report violations

and resource disputes by radio. Integrated

communication and patrol management systems

would enable patrol teams to respond to reported

incidents as required, targeting eort and resources

towards outcomes. At present, the network o

marine tourism operators in KNP is an underutilised

surveillance opportunity.

Community policing: Similarly, local shing

communities constitute a large network o

potential monitors that are already active in the

park. With around 80 shing boats operatingin the park every day, potential exists or high

rates o detection o illegal activities. Through

engaging with these communities, and the urther

development o management initiatives that

oster participative approaches and stakeholder

stewardship, local communities could compliment

existing surveillance and monitoring programs. This

approach is best suited to monitoring o illegal

activities that are already negatively perceived

by most community sectors, e.g. bomb shing.

Potential mechanisms include the development

o community police orces that would report to

and work collaboratively with BTNK rangers and

enorcement ocers.

Terrestrial ranger post coastal patrols: The existing

network o terrestrial ranger posts in KNP providesonly limited coverage o marine areas. KNPs

coastal waters are a buer between open-access

pelagic zones and restricted core zones, through

which rule-breakers must pass. Monitoring and

surveillance o coastal waters is easier than on

the surrounding land, with less opportunity or

concealment. Localised patrolling o coastal

waters could be achieved using speedboats ordinghies stationed at each terrestrial ranger post.

This approach would signicantly increase daily

coverage o KNPs wilderness zones, while reducing

costs compared to current systems. Initial costs

would be oset against savings rom reduced FRS

operations that patrol or stand guard on critical

areas beyond the reach o coastal patrol.


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E n f o r c e m e n t o f 3 . 3

T o u r i s m R e g u l a t i o n s

Intetions between FrS ptols n tois bots

wee low, ipting on enoeent o tiketing

egltions, opline with oes o ont, n

the isito expeiene. Intetions with tois

bots wee oete between 2005 n 2009

(Fige 9). In 2009, FrS ptols intete with 8.35%

o the totl toist bots opeting in KNP eh

(. 1.95 inteeptions pe , . 23.35 opeting(He & ysn 2010)).

violtions o pk egltions b toists wee low.

reos o tois-elte ioltions o isses

exist o 2008 n 2009 onl (Fige 10). Onl six

tois ses wee eoe o 2008, n two

ing 2009. Tiket ioltions e the in beh

o pk egltions, ollowe b nliense tois

opetos. One eegen se ws eoe in

2008, elte to seh n eoe o issing

ies.

cent osts o enoing tiketing egltions e

ispopotiontel highe thn the ost o tiketing

ioltions. Tiket ioltions in KNP epesent

loss o uS$ 15 o pk eenes. In ontst,

onitoing o tiketing ioltions osts uS$ 130 pe

intetion, with eh sessl se osting uS$

8,441. Tois tiit is onentte in seen hot

spots within KNP (He & ysn 2010). The

osts o onitoing o tiketing ioltions ol be

ee thogh the estblishent o penent

o sei-penent nge posts t these lotions.

Thee is potentil o FrS ptols to ke n ineseontibtion to the isito expeiene in KNP. Ptol

tes peo l ole within KNP, s both

enoes o pk egltions n s bssos

poiing ssistne to isiting toists. In the

ltte ole, nges e soe o inotion on

pk egltions, enionentl onitions, set

isses, tttions n seies, n othe isito

inotion. Seillne n enoeent eos

ontin little to no etils o ino tois ioltions,

ebl wnings isse, o inotion poie totois opetos. deelopent o seillne

n enoeent SOPs to pte this inotion

wol ssist pk nges to ienti ke isses,

hn esoe eqieents, tining nees,

n ppopite sttegies to ipoe the isito

expeiene in KNP. collbotion with othe elte

genies in Inonesi, e.g. Bli tois polie, ol

poie oppotnities to iniise osts b shing

lessons lent, SOPs, n tining oppotnities.

9 a n ntctns th ts sss pd tn 2005 nd 2009.

10 Tt n ts css tn 2008 nd 2009.


32/66

Kooo Ntionl Pk

32

E n f o r c e m e n t o f F i s h e r y3 . 4R e g u l a t i o n s

G e a r R e s t r i c t i o n s3 . 4 . 1

Fishing tehniqes n behios enonteeb FrS ptols eine onsistent. Fo 2007,

seillne n enoeent eos inle

etils bot the tpes o shing ges enontee.

Between 2007 n 2009, the popotion o ieent

ge tpes enontee b ptols eine stble

(Fige 11).

The popotion o shing bots enontee b FrS

ptols sing esttie shing ges pohibite

ne istit lws (PErda 28) eline between

2006 n 2009 (34.93 27.39 %) (Fige 12). These o esttie shing ges within KNP eline

oe the se peio (He & ysn 2010).

The popotion o shing bots enontee b FrS

ptols sing estite ges (PHKa & TNc 2000)

eline between 2006 n 2009 (40.82 26.32 %)

(Fige 13). FrS ptols ppe to he eetiel

ee estite ges se within ptol es.

Howee pk-wie rum sggests tht estite

ges onte o 56.45% o totl shing eot

in 2009 (He & ysn 2010). FrS ptolotes not ll enopss ke egions o

KNP whee estite ges e oonl se.

anlsis o estite ge sptil pttens eie

o rum ol ssist pk nges to tget FrS

ptols to itil es, n ipoe etetion n

inteeption o estite ges.

E x c l u s i v e U s e R i g h t s3 . 4 . 2Poposls o estblishing exlsie se ights in

KNP istingish between peitte n estite

illges o oigin (Hli et al 2003). a liensing

sste ws tille in 2004, s n initil step towsestblishing exlsie se ights.

Fo 2005, seillne n enoeent eos

etil the onit o oigin o sheen

enontee b FrS ptols. Between 2005 n

2009, the popotions o sheen o ieent

oigins enontee b ptols eine stble

(Fige 14).

In 2009, the getest popotion o sheen

oiginte o Pl mes (21.62%), ollowe bLbn Bjo (15.13%), Kooo illge (12.03%), n

Spe (11.09%). Ptol enonte tes ppoxite

shing feet eogphis o the entie pk

(He & ysn 2010), sggesting tht

ent ptol sttegies eqtel enopss

no sple o ll KNP esoe ses.

The popotion o shing bots oiginting o

estite onities eese between 2005

n 2009 (38.57 34.75 %) (Fige 15). This efets

etion in extenl sheen oss the entiepk (He & ysn 2010), howee

igtion into KNP he oset n benets o

ee esoe exploittion.

3 . 4 . 3

11 ann tn n th tps fshn s sdn KNP, shn s n ts ncntd rSpts p d.

12 ann tn n th n fshn ts n-cntd rS pts p d sn fshn s stctdnd PerDa 28.


33/66


Z o n e R e s t r i c t i o n s3 . 4 . 4Fo 2007 seillne n enoeent eos

etil the ngeent zone within whih

intetions oe. The istibtion o intetions

oss ngeent zones eine stble o

2007 to 2009 (Fige 16).

The getest popotion o intetions between

ptols n esoe ses oe within

Wileness Zones, nging o 33.34% (2009) to

39.47 % (2007) o ll intetions.

detetion o zoning ioltions b FrS ptols ws

esonbl high. In 2009, FrS ptols inteepte

n ege o 8.49 shing bots pe tiel

shing within no-tke zones (Wileness, Tois

n reseh zones). Pk-wie rum inites tht

n ege 36.14 bots pe tiel sh within

esignte no tke zones (He & ysn

2010), poiing etetion te o 23.49%. Inese

g ensit, n eiew n extension o ent

ptol otes, wol enble pk nges to pil

elete etetion n inteeption tes boe the

33% theshol eqie o eetie eteene ole-beking behio (Wlke 2009).

despite esonble etetion tes o zoning

ioltions, no eoe ses o enoeent o

posetion o zoning ioltions oe between

1984 n 2009. The legl stts o KNPs zontion

13: ann tn n th n fshn tsncntd rS pts p d sn fshn s stctdnd (PHKa & TNC 2000).

14: ann tns n th n fshnts p d ntn dnt cnts ntcptd rS pts

15 ann tn n th n fshn ts

ncntd rS pts p d cssfd s pttd stctd cnts ccdn t cs s hts pps-s (H et al 2003; PHKa & TNC 2000).

16 ann tns n th n fshnts ncntd rS pts p d ptn n dntzns thn KNP.


34/66

Kooo Ntionl Pk

34

sste is nle. PHKa deee No. 65/kpt/dJ-

v/2001 gnts thoit to BTNK to ipleent

zoning sste, bt zone bonies, egltions

n sntions o not ppe to be ene in n

sbseqent legisltion.

Gien this sittion, pk nges ol stengthen

opline with zoning sstes in KNP b optill

inesting liite ns tows:

Review and clarication o management plans and

zoning regulations;

Review, gap analysis and strengthening o related

legal rameworks and processes (especiallydistrict legislation), including training or legal

practitioners;

Review and development o surveillance and

enorcement SOPs to provide clear guidance or

identiying and responding to zoning violations.

C a s e s3 . 4 . 5Fo 1985, eos exist etiling enoeent ses

n posetions in KNP. The nbe o eoeses ose o one in 1985 to 17 in 2009. Ineses

in enoeent ses oinie with inestents in

seillne n enoeent in KNP (Fige 17).

Sine 1996, the joit o eoe ses wee

elte to ioltions in the ine enionent.

cses o illegl ge se ointe eos o

2007 to 2009, n efet stong goenne o

esttie ge tpes ne PErda 28 istit lws

(Bpti mnggi Bt 2005).

despite this gowth, the oell nbe o

enoeent ses eine low, with onl six

eoe ses o illegl ge se ing 2009.

Thoghot KNP, n ege o 5.55 bots pe

se esttie ges n 42.59 bots pe

se estite ges (He & ysn 2010).

ding 2009, onl 0.04% o estite ge se in

KNP ws sessll etete n posete.

Enoeent ses elte to teestil ioltions

eine low (2009: 1 bi nest pohing, 1

potete speies). One shoe, etetion o

pohes n le-bekes beoes inesingl

ilt ongst the oneling tein n

egettion. Fosse seillne n enoeent

o ostl be zones wol ssist pk nges

to pe-ept n peent ioltions o teestilegltions.

Inese g ensit in both ine n

teestil enionents ol ssist pk nges

to inese etetion n inteeption o le-

bekes. Tois poliing, onit poliing n

ostl ptols o teestil nge sttions e

potentil low-ost senios o inesing g

ensit in ostl es. close onition

n oointion with existing FrS ptol tes is

essentil o sess, llowing enoeent oesto espon to epots n enbling ptol eots

n esoes to be tgete eientl.

Enoeent eos ontin no eoe ses o

zoning ioltions, espite n ege 36.14 bots

pe tiel shing within no tke zones ing

2009 (He & ysn 2010), n 8.49 bots

inteepte b FrS ptols. a eiew o ngeent

plns, inling ssoite poli n legisltion,

wol ssist pk nges to ienti gps n

tget liite ns ost eientl.

17 ann tnds n th n nd tp ncntcss n KNP.


35/66


Conclusions4


36/66

Kooo Ntionl Pk

36

Inestents n sppot to seillne n

enoeent opetions in KNP he inese

pit to onito n enoe esoe egltions.

all jo enoeent instte inestents

(e.g. speebot ptols, FrS ptols) oinie withn inese in enoeent ses, with illegl n

esttie shing ges opising the joit o

ses.

Between 1996 n 2009 the se o esttie shing

ges pohibite ne istit lws (PErda 28) (e.g.

bob n nie shing) eline thoghot

KNP, lthogh eting/ ee glening eins

signint tiit (He & ysn 2010).

detetion b FrS ptols o estite shing ges

eline between 2005 n 2009, howee estiteges ontine to onstitte signint popotion

o totl shing eot oss the entie e o KNP.

FrS ptols ppe to hiee lolise eteene

o estite ges within egl ptol es.

Ftheoe, thee is sope to li enitions o

estite n peitte ge tpes, with ieing

peeptions between iniil enoeent

oes, sheen n othe stkeholes.

detetion o zoning ioltions is high, with 23.49%

o ll shing bots tie in no tke zones etete

b FrS ptols. Howee thee e no enoeent

ses elte to zoning ioltions on eo. Zoning

shees e the pi instent behin ine

onsetion, sh bnk n esoe onfit

objeties in KNP. The legl stts o KNPs zoning

sste is nle. a eiew o ngeent objeties

n nlsis o gps n nees, ptill with

eg to sppoting legisltion n SOPs, wol

ssist pk nges to stengthen opline with

zoning egltions.

The osts o onitoing (uS$ 130 pe se) n

enoing (uS$ 8,441 pe se) tois ioltions

entl exee the benets (uS$ 15 pe se).

Tois tiit in KNP is onentte with seen

hot spots. The ost o onitoing toist behio

n tiketing egltions ol be ee b

estblishing penent o sei-penent nge

posts t these hot spots.

The ost eetieness o FrS ptols ol beenhne thogh itionl oles. Enoeent

tes e bssos within KNP, well positione

to poie gine, inotion n ie

to toists, poiing high qlit seie n

enhning the isito expeiene. deelopent o

SOPs n eiew o ent tois intetionswol ssist pk nges to stengthen this

ole. collbotion with ntionl genies (e.g.

Bli tois polie) ol iniise osts thogh

shing o lessons lent, poees n tining

oppotnities.

ahieing opline with ntl esoe

egltions is ltiete poess inoling:

Education;

Building community support or conservation;

Developing appropriate management plans and

supporting legislation;

Inorming the public about the penalties or non-

compliance;

Monitoring or non-compliance; and

Developing the legal rameworks to enorce

legislation, and to impose sanctions and

prosecutions.

cent seillne n enoeent expenite

in KNP is osse tows onitoing o non-

opline. at oe uS$ 140,000 pe e,

inestent in FrS ptols is high. This inestent

eqtes to ost pe esoe se intetion ouS$ 130, n ost o eteting ioltions o uS$

8,442 pe enoeent se. Legl n posetion

ees e itionl.

despite this high inestent:

Patrol activity is variable;

Guard density is only 1 per 1,200km 2;

There are >110 non-operational days per year;


37/66


The remaining 250 operational days could be

conducted rom a single FRS to minimise operational

and maintenance costs;

Detection o restricted gear types remains low;

Possible legislative gaps exist, preventing

enorcement o zoning regulations.

Optil inestent to sppot seillne n

enoeent in KNP shol be tgete tows

sttegies tht inese g ensit, inese the

pobbilit o etetion, n inese the likelihoo

tht ioltos eeie signint sntion i

ppehene.

a eiew o seillne n enoeent opetions

onsie the ollowing ke eqieents:

The need or additional surveillance mechanisms to

complement existing single guard FRS platorms

and increase guard density: Tourism patrolling,

community patrolling, and coastal patrols rom

terrestrial rangers stations provide potential low

cost scenarios.

The need or increased detection rates: In addition

to increased guard density explained above,

detection rates could be enhanced through review

and clarication o resource use regulations,

clarication o SOPs and clear guidance or

enorcement ocers, and strategic targeting o

surveillance eorts at key locations based on up-to-date assessments o resource use patterns and

issues.

The need or gap analysis and strengthening o legal

rameworks: The legal status o KNPs zoning system

should be claried, including clear legal denition

o zone boundaries, regulations and sanctions.

Training or legal practitioners, nancial support o

the prosecution process, and communication and

media coverage o successul prosecutions would

enhance perceived risk o violating rules.


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Recommendations5


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40

A review o FRS operational strategies would assist

park managers to minimize operational downtime,

identiy superfuous enorcement assets, and

reduce costs. Since 2003 FRS patrols were active


41/66


Literature Cited6


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Kooo Ntionl Pk

42

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ProformaA


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46

Lampiran 1. Form Izin Aktivitas di Kawasan Taman Nasional Komodo dari Pos Darat

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

849'LS

849'LS

843'29

843'29

838' 8

38'

832'29

832'29

827'LS

827'

11922'BT

11922'BT

11927'29

11927'29

11933'

11933'

11938'29

11938'29

11944'

11944'

11949'30"BT

11949'30

PETAPENUNJUKANZONASI

TAMANNASIONALKOMODOKABUPATENMANGGARAI

PROPINSINUSA TENGGARATIMUR

0 5 10 15

Kilometer

SKALA1: 100.000

LUAS173.300Ha.

U

LAMPIRANSURATKEPUTUSAN DIREKTURJENDERALPERLINDUNGANDAN KONSERVASIALAMNOMOR :65/Kpts/DJ-V/2001TANGGAL: 30Mei2001

DIREKTURJENDERALPERLINDUNGANDAN KONSERVASIALAM

WahjudiWardojoNIP.080035208

Karang

KETERANGAN

Sumber1.RencanaPengelolaan25Tahun TNKomodo,20002.Peta PenutupanLahanKawasanKehutanan,tahun2000sk ala1:50.000

DepartemenKehutanan3.Peta TataBatasKawasan PelestarianAlamPerairan TNKomodoskala1: 100.000,

DepartemenKehutanan,tahun2000

ZonaInti

ZonaRimba

ZonaBahari

ZonaPemanfaatanW isataDaratan

ZonaPemanafaatanW isataBahari

ZonaPemanfaatanT radisionalDarat an

ZonaPemanfaatanT radisionalBahari

ZonaPemukimanMasya rakatTradis ional

ZonaPemanfaatanKhus usPenelitian danPendidikan

ZonaPemanfaatan KhususPelagis

GarisPantai

BatasTamanNa sionalKomodo

840' 840'

820' 820'

11900'

11900'

11920'

11920'

11940'

11940'

12000'

12000'

PetunjukLokasiPeta

P.Sumbawa

P.Flores

TamanNasionalKomodo

BatasTamanNasional

; Pemukiman

FLORES

Kerora

Rinca

Selat

Molo

Golohmori

Warloka

Papagaran

Kukusan

Mesa P.Ungu

P.Sebayor

LAUTFLORES

LohBaru

LohKima

P.Magiatan

P.SiabaBesar

LohSebita

LohGinggo

P.RINCA

P.PADAR

P.PadarKecilSelatL

intah

P.Merah

P.Punya

LohLiang

P.Lassa

LohWia

LohSerikaya P.KOMODO

LohWenci

Gili LawaDarat

Gili LawaLaut

1 Tanggal Ijin Dikeluarkan

2. Nama Pos/Resort

3 Nama Petugas

4 Nama Nelayan/Penduduk

5 Asal Nelayan

6 Tujuan

7 Jenis alat tangkap

8 Petugas Pos/Ressort Nelayan/Penduduk

Stempel pos

Nama dan tandatangan

Nama dan tandatangan

Keterangan : Nelayan diijinkan beroperasi di Zona Pemanfaatan Tradisional Bahari dan Zona Pemanfaatan Pelagis


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Lampiran 2. Form Isian Laporan kegiatan harian Pos/ Resort/ Pos Apung

Tanggal Kegiatan keterangan1/1/07 bel i

l belbh i .

elsi ptoli

misl :

diptskn tik bel ken bk

2/1/07

3/1/07

4/1/07

FRS Salmon, 1-10 Januari 2007

Ketua Tim Patroli

Ttd


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48

Lamp

iran3.

FormI

sianKegiatanPatroliFRS

CatatanSet

iapkapalnelayanyangditanya,petugasharusmencatatposisiGPS

1.

Jika

nelayanberadadizonayangdilarang,pe

tugasharusmengambilsuratpernyataan

2.

bah

wadiamelanggaraturan,mengambilfoto

dannelayandimintameninggalkan

lokasi,


49/66


Lampiran 4. Form Isian Laporan kegiatan Pemberian Ijin Memasuki Kawasan oleh Pos /Resort diDarat

Tanggal Nama

Nelayan

Asal

Nelayan

Kegiatan

Nelayan

Jenis

Alat

tangkap

Daerah

Tujuan

Nelayan

Petugas Keterangan

KeteranganSetiap nelayan yang datang minta ijin menangkap ikan, petugas harus mencatat Petugas harus menjeaskan dimana posisi nelayan bisa melakukan aktivitas, dan jika melanggar sampai 3 kali maka nelayan akan ditangkap dan diproses sesuai hokum yang berlaku

Lampiran 5. Rekapitulasi Data Pelaksanaan Patroli Pengamanan di FRS

No Nama Nelayan Asal

Nelayan

Jenis

Pelanggaran

Zona

Nelayan

Ditangkap

Posisi

GPS

Tanda

Tangan

keterangan


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50

Lampiran 6. Rekapitulasi Pelanggar Aturan yang Dijumpai Team Patroli Pengamanan Kawasan

No Nama Nelayan Asal

Nelayan

Jenis

Pelanggaran

Zona

Nelayan

Ditangkap

Posisi

GPS

Petugas

FRS

Foto

Nelayan

Catatan :

Rekapitlasi ini akan selalu diperbaharui berdasarkan data lapangSemua FRS akan dibekali dengan daftar terbaruSemua FRS akan dibekali dengan daftar terbaru


51/66


Lampiran 7. Form Surat Pernyataan

SURAT PERNYATAAN

Saya yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini :

Nama : .

Asal : .

Telah melakukan (aktivitas yang dilarang /tidak melapor ke pos jaga) di dalam kawasan TamanNasional Komodo, yaitu di daerah .......................... dari tanggal ................... s/d ......................

Jika dikemudian hari saya tertangkap kembali maka saya bersedia diproses mengikuti aturan hu-kum yang berlaku

Lokasi, tanggal dan tahun

Ttd ttd ttdNelayan ybs petugas Saksi1.................... 1...................... 1.........................2.................... 2...................... 2.........................3.................... 3....................... 3.........................

Keterangan1. Posisi Nelayan : GPS dan Zona2. Alat Tangkap :3. Jumlah dan jenis Ikan yang diambil :3. Foto harus diambil

Catatan. Surat pernyataan harus dibuat untuk nelayan/penduduk yang melanggar zonasi dan yang tidak melapor ke pos jaga


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52


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FRS Patrol PatternsB


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54

b1:Tt n ntcptns p pk sctn tn 2003 nd 2009.


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ManagementEffectiveness

C


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56

Seillne n enoeent eos n ssist pk nges to elte ngeent eetieness,

pt ngeent sttegies, oent ngeent peone, n epot pogess to eision-

kes n stkeholes1.

Ke nings o this epot elent to ngeent eetieness eltions e pesente below, in

soe ot ollowing cte2.

1 Poeo r, Pks JE & Wtson Lm (2004). How is o mPa oing? a Giebook o Ntl n Soil Initos o Elting minePotete ae mngeent Eetieness, IucN, Gln, Switzeln n cbige, uK.

2 cte E (2010). Potool o assessing mine Potete ae mngeent Eetieness in Inonesi. The Nte consen


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Patrol ScenariosD


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58

Scenario 1: Minimum FRS Presence

Objecves

Visible presence o park sta;

Deter illegal activities;

Enorce destructive shing regulations;

Enorce ticketing regulations;

Strategy

Two FRS operating an alternating 10-day patrol schedule.

On Duty FRS ollows predetermined patrol route specied by BTNK. Fuel capacity o 2000 L provides a range

o approximately 500 nm.

O duty FRS stands by in Laban Bajo.

This strategy has been applied throughout 2009.

Cost

appoxite nnl osts bse on 2009 pies n expenite.

2. OPERATING EXPENSES

2.1. FUEL 55,483

2.2. MAINTENANCE

DOCKING 8,852

SPAREPARTS, TOOLS, ETC 6,000

2.3. PERMITS & INSURANCE 8,860

2.4. FOOD SUPPLIES 12,600

2.5. SALARY

PNK CREW 23,804

PARTNER FEES 9,000

2.6. OFF DUTY 18,392

TOTAL US$ 142,991


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Scenario 2: Maximum FRS Presence, FRS patrols

Objecves





Increase interception and detection rates;

Monitor park usage patterns.

Strategy

Two FRSs patrol simultaneously on a staggered 10-day patrol;

FRS ollows predetermined patrol route specied by BTNK. Fuel capacity o 2000 L provides a range o

approximately 500 nm;

O duty costs are eliminated, but uel costs increase.

Cost

Estite nnl osts bse on 2009 pies n expenite.


2.1. FUEL 110,966

2.2. MAINTENANCE

DOCKING 8,852

SPAREPARTS, TOOLS, ETC 6,000



2.5. SALARY

PNK CREW 23,804

PARTNER FEES 9,000

2.6. OFF DUTY

TOTAL US$ 180,082


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60

Scenario 3: Maximal FRS Presence, FRS Stands Guard

Objecve



Enorce regulations at priority areas and/ or assets;




Monitor park usage patterns.

Strategy

FRS stands guard at designated high priority sites or operational bases.

Patrols conducted by speedboat, with FRS used as a base o operations.

Results in dramatically reduced FRS uel costs, and a minimal increase in speedboat costs.

Results in greatly increased park coverage.

Costs

Estite nnl osts bse on 2009 pies n expenite.


2.1. FUEL

FRS 22,193

SPEEDBOAT 13,140

2.2. MAINTENANCE

DOCKING (every month) 8,852

SPAREPARTS, TOOLS, ETC (annual budget) 6,000



2.5. SALARY

PNK CREW 23,804

PARTNER FEES 9,000

2.6. OFF DUTYTOTAL US$ 104,449


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Scenario 4: Surveillance and Enforcement integrated with Monitoring

Objecve






Monitor park usage patterns;

Socialise and raise awareness o park regulations.

Strategy

Surveillance and enorcement ocers accompany other park monitoring activities e.g. RUM or SPAG.

Surveillance coverage is increased.

Costs are minimised by delivering multiple management objectives during a single sortie.

Cost

No additional costs (PNK holds an existing budget for RUM and SPAG sorties)


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62

Scenario 5: Devolved Surveillance

Objecves



Socialise and raise awareness o park regulations;

Foster conservation constituency.

Strategy

A community surveillance patrol is developed, with support rom BTNK, PNK and other enorcement

agencies;

Community patrols monitor or clearly dened illegal resource use activities. Monitoring can be conducted

alongside normal day-to-day activities, e.g. shing.

A communication system is required, that will enable community patrols to notiy park sta about

violations. Interception and enorcement responsibilities remain with BTNK.

This scenario is most eective when common access to resources, and a resulting preerence or maximising

short-term prots, is reversed via exclusive usage rights or other resource tenure systems.

Costs

assoite osts will opise one-tie inestent, in ontst to othe senios pesente whih

genete n nnl ost. costs o Senio 5 will peoinntl elte to onition, tining, n

ognistionl stengthening. as bo estite, totl bget o $50,000 wol be eqie. Howee

tl osts e likel to be signintl lowe, n this estite n be the ene t the pojet

plnning stge.


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Raw DataE


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64

Seillne n enoeent t ollet between 1985 n 2009 is sise in the ollowing

tbles.

detile w t n be ownloe in the le seillne_tbse.xlsx o www.gokooo.og/

T a: encnt css nd psctns 1985 t 2009

YearBomb

Cyanide

Compressor

IllegalGear

Poaching-Game

Poaching-Swallows

Burning

IllegalLogging

ProtectedBiota

Tourism

Others

1985 1

1988 2 1

1991 2 2

1992 2 1

1993 1

1994 1

1995 1

1996 1

1997 2 3 1

1998 1 3

1999 1

2000 1 1 1 1

2001 1 1 1

2002 1 1 1

2003 2 2 1 2 1

20044 1 1

2005 1 3 1

2006 1

2007 2 11 42008 1 1 3 5 5

2009 1 1 6 1 3 1 2 2


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T b: Snc nd ncnt ntctns th pk ss 2007 t 2009.

Year Month

Zone

Wilderness

Research

TradionalU

se

Pelagic

Tourism

2007 2 46 2 6 3

3 37 1 18 12 3

4 143 1 13 33

5 130 5 22 25 3

6 76 24 16

7 68

5 14 253

8 26 4 2 5 3

9 78 3 4 14

10 77 4 10 28

11 70 6 13 1

12 59 2 7 18 1

2008 1 113 8 20

2 51 6 16 12 1

3 93 4 16 16 1

4 60 5 13 12 6

5 42 5 4 11

6 93 2 12 13 5

7 77 1 13 7

8 39 2 4 11 1

9 45 4 1 11

10 57 2 19

11 91 1 8 23 5

12 56 27 9 1

2009 1 39 6 24 15 2

2 35 3 6 10

3 62 1 13 15

4 69 4 23 21 1

5 65 4 6 23 6

6 72 2 2 22

7 56 8 7 14

8 61 2 16 11 2

9 53 2 2

10 23 4 8 10 1

11 51 12 13

12 37 3 8 15 4


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COMMITTED TO CONSERVATION, SUPPORTIVE OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES ANDFOCUSED ON FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH NATURE-BASED TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

surveillance and enforcement in komodo national park - long-term trends 1985 - 2009

Documents