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Surface Water - Groundwater Interaction: From Watershed Processes to Hyporheic Exchange Donald O. Rosenberry, U.S. Geological Survey Masaki Hayashi, University of Calgary, Canada 1 Groundwater Feeding Surface Water Springs on river bank GW-dependent ecosystem Springs on river bank Headwater spring Winter et al. (1998. USGS Circ. 1139) 2

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Page 1: Surface Water - Groundwater Interactionpeople.ucalgary.ca/~hayashi/kathmandu_2016/lectures/1_1_intro.pdf · Earth: Portrait of a planet) 8 Discharge. Groundwater is connected to streams

Surface Water - Groundwater Interaction:From Watershed Processes to Hyporheic Exchange

Donald O. Rosenberry, U.S. Geological SurveyMasaki Hayashi, University of Calgary, Canada

1

Groundwater Feeding Surface Water

Springs on river bank

GW-dependent ecosystem

Springs on river bankHeadwater spring

Winter et al. (1998. USGS Circ. 1139)

2

Page 2: Surface Water - Groundwater Interactionpeople.ucalgary.ca/~hayashi/kathmandu_2016/lectures/1_1_intro.pdf · Earth: Portrait of a planet) 8 Discharge. Groundwater is connected to streams

Groundwater-Surface Water Exchange by Bank Storage

3

Winter et al. (1998. http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1139/)

Bank Filtration Induced by Pumping

Thur River, Switzerland

Municipal water supplies use bank-filtrated groundwater.

4

http://www.cces.ethz.ch/projects/nature/Record/sites

Page 3: Surface Water - Groundwater Interactionpeople.ucalgary.ca/~hayashi/kathmandu_2016/lectures/1_1_intro.pdf · Earth: Portrait of a planet) 8 Discharge. Groundwater is connected to streams

“Hyporheic” Zone in the FloodplainActive Two-Way Exchange of Groundwater with River

5

Stanford (1998. Freshwater Biology, 40:402)

Hyporheic Exchange Mechanisms

Bedform-induced flow

5 cm

Pool-riffle sequence

50 m

Meandering channel

Hayashi and Rosenberry (2002. Ground Water, 40: 309)

10 m

pool

riffle

pool

Pool-riffle sequence

6

Page 4: Surface Water - Groundwater Interactionpeople.ucalgary.ca/~hayashi/kathmandu_2016/lectures/1_1_intro.pdf · Earth: Portrait of a planet) 8 Discharge. Groundwater is connected to streams

Riparian GW-SW interaction

0.14

0.15

Riparian plants start “pumping”

0.1

0.11

0.12

0.13

9/20 9/21 9/22 9/23 9/24 9/25 9/26 9/27

flo

w (

m3/s

)

Transpiration stops

7

Groundwater Flow System

Two fundamental rules that are generally true:1. Water table is a subdued replica of ground surface.2. Groundwater flows from high to low.

RechargeRecharge

8Marshak (2001. Earth: Portrait of a planet)

RechargeRecharge

Discharge

Page 5: Surface Water - Groundwater Interactionpeople.ucalgary.ca/~hayashi/kathmandu_2016/lectures/1_1_intro.pdf · Earth: Portrait of a planet) 8 Discharge. Groundwater is connected to streams

Groundwater is connected to streams

Water balance is key to understand the connection

= Storage Change− DischargeRecharge − Pumping

Long-term balance:

Recharge – Pumping ≈ Discharge

= Storage Change(water level ↑↓↑↓↑↓↑↓)

− DischargeRecharge − Pumping

Over pumping may cause:- Large drawdown of groundwater level- Reduction of flow, or drying of streams

9

Long-Term Effects of Groundwater Extraction

Example from Kansas, U.S.

Ogallala Aquifer

1961

Sophocleous (2000. J. Hydrol., 235: 27)

Major perennial streams in Kansas.

1994

10

Page 6: Surface Water - Groundwater Interactionpeople.ucalgary.ca/~hayashi/kathmandu_2016/lectures/1_1_intro.pdf · Earth: Portrait of a planet) 8 Discharge. Groundwater is connected to streams

200

300

Wate

r su

pp

ly (

10

6L

/d)

GW

SW

315××××106

Supplied by KUKL*

SW-GW Interaction in the Local Context

Population in Kathmandu Valley in 2011

Water Demand ~ 315××××106 L/day (135 L/person/day)

~ 2.3××××106

0

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Wate

r su

pp

ly (

10

Month

*Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Ltd.

Shrestha (2012. Kathmandu Valley Groundwater Outlook, Ch.10)

11

"Private" Water Supply to Cover Deficits

Is this viable?

Potential risks?

12

Shrestha et al. (2012. Kathmandu Valley Groundwater Outlook)

Page 7: Surface Water - Groundwater Interactionpeople.ucalgary.ca/~hayashi/kathmandu_2016/lectures/1_1_intro.pdf · Earth: Portrait of a planet) 8 Discharge. Groundwater is connected to streams

bedrockbedrock

lacustrine lacustrine

silty sandsilty sand

sandsandgravelgravelalluvial alluvial

fanfan

GeologyTopography

Kathmandu Valley

NENE

SWSW

bedrockbedrock

lacustrine lacustrine clayclaybedrockbedrock

< 1260 m1260-13601360-14601460-15601560-16601660-17601760-19601960-21602160-2360> 2360 m

Shrestha (2012. Kathmandu Valley Groundwater Outlook, Ch.3)

13

SWSW

shallow aquifershallow aquiferrecharge?recharge?

Conceptual Hydrostratigraphy

deep aquiferdeep aquifer

aquitardaquitard

bedrockbedrock

pressurepressure

14

recharge?recharge?

Shrestha (2012. Kathmandu Valley Groundwater Outlook, Ch.3)

Page 8: Surface Water - Groundwater Interactionpeople.ucalgary.ca/~hayashi/kathmandu_2016/lectures/1_1_intro.pdf · Earth: Portrait of a planet) 8 Discharge. Groundwater is connected to streams

How will an understanding of SW-GW interaction help us manage water resources sustainably?

stone spoutsbaseflow

dischargepumping

induced recharge

Pradhanang et al. (2012. Kathmandu Valley Groundwater Outlook, Ch.2)

15

waste dump polluted water

recharge