Supporting standards comprise 35% of the U. S. History Test

27 (B)

Supporting Standard (27)The student understands the impact of science,

technology, & the free enterprise system on economic development in the U. S..

The Student is expected to:(B) Explain how specific needs result in scientific discoveries & technological

innovations in agriculture, the military, & medicine, including vaccines

Supporting Standard (27)The student understands the impact of science,

technology, & the free enterprise system on economic development in the U. S..

The Student is expected to:(B) 1 Explain how specific needs result in

scientific discoveries & technological innovations in agriculture

Intensive crop farming & Industrial agriculture

Intensive crop farming is a modern form of intensive farming that refers to the industrialized production of crops. Intensive crop farming’s methods include

innovation in agricultural machinery, farming methods, genetic engineering technology, techniques for achieving economies of scale in production,

the creation of new markets for consumption, patent protection of genetic information, and global trade. These methods are widespread in developed nations.

Intensive crop farming is a modern form of intensive farming that refers to the industrialized production of crops. Intensive crop farming’s methods include

innovation in agricultural machinery, farming methods, genetic engineering technology, techniques for achieving economies of scale in production,

the creation of new markets for consumption, patent protection of genetic information, and global trade. These methods are widespread in developed nations.

For Example:

The practice of industrial agriculture is a relatively recent development in the history of agriculture, and the result of scientific discoveries and technological advances. Innovations in agriculture beginning in the late 19th century generally

parallel developments in mass production in other industries that characterized the latter part of the Industrial Revolution. The identification of nitrogen and phosphorus as critical factors in plant growth led to the manufacture of

synthetic fertilizers, making more intensive uses of farmland for crop production possible. Similarly, the discovery of vitamins and their role in animal nutrition, in the first two decades of the 20th century, led to vitamin supplements,

which in the 1920s allowed certain livestock to be raised indoors, reducing their exposure to adverse natural elements. The discovery of antibiotics and vaccines facilitated raising livestock in larger numbers by reducing disease. Chemicals

developed for use in World War II gave rise to synthetic pesticides. Developments in shipping networks and technology have made long-distance distribution of produce feasible.

The practice of industrial agriculture is a relatively recent development in the history of agriculture, and the result of scientific discoveries and technological advances. Innovations in agriculture beginning in the late 19th century generally

parallel developments in mass production in other industries that characterized the latter part of the Industrial Revolution. The identification of nitrogen and phosphorus as critical factors in plant growth led to the manufacture of

synthetic fertilizers, making more intensive uses of farmland for crop production possible. Similarly, the discovery of vitamins and their role in animal nutrition, in the first two decades of the 20th century, led to vitamin supplements,

which in the 1920s allowed certain livestock to be raised indoors, reducing their exposure to adverse natural elements. The discovery of antibiotics and vaccines facilitated raising livestock in larger numbers by reducing disease. Chemicals

developed for use in World War II gave rise to synthetic pesticides. Developments in shipping networks and technology have made long-distance distribution of produce feasible.

Or . . . More recently:

Genetically modified organismsA genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

Organisms that have been genetically modified include micro-organisms such as bacteria and yeast, insects, plants, fish, and mammals. GMOs are the source of genetically modified foods, and are also widely used in scientific research and to produce goods

other than food. The term GMO is very close to the technical legal term, “living modified organism” defined in the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, which regulates international trade in living GMOs (specifically, “any living organism that possesses a novel

combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology”). At issue are genetically modified crops, genetically modified food, regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms, and controversies of their uses.

Genetically modified organismsA genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

Organisms that have been genetically modified include micro-organisms such as bacteria and yeast, insects, plants, fish, and mammals. GMOs are the source of genetically modified foods, and are also widely used in scientific research and to produce goods

other than food. The term GMO is very close to the technical legal term, “living modified organism” defined in the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, which regulates international trade in living GMOs (specifically, “any living organism that possesses a novel

combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology”). At issue are genetically modified crops, genetically modified food, regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms, and controversies of their uses.

Supporting Standard (27)The student understands the impact of science,

technology, & the free enterprise system on economic development in the U. S..

The Student is expected to:(B) 2 Explain how specific needs result in scientific discoveries &

technological innovations in the military (See also Supporting Standard 4 E on the “significant technological innovations in World

War I ; Readiness Standard 7 D (3, Frame 22-28) on the development of both new conventional weapons & atomic weapons;

& the Appendix “Military Innovations” at the end of this PowerPoint)

Supporting Standard (27)The student understands the impact of science,

technology, & the free enterprise system on economic development in the U. S..

The Student is expected to:(B) 3 Explain how specific needs result in

medicine, including vaccines

Health innovations

Early-20th Century & World War IThe ABO blood group system was discovered in 1901, and the Rhesus group in 1937, facilitating blood transfusion. During the 20th

century, large-scale wars were attended with medics and mobile hospital units which developed advanced techniques for healing massive injuries and controlling infections rampant in battlefield conditions. Thousands of scarred troops provided the need for

improved prosthetic limbs and expanded techniques in plastic surgery or reconstructive surgery. Those practices were combined to broaden cosmetic surgery and other forms of elective surgery. During World War I, Alexis Carrel and Henry Dakin developed

the Carrel-Dakin method of treating wounds with an irrigation, Dakin’s solution, a germicide which helped prevent Gangrene. The Great War spurred the usage of Roetgen’s X-ray, and the electrocardiograph, for the monitoring of internal bodily functions. This

was followed in the inter-war period by the development of the first anti-bacterial agents such as the sulpha antibiotics.

Early-20th Century & World War IThe ABO blood group system was discovered in 1901, and the Rhesus group in 1937, facilitating blood transfusion. During the 20th

century, large-scale wars were attended with medics and mobile hospital units which developed advanced techniques for healing massive injuries and controlling infections rampant in battlefield conditions. Thousands of scarred troops provided the need for

improved prosthetic limbs and expanded techniques in plastic surgery or reconstructive surgery. Those practices were combined to broaden cosmetic surgery and other forms of elective surgery. During World War I, Alexis Carrel and Henry Dakin developed

the Carrel-Dakin method of treating wounds with an irrigation, Dakin’s solution, a germicide which helped prevent Gangrene. The Great War spurred the usage of Roetgen’s X-ray, and the electrocardiograph, for the monitoring of internal bodily functions. This

was followed in the inter-war period by the development of the first anti-bacterial agents such as the sulpha antibiotics.

20th Century Public HealthThe 1918 flu pandemic killed at least 50 million people around the world. It became an important case study in epidemiology. Bristow shows there was a gendered response of health caregivers to the pandemic in the United States. Male doctors were unable to cure the

patients, and they felt like failures. Women nurses also saw their patients die, but they took pride in their success in fulfilling their professional role of caring for, ministering, comforting, and easing the last hours of their patients, and helping the families of the

patients cope as well. From 1917 to 1923, the American Red Cross moved into Europe with a battery of long-term child health projects. It built and operated hospitals and clinics, and organized anti-tuberculosis and anti-typhus campaigns. A high priority involved child

health programs such as clinics, better baby shows, playgrounds, fresh air camps, and courses for women on infant hygiene. Hundreds of U.S. doctors, nurses, and welfare professionals administered these programs, which aimed to reform the health of European youth

and to reshape European public health and welfare along American lines.

20th Century Public HealthThe 1918 flu pandemic killed at least 50 million people around the world. It became an important case study in epidemiology. Bristow shows there was a gendered response of health caregivers to the pandemic in the United States. Male doctors were unable to cure the

patients, and they felt like failures. Women nurses also saw their patients die, but they took pride in their success in fulfilling their professional role of caring for, ministering, comforting, and easing the last hours of their patients, and helping the families of the

patients cope as well. From 1917 to 1923, the American Red Cross moved into Europe with a battery of long-term child health projects. It built and operated hospitals and clinics, and organized anti-tuberculosis and anti-typhus campaigns. A high priority involved child

health programs such as clinics, better baby shows, playgrounds, fresh air camps, and courses for women on infant hygiene. Hundreds of U.S. doctors, nurses, and welfare professionals administered these programs, which aimed to reform the health of European youth

and to reshape European public health and welfare along American lines.

VaccinesThe World Health Organization was founded in 1948 as a United Nations agency to improve global health. In most of the world,

life expectancy has improved since then, and was about 67 years as of 2010, and well above 80 years in some countries. Eradication of infectious diseases is an international effort, and several new vaccines have been developed during the post-war years, against

infections such as measles, mumps, several strains of influenze & human papilloma virus. The long-known vaccine against smallpox finally eradicated the disease in the 1970s, and Finderpest was wiped out in 2011. Eradication of polio is

underway. Tissue culture is important for development of vaccines. The early success of antiviral vaccines and antibacterial drugs, antiviral drugs were not introduced until the 1970s. Through the WHO, the international community has developed a

response protocol against epidemics, displayed during the SARS epidemic in 2003, and the influenza A virus subtype H5N1 from 2004 and onwards.

VaccinesThe World Health Organization was founded in 1948 as a United Nations agency to improve global health. In most of the world,

life expectancy has improved since then, and was about 67 years as of 2010, and well above 80 years in some countries. Eradication of infectious diseases is an international effort, and several new vaccines have been developed during the post-war years, against

infections such as measles, mumps, several strains of influenze & human papilloma virus. The long-known vaccine against smallpox finally eradicated the disease in the 1970s, and Finderpest was wiped out in 2011. Eradication of polio is

underway. Tissue culture is important for development of vaccines. The early success of antiviral vaccines and antibacterial drugs, antiviral drugs were not introduced until the 1970s. Through the WHO, the international community has developed a

response protocol against epidemics, displayed during the SARS epidemic in 2003, and the influenza A virus subtype H5N1 from 2004 and onwards.

Genetics & Modern SurgeryGenetics have advanced with the discovery of the DNA molecule, genetic mapping and gene therapy. Stem cell research took off in

the 2000s (decade), with stem cell therapy as a promising method.

Cardiac surgery was revolutionized in the late 1940s, as open-heart surgery was introduced. In 1954 Joseph Murray, J. Hartwell Harrison and others accomplished the first kidney transplantation. Transplantations of other organs, such as heart, liver and

pancreas, were also introduced during the latter 20th century. The first partial face transplant was performed in 2005, and the first full one in 2010. By the end of the 20th century, microtechnology had been used to create tiny robotic devices to

assist microsurgery using micro-video and fiber-optic cameras to view internal tissues during surgery with minimally invasive practices. Laproscopic surgery was broadly introduced in the 1990s.

Genetics & Modern SurgeryGenetics have advanced with the discovery of the DNA molecule, genetic mapping and gene therapy. Stem cell research took off in

the 2000s (decade), with stem cell therapy as a promising method.

Cardiac surgery was revolutionized in the late 1940s, as open-heart surgery was introduced. In 1954 Joseph Murray, J. Hartwell Harrison and others accomplished the first kidney transplantation. Transplantations of other organs, such as heart, liver and

pancreas, were also introduced during the latter 20th century. The first partial face transplant was performed in 2005, and the first full one in 2010. By the end of the 20th century, microtechnology had been used to create tiny robotic devices to

assist microsurgery using micro-video and fiber-optic cameras to view internal tissues during surgery with minimally invasive practices. Laproscopic surgery was broadly introduced in the 1990s.

Appendix—Military innovationsName Date invented Invented by Original purpose Civilian uses

Columbiad cannon circa 1811 United Statesby George Bomford

Coastal defensesObsolete; Led to enhancements such as the Rodman Gun and modern breech loading guns

Aircraft tracking radar

mid-1930s  Royal Air ForceEarly warning radar, air defence systems

Microwave oven, air traffic control systems

Walkie-talkie 1930s  CanadaPortable two-way radio communications system for military

Portable radio communications - business, military, public safety, marine communications, amateur radio, CB radio, outdoor recreation, toys

Night vision 1939 - 1940s  United StatesVisibility for military personnel in low light situations

Low light photography, surveillance.

Duct tape 1942  United States Sealing ammunition cases Multiple uses

Ballistic missiles 1940s  Nazi Germany Long range attackSpace exploration, launch of communication, weather and global positioning satellites

Nuclear technology 1940s  United StatesNuclear weapons, large scale destruction

Nuclear medicine, nuclear power

Jet engine 1940s Royal Air Force Nazi Germany

Jet fighters, jet bombers Airliners

Appendix—Military innovations (ctd.)Name Date invented Invented by Original purpose Civilian uses

Digital photography

1960s United States Soviet Union

Spy satellites, eliminated the need to recover deorbited film canisters

Cameras

Internet 1960s  United StatesReliable computer networking

Led to the World Wide Web. Corporate websites, electronic commerce, e-mail, widespread availability of information, scientific and otherwise, forums, bulletin boards, social networking/blogging, collaborative encyclopaedias, media (sound, picture and video) sharing, peer-to-peer networking, widespread software distribution

GPS 1970s

 United States Navy, United States Air Force Soviet Union

Nuclear weapons force multiplier, increased warhead accuracy through precise navigation

Navigation, personal tracking

Swedish Firesteel 2000s Swedish Ministry of Defence Sweden

The Swedish Ministry of Defence needed something that could make a fire even in an extreme climate

Used to easily ignite a campfire regardless of weather

Fini