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1
Tectonics
Supporting Information for
The formation and inversion of the western Greater Caucasus Basin and the uplift of the western Greater Caucasus: implications for the wider Black Sea region
Stephen J. Vincent1, William Braham2†, Vladimir A. Lavrishchev3, James R. Maynard4, and Melise Harland5
1CASP, 181a Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB24 9HF, UK.
2Consultant, 11 Corner Hall, Hemel Hempstead, HP3 9HN, UK.
3Kavkazgeols’emka, Ul. Kislovodskaya 203, Yessentuki, Russia.
4ExxonMobil International Ltd., Ermyn Way, Leatherhead, Surrey, KT22 8UX, UK.
5Getech, Kitson House, Elmete Lane, Leeds, LS8 2LJ, UK.
Corresponding author: Stephen Vincent ([email protected])
†Deceased
Contents of this file
Text S1 to S3 Figures S1 to S10 Table S1 to S4
Introduction The supplementary material provides: (1) the tectonostratigraphic, stratigraphic, lithologic and paleowater depth data used to generate the composite logs (Figure 3) and subsidence modeling (Figure 4) presented in the manuscript; (2) documentation of subsidence plot sensitivity analysis and; (3) the background to the palynological analyses carried out in this study, the botanical affinities of the lowland and montane groupings displayed in Figure 5 of the manuscript and listings of the forms identified.
Text S1. Stratigraphic and subsidence modeling data Russian geological mapping subdivides the Russian western Greater Caucasus into a series of tectonostratigraphic zones (Figure S1). These represent areas where sedimentary and volcanic rocks of similar age, facies and paleoenvironment crop out. Further details can be found in the accompanying texts to map
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sheets K-37-IV, K-37-V, L-37-XXXIV and L-37-XXXV [Korsakov et al., 2002; Korsakov et al., 2004; Lavrishchev et al., 2002; Lavrishchev et al., 2000]. An English language description of the tectonostratigraphic zonation of the Jurassic part of the Russian western Greater Caucasus Basin stratigraphy has also been provided by McCann et al. [2010]. As rifting in the western Greater Caucasus Basin progressed, the depocenter of the basin migrated from one basinal tectonostratigraphic zone to another. Furthermore during inversion, the basin stratigraphy has been exhumed to different levels in different tectonostratigraphic zones. In order to compile a record of the stratigraphy of the basin and its margins, therefore, information from different tectonostratigraphic zones has had to be used. The tectonostratigraphic zones from which data are taken are listed in Tables S1 to S3 and are located on Figure S1. The data presented from each tectonostratigraphic zone are compiled from multiple outcrops; the section lines shown on Figure S1 are representative only of some of the key sections studied. The stratigraphic, lithologic and paleowater depth data used for composite log construction and subsidence modeling are presented as Tables S1 to S3. Subsidence / decompaction modeling was carried out using Petromod software available from Schlumberger. Paleowater depth estimates are based on facies interpretations, lithology and fauna.
Text S2. Subsidence modeling sensitivity analysis The range of uncertainty inherent in the composite western Greater Caucasus Basin succession could affect the shape of the subsidence curve and therefore the conclusions of the study. These impacts were investigated using the age range identified for each formation top, the range of thickness for each formation and the range of estimated paleowater depth for each formation given in Table S2. All variables were independently assessed holding the two other constant as the base case. For the age uncertainty both the maximum and minimum age in Ma with the addition or subtraction of the error given by Gradstein et al. [2012] was used and plotted against the undecompacted cumulative base case thickness (Figure S2). The maximum and minimum curves form an envelope of subsidence trajectories around the base case which is shown in blue. The uncertainty envelope mirrors the base case. The uncertainty on the thickness of each formation and errors in measurement of the total thickness have been approached using a monte carlo simulation of 250 cumulative thickness curves. Subsidence curves were created by summing each formation, randomly sampling the range of thickness between the minimum and maximum for each formation. Figure S3 illustrates the results of this analysis. The undecompacted cumulative thickness variation is up to 2800 meters. However the curves overall show a robust shape with consistent increases and decreases in gradient. The uncertainty in the paleowater depth was investigated by summing the minimum paleowater depth estimate and maximum paleowater depth estimate with the undecompacted cumulative base case thickness (Figure S4). Although within anyone formation the range in paleowater depth is up to 500 meters the resulting cumulative subsidence curves track one another showing the impact of the uncertainty range of variability of paleowater depth on the subsidence is minimal and much less than the cumulative effects of the range in formation thickness. Overall the shape of the curves remains the same. In conclusion the impact of the uncertainty in formation age and thickness on the shape of basin subsidence curve is minimal.
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Text S3. Palynological data The palynological samples analyzed were subjected to normal processing and analytical techniques. The acquired data were entered into the Stratabugs™ program for display (Figure S5 & S6). A summary of the larger groupings of palynomorph groups is presented on figures S7 and S8 and the composition of lowland and montane groups in figures S9 and S10. Palynomorph assemblages, in particular the terrestrial component in marine sediments, represent information of basin wide extent [eg. Shatilova et al., 2007] and provide a sample of most of the terrestrial ecosystems developed contemporaneously. Palynological investigation on Miocene and younger sediments has frequently attempted analysis in terms of both their paleoclimatic and paleoecological associations [eg. Filippova, 1997; Nagy, 1992; Planderova, 1990]. In older Paleogene material such analysis has been rarer due to increasing difficulties in recognising the botanical affinities in pre-Neogene palynofloras. In the present study it has been possible to attribute the majority of the pollen and spores recorded to a botanical affinity. As a result it has been possible to compare the assemblages recorded in this study with both earlier paleoclimatic and paleoecological studies and modern floral distributions. The listing below gives the botanical affinities of the terrestrial assemblage and subdivides it into assemblages considered to be largely of lowland and highland/montane origin after Filippova [1997]. Lowland sub-flora Botanical affinities (Family; Subfamily, Genus) Acanthotriletes spp Selaginellaceae ( delete Lycopsida) Alnipollenites spp Betulaceae Bacuatisporites spp Osmundaceae? Bombacidites spp Bombacaceae Caryapollenites spp Juglandaceae (Carya) Chenopodipollis spp Chenopodiaceae (Cheopodium, Atriplex) Cicatricosisporites spp Schizaeales; Lygodiaceae? Concavisporites spp Gleicheniaceae? Corrugatisporites spp Lygodiaceae? Deltoidospora spp Cyathaceae? (Filicopsida deleted) Dictyophyllidites spp Cheiropleuraceae (Filicopsida deleted) Echinatisporis spp Selaginellaceae Ephedriptes spp. Ephedra Gleicheniidites spp Gleicheniaceae Graminidites spp Gramineae Inaperturopollenites hiatus Taxodiaceae Inaperturopollenites spp Cupressaceae Klukisporites spp Schizaeales; Schizaceae? Laevigatosporites spp Polypodiaceae Liquidambarpollenites spp Altingiaceae (Liquidambar) Lycopodiumsporites spp Lycopodiaceae Polypodiaceoisporites spp Polypodiaceae Pterocaryapollenites spp Juglandaceae (Pterocarya) Verrucatosporites usmenenis Polypodiaceae
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Highland or montane sub-flora Botanical affinities (Family; Subfamily, Genus) Abiespollenites spp Pinaceae; Abietoideae (Abies) Biasaccate pollen undifferentiated Pinaceae; mainly undifferentiated pine-type pollen (Pinoideae) Carpinipites carpinoides Betulaceaea (Carpinus) Juglanspollenites spp Juglandaceae (Juglans) Piceaepollenites spp Pinaceae; Piceoideae (Picea) Quercopollenites spp Fagaceae (Quercus) Tiliaeapollenites spp Tiliaceae (Tilia) Tsugaepollenites spp Pinaceae; Abietoideae (Tsuga) Ulmipollenites spp Ulmaceae (Ulmus) References Beluzhenko, E. V., and E. I. Kovalenko (2005), Upper Oligocene and Lower Miocene between rivers Belaya, Laba
and Urup (North Caucasus), Bulletin of Moscow Society of Naturalists - Geological Series, 80(2), 60-67.
Filippova, N. Y. (1997), Palynology of the Upper Pliocene to Middle Pleistocene in the south Caspian region, 164 pp., GEOS, Moscow.
Gradstein, F. M., J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz, and G. M. Ogg (Eds.) (2012), A Geologic Time Scale 2012, 1144 pp., Elsevier, Oxford.
Khardikov, A. E., and I. A. Kholodnaya (2004), Lithofacies features and formation conditions of Aptian-Albian rocks in the Western Ciscaucasus, Lithology and Mineral Resources, 39(3), 203-212, doi: 10.1023/B:LIMI.0000027607.75730.e2.
Korsakov, S. G., V. M. Semenukha, and N. M. Andreev (2002), National Geological Map of the Russian Federation, Caucasus series sheet L-37-XXXIV (Tuapse), St. Petersburg cartographic enterprise of VSEGEI, Moscow.
Korsakov, S. G., I. N. Semenukha, E. V. Beluzhenko, V. I. Chernykh, G. R. Tuzikov, I. I. Grekov, V. N. Tokarev, M. G. Derkachëva, and V. V. Sokolov (2004), National Geological Map of the Russian Federation, Caucasus series sheet L-37-XXXV (Maykop), St. Petersburg cartographic enterprise of VSEGEI, Moscow.
Lavrishchev, V. A., N. I. Prutskiy, and V. M. Semenov (2002), National Geological Map of the Russian Federation, Caucasus series sheet K-37-V (Krasnar Polyana), St. Petersburg cartographic enterprise of VSEGEI, Moscow.
Lavrishchev, V. A., V. M. Semenov, N. M. Andreev, and A. S. Gorshkov (2000), National Geological Map of the Russian Federation, Caucasus series sheet K-37-IV (Sochi), St. Petersburg cartographic enterprise of VSEGEI, Moscow.
McCann, T., F. Chalot-Prat, and A. Saintot (2010), The Early Mesozoic evolution of the Western Greater Caucasus (Russia): Triassic-Jurassic sedimentary and magmatic history, in Sedimentary basin tectonics from the Black Sea and Caucasus to the Arabian Platform, edited by M. Sosson, N. Kaymakci, R. A. Stephenson, F. Bergerat and V. Starostenko, Special Publication, 340, pp. 181-238, Geological Society, London, doi: 10.1144/SP340.10.
Nagy, E. (1992), A comprehensive study of Neogene sporomorphs in Hungary, Geologica Hungarica Series Paleont., 53, 379 pp.
Planderova, E. (1990), Miocene microflora of Slovak central Paratethys and its biostratigraphical significance, 144 pp., Dionyz Stur Institute of Geology,Bratislava.
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Rostovtsev, K. O. (Ed.) (1992), Jurassic of Caucasus, 192 pp., Nauka, St. Petersburg.
Shatilova, I., I. Rukhadze, and N. Mchellishvili (2007), Pontian flora, vegetation and climate of Western Georgia, in Problems of Paleobiology, vol. 2, edited by G. Mchedlidze, pp. 24-36, Georgian National Museum, Institute of Paleobiology.
Figure S1. Detailed geological map of the Russian sector of the western Greater Caucasus showing the different tectonostratigraphic zones from which the geological data used in Tables S1 to S3 were taken.
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epth
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Figure S2. Burial history plot of the western Greater Caucasus Basin showing the impact of the age uncertainty on the shape of the subsidence.
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Figure S3. Burial history plot of the western Greater Caucasus Basin showing the impact of the formation thickness uncertainty with 250 realisations of the subsidence history. The red line describes the base case.
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Figure S4. Burial history plot of the western Greater Caucasus Basin showing the impact of the paleowater depth uncertainty on the shape of the subsidence.
Height(m)
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1350
1300
1250
1200
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0
Samples
1430.00 WG147/1
1280.00 WG126/2
1085.00 WG125/2
744.50 WG28d/1
555.00 WG28/1
333.50 WG28e/1
245 WG28f/2237 WG28f/1
164 WG25/13162 WG25/12
138.00 WG25/6132 WG25/3125.00 WG25/1117.40 WG25a/8
83.90 WG25a/6
50.30 WG25a/4
25.60 WG25a/2
Absolute abundance (25mm=200 counts)In-Situ,Reworked occurrences
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oodi
i
4 1 1 2 1 1R 1R 3 1 1R 6R 1R
1 1R 1 1R 2 9 4 1 1 2 7 1 1R 1 1R 5 1R 1 1 1 1R 1
1R 1 1? 3 1 16 1 2 1 1? 1 3 3 1R 1R 1? 1 1R 2 1 1R 1 6 1 1?R 1R 1 3 1 1? 1R 1 1R 1 1? 1R 1?
1 2? 3 1 4 1 2 1 1 1R 1R 1R 1? 2R 1 2 1 1R 1 1R 1R 1
1?R 1 1 5 1 1 2 10 1 3 1?R 17 1?
R 1R 1 2 1 1R 1 1R 1 3 1R 1 2? 1 1R 2 1 4
2 3 1 10 3 1 2 7 6 1 6 1? 1 4 2R 1 4 2 1 2 1
2R 26 1 1 2 1 3 3 1 3 1 1 7 1 1? 1 1 2 1R 1 1 1 1 2R 1R 1R 2 2 14 1R 1 1R 14 1R 1R 58 7 1 5 1 21 2 5 2 1R 1 1? 1R 2 2R 1? 1R 19R5R 1 1R 1R 1 2 1R 2R 3 1R 1 1 1R
10 5 1 3 2 3 2 6 1 3 1 1?R 1R
1 5 4 3 3 1 1 2 3 2 2 3R 5 2 15 1R 1 2R 1R 1
7 1?R 8 1R 4 1 3 5 3 1 3 22 30 11 2 5 1 2 1 1 9 24R1 1 16 17 1 3 3 1 2 1 1 4 5 1 1 2 2 4 3 5 2 2 2 1 1 1R 1 4? 1 1 2 1 1 1R 5R 1R
3 6 8 6 1 9 3 1 6 4 4 5 2 48 3 1 9 3 1 1 2 1 4 23 1R 1 1? 1R 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1R 3 1 1 1 1R 2 1R1 1 1R 3R 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 1R 6 8 19 2 11 17 1R 3 2 1 4 1 1 4 1 1 1R 1R 4 1 1R 1R 1R 2R 1R 1R 1 1 2 1R 1 3R 1 2 2 3 1 1R2 22 9 4 1 1 3 1 8 2 1 1 53 5 1 1 2 1 3 8 1 4? 1 4 1 1 2 1 2 1? 1 1 1? 2 2
1 38 10 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1? 1 1 2? 32 4 3 2 1 3 1 1 1 6 1 55 39 3 1 1? 1 1 1R 1R 2 2 1 1 1R
23 202 7 1? 31 1 12 6 10 1 1 55 9 2 2 3 3 1 1? 6 1 9 1?R 1 2 4 2 2 3 2 1 1 1? 2 2 1 11 1
1 18 1 1? 17 4 13 1 5 4 3 3? 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1? 1 1?R 1 2 2 2 23 4 6
Dino�agellate Cysts*1In-Situ,Reworked occurrences
Leio
spha
erid
ia s
pp.
Spha
erom
orph
acr
itarc
hs in
divi
dual
cys
tsPa
lam
bage
s m
orul
osa
Aca
ntho
mor
ph a
crita
rchs
Cadd
asph
aera
spp
.Sc
hizo
cyst
ia
sp.
Leio
sphe
res
spp.
(larg
e)M
icrh
ystr
idiu
m s
p.Ty
thod
iscu
s sp
p.
8
10
11 1 1 4
2 1
6
1 2
1 1 1
1
11 1
1
1
2
1
Acritarchs*1*2
Pedi
astr
um s
pp.
Botr
yoco
ccus
spp
.
1
1 1
1
ALBO
*1*2
?Alg
al c
yst
27
ALIN
*1*2
Cras
sosp
haer
a sp
p.Pt
eros
perm
ella
spp
.Ta
sman
ites
spp.
Cym
atio
spha
era
spp
1 3
4
6
1 1 9
2 2 13 6
24R
2 21 2 2
2 4111
1 1
ALPR*1*2
Mic
rofo
ram
inife
ral t
est l
inin
gs
2
2
4
2
3
1
1
1818
4
15
49
FT*1*2
Fung
al b
odie
sFu
ngal
hyp
hae
Fung
al s
pore
s (m
ono)
Epip
hyllo
us fu
ngae
Fung
al h
ypha
e "�
lam
ents
- rh
izoi
d"
Ure
dina
les
sp.
2 3 1 2 1
1
2 5
1
1
1 1 1
1 1
11
16R
4 4
FungiAbsolute abundance (25mm=200 counts)In-Situ,Reworked occurrences
Cam
aroz
onos
porit
es s
pp.
Del
toid
ospo
ra s
pp.
Echi
natis
poris
spp
.La
evig
atos
porit
es s
pp.
Verr
ucat
ospo
rites
usm
ensi
sCi
catr
icos
ispo
rites
spp
.G
leic
heni
idite
s sp
p.Ly
copo
dium
spor
ites
spp.
Trili
tes
spp.
Bacu
latis
porit
es s
pp. d
ark
Del
toid
ospo
ra s
pp b
row
nLe
ptol
epid
ites
spp.
Todi
spor
ites
spp
Gle
iche
niid
ites
cern
iidite
sU
ndi�
eren
tiate
d pt
erid
ophy
tic s
pore
sVe
rruc
atos
porit
es s
pp. b
row
nPo
lypo
diac
eois
porit
es s
pp. b
row
nTr
ilobo
spor
ites
spp.
Bacu
latis
porit
es s
pp.
Conc
avis
porit
es s
pp.
Poly
podi
aceo
ispo
rites
spp
.Ve
rruc
osis
porit
es s
pp.
Mic
rore
ticul
atis
porit
es s
pp.
Conc
avis
porit
es to
ralis
Rous
eisp
orite
s si
mpl
exCo
nver
ruco
sisp
orite
s sp
p.D
isce
rnis
porit
es s
pp.
Dic
tyop
hylli
dite
s sp
p.G
leic
heni
idite
s se
noni
cus
Osm
unda
cidi
tes
spp.
Ster
eisp
orite
s sp
p.To
rois
porit
es s
pp.
Fove
ospo
rites
spp
.Co
ncav
ispo
rites
jurie
nsis
Corr
ugat
ispo
rites
spp
.
2 1 1 1 1
5 1 1 1R 1 1 1 1
6 1 1 1R 1 1 3 1 3 1 2R
3 1 2 1 1? 1 1
2 1 1 7 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 3 1R 3 1 1
3 3 1 1 1 14 1 1R 1 2
13
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 12 1R 1R 1R
1 1 1 2R 2 1 1R1 1 2 1
5 1R 3R 1
1 1 1 2 2
1? 4 1 1 1
SporesAbsolute abundance (25mm=300 counts)In-Situ,Reworked occurrences
Bisa
ccat
e po
llen
undi
�ere
ntia
ted
Calli
alas
porit
es s
pp.
Tric
olpi
tes
spp.
Und
i�er
entia
ted
angi
ospe
rm p
olle
nG
ram
inid
ites
spp.
Inap
ertu
ropo
lleni
tes
hiat
us
Inap
ertu
ropo
lleni
tes
spp.
Jugl
ansp
olle
nite
s sp
p.Bi
sacc
ate
polle
n (b
lack
/dar
k)A
lnip
olle
nite
s sp
p. b
row
nTr
icol
pite
s sp
p. (v
erru
cate
)Ce
rebr
opol
leni
tes
mes
ozoi
cus
Clas
sopo
llis
clas
soid
esEp
hedr
ipite
s eo
ceni
pite
sTr
icol
pite
s sp
p. (g
ranu
late
/bac
ulat
e)In
aper
turo
polle
nite
s hi
atus
clu
ster
Tilia
eapo
lleni
tes
spp.
Cary
apol
leni
tes
spp.
Plat
ycar
yapo
lleni
tes
spp.
Ulm
ipol
leni
tes
spp.
Bom
baci
dite
s sp
p.Ch
enop
odip
ollis
spp
.D
icol
popo
llis
cf. s
pp.
Liqu
idam
barp
olle
nite
s sp
p.Pl
icap
ollis
spp
.Pt
eroc
arya
polle
nite
s sp
p.Tr
icol
popo
lleni
tes
spp.
Tsug
aepo
lleni
tes
spp.
Aln
ipol
leni
tes
spp.
Carp
inip
ites
carp
inoi
des
Ephe
drip
ites
spp.
Mom
ipite
s sp
p.Tr
icol
pite
s sp
p. c
lust
erCl
asso
polli
s sp
p. (t
etra
ds)
Cyca
dopi
tes
spp.
Sequ
oiap
olle
nite
s sp
p.Tr
icol
pite
s sp
p. (s
mal
l)A
rauc
aria
cite
s au
stra
lisCo
mpo
sito
ipol
leni
tes
spp.
Enge
lhar
dtia
spp
.Fe
nest
rites
spp
.Fe
nest
rites
cf
. spp
. In
trat
ripor
opol
leni
tes
spp.
Spin
ozon
ocol
pite
s sp
p.
50 1 5 2 1
133 1 2? 12 1R 3 7 1 3 1 1 3 1 1? 1 1 1
176 1 30 3R 3 1 2 2 1 3 5 1 6 1 1 1
89 1 69 1R 4 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 1R 1? 1 1
160 3 1 29 1 1R 1 1 1 1
135 4 70 1R 2 5 1 2 2 9 1? 4 1
145 35 4 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1213 5 7 7 1 1
203 31 1248 20 2 1 1
270 3 1 4 1R 1R 1 1273 1 3 1 1
130 5R 1 1R126 2
29 1 2 1R
21 2 1 8 1 1
36 2R 1? 1
Pollen
Height(m)
Samples
1430.00 WG147/1
1280.00 WG126/2
1085.00 WG125/2
744.50 WG28d/1
555.00 WG28/1
333.50 WG28e/1
245 WG28f/2237 WG28f/1
164 WG25/13162 WG25/12
138.00 WG25/6132 WG25/3125.00 WG25/1117.40 WG25a/8
83.90 WG25a/6
50.30 WG25a/4
25.60 WG25a/2
Figure S5. West Georgian Caucasus palynological chart (Chanis River section)
1400
1350
1300
1250
1200
1150
1100
1050
1000
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
8
Height(m)
1500
1450
1400
1350
1300
1250
1200
1150
1100
1050
1000
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
Samples
1530.00 WC149/1-2
1220.00 WC102/2
980.00 WC92/4
825.00 WC104/1
665.00 WC99/2
590.00 WC97/3
310.00 WC95/3
110.00 WC94/2
Absolute abundance (25mm=200 counts)In-Situ,Reworked occurrences
Art
emis
iocy
sta
clad
odic
hoto
ma
Batia
casp
haer
a m
icro
papi
llata
Batia
casp
haer
a sp
haer
ica
Batia
casp
haer
a sp
p.Ch
iropt
erid
ium
spp
.Ch
ytro
eisp
haer
idia
hya
lina
Chyt
roei
spha
erid
ia s
pp.
Crib
rope
ridin
ium
sep
imen
tum
Crib
rope
ridin
ium
spp
.Ct
enid
odin
ium
orn
atum
De�
andr
ea s
pp.
Din
ogym
nium
spp
.D
inop
tery
gium
fehm
arne
nse
Dis
tato
dini
um e
llipt
icum
Emsl
andi
a sp
p.G
laph
yroc
ysta
laci
nifo
rme
Gon
yaul
acys
ta h
elic
oide
a gr
p.H
omot
rybl
ium
oce
anic
umH
omot
rybl
ium
tenu
ispi
nosu
mIm
plet
osph
aerid
ium
spp
.In
dete
rmin
ate
prox
imat
e di
nocy
sts
Kallo
spha
erid
ium
spp
.O
ligos
phae
ridiu
m c
ompl
exPa
reod
inia
cer
atop
hora
Phth
anop
erid
iniu
m c
omat
umPh
than
oper
idin
ium
spp
.Pt
erod
iniu
m s
pp.
Spin
iferit
es ra
mos
usSp
inife
rites
spp
.Ta
nyos
phae
ridiu
m s
pp.
Tect
atod
iniu
m s
pp.
Thal
assi
phor
a pe
lagi
caVa
lens
iella
spp
.W
allo
dini
um k
rutz
schi
iA
chom
osph
aera
spp
.A
pteo
dini
um a
ustr
alie
nse
Cass
icul
osph
aerid
ia re
ticul
ata
Cten
idod
iniu
m c
ontin
uum
Cten
idod
iniu
m s
ellw
oodi
iCy
clop
siel
la s
pp.
Gla
phyr
ocys
ta s
pp.
Lept
odin
ium
spp
.Li
esbe
rgel
la s
enta
Ling
ulod
iniu
m m
ache
roph
orum
Mud
eron
gia
sp.
Nem
atos
phae
rops
is s
pp.
Ope
rcul
odin
ium
cen
troc
arpu
mA
dnat
osph
aerid
ium
vitt
atum
Char
lesd
owni
ea te
nuiv
irgul
aCo
rdos
phae
ridiu
m in
odes
?Crib
rope
ridin
ium
spp
. Fi
broc
ysta
spp
.Ph
than
oper
idin
ium
mul
tispi
num
Ach
omos
phae
ra ra
mul
ifera
Are
osph
aerid
ium
arc
uatu
mA
reos
phae
ridiu
m d
ikty
oplo
kus
Are
osph
aerid
ium
mic
houd
iiBa
tiaca
spha
era
spp.
thic
k br
own
test
Dis
tato
dini
um s
pp.
Gla
phyr
ocys
ta
cf. s
emite
cta
H
omot
rybl
ium
�or
ipes
Hom
otry
bliu
m p
lect
ilum
Hys
tric
hoko
lpom
a sa
laci
umIm
plet
osph
aerid
ium
spp
. (sm
all)
Inde
term
inat
e di
nocy
st fr
agm
ents
Inde
term
inat
e pr
oxim
ocho
rate
din
ocys
tsO
dont
ochi
tina
spp.
Pala
eocy
stod
iniu
m g
olzo
wen
sePh
than
oper
idin
ium
am
oenu
mPo
lysp
haer
idiu
m z
ohar
yiPr
otoe
llips
oidi
nium
spi
nosu
mSe
ntus
idin
ium
spp
.Sy
stem
atop
hora
pla
caca
ntha
Tect
atod
iniu
m p
sila
tum
Cass
icul
osph
aerid
ia m
agna
Cero
dini
um d
iebe
liiCh
iropt
erid
ium
lobo
spin
osum
Clei
stos
phae
ridiu
m a
ncor
iferu
mH
ystr
icho
kolp
oma
rigau
dae
Inde
term
inat
e ch
orat
e di
nocy
sts
Phth
anop
erid
iniu
m c
oreo
ides
Pseu
doce
ratiu
m tu
rner
iRh
ombo
dini
um s
pp.
Riga
udel
la a
emul
aW
etze
liella
goc
htii
Wet
zelie
lla s
pp.
Chla
myd
opho
rella
spp
.N
anno
cera
tops
is s
enex
Ach
omos
phae
ra c
rass
ipel
lisA
chom
osph
aera
nep
tuni
Cann
osph
aero
psis
spp
.Ch
lam
ydop
hore
lla n
yei
Cord
osph
aerid
ium
cf
. fun
icul
atum
Co
rdos
phae
ridiu
m g
raci
leCo
rdos
phae
ridiu
m s
pp.
Coro
nife
ra o
cean
ica
Dap
silid
iniu
m la
min
aspi
nosu
mD
apsi
lidin
ium
spp
.D
e�an
drea
pho
spho
ritic
aD
ingo
dini
um a
lber
tiiD
ista
todi
nium
cra
teru
mD
oroc
ysta
spp
.Fr
omea
am
phor
aG
laph
yroc
ysta
vic
ina
Hom
otry
bliu
m p
allid
umH
omot
rybl
ium
spp
.H
ystr
icho
gony
aula
x cl
adop
hora
Hys
tric
hosp
haer
ina
spp.
Klei
thria
spha
erid
ium
sim
plic
ispi
num
Levi
spha
era
spp.
Lith
odin
ia s
pp.
Mel
itasp
haer
idiu
m
cf. c
hoan
opho
rum
M
elita
spha
erid
ium
spp
.Pa
laeo
hyst
richo
phor
a in
fuso
rioid
esPa
laeo
perid
iniu
m c
reta
ceum
Pent
adin
ium
taen
iger
umPs
eudo
cera
tium
ana
phris
sum
Retic
ulat
osph
aera
act
inoc
oron
ata
Surc
ulos
phae
ridiu
m lo
ngifu
rcat
umSy
stem
atop
hora
aer
olat
aTe
nua
hyst
rix
10 6 1R 7 1 2 5R 1R 1R 7 3 1 2 2 2R 1 1 1R 1R 1 2 9 1 1R 1R 3 3R 1 1 1 3 1R 2 1R 1R 1R 1 1 4R 1R 1 1 1 2R 4R 1 1R 3R 1R 2 1 1 1 1R 1R 1 1R 1 1R 1R 1
1 4 1 1R 1R
1 1R 1 2R 1? 1 2 3 8 1 2R 1?R 2 1 2R 1 1 4R 1R 2 1R 1R 1 1 1 3 2R 1?
R 1 1?R 1 1R
1
3 2 1 3R 1 1 1 1R 6 1R 1R 1R 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 2?R 1 1 1 1R 6 4
2 1 11 2 1 8 1 3 4 1 1 2 1 1R 1 1 1 1
3 11 1? 7 1R 2 272 1R 10 2 3 1 2R 1R 1R 1 1? 2? 1?R 1 1?
R 1 1 1R
1? 10 1 12 1? 1R 1 2R 3 1R 1? 1?R 2? 1 1? 1 2 2 2 1 23 9 1R 1R 2 1 1 8 1 1? 1 1 3? 1 1R
Dino�agellate Cysts*1In-Situ,Reworked occurrences
Mic
rhys
trid
ium
sp.
Very
hach
ium
spp
.Le
iosp
haer
idia
spp
.Le
iosp
here
s sp
p.(la
rge)
Spha
erom
orph
acr
itarc
hs in
divi
dual
cys
tsLe
iosp
here
s (la
rge)
bro
wn
Tyth
odis
cus
spp.
Balti
spha
erid
ium
spp
.
1 10 6
1
5
1 1
2 2R
1 1
1 2 1
1 1
Acritarchs*1*2
Pedi
astr
um s
pp.
Botr
yoco
ccus
spp
.Bo
tryo
cocc
us b
raun
ii
1 1
1
1
ALBO*1*2
?Alg
al c
yst
1
ALIN
*1*2
Cym
atio
spha
era
sp.
Tasm
anite
s sp
p.Pt
eros
perm
ella
spp
.Cr
asso
spha
era
spp.
2 6
1
20 1
3 1
3
4
7 1
1 8
ALPR*1*2
Mic
rofo
ram
inife
ral t
est l
inin
gs
1
2
1
4
3
2
2
FT
*1*2
Schi
zosp
oris
spp
.
1
IN
*1*2
Fung
al h
ypha
eEp
iphy
llous
fung
aeFu
ngal
bod
ies
Fung
al h
ypha
e "�
lam
ents
- rh
izoi
d"
1
100
1
1 1
2 1
1
FungiAbsolute abundance (25mm=200 counts)In-Situ,Reworked occurrences
Bacu
latis
porit
es s
pp.
Cica
tric
osis
porit
es s
pp.
Conv
erru
cosi
spor
ites
spp.
Del
toid
ospo
ra s
pp.
Dic
tyop
hylli
dite
s sp
p.D
isce
rnis
porit
es s
pp.
Lyco
podi
umsp
orite
s se
mim
uris
Poly
podi
aceo
ispo
rites
spp
.Co
ncav
ispo
rites
spp
.G
leic
heni
idite
s ce
rniid
ites
Gle
iche
niid
ites
seno
nicu
sLa
evig
atos
porit
es s
pp.
Verr
ucat
ospo
rites
usm
ensi
sCo
rrug
atis
porit
es s
pp.
Echi
natis
poris
spp
.D
elto
idos
pora
spp
bro
wn
Dic
tyop
hylli
dite
s sp
p.br
own
Kluk
ispo
rites
spp
.O
smun
daci
dite
s sp
p.A
cant
hotr
ilete
s sp
p.Ba
cula
tispo
rites
com
aum
ensi
sCa
rbon
ifero
us s
pore
s un
di�e
rent
iate
dCi
catr
icos
ispo
rites
aus
tral
iens
isG
leic
heni
idite
s ce
rniid
ites
(dar
k)Ly
copo
dium
spor
ites
aust
rocl
avat
ides
Und
i�er
entia
ted
pter
idop
hytic
spo
res
Valla
tispo
rites
sp
.
1 26 1 1 1R 1 2 1R 1 1 1 2 1R
3 2? 1
21 1 2 2
1 1 1R
3 17 1 1 1R 1R 1
8 1 1 1 1
1 7 1 1 1 1 3 1
1 1 1 11 1 1 1 2
SporesAbsolute abundance (25mm=200 counts)In-Situ,Reworked occurrences
Bisa
ccat
e po
llen
undi
�ere
ntia
ted
Cere
brop
olle
nite
s m
esoz
oicu
sCl
asso
polli
s cl
asso
ides
Inap
ertu
ropo
lleni
tes
hiat
usQ
uerc
oplle
nite
s sp
p.Tr
icol
pite
s sp
p.U
ndi�
eren
tiate
d po
llen
Carp
inip
ites
carp
inoi
des
Clas
sopo
llis
spp.
(tet
rads
)Cy
cado
pite
s sp
p.G
ram
inid
ites
spp.
Tric
olpi
tes
spp.
clu
ster
Tsug
aepo
lleni
tes
spp.
Tric
olpi
tes
spp.
(gra
nula
te/b
acul
ate)
Ulm
ipol
leni
tes
spp.
Abi
espo
lleni
tes
spp.
Inap
ertu
ropo
lleni
tes
spp.
Perin
opol
leni
tes
elat
oide
sPi
ceap
olle
nite
s sp
p.Pi
nusp
olle
nite
s sp
p.
Rugu
bive
sicu
lites
rugo
sus
Bisa
ccat
e po
llen
(bla
ck/d
ark)
Und
i�er
entia
ted
angi
ospe
rm p
olle
nQ
uadr
aecu
lina
anel
laef
orm
isTr
icol
pite
s sp
p. (s
mal
l)U
ndi�
eren
tiate
d an
gios
perm
pol
len
clus
ters
Calli
alas
porit
es s
egm
enta
tus
Chas
mat
ospo
rites
spp
.Po
doca
rpid
ites
spp.
24 1R 5R 13 1R 3 1 3 2 98 1? 1 4R 2
32 2R 3R 2 1 1R
98 2R 10 1 1 1R 1 1
5 2 1R 1
13 2R 15R 22 1 3R 1? 2 2 1 1 1121
75 2R 3 1R 1 1
71 2R 3R 2 1 1R 1 1 3 3
1664R 13R2 1 1 2 1R
Pollen
Height(m)
Samples
1530.00 WC149/1-2
1220.00 WC102/2
980.00 WC92/4
825.00 WC104/1
665.00 WC99/2
590.00 WC97/3
310.00 WC95/3
110.00 WC94/2
Figure S6. Russian western Caucasus palynological distribution chart (Mzimta River section)
1500
1450
1400
1350
1300
1250
1200
1150
1100
1050
1000
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
9
Height(m)
1400
1350
1300
1250
1200
1150
1100
1050
1000
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Samples
1430.00 WG147/1
1280.00 WG126/2
1085.00 WG125/2
744.50 WG28d/1
555.00 WG28/1
333.50 WG28e/1
245 WG28f/2237 WG28f/1
164 WG25/13162 WG25/12
138.00 WG25/6132 WG25/3125.00 WG25/1117.40 WG25a/8
83.90 WG25a/6
50.30 WG25a/4
25.60 WG25a/2
Tota
l cou
nt: D
ino�
agel
late
Cys
ts
200
In-S
itu o
ccur
renc
es
13
39
57
23
62
59
80120
37
51
212177
117154
230
243
131
DC
Tota
l cou
nt: A
crita
rchs
200
In-S
itu o
ccur
renc
es
8
10
17
3
6
3
3
1
12
1
1
2
1
Acritarchs
Tota
l cou
nt: P
rasi
noph
ycea
200
In-S
itu o
ccur
renc
es
4
4
6
11
23
2
4
5
6111
2
Prasinophycea
Tota
l cou
nt: F
oram
Tes
t Lin
ings
200
In-S
itu o
ccur
renc
es2
2
4
2
3
1
1
1818
4
15
49
FT
Tota
l cou
nt: B
otyo
cocc
us &
Ped
iast
rum
200
In-S
itu o
ccur
renc
es
1
2
1
ALBO
Tota
l cou
nt: I
ncer
tae
Sedi
s
200
In-S
itu o
ccur
renc
es
27
Incertae Sedis
Tota
l cou
nt: L
owla
nd �
ora
200
In-S
itu o
ccur
renc
es
11
38
53
83
49
86
5625
33
27
13666
5
15
7
Lowland �ora
Tota
l cou
nt: M
onta
ne �
ora
200
In-S
itu o
ccur
renc
es
51
137
184
99
160
144
147214
203
249
270273
130126
29
22
36
Montane �ora
Tota
l cou
nt: O
ther
terr
estr
ial
200
In-S
itu o
ccur
renc
es
12
9
22
6
11
22
85
2
1
9211
1
1
4
4
Other terrestrial
Tota
l cou
nt: R
ewor
king
200
Rew
orke
d oc
curr
ence
s
10
8
16
10
9
4
943
2
7
368
37
8
1
3
Reworking
Height(m)
Samples
1430.00 WG147/1
1280.00 WG126/2
1085.00 WG125/2
744.50 WG28d/1
555.00 WG28/1
333.50 WG28e/1
245 WG28f/2237 WG28f/1
164 WG25/13162 WG25/12
138.00 WG25/6132 WG25/3125.00 WG25/1117.40 WG25a/8
83.90 WG25a/6
50.30 WG25a/4
25.60 WG25a/2
Figure S7. Summary of west Georgian Caucasus palynological groups (Chanis River section)
1400
1350
1300
1250
1200
1150
1100
1050
1000
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
10
Height(m)
1500
1450
1400
1350
1300
1250
1200
1150
1100
1050
1000
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
Samples
1530.00 WC149/1-2
1220.00 WC102/2
980.00 WC92/4
825.00 WC104/1
665.00 WC99/2
590.00 WC97/3
310.00 WC95/3
110.00 WC94/2
Tota
l cou
nt: D
ino�
agel
late
Cys
ts
200
In-S
itu o
ccur
renc
es
81
6
33
1
43
42
76
94
DC
Tota
l cou
nt: A
crita
rchs
200
In-S
itu o
ccur
renc
es
17
1
5
2
2
2
4
2
Acritarchs
Tota
l cou
nt: P
rasi
noph
ycea
200
In-S
itu o
ccur
renc
es
8
1
21
4
3
4
8
9
Prasinophycea
Tota
l cou
nt: F
oram
Tes
t Lin
ings
200
In-S
itu o
ccur
renc
es
1
2
1
4
3
2
2
FT
Tota
l cou
nt: B
otyo
cocc
us &
Ped
iast
rum
200
In-S
itu o
ccur
renc
es
2
1
1
ALBO
Tota
l cou
nt: L
owla
nd �
ora
200
In-S
itu o
ccur
renc
es
49
7
34
4
47
15
19
21
Lowland �ora
Tota
l cou
nt: M
onta
ne �
ora
200
In-S
itu o
ccur
renc
es
123
33
99
5
130
76
75
167
Montane �ora
Tota
l cou
nt: O
ther
terr
estr
ial
200
In-S
itu o
ccur
renc
es
16
101
6
4
6
2
4
4
Other terrestrial
Tota
l cou
nt: R
ewor
king
200
Rew
orke
d oc
curr
ence
s
56
8
23
2
34
4
15
26
Reworking
Height(m)
Samples
1530.00 WC149/1-2
1220.00 WC102/2
980.00 WC92/4
825.00 WC104/1
665.00 WC99/2
590.00 WC97/3
310.00 WC95/3
110.00 WC94/2
Figure S8. Summary of Russian western Caucasus palynological groups (Mzimta River section)
1500
1450
1400
1350
1300
1250
1200
1150
1100
1050
1000
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
11
Height(m)
1400
1350
1300
1250
1200
1150
1100
1050
1000
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Samples
1430.00 WG147/1
1280.00 WG126/2
1085.00 WG125/2
744.50 WG28d/1
555.00 WG28/1
333.50 WG28e/1
245 WG28f/2237 WG28f/1
164 WG25/13162 WG25/12
138.00 WG25/6132 WG25/3125.00 WG25/1117.40 WG25a/8
83.90 WG25a/6
50.30 WG25a/4
25.60 WG25a/2
Absolute abundance (25mm=200 counts)In-Situ occurrences
Del
toid
ospo
ra s
pp.
Echi
natis
poris
spp
.La
evig
atos
porit
es s
pp.
Verr
ucat
ospo
rites
usm
ensi
sCi
catr
icos
ispo
rites
spp
.G
leic
heni
idite
s sp
p.G
ram
inid
ites
spp.
Inap
ertu
ropo
lleni
tes
hiat
us
Inap
ertu
ropo
lleni
tes
spp.
Lyco
podi
umsp
orite
s sp
p.G
leic
heni
idite
s ce
rniid
ites
Bacu
latis
porit
es s
pp.
Conc
avis
porit
es s
pp.
Ephe
drip
ites
eoce
nipi
tes
Poly
podi
aceo
ispo
rites
spp
.In
aper
turo
polle
nite
s hi
atus
clu
ster
Tilia
eapo
lleni
tes
spp.
Cary
apol
leni
tes
spp.
Bom
baci
dite
s sp
p.Ch
enop
odip
ollis
spp
.Co
ncav
ispo
rites
tora
lisLi
quid
amba
rpol
leni
tes
spp.
Pter
ocar
yapo
lleni
tes
spp.
Aln
ipol
leni
tes
spp.
Conv
erru
cosi
spor
ites
spp.
Ephe
drip
ites
spp.
Dic
tyop
hylli
dite
s sp
p.G
leic
heni
idite
s se
noni
cus
Com
posi
toip
olle
nite
s sp
p.Co
rrug
atis
porit
es s
pp.
Fene
strit
es s
pp.
Fene
strit
es
cf. s
pp.
Spin
ozon
ocol
pite
s sp
p.
2 1 1 5 1 1
5 1 1 2? 12 3 7 1 1 1 1 1? 1 1
6 1 1 30 1 1 3 3 2 3 1 1
3 1 2 69 1 4 1 1? 1
2 1 1 7 1 29 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
5 3 70 3 1 2 1 1?
3 3 35 4 1 4 1 2 1 1 14 1 5 7 1 7
1 31 1
3 20 2 1 1
1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 22 3 1
1 1 1 1 21 1 2 2
5
1 1 1 1 8 1 2
4 1 1 1
Lowland �oraAbsolute abundance (25mm=200 counts)In-Situ occurrences
Bisa
ccat
e po
llen
undi
�ere
ntia
ted
Jugl
ansp
olle
nite
s sp
p.Ti
liaea
polle
nite
s sp
p.U
lmip
olle
nite
s sp
p.Ts
ugae
polle
nite
s sp
p.Ca
rpin
ipite
s ca
rpin
oide
s
50 1
133 3 1
176 2 1 5
89 4 1 3 2
160
135 9
145 1 1213 1
203
248 1
270273
130126
29
21 1
36
Montane �ora*1*2
Oth
er m
iosp
ores
& fu
ngi
12
9
22
6
11
22
85
2
1
9211
1
1
4
4
MP
Tota
l cou
nt: R
ewor
king
200
Rew
orke
d oc
curr
ence
s
10
8
16
10
9
4
943
2
7
368
37
8
1
3
Reworking
Height(m)
Samples
1430.00 WG147/1
1280.00 WG126/2
1085.00 WG125/2
744.50 WG28d/1
555.00 WG28/1
333.50 WG28e/1
245 WG28f/2237 WG28f/1
164 WG25/13162 WG25/12
138.00 WG25/6132 WG25/3125.00 WG25/1117.40 WG25a/8
83.90 WG25a/6
50.30 WG25a/4
25.60 WG25a/2
Figure S9. Composition of lowland and montane palynological groups and sum of reworked taxa in the west Georgia Caucasus (Chanis River section)
1400
1350
1300
1250
1200
1150
1100
1050
1000
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
12
Height(m)
1500
1450
1400
1350
1300
1250
1200
1150
1100
1050
1000
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
Samples
1530.00 WC149/1-2
1220.00 WC102/2
980.00 WC92/4
825.00 WC104/1
665.00 WC99/2
590.00 WC97/3
310.00 WC95/3
110.00 WC94/2
Absolute abundance (25mm=200 counts)In-Situ occurrences
Bacu
latis
porit
es s
pp.
Cica
tric
osis
porit
es s
pp.
Conv
erru
cosi
spor
ites
spp.
Del
toid
ospo
ra s
pp.
Dic
tyop
hylli
dite
s sp
p.In
aper
turo
polle
nite
s hi
atus
Lyco
podi
umsp
orite
s se
mim
uris
Poly
podi
aceo
ispo
rites
spp
.Q
uerc
oplle
nite
s sp
p.Co
ncav
ispo
rites
spp
.G
leic
heni
idite
s ce
rniid
ites
Gle
iche
niid
ites
seno
nicu
sG
ram
inid
ites
spp.
Laev
igat
ospo
rites
spp
.Ve
rruc
atos
porit
es u
smen
sis
Corr
ugat
ispo
rites
spp
.Ec
hina
tispo
ris s
pp.
Inap
ertu
ropo
lleni
tes
spp.
Kluk
ispo
rites
spp
.A
cant
hotr
ilete
s sp
p.Ba
cula
tispo
rites
com
aum
ensi
sLy
copo
dium
spor
ites
aust
rocl
avat
ides
1 26 13 1 1 3 1 2 1
3 2 2?
21 10 1 2
1 2 1
3 17 22 1 1 2 1
8 1 3 1 1 1
1 7 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1
1 1 1 11 1 2 1 2 1
Lowland �oraAbsolute abundance (25mm=200 counts)In-Situ occurrences
Bisa
ccat
e po
llen
undi
�ere
ntia
ted
Que
rcop
lleni
tes
spp.
Carp
inip
ites
carp
inoi
des
Tsug
aepo
lleni
tes
spp.
Ulm
ipol
leni
tes
spp.
Abi
espo
lleni
tes
spp.
Pice
apol
leni
tes
spp.
Pinu
spol
leni
tes
spp.
24 1 98
32 1
98 1
5
13 1 1? 2 1 112
75 1
71 1 3
166 1
Montane �ora*1*2
Oth
er m
iosp
ores
& fu
ngi
16
101
6
4
6
2
4
4
MP
Tota
l cou
nt: R
ewor
king
200
Rew
orke
d oc
curr
ence
s
56
8
23
2
34
4
15
26
Reworking
Height(m)
Samples
1530.00 WC149/1-2
1220.00 WC102/2
980.00 WC92/4
825.00 WC104/1
665.00 WC99/2
590.00 WC97/3
310.00 WC95/3
110.00 WC94/2
Figure S10. Composition of lowland and montane palynological groups and sum of reworked taxa in the Russian western Caucasus (Mzimta River section)
1500
1450
1400
1350
1300
1250
1200
1150
1100
1050
1000
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
13
14
Conglm % Sst % Siltst % Lst % Marl % Volc % Mdst % Evap %
Labino-Malkin Bugunzhinskaya Sinemurian, Late Pliensbachian, Earliest 0-350 300 8 15 10 2 0 0 65 0 ?Shallow marine 20-50 Korsakov et al. [2004]Labino-Malkin Psebayskaya, Lower Pliensbachian, Early Pliensbachian, Late 200-680 500 0 3 15 2 0 0 80 0 ?Shallow marine 200-400 Korsakov et al. [2004]Labino-Malkin Psebayskaya, Middle Toarcian, Early Toarcian, Early 0-720 300 0 15 10 0 0 0 75 0 ?Shallow marine 200-300 Korsakov et al. [2004]Labino-Malkin Psebayskaya, Upper Toarcian, Late Aalenian 0-800 300 2 7 6 0 0 0 85 0 ?Shallow marine 150-250 Korsakov et al. [2004]Labino-Malkin Hlebodarovskaya Bajocian, Late Bathonian, Early <525 500 0 10 8 2 0 5 75 0 ?Shallow marine 250-350 Korsakov et al. [2004]Labin Kamennomostskaya Callovian, Early Callovian, Middle 0-360 20 0 55 0 35 0 0 10 0 ?Shallow marine 50-200 Korsakov et al. [2004]Labin Gerpigem Callovian, Late Kimmeridgian, Early <400 200 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 ?Shallow marine 100-200 Korsakov et al. [2002]; Korsakov et al. [2004]Labin Mezmayskaya Kimmeridgian, Late Tithonian, Middle <300 250 0 10 0 15 30 0 30 15 ?Shallow marine 20-100 Korsakov et al. [2004]Kuban Aminovskaya Berriasian, Middle Berriasian, Late 0-1400 250 10 10 0 60 10 0 10 0 ?Shallow marine 100-250Kuban Bezymyannaya Valanginian Hauterivian, Early <100 100 10 50 15 5 0 0 20 0 ?Shallow marine 200-300Kuban Gubs Hauterivian, Late Barremian 150-350 210 15 50 20 10 0 0 5 0 Shelfal 300-400 Korsakov et al. [2004]Kuban Sumurskaya Aptian, Middle Aptian, Late 15-320 250 10 35 40 0 0 0 15 0 Shelfal 400-500 Korsakov et al. [2004]; Khardikov & Kholodnaya [2004]Kuban Burhanskaya Albian, Middle Albian, Late 0-280 20 5 35 15 0 0 0 45 0 Shelfal 400-600 Korsakov et al. [2004]; Khardikov & Kholodnaya [2004]Kuban Peschanikovaya Cenomanian Cenomanian 8 8 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shelfal 300-400Kuban Dzhegutinskye Turonian, Middle Santonian, earliest <750 350 0 5 0 75 20 0 0 0 Shelfal 300-400 Korsakov et al. [2004]Kuban Prasolovskaya Santonian, Early Maastrichtian 0-88 50 5 10 0 75 10 0 0 0 ?Shallow marine 150-200 Korsakov et al. [2004]Adygey Tukhinskaya Danian, Early Danian, Middle <110 40 0 20 0 0 10 0 70 0 ?Shallow marine 100-200Adygey Karapaginskaya Thanetian Thanetian 0-111 60 0 0 10 0 0 0 90 0 ?Shallow marine 100-200 Korsakov et al. [2004]Adygey Abazinskaya Thanetian Thanetian 0-118 70 0 0 5 0 25 0 70 0 ?Shallow marine 100-200 Korsakov et al. [2004]Adygey Cherkesskaya Ypresian Lutetian, Middle 0-100 60 0 10 10 10 35 0 35 0 ?Shallow marine 100-200 Korsakov et al. [2004]Adygey Kerestinskaya Lutetian, Late Lutetian, Late 0-14 10 0 20 0 80 0 0 0 0 ?Shallow marine 100-200 Korsakov et al. [2004]Adygey Kumskaya Bartonian Bartonian 0-65 40 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 ?Shallow marine 50-100 Korsakov et al. [2004]Adygey Beloglinskaya Priabonian Priabonian 0-114 70 0 0 0 10 90 0 0 0 ?Shallow marine 100-200 Korsakov et al. [2004]Western Caucasus Khadum Rupelian Rupelian <215 215 0 0 0 2 0 0 98 0 ?Shallow marine 150-200 Korsakov et al. [2004]Western Caucasus Batalpashinsk Chattian Chattian <160 150 0 5 0 0 0 0 95 0 ?Shallow marine 150-300 Korsakov et al. [2004]; Beluzhenko & Kovalenk [2005]Central Precaucasus Yakunkinskaya Chattian Chattian <104 70 5 70 15 0 0 0 10 0 ?Shallow marine 100-200 Korsakov et al. [2004]; Beluzhenko & Kovalenk [2005]Central Precaucasus Kaladzhinskoy, Lower Aquitanian Aquitanian <210 160 0 5 15 0 0 0 80 0 ?Shallow marine 100-200 Korsakov et al. [2004]; Beluzhenko & Kovalenk [2005]Central Precaucasus Kaladzhinskoy, Upper Aquitanian Burdigalian 400 250 0 85 0 0 0 0 15 0 ?Shallow marine 100-200 Korsakov et al. [2004]; Beluzhenko & Kovalenk [2005]Central Precaucasus Ritsevskaya Burdigalian Burdigalian 75-110 80 0 0 15 0 0 0 85 0 ?Shallow marine 100-200 Korsakov et al. [2004]; Beluzhenko & Kovalenk [2005]Western Caucasus Semikolennaya Burdigalian, latest Serravalian, earliest <170 150 0 3 0 12 20 0 65 0 ?Shallow marine 100-300 Korsakov et al. [2004]Western Caucasus Shuntukskaya Serravalian, Early Serravalian, Early <180 160 0 0 20 5 0 0 75 0 ?Shallow marine 100-300 Korsakov et al. [2004]Western Caucasus Adygea Serravalian, Early Serravalian, Early <110 120 0 20 40 0 0 0 40 0 ?Shallow marine 100-300 Korsakov et al. [2004]Western Caucasus Tula Serravalian, Late Serravalian, Late <80 80 0 10 40 0 0 0 50 0 ?Shallow marine 100-300 Korsakov et al. [2004]Western Caucasus Krasnomostovskaya Serravalian, Late Tortonian, Early <50 50 0 0 10 15 0 0 75 0 ?Shallow marine 50-200 Korsakov et al. [2004]Western Caucasus Krasnooktyabrskaya Tortonian, Early Tortonian, Early <210 200 0 10 65 0 0 0 25 0 ?Shallow marine 50-200 Korsakov et al. [2004]Western Caucasus Blinovskaya Tortonian, Early Tortonian, Late <180 180 5 35 35 0 0 0 20 0 ?Shallow marine 50-200 Korsakov et al. [2004]Western Caucasus Gaverdovsky Tortonian, Late Messinian, Late <170 170 10 40 30 0 0 0 20 0 Paralic to alluvial 10 to -10 Korsakov et al. [2004]
Table S1. Data table of stratigraphical and lithological information from strata deposited on the northern margin of the western Greater Caucasus Basin. See A on Figure 1 for approximate location, Figure S1 for a delimitation of the tectonostratigraphic zones involved and Figures 2A and 3A for output data. Hiatuses are indicated by horizontal red lines between age data records. Note that not all stage subdivisions conform to those defined by the International Stratigraphic Commission.
Environmental description
Estimated water depth (m)
Additional data sourcesLithologyTectonostratigraphic zone Formation name Maximum age Minimum age Thickness range (m)
Thickness average (m)
15
Conglm % Sst % Siltst % Lst % Marl % Volc % Mdst % Evap %
Psekhako-Berezov Guzayskaya Sinemurian Pliensbachian, Early 350 350 0 10 40 0 0 0 50 0 Basinal 700-900 Lavrishchev et al. [2002]Psekhako-Berezov Turovoy Pliensbachian, Late Early Toarcian <1000 700 0 0 5 0 0 5 90 0 Basinal 900-1200 Lavrishchev et al. [2002]; McCann et al. [2010]Psekhako-Berezov Bzerpiyskaya Late Toarcian Late Toarcian 760-920 780 0 10 10 0 0 0 80 0 Distal shelf to deep marine 600-800 Lavrishchev et al. [2002]; McCann et al. [2010]Goytkh Makarovskaya Early Aalenian Early Aalenian >1930 800 0 5 5 5 0 4 81 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 600-900 Korsakov et al. [2002]; Lavrishchev et al. [2002]Goytkh Nauzhunskaya Early Aalenian Early Aalenian <500 430 0 30 10 0 0 0 60 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 500-800 Korsakov et al. [2002]; Lavrishchev et al. [2002]Goytkh Indyuk [lower] Late Aalenian Late Aalenian <400 400 0 0 0 0 0 60 40 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 500-800 Korsakov et al. [2002]; Lavrishchev et al. [2002]Goytkh Indyuk [upper] Late Aalenian Late Aalenian <1000 350 0 10 5 0 0 10 75 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 500-800 Korsakov et al. [2002]; Lavrishchev et al. [2002]Goytkh Pshishskaya Late Aalenian Earliest Bajocian <1100 1100 0 10 10 0 0 10 70 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 500-800 Korsakov et al. [2002]; Lavrishchev et al. [2002]Goytkh Sosnovskaya Bajocian, Early Bajocian, Early <600 600 5 40 5 0 0 0 50 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 400-600 Korsakov et al. [2002]; Lavrishchev et al. [2002]Goytkh Kochkanovskaya Bajocian, Late Bajocian, Late <700 700 0 5 0 5 0 0 90 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 500-800 Korsakov et al. [2002]; Lavrishchev et al. [2002]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Monashkinskaya Callovian, Late Oxfordian, Late 150-450 300 0 15 5 5 0 0 75 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 600-1000Novorossiysko-Lazarev Grachevskaya Oxfordian, Late Tithonian, Middle >760 400 5 20 10 0 15 0 50 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 600-1000 Lavrishchev et al. [2000]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Bekisheyskaya Late Tithonian Late Tithonian <650 625 0 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 200-500 Korsakov et al. [2002]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Amuko Early Berriasian Early Berriasian <600 500 0 10 30 50 10 0 0 0 Turbidites 200-300Novorossiysko-Lazarev Chumakovskaya Late Berriasian Late Berriasian 450 450 0 2 13 24 43 0 18 0 Turbidites 300-400 Korsakov et al. [2002]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Derbi Valanginian Valanginian 107-185 150 10 70 10 3 2 0 5 0 Turbidites 100-300 Korsakov et al. [2002]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Chepsi Early Hauterivian Early Hauterivian 240 240 0 0 30 0 5 0 65 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 300-500 Korsakov et al. [2002]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Solodkinskaya Hauterivian, Late Hauterivian, Late 7-30 20 10 30 0 0 0 0 60 0 Turbidites 100-200 Korsakov et al. [2002]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Shishanskaya Hauterivian, Late Hauterivian, Late 150-800 500 0 16.25 16.25 0 0 0 67.5 0 Turbidites 300-500 Korsakov et al. [2002]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Fanarskaya Late Hauterivian Late Hauterivian 15-137 70 0 40 30 0 0 0 30 0 Turbidites 100-200 Korsakov et al. [2002]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Afips Barremian Earliest Aptian 500-1100 700 0 5 5 0 0 0 90 0 Turbidites 300-600Novorossiysko-Lazarev Ubin Early Aptian Early Aptian >550 550 0 23 2 0 0 0 75 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 400 Korsakov et al. [2002]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Dolmen Middle Aptian Late Aptian 120-400 350 5 75 10 0 0 0 10 0 High-density turbidites 100-200 Korsakov et al. [2002]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Roznacheevskaya Albian Albian 100-200 150 0 5 30 0 0 0 65 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 300-400 Korsakov et al. [2002]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Pauk Cenomanian Cenomanian 80-200 140 0 0 20 14 25 1 40 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 600-1000 Korsakov et al. [2002]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Ananurskaya Early Turonian Early Turonian 10-80 50 0 10 10 50 25 0 5 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 700-1000 Korsakov et al. [2002]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Kerketskaya Early Turonian Early Turonian 60-100 60 0 5 2.5 80 12.5 0 0 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 700-1000 Korsakov et al. [2002]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Natukhayskaya Late Turonian Santonian, earliest 350-500 400 0 10 0 52 38 0 0 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 400-600 Korsakov et al. [2002]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Geniokhskaya Santonian Santonian 120-200 160 0 1 0 95 4 0 0 0 Hemipelagic 500-1000 Korsakov et al. [2002]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Akheyanskaya Early Campanian Early Campanian 150-200 200 0 3 3 44 49 0 0 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 500-600 Korsakov et al. [2002]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Penayskaya Early Campanian Early Campanian 150 150 0 15 15 25 45 0 0 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 500-600 Korsakov et al. [2002]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Bedinevskaya Late Campanian Late Campanian 120-220 200 0 10 10 30 50 0 0 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 400-500 Korsakov et al. [2002]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Kunikovskaya Late Campanian Late Campanian 234-420 300 0 4 4 40 50 0 2 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 400-500 Korsakov et al. [2002]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Myskhako Early Maastrichtian Early Maastrichtian 100-260 200 0 0 7 24 59 0 10 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 400-500 Korsakov et al. [2002]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Likhterovskaya Late Maastrichtian Late Maastrichtian 170-250 210 0 5 5 30 55 0 5 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 400-500 Korsakov et al. [2002]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Vasil'yevskaya Late Maastrichtian Late Maastrichtian 150-300 200 0 4 4 12 75 0 5 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 400-600 Korsakov et al. [2002]Novorossiysko-Lazarev Sneguryovskaya Late Maastrichtian Late Maastrichtian 150-300 250 0 10 5 10 75 0 0 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 400-600 Korsakov et al. [2002]Chvezhipsin Dagomysskaya Danian Danian 450 450 0 5 10 10 75 0 0 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 500-600 Lavrishchev et al. [2000]Chvezhipsin Kazach'ya Shchel' Danian Danian 220 220 0 30 30 0 10 0 30 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 500-600 Lavrishchev et al. [2000]Chvezhipsin Plastunskaya Selandian Thanetian 275-370 275 0 15 5 0 0 0 80 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 400-500 Lavrishchev et al. [2000]Chvezhipsin Golovinskaya Thanetian Thanetian 100 100 0 10 15 0 0 0 75 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 200-300 Lavrishchev et al. [2000]Chvezhipsin Mamayskaya Early Eocene Middle Eocene 500-570 550 0 13 10 2 47 0 28 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 200-300 Lavrishchev et al. [2000]Chvezhipsin Navaginskaya Late Eocene Late Eocene 110 150 0 12 8 0 10 0 70 0 Hemipelagic and low-density turbidites 200-300 Lavrishchev et al. [2000]
Thickness average (m)
Table S2. Data table of stratigraphical and lithological information from strata deposited in the western Greater Caucasus Basin. See B on Figure 1 for approximate location, Figure S1 for a delimitation of the tectonostratigraphic zones involved and Figures 2B and 3B for output data. Hiatuses are indicated by horizontal red lines between age data records. Note that not all stage subdivisions conform to those defined by the International Stratigraphic Commission.
Environmental description Estimated water depth (m)
Additional data sourcesLithologyTectonostratigraphic zone
Formation name Maximum age Minimum age Thickness range (m)
16
Conglm % Sst % Siltst % Lst % Marl % Volc % Mdst % Evap %
Bajocian Volcaniclastic rocks 0-50Akhtsu Katsirkhskaya Oxfordian, mid - 5-100 100 40 40 15 0 0 0 5 0 ?Non-marine to shallow water 0-50 Rostovtsev [1992]; Lavrishchev et al. [2000, 2002]Akhtsu Katsirkhskaya - Tithonian 150-400 300 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 Shallow water 0-50 Rostovtsev [1992]; Lavrishchev et al. [2000, 2002]Abkhazia Dzhykhrinskaya Cenomanian Cenomanian 350-800 500 5 35 15 15 15 10 5 0 ?Shallow water 0-100 Lavrishchev et al . [2000, 2002]Abkhazia Kazachebrodskaya Turonian Maastrichtian 200-310 300 0 0 0 98 2 0 0 0 Hemipelagic 100-300 Lavrishchev et al . [2000, 2002]Abkhazia Akhshtyrskaya Danian Priabonian 190-260 250 4 6 0 10 80 0 0 0 Shelf 50-100 Lavrishchev et al . [2000]Abkhazia Matsestinskaya Rupelian Rupelian 500 500 2 20 8 0 0 0 70 0 Shelf 200-500 Lavrishchev et al . [2000, 2002]Abkhazia Khostinskaya Rupelian Rupelian 200-320 300 0 75 12 0 0 0 13 0 Shelf 50-150 Lavrishchev et al . [2000, 2002]Abkhazia Sochinskaya Rupelian Chattian, early 200-800 600 0 10 5 0 0 0 85 0 Shelf 300-500 Lavrishchev et al . [2000, 2002]Abkhazia Musividnenskaya Chattian Chattian 160 160 0 35 10 0 0 0 55 0 Shelf 200-300 Lavrishchev et al . [2000, 2002]Abkhazia Kudepstinskaya Aquitanian Burdigalian 600 600 0 10 5 0 0 0 85 0 Shelf 200-300 Lavrishchev et al . [2000, 2002]Abkhazia Adlerskaya &
PrervinskayaBurdigalian Burdigalian 680 500 0 10 5 0 0 0 85 0 Shelf 200-300 Lavrishchev et al . [2000, 2002]
Abkhazia Pontian Messinian Messinian 100-110 105 80 10 0 0 0 0 10 0 Shallow water 50-100 Lavrishchev et al . [2000, 2002]
Tectonostratigraphic zone
Formation name Maximum age Minimum age Thickness range (m)
Thickness average (m)
Table S3. Data table of stratigraphical and lithological information from strata deposited on the southern margin of the western Greater Caucasus Basin. See C on Figure 1 for approximate location, Figure S1 for a delimitation of the tectonostratigraphic zones involved and Figures 2C and 3C for output data. Hiatuses are indicated by horizontal red lines between age data records.
Environmental description Estimated water depth (m)
Additional data sourcesLithology
17
Interval Formation Top Base Case Age (Ma)
Minimum Age Minimum Age (Ma)
Maximum Age Maximum Age (Ma)
Thickness (m)
Minimum (m)
Maximum (m)
Cummulative Thickness (m)
Water depth (m)
Minimum water depth (m)
Maximum water depth (m)
1 Top Navaginskaya 33.9 Late Eocene 33.8 Late Eocene 34 150 110 180 0 0 0 02 Top Mamayskaya 40.4 Middle Eocene 40.2 Early Eocene 56 550 500 570 150 250 200 3003 Top Golovinskaya 55.8 Thanetian 55.6 Thanetian 58.9 100 80 120 700 250 200 3004 Top Plastunskaya 58.7 Thanetian 55.6 Selandian 61.2 275 275 370 800 250 200 3005 Top Kazach'ya Shchel' 61.1 Danian 61 Danian 63.35 220 176 264 1075 450 400 5006 Top Dagomysskaya 63.25 Danian 63.15 Danian 65.8 450 360 540 1295 550 500 6007 Top Sneguryovskaya 65.5 Late Maastrichtian 65.2 Late Maastrichtian 65.8 250 150 300 1745 550 500 6008 Top Vasil'yevskaya 66 Late Maastrichtian 65.2 Late Maastrichtian 65.8 200 150 300 1995 500 400 6009 Top Likhterovskaya 67.5 Late Maastrichtian 65.2 Late Maastrichtian 65.8 210 170 250 2195 500 400 600
10 Top Myskhako 69 Early Maastrichtian 68.4 Early Maastrichtian 71.2 200 100 260 2405 450 400 50011 Top Kunikovskaya 70.6 Late Campanian 70 Late Campanian 71.2 300 234 420 2605 450 400 50012 Top Bedinevskaya 74 Late Campanian 70 Late Campanian 71.2 200 120 220 2905 450 400 50013 Top Penayskaya 77 Early Campanian 77 Early Campanian 84.2 150 120 180 3105 450 400 50014 Top Akheyanskaya 80.2 Early Campanian 80.2 Early Campanian 84.2 200 150 200 3255 550 500 60015 Top Geniokhskaya 83.5 Santonian 82.8 Santonian 86.5 160 120 200 3455 550 500 60016 Top Natukhayskaya 85.8 Santonian, earliest 85.1 Late Turonian 89.4 400 350 500 3615 750 500 100017 Top Kerketskaya 90 Early Turonian 89.2 Early Turonian 94.4 60 60 100 4015 500 400 60018 Top Ananurskaya 93.6 Early Turonian 92.8 Early Turonian 94.3 50 40 60 4075 850 700 100019 Top Pauk 95 Cenomanian 92.8 Cenomanian 100.5 140 80 200 4125 850 700 100020 Top Roznacheevskaya 99.6 Albian 98.7 Albian 113 150 100 200 4265 800 600 100021 Top Dolmen 112 Late Aptian 111 Middle Aptian 119.5 350 280 420 4415 350 300 40022 Top Ubin 118.5 Early Aptian 117.5 Early Aptian 126 550 440 660 4765 150 100 20023 Top Afips 125 Earliest Aptian 124 Barremian 131.5 700 500 1100 5315 400 400 40024 Top Fanarskaya 130 Late Hauterivian 128.5 Late Hauterivian 131.5 70 15 137 6015 450 300 60025 Top Shishanskaya 131 Hauterivian, Late 128.5 Hauterivian, Late 135.4 500 150 800 6085 150 100 20026 Top Solodkinskaya 132 Hauterivian, Late 128.5 Hauterivian, Late 135.4 20 7 30 6585 450 300 50027 Top Chepsi 133 Early Hauterivian 131.5 Early Hauterivian 135.4 240 192 288 6605 150 100 20028 Top Derbi 133.9 Valanginian 132.4 Valanginian 143.2 150 107 185 6845 450 300 50029 Top Chumakovskaya 140.2 Late Berriasian 137.2 Late Berriasian 143.2 450 360 540 6995 200 100 30030 Top Amuko 143 Early Berriasian 141.5 Early Berriasian 145.5 500 400 600 7445 350 300 40031 Top Bekisheyskaya 145.5 Late Tithonian 141.5 Late Tithonian 149.5 625 500 650 7945 250 200 30032 Top Grachevskaya 155.6 Tithonian, Middle 141.5 Oxfordian, Late 157.2 400 320 760 8570 350 200 50033 Top Monashkinskaya 161.2 Oxfordian, Late 155.6 Callovian, Late 168.7 300 150 450 8970 800 600 100034 Top Kochkanovskaya 167.7 Bajocian, Late 163.7 Bajocian, Late 171.7 700 560 700 9270 800 600 100035 Top Sosnovskaya 169.5 Bajocian, Early 165.5 Bajocian, Early 174.6 600 480 600 9970 650 500 80036 Top Pshishskaya 171.6 Earliest Bajocian 168.1 Late Aalenian 175.1 1100 880 1100 10570 500 400 60037 Top Indyuk (upper) 172.2 Late Aalenian 168.6 Late Aalenian 174.6 350 280 1000 11670 650 500 80038 Top Indyuk (lower) 172.8 Late Aalenian 169.6 Late Aalenian 175.6 400 320 400 12020 650 500 80039 Top Nauzhunskaya 173.6 Early Aalenian 170.6 Early Aalenian 176.6 430 344 500 12420 650 500 80040 Top Makarovskaya 174.6 Early Aalenian 171.6 Early Aalenian 177.6 800 640 1930 12850 650 500 80041 Top Bzerpiyskaya 175.6 Late Toarcian 173.6 Late Toarcian 177.6 780 624 920 13650 750 600 90042 Top Turovoy 183 Early Toarcian 173 Pliensbachian, Late 184.5 700 560 1000 14430 700 600 80043 Top Guzayskaya 189.6 Pliensbachian, Early 188.1 Sinemurian 199.5 350 280 420 15130 1050 900 120044 Base 196.5 15480 800 700 900
Table S4. Input data for the western Greater Caucasus Basin subsidence model sensitivity analysis. Note that not all stage subdivisions in the source data conform to those defined by the International Stratigraphic Commission.