supporting ideas

Boundless.com/communications

Supporting Your Ideas

Deploying Supporting Materials

Using Examples

Using Statistics

Using Testimony

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Using Other Supporting Materials

https://www.boundless.com/communications

Boundless.com/communications

Supporting Your Ideas(continued)

Using Life Experience (Narrative)



• Types of Supporting Materials

• Why Use Supporting Materials?

• Using Supporting Materials Effectively

Deploying Supporting Materials

Supporting Your Ideas > Deploying Supporting Materials


www.boundless.com/communications


• Scientific evidence includes all factual information. It is necessary and particularly

useful for logical appeals.

• Testimonials, personal experience, intuition, and anecdotal evidence are all great

for emotional appeals.

• Non-scientific supporting materials may be useful, but are not necessarily

reflective of broader truths.

Types of Supporting Materials


www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/deploying-supporting-materials/types-of-supporting-materials

Statistics

View on Boundless.com


https://www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/deploying-supporting-materials/types-of-supporting-materials

https://www.boundless.com/image/statistics

• Scientific evidence is used to prove that a set of facts exist in the world.

• Non-scientific evidence is often used to create emotional connections with the

audience, which can make them more receptive to the argument.

• Misused supporting materials can ruin your perceived reliability as a speaker and

cause the audience to stop taking your argument seriously.

Why Use Supporting Materials?


www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/deploying-supporting-materials/why-use-supporting-materials-99a6bd32-42c6-4e3a-a853-9a29bed32d96

Exam Question



https://www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/deploying-supporting-materials/why-use-supporting-materials-99a6bd32-42c6-4e3a-a853-9a29bed32d96

https://www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/deploying-supporting-materials/why-use-supporting-materials-99a6bd32-42c6-4e3a-a853-9a29bed32d96

https://www.boundless.com/image/exam-question

• Regardless of the type of supporting material used, they are effective only if they

fulfill the speaker's burden of proof.

• Supporting materials must exist in order to be used; not all types exist for all

arguments.

• The supporting evidence used depends on the idea being supported. Some ideas

are more effectively supported by certain types of materials.

• Not all types of supporting materials are effective for every appeal. Speakers

should select the materials that make their specific appeal most effective.

• The type of supporting material used also depends on the audience. If the

audience cannot comprehend the material, it is not effective.

Using Supporting Materials Effectively


www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/deploying-supporting-materials/using-supporting-materials-effectively

Chocolate Ice Cream



https://www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/deploying-supporting-materials/using-supporting-materials-effectively

https://www.boundless.com/image/chocolate-ice-cream

• Types of Examples: Brief, Extended, and Hypothetical

• Communicating Examples

Using Examples

Supporting Your Ideas > Using Examples




• Examples include specific situations, problems or stories designed to help

illustrate a principle, method, or phenomenon.

• Brief examples are used to further illustrate a point that may not be immediately

obvious to all audience members but is not so complex that is requires a more

lengthy example.

• Extended examples are used when a presenter is discussing a more complicated

topic that they think their audience may be unfamiliar with.

• A hypothetical example is a fictional example that can be used when a speaker is

explaining a complicated topic that makes the most sense when it is put into

more realistic or relatable terms.

Types of Examples: Brief, Extended, and Hypothetical


www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/using-examples/types-of-examples-brief-extended-and-hypothetical

Average Fixed Cost Equation



https://www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/using-examples/types-of-examples-brief-extended-and-hypothetical

https://www.boundless.com/image/average-fixed-cost-equation

• Examples are essential to apresentation that is backed up with evidence, and it

helps the audienceeffectively understand the message being presented. An

example is a specificsituation, problem, or story designed to help illustrate a

principle, method,or phenomenon.

• One method of effectively communicating examples is by using an example to

clarify and complement a main point of a presentation.

• A speaker should be careful to not overuse examples as too many examples may

confuse the audience and distract them from focusing on the key points that the

speaker is making.

Communicating Examples


www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/using-examples/communicating-examples

Corks, for Example



https://www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/using-examples/communicating-examples

https://www.boundless.com/image/corks-for-example

• Understanding Statistics

• Communicating Statistics

Using Statistics

Supporting Your Ideas > Using Statistics




• Understanding statistics requires creating a persuasive narrative that explains the

data and an adequate explanation of why a statistic is being used, what it means

and its source.

• The persuasive use of statistics is one of the most powerful tools in any rational

argument, especially in public presentations.

• There are many ways to interpret statistics, however a public speaker should be

mindful that they are presenting a statistic in an accurate way and not misleading

the audience through a misrepresentation of a statistic.

Understanding Statistics


www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/using-statistics/understanding-statistics

Statistics



https://www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/using-statistics/understanding-statistics


• Statistics will, and should, almost always be used to illustrate a relationship.

• Refrain from bombarding your audience with too many mind-numbing numbers.

• Before all else, the two pillars of communicating statistics are accuracy and

clarity.

Communicating Statistics


www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/using-statistics/communicating-statistics

Annual Carbon Emissions By Area



https://www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/using-statistics/communicating-statistics

https://www.boundless.com/image/annual-carbon-emissions-by-area

• Expert versus Peer Testimony

• How to Incorporate Expert Testimony

Using Testimony

Supporting Your Ideas > Using Testimony




• Testimonials can be obtained from expert authorities, celebrities and other

inspirational figures, and antiauthorities.

• An expert is is the kind of person whose wall is covered with framed credentials.

• People trust the recommendations of people whom they want to be like.

• Antiauthorities are sources of peer testimony whose source of knowledge is

firsthand experience.

Expert versus Peer Testimony


www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/using-testimony/expert-versus-peer-testimony

Oprah at Her 50th Birthday Party



https://www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/using-testimony/expert-versus-peer-testimony

https://www.boundless.com/image/oprah-at-her-50th-birthday-party

• Expert testimony should be incorporated to support, defend, or explain the main

point or subpoint of a speech.

• Limiting your main points, subpoints, and support points to three or four points

each improves the ability for your speech to communicate with the audience.

• Noticing how professionals use the testimony of experts can provide creative

examples for how to incorporate expert testimony into a speech.

How to Incorporate Expert Testimony


www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/using-testimony/how-to-incorporate-expert-testimony

Barry Schwartz



https://www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/using-testimony/how-to-incorporate-expert-testimony

https://www.boundless.com/image/barry-schwartz

• Analogies

• Definitions

• Visual Demonstrations

Using Other Supporting Materials

Supporting Your Ideas > Using Other Supporting Materials




• Analogies compare something new and different (the main topic of a speech) to

people, places, objects, and ideas familiar to audience members.

• Public speakers often use analogies to strengthen political and philosophical

arguments, even when the semantic similarity is weak or non-existent.

• Analogies that begin with phrases including "like", "so on," and "as if" rely on an

analogical understanding by the receiver of a message that includes such

phrases.

• Considering audience demographics, and constructing similar rather than

extreme analogies, are tactics public speakers use to create effective analogies.

Analogies


www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/using-other-supporting-materials/analogies

The Human Eye is Like a Camera



https://www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/using-other-supporting-materials/analogies

https://www.boundless.com/image/the-human-eye-is-like-a-camera

• Providing the definition of the key terms also works as a signal to your audience

that you know what you’re talking about.

• In order to define the key terms, you first have to bluntly state what they are.

• Very often, you’ll use the work of somebody else to help you define the key

terms.

Definitions


www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/using-other-supporting-materials/definitions

Dictionary



https://www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/using-other-supporting-materials/definitions

https://www.boundless.com/image/dictionary

• Visual aids can be memorable, improving the likelihood that the audience will

remember the point of a speech.

• Demonstrations can inject humor into a presentation.

• Demonstrations using visual aids provide effective metaphors to clarify a point.

Visual Demonstrations


www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/using-other-supporting-materials/visual-demonstrations

The Plastic Bag Prop



https://www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/using-other-supporting-materials/visual-demonstrations

https://www.boundless.com/image/the-plastic-bag-prop

• The Importance of Stories

• How and When to Use Narrative

Using Life Experience (Narrative)

Supporting Your Ideas > Using Life Experience (Narrative)




• Studies suggest that people accept ideas more readily when their minds are in

story mode as opposed to when they are in an analytical mind-set.

• Stories help us connect with our audiences in a way that all the charts, graphs,

statistics, and bullet points in the world will never be able to do.

• Stories help to motivate audiences to act.

The Importance of Stories


www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/using-life-experience-narrative/the-importance-of-stories

Top Public Speaking Tips



https://www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/using-life-experience-narrative/the-importance-of-stories

https://www.boundless.com/image/top-public-speaking-tips

• A narrative is relayed in the form of a story.

• The greatest story commandment is to make the audience care.

• Your story should not be forced; the audience should perceive it as natural part of

your speech.

How and When to Use Narrative


www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/using-life-experience-narrative/how-and-when-to-use-narrative

The Narrative Tale



https://www.boundless.com/communications/supporting-your-ideas/using-life-experience-narrative/how-and-when-to-use-narrative

https://www.boundless.com/image/the-narrative-tale


Appendix

Key terms

• abstract Difficult to understand; abstruse. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• accuracy Exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; degree of conformity of a measure to a true or standard value. (

CC BY-SA 3.0)

• anecdote An account or story which supports an argument, but which is not supported by scientific or statistical analysis. (

CC BY-SA 3.0)

• antiauthority A non-authority source. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• comprehensible Able to be comprehended; understandable. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• concept An understanding retained in the mind, from experience, reasoning and/or imagination; a generalization (generic, basic form), or abstraction (mental impression), of a particular set of instances or occurrences (specific, though different, recorded manifestations of the concept). (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• expert A person with extensive knowledge or ability in a given subject. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• homomorphism A similar appearance of two unrelated organisms or structures. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• Hypothetical A fictional situation or proposition used to explain a complicated subject. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• iconicity The state of being iconic (in all meanings). (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• isomorphism A one-to-one correspondence. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• Mean For a data set, the arithmetic mean is equal to the sum of the values divided by the number of values. (CC BY-SA 3.0)



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abstract

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accuracy


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anecdote


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antiauthority


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comprehensible


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concept


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/expert


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homomorphism


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hypothetical


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iconicity


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/isomorphism


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean


• Median described as the numerical value separating the higher half of a sample, a population, or a probability distribution, from the lower half. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• Mode The value that appears the most often in a data set. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• model A simplified representation used to explain the workings of a real world system or event. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• narrative The systematic recitation of an event or series of events. (see also storytelling) (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• narrative The systematic recitation of an event or series of events. (see also storytelling) (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• peer Somebody who is, or something that is, at a level equal (to that of something else). (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• phenomenon A fact or event considered very unusual, curious, or astonishing by those who witness it. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• prop An item placed on a stage or set to create a scene or scenario in which actors perform. Contraction of "property". (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• scientific evidence Empirical, true facts or figures. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• statistics A systematic collection of data on measurements or observations, often related to demographic information such as population counts, incomes, population counts at different ages, etc. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• statistics A systematic collection of data on measurements or observations, often related to demographic information such as population counts, incomes, population counts at different ages, etc. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• TED Technology Entertainment Design, a series of global conferences. (CC BY-SA 3.0)



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/model


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/narrative




http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peer


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phenomenon


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prop


http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/scientific-evidence


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/statistics




http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/TED


Statistics


Upscene. CC BY http://blog.upscene.com/thomas/index.php?m=08&y=08&d=13&entry=entry080813-113055&category=10 View on Boundless.com


http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/

http://blog.upscene.com/thomas/index.php?m=08&y=08&d=13&entry=entry080813-113055&category=10


Exam Question


http://www.xdr.com/dash/blog/index.php?m=03&y=11&entry=entry110302-102900. "Dave's Blog - Elliott Wave Principle Book Available Free Online!!!." CC BY http://www.xdr.com/dash/blog/index.php?m=03&y=11&entry=entry110302-102900 View on Boundless.com



http://www.xdr.com/dash/blog/index.php?m=03&y=11&entry=entry110302-102900

https://www.boundless.com/image/exam-question

Chocolate Ice Cream


Flickr. "Chocolate ice cream (eggless) with chocolate cake and roasted almonds | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/rosemilkinabottle/6265404407/ View on Boundless.com



http://www.flickr.com/photos/rosemilkinabottle/6265404407/

https://www.boundless.com/image/chocolate-ice-cream

Average Fixed Cost Equation


Wikipedia. "Average fixed cost." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_fixed_cost View on Boundless.com


http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_fixed_cost

https://www.boundless.com/image/average-fixed-cost-equation

Corks, for Example


Flickr. "2010_04_01_0005 corks for example | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/45909111@N00/4484587820/ View on Boundless.com



http://www.flickr.com/photos/45909111@N00/4484587820/

https://www.boundless.com/image/corks-for-example

Statistics


Upscene. CC BY http://blog.upscene.com/thomas/index.php?m=08&y=08&d=13&entry=entry080813-113055&category=10 View on Boundless.com



http://blog.upscene.com/thomas/index.php?m=08&y=08&d=13&entry=entry080813-113055&category=10


Annual Carbon Emissions By Area


Flickr. "All sizes | Carbon Emissions by Continent Chart | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY-SA http://www.flickr.com/photos/mplemmon/3203403862/sizes/m/in/photostream/ View on Boundless.com



http://www.flickr.com/photos/mplemmon/3203403862/sizes/m/in/photostream/

https://www.boundless.com/image/annual-carbon-emissions-by-area

Oprah at Her 50th Birthday Party


Flickr. "Oprah at her 50th birthday party | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY-SA http://www.flickr.com/photos/alan-light/210467069/ View on Boundless.com



http://www.flickr.com/photos/alan-light/210467069/

https://www.boundless.com/image/oprah-at-her-50th-birthday-party

Barry Schwartz


Flickr. "IMG_2636 | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/billhr/3266173988/ View on Boundless.com



http://www.flickr.com/photos/billhr/3266173988/

https://www.boundless.com/image/barry-schwartz

The Human Eye is Like a Camera


Flickr. CC BY-SA http://www.flickr.com/photos/yulia_guseva/6156029440/ View on Boundless.com



http://www.flickr.com/photos/yulia_guseva/6156029440/

https://www.boundless.com/image/the-human-eye-is-like-a-camera

Dictionary


Flickr. "Dictionary | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/greeblie/3338710223/ View on Boundless.com



http://www.flickr.com/photos/greeblie/3338710223/

https://www.boundless.com/image/dictionary

The Plastic Bag Prop


Flickr. "canal debris | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/polandeze/378698004/ View on Boundless.com



http://www.flickr.com/photos/polandeze/378698004/

https://www.boundless.com/image/the-plastic-bag-prop

Top Public Speaking Tips


University of British Columbia Learning Commons. "Presentation Skills | Learning Commons." CC BY http://learningcommons.ubc.ca/presentation-skills/ View on Boundless.com



http://learningcommons.ubc.ca/presentation-skills/

https://www.boundless.com/image/top-public-speaking-tips

The Narrative Tale


Flickr. "VFS Digital Design Assembly: Storytelling | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." CC BY http://www.flickr.com/photos/vancouverfilmschool/5261295953/ View on Boundless.com



http://www.flickr.com/photos/vancouverfilmschool/5261295953/

https://www.boundless.com/image/the-narrative-tale



An account or story which supports an argument, but which is not supported by scientific or statistical analysis.

A) scientific evidence

B) comprehendible

C) anecdote

D) Median

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "anecdote." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anecdote




B) comprehendible

C) anecdote

D) Median

http://www.boundless.com/





Of the three reasons for using support, choose the answer below which refers to one of those reasons appropriately and also satisfies most of the criteria for using support in a speech.

A) “The President’s job proposal offers only socialist policies that will destroy the American dream.” To make the speech more vivid, you could quote this presidential challenger from the opposing party.

B) “The President plans to fund his job-creation proposal partly by increasing taxes on annual incomes over $250,000.” To clarify, you could quote the author from the book “100 Years of Job Creation.”

C) “After asking voters for their views on the President's job proposal, I discovered there are three problems with this plan.” To increase your credibility, you could choose to make a similar statement.

D) All of the answers

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comSaylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0

http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/


Of the three reasons for using support, choose the answer below which refers to one of those reasons appropriately and also satisfies most of the criteria for using support in a speech.

A) “The President’s job proposal offers only socialist policies that will destroy the American dream.” To make the speech more vivid, you could quote this presidential challenger from the opposing party.

B) “The President plans to fund his job-creation proposal partly by increasing taxes on annual incomes over $250,000.” To clarify, you could quote the author from the book “100 Years of Job Creation.”

C) “After asking voters for their views on the President's job proposal, I discovered there are three problems with this plan.” To increase your credibility, you could choose to make a similar statement.

D) All of the answers


http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/




Which of the following is the best type of supporting material to use for a logical appeal?

A) personal experience

B) scientific evidence

C) anecdotal evidence

D) intuition

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comBoundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/


Which of the following is the best type of supporting material to use for a logical appeal?

A) personal experience


C) anecdotal evidence

D) intuition







A) A demonstration

B) An example

C) A testimonial

D) An anecdote




A) topic

B) credibility

C) anecdote

D) introduction




A) segue

B) brainstorming

C) transition

D) anecdote



Empirical, true facts or figures.

A) anecdote

B) comprehendible

C) scientific evidence

D) concept

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comBoundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/scientific-evidence


Empirical, true facts or figures.

A) anecdote

B) comprehendible

C) scientific evidence

D) concept



http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/scientific-evidence



If you are trying to appeal to your audience's emotions, a good supporting material to use is

A) scientific evidence.

B) a newspaper article.

C) a personal anecdote.

D) a mathematical theory.



Able to be comprehended; understandable.


B) anecdote

C) statistics

D) comprehensible

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "comprehensible." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comprehensible


Able to be comprehended; understandable.


B) anecdote

C) statistics

D) comprehensible



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comprehensible



Which of the following is something you should consider when deciding what types of supporting materials to use?

A) All of these answers.

B) What supporting materials are available.

C) Whether your appeal will be emotional or logical.

D) What type of audience you expect for your speech.



Which of the following is something you should consider when deciding what types of supporting materials to use?


B) What supporting materials are available.

C) Whether your appeal will be emotional or logical.

D) What type of audience you expect for your speech.






A fictional situation or proposition used to explain a complicated subject.

A) anecdote

B) narrative

C) Hypothetical

D) Orator

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "Hypothetical." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hypothetical


A fictional situation or proposition used to explain a complicated subject.

A) anecdote

B) narrative

C) Hypothetical

D) Orator



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hypothetical



A brief example is used

A) when a presenter is discussing a complicated topic with which the audience is unfamiliar.

B) to help the audience better visualize a topic and relate to the point of the presentation.

C) when a fictional example can help put the topic into more realistic or relatable terms.

D) to further illustrate a point that is not obvious, but not very complex either.



Difficult to understand; abstruse.

A) direct

B) objectivity

C) orality

D) abstract

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "abstract." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abstract



A) direct

B) objectivity

C) orality

D) abstract






In a speech, examples should

A) be long and involved stories that relate peripherally to the message of the speech.

B) occur many times in the speech, to illustrate each point made by the speaker.

C) All of these answers.

D) be used as a complement to a key point.



In a speech, examples should

A) be long and involved stories that relate peripherally to the message of the speech.

B) occur many times in the speech, to illustrate each point made by the speaker.


D) be used as a complement to a key point.






A fact or event considered very unusual, curious, or astonishing by those who witness it.

A) Hypothetical

B) phenomenon

C) Median

D) prop

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "phenomenon." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phenomenon


A fact or event considered very unusual, curious, or astonishing by those who witness it.

A) Hypothetical

B) phenomenon

C) Median

D) prop



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phenomenon




A) extemporaneous

B) abstract

C) demographic

D) stereotype

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "abstract." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abstract



A) extemporaneous

B) abstract

C) demographic

D) stereotype






According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, inhaling smoke from cigarettes or other devices impacts the circulatory system by restricting blood vessels and increasing the incidence of peripheral vascular disease and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Which of the following revisions of this statement is the most effective in using language familiar to teenagers?

A) According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, cigarette smoking restricts blood vessels and raises the incidence of vascular disease and certain types of aneurysms.

B) According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, smoking damages blood vessels and can cause other circulatory problems.

C) According to the CDC, smoking cigarettes, marijuana, or powdered drugs can have serious effects on your veins and arteries, making them less flexible and more vulnerable to disease and other problems.

D) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warns that smoking can damage your blood vessels.

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comSaylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/


According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, inhaling smoke from cigarettes or other devices impacts the circulatory system by restricting blood vessels and increasing the incidence of peripheral vascular disease and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Which of the following revisions of this statement is the most effective in using language familiar to teenagers?

A) According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, cigarette smoking restricts blood vessels and raises the incidence of vascular disease and certain types of aneurysms.

B) According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, smoking damages blood vessels and can cause other circulatory problems.

C) According to the CDC, smoking cigarettes, marijuana, or powdered drugs can have serious effects on your veins and arteries, making them less flexible and more vulnerable to disease and other problems.

D) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention warns that smoking can damage your blood vessels.






The value that appears the most often in a data set.

A) statistics

B) accuracy

C) Mode

D) analogy

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWikipedia. "Mode." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode


The value that appears the most often in a data set.

A) statistics

B) accuracy

C) Mode

D) analogy



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode



described as the numerical value separating the higher half of a sample, a population, or a probability distribution, from the lower half.

A) statistics

B) Median

C) accuracy

D) comprehendible

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWikipedia. "Median." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median


described as the numerical value separating the higher half of a sample, a population, or a probability distribution, from the lower half.

A) statistics

B) Median

C) accuracy

D) comprehendible



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median



A systematic collection of data on measurements or observations, often related to demographic information such as population counts, incomes, population counts at different ages, etc.

A) accuracy

B) narrative

C) statistics

D) Hypothetical

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "statistics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/statistics



A) accuracy

B) narrative

C) statistics

D) Hypothetical






For a data set, the arithmetic _______ is equal to the sum of the values divided by the number of values.

A) Mean

B) statistics

C) accuracy

D) narrative

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWikipedia. "Mean." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean


For a data set, the arithmetic _______ is equal to the sum of the values divided by the number of values.

A) Mean

B) statistics

C) accuracy

D) narrative



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean




A) Mean

B) Median

C) statistics

D) Mode



Which of the following is a useful method for helping your audience understand statistics?

A) Use a small sample size so the audience can feel a personal connection.

B) Use statistics and terminology that are easily understood.

C) Quote numbers to flood the audience with information and force them to pay close attention.

D) All of these answers.



Which of the following is a useful method for helping your audience understand statistics?

A) Use a small sample size so the audience can feel a personal connection.

B) Use statistics and terminology that are easily understood.

C) Quote numbers to flood the audience with information and force them to pay close attention.







Which answer best rewrites the following passage so that it possesses stronger conversational qualities? Research undertaken by a major university found that out of 607 reported cases of founder, 522 horses had foundered in both front hooves at the same time, and of the horses which foundered in one hoof, only 8% did not eventually founder in the other hoof too.

A) University research shows that about five out of six horses founder in both front feet and 8% founder in just one.

B) Research has shown that most horses founder in both front feet. One study that looked at over 600 founder cases found that less than 10% had foundered in just one hoof.

C) Most horses founder in both front feet, not just one, according to research done at a major university.

D) Most horses founder in both front feet, if not immediately, then eventually.

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comSaylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0



Which answer best rewrites the following passage so that it possesses stronger conversational qualities? Research undertaken by a major university found that out of 607 reported cases of founder, 522 horses had foundered in both front hooves at the same time, and of the horses which foundered in one hoof, only 8% did not eventually founder in the other hoof too.

A) University research shows that about five out of six horses founder in both front feet and 8% founder in just one.

B) Research has shown that most horses founder in both front feet. One study that looked at over 600 founder cases found that less than 10% had foundered in just one hoof.

C) Most horses founder in both front feet, not just one, according to research done at a major university.

D) Most horses founder in both front feet, if not immediately, then eventually.






According to a report from the U.S. government’s National Center for Education Statistics, “In 2005, approximately 40 percent of the 41.9 million Hispanics and 68 percent of the 12.3 million Asians in the United States were foreign born.” Why would it be unethical for a speaker use this quote to illustrate why the children of immigrants should not be allowed to pay in-state tuition rates?

A) Because using it in that context would be an expression of intolerance

B) Because using it in that context would be a distortion

C) Because using it in that context would be intimidating

D) Because using it in that context would be degrading

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comSaylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors."

CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/


According to a report from the U.S. government’s National Center for Education Statistics, “In 2005, approximately 40 percent of the 41.9 million Hispanics and 68 percent of the 12.3 million Asians in the United States were foreign born.” Why would it be unethical for a speaker use this quote to illustrate why the children of immigrants should not be allowed to pay in-state tuition rates?

A) Because using it in that context would be an expression of intolerance

B) Because using it in that context would be a distortion

C) Because using it in that context would be intimidating

D) Because using it in that context would be degrading






Examine the following observation, and then choose the answer which paraphrases it best. Paraphrase the quoted material only, not the source identification. According to Vanhala et al.’s “Factors Associated with Parental Recognition of a Child’s Overweight Status,” “In this cross-sectional study, more than half of the parents' with an overweight or obese seven year old child did not recognize their child's overweight status. Daughters' overweight status was identified better than sons...” (7)

A) In a study, 50% or more of the parents in the study who had overweight seven-year-olds did not recognize that their child was overweight, but did notice overweight girls more than boys.

B) A study found that most parents did not recognize their kids were fat, but those few who did tended to notice fat girls more than fat boys.

C) Parents noticed when their daughters were overweight more often than when their sons were, according to one study.

D) One study found that the majority of parents did not realize when their children were overweight, although they noticed when their daughters were overweight more often than when their sons were.

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comSaylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/


Examine the following observation, and then choose the answer which paraphrases it best. Paraphrase the quoted material only, not the source identification. According to Vanhala et al.’s “Factors Associated with Parental Recognition of a Child’s Overweight Status,” “In this cross-sectional study, more than half of the parents' with an overweight or obese seven year old child did not recognize their child's overweight status. Daughters' overweight status was identified better than sons...” (7)

A) In a study, 50% or more of the parents in the study who had overweight seven-year-olds did not recognize that their child was overweight, but did notice overweight girls more than boys.

B) A study found that most parents did not recognize their kids were fat, but those few who did tended to notice fat girls more than fat boys.

C) Parents noticed when their daughters were overweight more often than when their sons were, according to one study.

D) One study found that the majority of parents did not realize when their children were overweight, although they noticed when their daughters were overweight more often than when their sons were.







A) accuracy

B) statistics

C) narrative

D) Hypothetical



Exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; degree of conformity of a measure to a true or standard value.

A) statistics

B) accuracy

C) Mean

D) Median

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "accuracy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accuracy



A) statistics

B) accuracy

C) Mean

D) Median






When using a table, you should always

A) minimize memory load by removing unnecessary data and minimizing decimal places.

B) present as much data as possible, with large expanses of figures.

C) decide which variable goes on which axis, and what scale is most appropriate.

D) use 3D graphs to add clarity to your information.




A) abstract

B) accuracy

C) direct

D) objectivity

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "accuracy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accuracy



A) abstract

B) accuracy

C) direct

D) objectivity







A) statistics

B) Mean

C) Median

D) Mode



Why should you put statistics into context for your audience?

A) The audience will have a greater emotional response to the numbers.

B) Numbers without context can be mind-numbing to an audience.

C) Use statistics to illustrate a relationship, which is more important than a number.




Somebody who is, or something that is, at a level equal (to that of something else).

A) TED

B) peer

C) analogy

D) Median

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "peer." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peer


Somebody who is, or something that is, at a level equal (to that of something else).

A) TED

B) peer

C) analogy

D) Median



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peer



A non-authority source.

A) narrative


C) TED

D) antiauthority

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "antiauthority." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antiauthority


A non-authority source.

A) narrative


C) TED

D) antiauthority



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antiauthority



If a speaker wishes to use testimonials about the impact of oil spills on the daily life of surrounding beach communities, which of the following would likely be most compelling to a mainstream audience?

A) A celebrity

B) An inspirational figure

C) An expert authority

D) A peer



What is the primary benefit of incorporating expert testimony into a speech?

A) It helps speakers elaborate and develop their main objectives

B) It helps speakers support their sub points

C) It bolsters the speaker's authority to speak on the given topic

D) It bolsters expert support for the speakers' ideas



A person with extensive knowledge or ability in a given subject.

A) expert

B) brainstorming

C) choose

D) narrow

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "expert." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/expert


A person with extensive knowledge or ability in a given subject.

A) expert

B) brainstorming

C) choose

D) narrow



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/expert



Technology Entertainment Design, a series of global conferences.

A) anecdote

B) TED

C) peer

D) antiauthority

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "TED." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/TED


Technology Entertainment Design, a series of global conferences.

A) anecdote

B) TED

C) peer

D) antiauthority



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/TED



Analogies draw comparisons between ideas or objects that

A) lack certain aspects or characteristics, but are similar in a few areas.

B) highlight some form of semantic difference between two words or ideas.

C) share certain aspects or characteristics, but are dissimilar in other areas.

D) highlight how the relationship between one set of ideas is dissimilar to another set of ideas.



When using an analogy in presentations, speakers should keep which of the following tips in mind?

A) Use analogies that are relatable to the audience.

B) Use analogies that are long and complex.

C) Use analogies as the main focus of the presentation.

D) Use analogies from other people's experiences.



The state of being iconic (in all meanings).

A) prop

B) concept

C) iconicity

D) model

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "iconicity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iconicity


The state of being iconic (in all meanings).

A) prop

B) concept

C) iconicity

D) model



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iconicity



A one-to-one correspondence.

A) prop

B) concept

C) isomorphism

D) model

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "isomorphism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/isomorphism


A one-to-one correspondence.

A) prop

B) concept

C) isomorphism

D) model



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/isomorphism



A similar appearance of two unrelated organisms or structures.

A) homomorphism

B) prop

C) concept

D) model

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "homomorphism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homomorphism


A similar appearance of two unrelated organisms or structures.

A) homomorphism

B) prop

C) concept

D) model



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homomorphism



To properly define key terms so that they create credibility in a presentation, the speaker must

A) include all possible definitions for each key term.

B) include the key terms used in the original question that inspired the presentation.

C) avoid spending too much time thinking about the key terms that are key concepts.

D) state what the key terms are at the very end of the presentation.



An understanding retained in the mind, from experience, reasoning and/or imagination; a generalization (generic, basic form), or abstraction (mental impression), of a particular set of instances or occurrences (specific, though different, recorded manifestations of the _______).

A) TED

B) analogy

C) prop

D) concept

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "concept." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concept


An understanding retained in the mind, from experience, reasoning and/or imagination; a generalization (generic, basic form), or abstraction (mental impression), of a particular set of instances or occurrences (specific, though different, recorded manifestations of the _______).

A) TED

B) analogy

C) prop

D) concept



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concept



An item placed on a stage or set to create a scene or scenario in which actors perform. Contraction of "_______erty".

A) prop

B) TED

C) analogy

D) concept

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "prop." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prop


An item placed on a stage or set to create a scene or scenario in which actors perform. Contraction of "_______erty".

A) prop

B) TED

C) analogy

D) concept



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prop



The well-timed use of a well-chosen prop can impact a presentation in which of the following ways?


B) Props can be effective metaphors.

C) Props can inject humor into a presentation.

D) Props can have an emotional impact.



A simplified representation used to explain the workings of a real world system or event.

A) model

B) iconicity

C) concept

D) isomorphism

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "model." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/model


A simplified representation used to explain the workings of a real world system or event.

A) model

B) iconicity

C) concept

D) isomorphism



http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/model



The systematic recitation of an event or series of events. (see also storytelling)

A) narrative

B) Hypothetical

C) analogy

D) Mode

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comWiktionary. "narrative." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/narrative



A) narrative

B) Hypothetical

C) analogy

D) Mode








B) Mean

C) concept

D) narrative



Which of the following explains why stories are an effective teaching tool in speeches and presentations?

A) Stories help to motivate audiences to act.

B) Stories provide additional details and mental visuals for audiences.


D) Stories give speakers the opportunity to tell personal stories that audiences can relate to.



Stories can be a powerful tool because the audience's emotions become inextricably tied to those of the story’s characters. Psychologists refer to this state as

A) social cognition.

B) critical analysis.

C) narrative transport.

D) analytical mind-set.




A) Hypothetical

B) analogy

C) Mode

D) narrative





B) narrative

C) Mean

D) concept



When using narratives, the speaker should use which of the following tactics to make his or her main points interesting and memorable for the audience?

A) Limit the narrative to five or six minutes at the most.

B) Use numerous narratives throughout the speech.

C) Base narratives on personal experiences, as well as facts.

D) Narratives should point toward multiple goals.

Attribution

• Wikipedia. "Evidence." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence

• Wikipedia. "Scientific evidence." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_evidence

• Wikipedia. "Intuition (knowledge)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)

• Wikipedia. "Anecdotal evidence." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence



• Flat World Knowledge. "Stand Up, Speak Out: The Practice and Ethics of Public Speaking 1.0 | Flat World Knowledge." CC BY-SA http://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/reader/3795



• Saylor. "COMM101: Public Speaking « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY-SA http://www.saylor.org/courses/comm101/

• Connexions. "Extract meaningful information from data." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m31282/latest/

• Austrailian Bureau of Statistics. "1500.0 - A guide for using statistics for evidence based policy, 2010." CC BY http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/lookup/1500.0chapter92010

• Manner of Speaking. "Making it Stick: Credibility Counts | Manner of Speaking." CC BY-SA http://mannerofspeaking.org/2009/09/30/making-it-stick-credibility-counts/


• Wikipedia. "Statistical graphics." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_graphics

• Wikibooks. "Development Cooperation Handbook/How to present an idea." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Development_Cooperation_Handbook/How_to_present_an_idea#Speaking_to_Inform_Guidelines_for_Informative_Speaking

• Wikibooks. "Development Cooperation Handbook/How to present an idea." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Development_Cooperation_Handbook/How_to_present_an_idea#Build_your_Credibility_-




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_evidence


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence






http://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/reader/3795






http://www.saylor.org/courses/comm101/


http://cnx.org/content/m31282/latest/


http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/lookup/1500.0chapter92010


http://mannerofspeaking.org/2009/09/30/making-it-stick-credibility-counts/




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_graphics


http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Development_Cooperation_Handbook/How_to_present_an_idea%23Speaking_to_Inform_Guidelines_for_Informative_Speaking

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Development_Cooperation_Handbook/How_to_present_an_idea%23Speaking_to_Inform_Guidelines_for_Informative_Speaking


http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Development_Cooperation_Handbook/How_to_present_an_idea%23Build_your_Credibility_-



• Wikibooks. "Professional and Technical Writing/Presentations." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professional_and_Technical_Writing/Presentations#What_Visual_Aids_Will_You_Use.3F

• Wikipedia. "Analogies." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogies#Rhetoric

• Wikispaces. CC BY-SA https://equityandexcellence.wikispaces.com/Teaching+with+Metaphors%2526Analogies

• http://www.ucdoer.ie/index.php/How_We_Learn. "How We Learn - UCD - CTAG." CC BY http://www.ucdoer.ie/index.php/How_We_Learn

• Wikibooks. "Writing Better University Essays/Defining key terms." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Writing_Better_University_Essays/Defining_key_terms

• Wikibooks. "Writing Better University Essays/Main part." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Writing_Better_University_Essays/Main_part

• Wikipedia. "Presentation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation

• Wikipedia. "Product demonstration." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_demonstration

• Manner of Speaking. "How Do Props Help a Presentation? | Manner of Speaking." CC BY-SA http://mannerofspeaking.org/2011/09/25/how-do-props-help-a-presentation/

• Wikidot. "logical reasoning - Public Speaking." CC BY-SA http://publicspeaking.wikidot.com/logical-reasoning

• Manner of Speaking. "The Psychology of Storytelling | Manner of Speaking." CC BY-SA http://mannerofspeaking.org/2010/08/24/the-psychology-of-storytelling/

• University of British Columbia Learning Commons. "Presentation Skills | Learning Commons." CC BY http://learningcommons.ubc.ca/presentation-skills/

• Wikispaces. "We Are Media - module 4 strategy why are stories engaging." CC BY http://bethemedia.wikispaces.com/module+4++strategy+why+are+stories+engaging

• Manner of Speaking. "Making it Stick: Tell stories | Manner of Speaking." CC BY-SA http://mannerofspeaking.org/2009/10/13/making-it-stick-tell-stories/

• Wikidot. "Introductions - Public Speaking." CC BY-SA http://publicspeaking.wikidot.com/introductions

• Manner of Speaking. "Nuggets of Storytelling Wisdom | Manner of Speaking." CC BY-SA http://mannerofspeaking.org/2012/03/08/nuggets-of-storytelling-wisdom/








http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professional_and_Technical_Writing/Presentations%23What_Visual_Aids_Will_You_Use.3F


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogies%23Rhetoric


https://equityandexcellence.wikispaces.com/Teaching+with+Metaphors&Analogies


http://www.ucdoer.ie/index.php/How_We_Learn


http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Writing_Better_University_Essays/Defining_key_terms


http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Writing_Better_University_Essays/Main_part


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_demonstration


http://mannerofspeaking.org/2011/09/25/how-do-props-help-a-presentation/


http://publicspeaking.wikidot.com/logical-reasoning


http://mannerofspeaking.org/2010/08/24/the-psychology-of-storytelling/


http://learningcommons.ubc.ca/presentation-skills/


http://bethemedia.wikispaces.com/module+4++strategy+why+are+stories+engaging


http://mannerofspeaking.org/2009/10/13/making-it-stick-tell-stories/


http://publicspeaking.wikidot.com/introductions


http://mannerofspeaking.org/2012/03/08/nuggets-of-storytelling-wisdom/