supply chain of grapes
TRANSCRIPT
Presentation On
Supply Chain of Grapes
ByAbhijit Kamble (1502002)Anand Kumar (1502022)
Grape is a commercially important fruit crop of India.
It is a temperate crop which has got
adapted to sub-tropical climate of peninsular
India
Grapes are a type of fruit that grow in clusters
of 15 to 300
They can be crimson, black,
dark blue, yellow, green, orange, and
pink
Introduction Production Post-HarvestManagement
Market Scenario
Suggestions
Grape?
75,866 square kilometers of the world are dedicated to grapes
Approx 71% of world grape
production is used for wine, 27% as
fresh fruit, and 2% as dried fruit
The area dedicated to vineyards is increasing by
about 2% per year
Introduction Production Post-HarvestManagement
Market Scenario
Suggestions
World Scenario
Introduction
Production
Post-HarvestManagement
China Italy USA France Spain Turkey Chile Argentina Iran India0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Million tonnes
Million tonnes
Top Grape Producers
China is worlds largest grape
Producer
India is the 10 th largest grape
producer
Market Scenario
Suggestions
Introduction
Production
Post-HarvestManagement
46.3
11.5
10.4
8.7
7
6.5
3.12 2.5 1 1
China
India
European Union
Turkey
Brazil
United States
Russia
South Korea
Ukraine
Peru
Other
World Grape Consumption (USFDA Report)
Market Scenario
Suggestions
Introduction Production Post-HarvestManagement
Grape VarietiesSingle Species• Wine Grapes• Table Grapes• Wine and Table• Wine Grape rootstock and
hybridisation source• Culinary/dyes
Multi-Species Hybrid • Wine• Table• Table and Wine• Rootstock
Market Scenario
Suggestions
Introduction Production Post-HarvestManagement
Nearly 30 varieties of grapes are cultivated in India
Fresh fruits, which include grape, have been identified by the Ministry of Commerce, the Government of India, as one
of the extreme focus segments for export from India
Principal commercial varieties are Thompson Seedless and its clones, Tas-e-Ganesh and Sonaka Seedless, Sharad
Seedless (Black Seedless), Flame Seedless (Red Seedless).
Indian Varieties
Market Scenario
Suggestions
Introduction Production Post-HarvestManagement
Around 25 Lakh tonnes of grapes are produced in India every year. The top Grapes producing states include
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and
Mizoram
The most grown variety of grapes is Thompson Seedless
and its clones
The grapes varieties which have been given GI protection
are Nashik Grapes and Bangalore Blue Grapes.
Indian Scenario
Market Scenario
Suggestions
Introduction
Production
Post-HarvestManagement
The contribution of India in foreign trade of grape and its processed products is meagre
Export of fresh grape from India is on the increase.
The share of Indian grape in the imports of the European countries and Asian countries is also
increasing
Seeded varieties that are demanded in USA and Italy markets are not produced in India
To tap this potential, there is a need to increase area under seeded varieties of grapes
The wine trade has enormous potential, with the support of Govt. policies India can make a mark in
wine industry at global level
Indian Scenario
Market Scenario
Suggestions
Introduction
Production
Post-HarvestManagement
24.08
16.9
6.36
1.92
1.62 2.76
1.17 5.15
Value(crores)
5.04
4.83
1.35
0.62
0.56
0.51
0.28 1.35
Quantity( millionTones)
U.K.
U.A.E.
Netherlands
Saudi Arabia
Sri Lanka
Oman
Germany
Others
Indian Scenario: Exports
Market Scenario
Suggestions
Introduction
Production
Post-HarvestManagement
• Soil Ph value :6.5 to 7.5• Temperature: 15 to 35 degrees Celsius
Agro-climatiRequiremen
ts• Leveling• Size of plot varies with training system
Land Preparation
• Propagated through hard wood cutting
• Planted in pits of size between 60 to 90 cm
Planting
• Bower, Kniffing, Telephone and HeadTraining Systems
• Single Pruning, Double PruningPruning
• To Regulate growthShoot Pinching
• Depending upon region and training systemsIrrigation
Market Scenario
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Training Systems
Varieties Distanceof Planting
System of training
No. of canes per vine
No. of buds per cane
Thompson Seedles
2 x 3 Kniffin 16-20 8-10
Beauty Seedles
2 x 2 Head 16-20 3-4
Anab-e-Shahi
3 x 6 Arbour 60-80 5-6
Perlettee 3 x 3 Head,Kniffin 30-40 3-4
In India systems like bower, kniffin, telephone, head and slanting trellis have been tried in the past, but the bower & telephone system are being followed on a large scale
About 80% of the vineyard area in India is on bower system The training system and intensity of pruning recommended for
different varieties is given below
Market Scenario
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Introduction
Production
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Market Analysis
Training Systems
• Widely used in commercial cultivation of grapes • Used for varieties with high degree of apical
dominance• Only the best shoot growing vertically is allowed to
grow along the stake provided upto the bower height.
Bower
• It is suitable for training moderately vigorous varieties having less degree of apical dominance.
• Close planting of vines within a row at spacing of 1.80 to 2.40 m is followed keeping the row to row distance at 3 meters.
• As in the case of Bower, the vigorous and vertically growing shoot is trained along the vertical support.
Kniffin
Suggestions
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Production
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Market Analysis
Training Systems
• It is a mini discontinuous bower with shoots hanging downwards with three topped wires and T-shaped support
• The trellis looks like a telephone pole and wires• It is as expensive as kniffin system• Suitable for moderately vigorous varieties with
slightly more apical dominance
Telephone
• Least expensive of all the training systems• Suitable for less vigorous varieties with less
degree of apical dominance • The return on investment made is less as
compared to the Bower system.• Size of the berries produced on this system is
larger as compared to that of other systems. • Incidence of diseases is much less on this
system
Head
Suggestions
Introduction
Production
Post-HarvestManagementPruning
Single Pruning-Single
cropping
Prevalent in North India
Grapevines are pruned with the onset of spring
or during late winter (mostly January-
February)
Floral differentiation on the current shoots and the fruit set take place
simultaneously
Double pruning –
Single cropping
Predominantly followed in Maharashtra, north interior Karnataka
After harvest in summer, the vines are forced to
undergo rest for about a month, during which
period water is withheld to help concentrate the reserves in the mature
parts of the vine..
Market Scenario
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Introduction
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Improvement in Fruit Quality
Pruning time, variations in
climate during the growth
period determine the quality of the
produce
Good variety bunches of
Grapes for eating should be from medium to big sized, seedless
grains
Removal of distal end of the bunch helps in uniform
ripening of berries.
Application of growth
regulators also helps in
improving the fruit quality.
Market Scenario
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Introduction
Production
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Harvesting and YieldIn North India, plants start fruiting
after two years of planting
Berries start ripening from the end of May in early varieties
most of the varieties are harvested after they have changed colour
near the tip and have become sweet
A day prior to picking, the broken, decayed, deformed, under-sized
berries are removedThe clusters are usually harvested during the early hours of the day
before the temperature rises above 200 C
Yield varies according to variety and climatic conditions etc
Average yield of 20-25 tonnes/ha. is considered good
Market Scenario
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Introduction
Production
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Grading is mainly done based on the size and colour of the grapes to maintain uniformity of berries in a package
While grading, size of the berry is the criterion but not the size or shape of the bunch
Grading
Pre-Cooling Pre-cooling is done to reduce the field
heat, moisture loss and subsequently increase the storability of grapes.
Fruit needs to be pre-cooled to a temperature below 4.40 C within six hours after harvesting in cold rooms, forced air coolers, refrigerator cars and tunnels.
Cooling of grapes is generally carried out in special rooms attached to the cold storage units.
Market Scenario
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Storage The shelf life of grapes is only one week at
room temperature The storage life of grapes can be
increased by employing suitable means to reduce desiccation, decay due to growth of fungi
Pre-cooled grapes are packed in corrugated boxes in 4.5/5/9 kgs and kept in cold storage
Boxes are specially designed with perforations to allow cool air to pass through
The boxes are palletized to facilitate easy handling
Market Scenario
Suggestions
Table grapes meant for local market are picked and packed directly in containers in the field
Table grapes meant for long distance markets and those for overseas markets are packed differently in the packing shed
Raisin, juice and wine grapes are subjected to suitable treatments and processed
Different types of containers are used for packing grapes in India
For the European market, bunches of grapes of approx. 300 to 700 gms. are packed in food grade plastic pouches
Introduction
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Packaging
Market Scenario
Suggestions
Introduction
Production
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Packaging Types
Type Diameter at the Top(cm)
Base(cm) Height(cm)
Capacity(Kg)
Bucket Shaped Box
36 20 25 5
Rectangular Wooden box
40 25 25 5-8
Corrugated Fibre Board
37.5 25.5 11.5 4-6
Market Scenario
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Market Scenario
Transportation Table grapes are mostly transported
through roadways for local, short distance or long distance markets
About 5 % of the produce is transported by rail and the quality of produce transported through air cargo is almost negligible
The cold chain for grapes is maintained meticulously right from pre-cooling state to selling of the same
The produce for international market is sent through refrigerated vans by road upto the sea port and then again by sea in refrigerated containers in the ships to their respective destination
Suggestions
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ExportContainer filling
The 40ft. reefer containers are pre-cooled to 2 degrees C and then are filled with the packed produce under supervision of an Central Excise & Customs supervisor
Containers are then sealed at the site by Central Excise & Customs inspector
Dispatch to Destinations
The filled containers are then transported and shipped to various destinations as per the directives
Market Scenario
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Market Scenario
Suggestions
Introduction
Production
Post-HarvestManagement
Market Scenario
Training of
packaging
practices
Infrastructure
development can be
supported by
providing soft loans
and subsidies for pre-
cooling and cold
storage facilities
Acquisition of new packagin
g technology such as
MAP bags and
more effective cardboar
d packagin
g
Domestic sale
could significan
tly increase with a
shift from street
sellers to organise
d retailers
coming in the
market
Facilitate production of new varieties through tie-ups with
foreign and
domestic research centres.
R&D required
to improve grapes
Suggestions
Thank You