supply chain management
DESCRIPTION
Presentation on SCMTRANSCRIPT
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SUPPLYCHAIN
MANAGEMENT
S. Ameer Hassan Rizvi
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Instructor’s Profile
Name : Ameer Rizvi 1998-2001: Oracle Corp.
Presale, Business Consulting, Apps Trainer 2002-2003: Deloitte & Touché
ConsultingOracle Financials Training
2003-2005: Arthur ConsultingOracle Financials Consultant
2006-2010: IBAPermanent Faculty Member
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Why Study SCM ?
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Expectations from the Course?
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Class Rules
?
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SCM Course Outline
SCM Introduction Purchasing Management Supplier Relationship Demand Forecasting and
Collaborative Planning Aggregate Planning
Inventory Management Process Management: JIT
and Quality Management Designing Distribution
Network Domestic and International
Transportation Information Technology in
SCM
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Other Assignments
SCM Survey SCM Case Studies SCM Games SCM Articles and Videos (from the
Internet) SCM Term Paper (Includes SCM
Workbook)
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Grading
1st & 2nd Term 30 Marks Final 30 Marks Term Report (Including Survey) 30
Marks Presentation 10 Marks
Total 100 Marks
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SCM 1-9
What is a Supply Chain? Objectives of a Supply Chain. The Importance of Supply Chain Flows Tends in Supply Chain Decision Phases in a Supply Chain Process View of a Supply Chain Examples of Supply Chains
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What is Supply Chain Management?
The planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing and procurement, conversion, and all logistics management activities … also includes coordination with channel partners, which can be suppliers, intermediaries, third party service providers, and customers.
Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals
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What is a Supply Chain?A supply chain consists of the flow of products
and services from: Raw materials manufacturers, to Component and intermediate
manufacturers, to Final product manufacturers, to Wholesalers and distributors and then to Retailers
Connected by transportation and storage activities, andIntegrated through information, planning, and process
sharing activitiesMany large firms are moving away from in-house
Vertically Integrated structures to Supply Chain Management
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Product and Services flow
Recycling and Returns
Information/planning/activity integration and Funds
Transportation & storage activities
End-product manufacturer(or focal firm)
Raw material suppliers Wholesalers,
distributors
Intermediatecomponents
manufacturers
Retailers
EndCustomer
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Product and Services flow
Information
Money
Managing Flows
DistributorManufacturerSupplier Retailer Customer
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Supply chain management is the management of flows between
and among supply chain stages to maximize total supply chain
profitability
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Channels of Distribution
ConsumerChannel 1
ConsumerChannels
Producer Agent/Broker Wholesaler Retailer Users
Channel 2 Consumer
Channel 3 Consumer
Channel 4 Consumer
Channel 5 Consumer/Business
Channel 6 Business
Channel 7 Business
Channel 8 Business
Consumer/ BusinessChannel
BusinessChannels
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What is Supply Chain
Organizational Scope of Supply Chain Management Demand Forecasting Purchasing & Supplier Management Production / Manufacturing Inventory Management Warehouse Management Logistics / Distribution New Product Development
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The Value Chain ( Product and Information flow?)
Supportactivities
Primary activities
Inbound logistics Materials receiving, storing, and distribution to manufacturing premisesOperations Transforming inputs into finished products.Outbound logistics Storing and distributing productsMarketing and Sales Promotions and sales forceService Service to maintain or enhance product valueCorporate infrastructure Support of entire value chain, e.g. general management planning,
financing, accounting, legal services, government affairs, and QMHuman resources management Recruiting, hiring, training, and developmentTechnology Development Improving product and manufacturing processProcurement Purchasing input
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Flows in Supply Chain
Product Flow Information Flow Money
Exercise
Design a high level model of an Organization depicting the Product and Information flow within the departments of the organization
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What is a Supply Chain?
Customer is an integral part of the supply chain
Includes movement of products, information, and funds in both directions
Potential stages in a Supply Chain
DistributorManufacturerSupplier Retailer Customer
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Product and Services flow
Recycling and Returns
Information/planning/activity integration
Transportation & storage activities
End-product manufacturer(or focal firm)
Raw material suppliers Wholesalers,
distributors
Intermediatecomponents
manufacturers
Retailers
EndCustomer
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1-22
What is a Supply Chain?
Customer wantsdetergent and goes
to Jewel
JewelSupermarket
Jewel or thirdparty DC
P&G or othermanufacturer
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1-23
What is a Supply Chain?
Customer wantsdetergent and goes
to Jewel
JewelSupermarket
Jewel or thirdparty DC
P&G or othermanufacturer
PlasticProducer
TennecoPackaging
Chemicalmanufacturer
(e.g. Oil Company)
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1-24
What is a Supply Chain?
Customer wantsdetergent and goes
to Jewel
JewelSupermarket
Jewel or thirdparty DC
P&G or othermanufacturer
PlasticProducer
Chemicalmanufacturer
(e.g. Oil Company)
TennecoPackaging
Paper Manufacturer
TimberIndustry
Chemicalmanufacturer
(e.g. Oil Company)
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Supply Chain Management
Old paradigm - Vertically integrated firm with emphasis on short-term, company focused performance.
New paradigm - Focused activities in areas of specialization; voluntary, trust-based relationships with suppliers and customers. All participants in the supply chain benefit. Boundaries extend from “the firm’s suppliers’
suppliers to its customers’ customers (i.e., second tier suppliers and customers).”
Supply chains use reverse logistics to handle returned products, warranty repairs, and recycling.
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No. of Supply Chain Partners Impact on Supply Chains
Higher the cost Longer the lead time More Inventory build ups (Higher Inventory
Cost) Information mismanagement
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Channels of Distribution
ConsumerChannel 1
ConsumerChannels
Producer Agent/Broker Wholesaler Retailer Users
Channel 2 Consumer
Channel 3 Consumer
Channel 4 Consumer
Channel 5 Consumer/Business
Channel 6 Business
Channel 7 Business
Channel 8 Business
Consumer/ BusinessChannel
BusinessChannels
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Why Supply Chain Management?
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Responsiveness
QualityAffordability
What the Customer Wants ?
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Poor Performing Supply Chain
Typical Problems along the Supply Chain Frequent Inventory Stock out or large
Inventory build ups Very Long Lead Times Poor Information Flow among supply chain
partners Poor Material flow among supply chain
partners Poor Demand Forecasting
Result is Increased operational cost and poor organizational performance
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Typical Issues in Organization Poor Quality of the Finished Products Poor Supplier Management Excess Inventory Inventory Stockout Poor Production Scheduling Poor warehouse Management Lack of departmental Coordination Poor Demand Forecasting Poor Purchasing Management
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SCM provides Solutions for Problems
Poor Quality of the Finished Products ( TQM and Six Sigma)
Poor Supplier Management (Supplier evaluation & Certification)
Excess Inventory (JIT, ERP Procurement and Visibility)
Inventory Stockout (ERP Inventory Management) Poor Production Scheduling ( MRP Planning and
Production) Poor warehouse Management ( ERP Warehouse
Management) Lack of Partner Coordination (Supplier
Management and Channel management ERP to ERP)
Poor Demand Forecasting (CPFR and ERP) Poor Purchasing Management ( ERP Procurement
and Smaller Supply base)
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Why Supply Chain Management? Helps in the Integration of all the departments of an
organization (improve coordination and communication) Helps in the optimization of
Demand Forecasting Purchasing & Supplier Management Production Inventory Management Warehouse Management Logistics New Product Development
SCM helps in fulfilling the Customer’s Needs and WantsSCM helps in reducing cost and increasing efficiency
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Supply Chain Management
Information replaces inventory throughout the supply chain
The further the information transfers up and down the supply chain
the more efficient the response the more timely the supply of goods resultant costs reduced
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Supply Chain Management: The True Magnitude
1-35
Compaq estimates it lost $.5 billion to $1 billion in sales in 1995 because laptops were not available when and where needed
When the 1 gig processor was introduced by AMD, the price of the 800 mb processor dropped by 30%
P&G estimates it saved retail customers $65 million by collaboration resulting in a better match of supply and demand
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Supply Chain Management
Information replaces inventory throughout the supply chain if:
Relationships allow the trust to share Accuracy assures information is useful Responsiveness builds the
relationships
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Supply Chain Performance?
Poor Performance Good Performance
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Supply Chain Objective
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Product and Services flow
Recycling and Returns
Information/planning/activity integration
Transportation & storage activities
End-product manufacturer(or focal firm)
Raw material suppliers Wholesalers,
distributors
Intermediatecomponents
manufacturers
Retailers
EndCustomer
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Supply Chain Objectives
Reduce Cost(Maintain/ Improve Quality and Customer Services level)
Optimize the profitability of all of the supply chain partners through customer satisfaction
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The Objective of a Supply Chain
Example: Dell receives $2000 from a customer for a computer (revenue)
Supply chain incurs costs (information, storage, transportation, components, assembly, etc.)
Difference between $2000 and the sum of all of these costs is the supply chain profit
Supply chain profitability is total profit to be shared across all stages of the supply chain
Supply chain success should be measured by total supply chain profitability, not profits at an individual stage
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So how do we reduce Cost ?
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Cost Factor in Supply Chain
Raw Material ( Supplier ) Internal Cost ( in the Value Chain) Information Management Cost Channel Members Markup Services
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Cost in the Value Chain
Procurement Manufacturing Inventory Management Marketing Inbound and Outbound Logistics Warehousing Administrative Others
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Cost in Supply Chain
Raw Material Supplier
Component Manufacturer
Finished Product Manufacturer
Distributer / Wholesaler
Retailer
Customer
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Typical Series of Markups
14 - 46
Manufacturer’s Cost $25.00
Manufacturer’s Markup $3.75 (15%)
Wholesaler’s Markup $5.75 (20%)
Retailer’s Markup $25.88 (75%)
Customer’s Price $60.38
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Supply Chain Importance
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Importance of Supply Chain Management
Firms have discovered value-enhancing and long term benefits by employing SCM principles and techniques
Who benefits most? Firms with? Large inventories Large number of suppliers Complex products Customers with large purchasing budgets
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Importance of Supply Chain Management (Cont.)
Lower costs, better quality, and better customer service are
reasons to employ Supply Chain Management. Also: Reduced Bullwhip Effect- the magnified reduction of
safety stock costs based on coordinated planning and sharing of information (Information replaces inventory throughout the supply chain)
Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment activities reduce the Bullwhip Effect and lead to better customer service, lower inventory costs, improved quality, reduced cycle time, better production methods, and other benefits.
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Course Content
Supply Chain Elements
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Product and Services flow
Recycling and Returns
Information/planning/activity integration
Transportation & storage activities
End-product manufacturer(or focal firm)
Raw material suppliers Wholesalers,
distributors
Intermediatecomponents
manufacturers
Retailers
EndCustomer
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Purchasing Trends: Long term relationships Supplier management- improve performance
through Supplier evaluation (determining supplier
capabilities) Supplier certification (third party or internal
certification to assure product quality and service requirements)
Strategic partnerships- successful and trusting relationships with top-performing suppliers
Important Supply Chain Elements
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Operations Trends:
Demand management- match demand to available capacity
Linking buyers & suppliers via MRP and ERP systems
Use JIT to improve the “pull” of materials to reduce inventory levels
Employ TQM to improve quality compliance among suppliers
Important Supply Chain Elements
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Supply Chain Management
Wal-Mart and Procter & Gamble (P&G) SCM
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INTEGRATING SCM, CRM, AND ERP Data points where SCM, CRM, and ERP
integrate
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Distribution Trends: Transportation management- tradeoff
decisions between cost & timing of delivery/customer service via trucks, rail, water & air
Customer relationship management- strategies to ensure deliveries, resolve complaints, improve communications, & determine service requirements
Network design- creating distribution networks based on tradeoff decisions between cost & sophistication of distribution system
Important Supply Chain Elements
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Important Elements of Supply Chain Management (Cont.)
Integration Trends: Supply Chain Process Integration-
when supply chain participants work for common goals. Requires intrafirm functional integration. Based on efforts to change attitudes & adversarial relationships
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Supply Chain Integration
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Proper SCM
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Proper SCM
•Ensure that goods move smoothly and on time from suppliers to customers•Keep inventories low•Keep costs down
Proper SCM and inventory management
requires coordination
of all activities and links in the
supply chain to:
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The Value Chain
Supportactivities
Primary activities
Inbound logistics Materials receiving, storing, and distribution to manufacturing premisesOperations Transforming inputs into finished products.Outbound logistics Storing and distributing productsMarketing and Sales Promotions and sales forceService Service to maintain or enhance product valueCorporate infrastructure Support of entire value chain, e.g. general management planning,
financing, accounting, legal services, government affairs, and QMHuman resources management Recruiting, hiring, training, and developmentTechnology Development Improving product and manufacturing processProcurement Purchasing input
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Product and Services flow
Recycling and Returns
Information/planning/activity integration
Transportation & storage activities
End-product manufacturer(or focal firm)
Raw material suppliers Wholesalers,
distributors
Intermediatecomponents
manufacturers
Retailers
EndCustomer
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Proper SCM (cont.)
• Supply chain partners depend on each other
• Partners don’t always work together toward the same goal
Coordination is needed becaus
e:
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Proper SCM (cont.)
Information flow is a key: communications between business partners should be:• Effective• Efficient
Support is needed to ensure this communication and is enabled by:• IT support• EC support
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Benefits of Proper SCM
Reduce uncertainty along the chain
Proper inventory levels in the chain
Minimize delays
Eliminate rush (unplanned) activities
Provide superb customer service
Major contributor of success (ever survival)
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SCM
What is a Supply Chain Model ? What is the Distribution Model ? SCM Process ? What is Cycle View and Push & Pull
View ? When to take the customer order ? How to determine Lead Time?
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Product and Services flow
Recycling and Returns
Information/planning/activity integration and Funds
Transportation & storage activities
End-product manufacturer(or focal firm)
Raw material suppliers Wholesalers,
distributors
Intermediatecomponents
manufacturers
Retailers
EndCustomer
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Channels of Distribution
ConsumerChannel 1
ConsumerChannels
Producer Agent/Broker Wholesaler Retailer Users
Channel 2 Consumer
Channel 3 Consumer
Channel 4 Consumer
Channel 5 Consumer/Business
Channel 6 Business
Channel 7 Business
Channel 8 Business
Consumer/ BusinessChannel
BusinessChannels
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Process view of a supply chain
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Product and Services flow
Recycling and Returns
Information/planning/activity integration and Funds
Transportation & storage activities
End-product manufacturer(or focal firm)
Raw material suppliers Wholesalers,
distributors
Intermediatecomponents
manufacturers
Retailers
EndCustomer
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Process View of a Supply Chain Cycle view: processes in a supply chain
are divided into a series of cycles, each performed at the interfaces between two successive supply chain stages
Push/pull view: processes in a supply chain are divided into two categories: Executed in response to a customer
order (pull) Executed in anticipation of a
customer order (push)
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Cycle View of Supply Chains
Customer Order Cycle
Replenishment Cycle
Manufacturing Cycle
Procurement Cycle
Customer
Retailer
Distributor
Manufacturer
Supplier
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Cycle View of a Supply Chain
Each cycle occurs at the interface between two successive stages Customer order cycle (customer-retailer) Replenishment cycle (retailer-distributor) Manufacturing cycle (distributor-
manufacturer) Procurement cycle (manufacturer-supplier)
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Subprocesses in each SC Process
Supplier Stage
Market Products
Buyer returns reverse flow to
suppliers or third party
Buyer Stage
Receive Supplies
Supplier Stage
Supplies Order
Buyer Stage
Places Order
Supplier Stage
Receive Order
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Within each Cycle
The Goal of the buyer Ensure Product availability Achieve economies of scale Reduce the cost of receiving the order
The Goal of the Supplier Accurate Customer order forecast Reduce the cost of receiving the order Fill the order on time Improve efficiency and accuracy of the order
fulfillment
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Cycle View of Supply Chains
Customer Order Cycle
Replenishment Cycle
Manufacturing Cycle
Procurement Cycle
Customer
Retailer
Distributor
Manufacturer
Supplier
![Page 80: Supply Chain Management](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062613/54552a1eb1af9f987f8b4a48/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Customer Order Cycle
Involves all processes directly involved in receiving and filling the customer’s order
Customer arrival Customer order entry Customer order fulfillment Customer order receiving
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Replenishment Cycle
All processes involved in replenishing retailer inventories (retailer is now the customer)
Retail order trigger Retail order entry Retail order fulfillment Retail order receiving
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Manufacturing Cycle
All processes involved in replenishing distributor (or retailer) inventory
Order arrival from the distributor, retailer, or customer
Production scheduling Manufacturing and shipping Receiving at the distributor, retailer, or
customer
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Procurement Cycle
All processes necessary to ensure that materials are available for manufacturing to occur according to schedule
Manufacturer orders components from suppliers to replenish component inventories
However, component orders can be determined precisely from production schedules (different from retailer/distributor orders that are based on uncertain customer demand)
Important that suppliers be linked to the manufacturer’s production schedule
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Supply Chain Management
Wal-Mart and Procter & Gamble (P&G) SCM
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Cycle View of a Supply Chain
Key Point A cycle view of the supply chain clearly
defines the process involved and the owners of each process. This view is very useful when considering operational decision because it specifies and responsibilities of each member of the supply chain and the desired outcome for each process.
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Push and Pull View of the Supply Chain
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The Value Chain ( Process Flow)
Supportactivities
Primary activities
Inbound logistics Materials receiving, storing, and distribution to manufacturing premisesOperations Transforming inputs into finished products.Outbound logistics Storing and distributing productsMarketing and Sales Promotions and sales forceService Service to maintain or enhance product valueCorporate infrastructure Support of entire value chain, e.g. general management planning,
financing, accounting, legal services, government affairs, and QMHuman resources management Recruiting, hiring, training, and developmentTechnology Development Improving product and manufacturing processProcurement Purchasing input
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Business Processes
Make to Stock ? Assemble to Order? Make to Order ? Design to Order ( Engineer to
order)?
Where to Take the Customer Order?
Order fulfillment Lead Time ?
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Design to Order
Make to Order
Assemble to Order
Make to Stock
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Pack and Ship
Stock as
Inventory
Test
Sub Assem
ble
Design
Procure
Fabricate
Final Assem
ble
Stock Standar
d Module
as Inventor
y
Stock Compone
nt Design & Standard
Part
(Custom Design if required)
Design(Unique Engg.
Design or Significant
Customization
Procure (RM,
Standard Componen
t , ETC
SCM Process building blocks
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Design to Order
Make to Order
Assemble to Order
Make to Stock
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Pack and Ship
Stock as
Inventory
Test Sub
Assemble
Design ProcureFabricat
e
Final Assembl
e
Pack and Ship
Test
Final Assembl
e The
Customer
Selected Module
Sub Assembl
e Design Procure
Fabricate
Stock Standar
d Module
as Inventor
y
Pack and Ship
Test Final
Assemble
Sub Assemb
le Design
Procure
Fabricate
Stock Compone
nt Design & Standard
Part
(Custom Design if required)
Pack and Ship
Test Final
Assemble
Sub Assemb
le
Design(Unique Engg.
Design or Significant
Customization
Procure (RM,
Standard Componen
t , ETC
Fabricate
Design to Order
Make to Order
Assemble to Order
Make to Stock
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Pack and Ship
Stock as
Inventory
Test Sub
Assemble
Design
ProcureFabrica
te
Final Assem
ble
Make to stock
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Pack and Ship
Stock as
Inventory
Test Sub
Assemble
Design
ProcureFabrica
te
Final Assem
ble
Make to stock
MAKE TO STOCK. Refers to a product environment where products can be and usually finished before receipt of a customer order. Customer orders are typically filled from existing stock, and production orders are used to replenish those stocks. This is mass manufacturing with pushing the sales philosophy.
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Pack and Ship
Stock as
Inventory
Test Sub
Assemble
Design
ProcureFabrica
te
Final Assem
ble
Customer Order
Make to stock
L.T
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Pack and Ship
Test
Final Assem
ble The
Customer
Selected
Module
Sub Assem
ble Design
Procure
Fabricate
Stock Standa
rd Module
as Invento
ry
Assemble to Order
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Pack and Ship
Test
Final Assem
ble The
Customer
Selected
Module
Sub Assem
ble Design
Procure
Fabricate
Stock Standa
rd Module
as Invento
ry
Assemble to Order
Denotes a production environment where goods or service can be assembled after receipt of a customer’s order. The key components ( bulk, semi-finished , intermediate, subassembly, fabricated, purchased, packaging, etc.) used in the assembly or finishing process are planned and possibly stocked in anticipation of a customer order. Receipt of an order initiates assembly of the customized product. This strategy is useful where a large number of end products ( based on the selection of options and accessories) can be assembled from common components.
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Pack and Ship
Test
Final Assem
ble The
Customer
Selected
Module
Sub Assem
ble Design
Procure
Fabricate
Stock Standa
rd Module
as Invento
ry
Customer Order
Assemble to Order
L.T
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Pack and Ship
Test Final
Assemble
Sub Assemb
le Design
Procure
Fabricate
Stock Compone
nt Design & Standard
Part
(Custom Design if required)
Make to Order
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Pack and Ship
Test Final
Assemble
Sub Assemb
le Design
Procure
Fabricate
Stock Compone
nt Design & Standard
Part
(Custom Design if required)
Make to Order
MAKE TO ORDER. In this environment, goods or service can be manufactured / offered after receipt of a customer’s order. The final product is usually a combination of standard items custom- designed to meet the special needs of the customer. This gives more option( as compared to assemble-to-order) to the customer in design, aesthetics, utility, accessories, etc.
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Pack and Ship
Test Final
Assemble
Sub Assemb
le Design
Procure
Fabricate
Stock Compone
nt Design & Standard
Part
(Custom Design if required)
Customer Order
Make to Order
L.T
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Pack and Ship
Test Final
Assemble
Sub Assemb
le
Design(Unique Engg.
Design or Significant
Customization
Procure (RM,
Standard Componen
t , ETC
Fabricate
Design to Order
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Pack and Ship
Test Final
Assemble
Sub Assemb
le
Design(Unique Engg.
Design or Significant
Customization
Procure (RM,
Standard Componen
t , ETC
Fabricate
Design to Order
DESIGN TO ORDER. (ENGINEERING-TO-ORDER). This is a highly focused environment where the individual customer gives product specifications that require unique engineering design, significant customization in manufacturing, or even new purchased materials. Each customer order result in unique set of part numbers, bills of material, and routings.
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Pack and Ship
Test Final
Assemble
Sub Assemb
le
Design(Unique Engg.
Design or Significant
Customization
Procure (RM,
Standard Componen
t , ETC
Fabricate
Customer Order
Design to Order
L.T
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Pack and Ship
Stock as
Inventory
Test Sub
Assemble
Design
ProcureFabrica
te
Final Assem
ble
Customer
Order
Pack and Ship
Test
Final Assemble
The Customer Selected Module
Sub Assemble
Design Procure Fabricate
Stock Standard Module
as Inventory
Customer
Order
Pack and Ship
Test Final
Assemble
Sub Assemb
le Design
Procure
Fabricate
Stock Compone
nt Design & Standard
Part
(Custom Design if required)
Customer
Order
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Supply Chain Management
IntegratedSystem
Push Pull
DemandForecasting
SourcingandPurchasing
PackagingMaterialHandling
RawMaterialsInventory
InboundTransportation
ManufacturingCustomerOrderProcessing
Packaging/MaterialHandling
FinishedGoods InventoryDeployment
OutboundTransportation
Customer’sCustomer
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Push and Pull View of the Supply Chain
![Page 108: Supply Chain Management](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062613/54552a1eb1af9f987f8b4a48/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Process View of a Supply Chain Cycle view: processes in a supply chain
are divided into a series of cycles, each performed at the interfaces between two successive supply chain stages
Push/pull view: processes in a supply chain are divided into two categories: Executed in response to a customer
order (pull) Executed in anticipation of a
customer order (push)
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Push/Pull View of Supply Chain Processes
Supply chain processes fall into one of two categories depending on the timing of their execution relative to customer demand
Pull: execution is initiated in response to a customer order (reactive)
Push: execution is initiated in anticipation of customer orders (speculative)
Push/pull boundary separates push processes from pull processes
Strategic supply chain decisions may lead to changing the push/pull boundary
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Push/Pull View of L.L Beans Supply Chains
Procurement,Manufacturing andReplenishment cycles
Customer OrderCycle
CustomerOrder Arrives
PUSH PROCESSES PULL PROCESSES
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Push/Pull View of DELL Supply ChainProcurement Cycle Customer Order
And Manufacturing cycle
Customer Order Arrives
PUSH PROCESSES PULL PROCESSES
![Page 112: Supply Chain Management](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062613/54552a1eb1af9f987f8b4a48/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Push and Pull Processes Execution is
initiated in the anticipation of a customer order
Demand is not known and must be forecasted
Speculative Process
Execution is initiated in response to a customer order
Customer demand is known with certainty
Reactive Process Pull processes are
often constrained by the inventory and capacity decision that are made in the Push Phase
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Push and Pull View
Key Point A push and pull view of the supply chain
categories processes based on whether they are initiated in response to a customer order(pull) or in the in the anticipation of a customer order (push) . This view is very useful when considering strategic decisions relating to Supply Chain Design.
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Push/Pull View of Supply ChainsDevelop Push / Pull View for the following
Buying Dell computer from the net.
Buying a PC from a Retail store.
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Decision Phase in Supply Chain
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Decision Phases of a Supply ChainSupply chain strategy or design
Supply chain planning
Supply chain operation
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Decisions Strategic Planning Operational
Generate pick list at the warehouse
Timing and size of market promotions
Allocate an order to a particular shipping mode and shipment
Planned buildup of inventories
Subcontracting, backup locations
Set a date that an order is to be filled
Allocate inventory or production to individual order
Selection of Modes of transportation
Set delivery schedules of trucks
Inventory policies
Products to be made or stored at various locations
Outsourcing decisions
Which markets will be supplied from which locations
Locations and capacities of facilities (warehouse and Production)
Information systems
Place replenishment order
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Supply Chain Strategy or Design
Decisions about the structure of the supply chain and what processes each stage will perform
What are some strategic supply chain decisions? Locations and capacities of facilities (warehouse
and Production) Products to be made or stored at various locations Modes of transportation Information systems Outsourcing decisions
Supply chain design must support strategic objectives
Supply chain design decisions are long-term and expensive to reverse – must take into account market uncertainty
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Supply Chain Planning
Definition of a set of policies that govern short-term operations
Fixed by the supply configuration from previous phase
Starts with a forecast of demand in the coming year
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Supply Chain Planning
What are some planning decisions? Which markets will be supplied from which
locations Planned buildup of inventories Subcontracting, backup locations Inventory policies Timing and size of market promotions
Must consider in planning decisions demand uncertainty, exchange rates, competition over the time horizon
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Supply Chain Operations
What are some Operation decisions? Allocate inventory or production to individual
order Set a date that an order is to be filled Generate pick list at the warehouse Allocate an order to a particular shipping
mode and shipment Set delivery schedules of trucks Place replenishment order
The goal of the Supply Chain Operations is to handle the customer order in the best possible manner.
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SCM Tools levels
Supply Chain Planning services configure operations to best meet projected demand levels
The planning horizon ranges from developing a long term strategic outlook to developing a short term tactical production schedule
Event Management
Order Management
Inventory Management
Warehouse Management
Production Planning
Supply Planning
Demand Planning
Network Design
SCM Service Offering
OperationalPlanning
TacticalPlanning
StrategicPlanning
Real time /Minutes
Hours /Days
Weeks / Months
Quarters Years
Supply Chain Planning Tools Supply Chain Execution Tools
Supply Chain Execution services monitor and control production operations
They provide real time tracking and alert notification
Supply Chain Elements
Transportation Management
Source: BAH
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Supply Chain Planning Process
Supply PlanningSupply Planning
Balances unconstrained demand against high level supply chain constraints
Reflect order priority and due dates
Balances unconstrained demand against high level supply chain constraints
Reflect order priority and due dates
Network DesignNetwork Design
Design where to place production facilities and optimize the end to end chain
Construct alternate flow scenarios that incorporate associated constraints
Design where to place production facilities and optimize the end to end chain
Construct alternate flow scenarios that incorporate associated constraints
Production PlanningProduction Planning
Decompose the supply plan into sub assembly / production needs by site
Balance production capacity across sites
Decompose the supply plan into sub assembly / production needs by site
Balance production capacity across sites
Production SchedulingProduction Scheduling
Optimize processing flows, sequence, and timing
Produce a finite capacity production schedule
Optimize processing flows, sequence, and timing
Produce a finite capacity production schedule
Demand PlanningDemand Planning
Anticipate demand based on historical trends and current conditions
Perform what if analysis - highlight the impact of changing demand drivers
Anticipate demand based on historical trends and current conditions
Perform what if analysis - highlight the impact of changing demand drivers
Hours /Days
Weeks / Months
QuartersYearsPlanningHorizon
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Supply Chain Execution Process
Order ManagementOrder Management Record customer
orders and track status from receipt to final delivery
Direct efficient response to orders with dynamic cost / benefit analysis of options
Record customer orders and track status from receipt to final delivery
Direct efficient response to orders with dynamic cost / benefit analysis of options
Inventory Management
Inventory Management
Streamline information movement and provide tight inventory control
Inventories replenished using kanban, min-max, or reorder point
Streamline information movement and provide tight inventory control
Inventories replenished using kanban, min-max, or reorder point
Event ManagementEvent Management
Monitor and manage critical planning and event information Broadcast alert notification and present response alternatives based on pre determined
business rules
Monitor and manage critical planning and event information Broadcast alert notification and present response alternatives based on pre determined
business rules
Transportation ManagementTransportation Management
Optimize and track outbound and inbound shipping
Optimize and track outbound and inbound shipping
Warehouse Management
Warehouse Management
Optimization and management of warehouse processes
Optimization and management of warehouse processes
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Product and Services flow
Recycling and Returns
Information/planning/activity integration
Transportation & storage activities
End-product manufacturer(or focal firm)
Raw material suppliers Wholesalers,
distributors
Intermediatecomponents
manufacturers
Retailers
EndCustomer
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Best Practices & Trends
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127
Firms using Supply Chain Management:1. Start working with key suppliers2. Move on to other suppliers,
customers, and shippers3. Integrate second tier suppliers and
customers (second tier refers to the customer’s customers and the supplier’s suppliers)
Current Trends in Supply Chain Management
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Current Trends in Supply Chain Management
Expanding the Supply Chain Firms are expanding partnerships and
building facilities in foreign markets The expansion involves:
breadth- foreign manufacturing, office & retail sites, foreign suppliers & customers
depth- second and third tier suppliers & customers
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Current Trends in Supply Chain Management- Cont.
Reducing Supply Chain Costs Cost reduction achieved through:
Reduced purchasing costs Reducing waste Reducing excess inventory, and Reducing non-value added activities
Continuous Improvement through Benchmarking- copy competitors Trial & error Increased knowledge of supply chain processes
(experience)
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Current Trends in Supply Chain Management (Cont.)Increasing Supply Chain
Responsiveness
Firms will increasingly need to be more flexible and responsive to customer needs
Supply chains will need to benchmark industry performance and meet and improve on a continuous basis
Responsiveness improvement will come from more effective and faster product & service delivery systems
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131
Current Trends in Supply Chain Management (Cont.)
The Greening of Supply Chains
- Producing, packaging, moving, storing, delivering and other supply chain activities can be harmful to the environment
Supply chains will work harder to reduce environmental degradation
Large majority (75%) of U.S. consumers influenced by a firm’s environmental friendliness reputation
Recycling and conservation are a growing alternative in response to high cost of natural resources