supply and demand chapter 4 and 5. supply and demand are the two words that economists use most...
TRANSCRIPT
Supply and Demand
Chapter 4 and 5
• Supply and demand are the two words that economists use most often.
• Supply and demand are the forces that make market economies work.
• Modern microeconomics is about supply, demand, and market equilibrium.
• The terms supply and demand refer to the behavior of people . . . as they interact with one another in markets.
• Buyers/Consumers determine demand
• Sellers/Producers determine supply
Supply and Demand Curve
P- Price
Q - Quantity
Demand
Consumer
•Expensive – consumers do not want to purchase the good or service
•Cheap – the demand for the good or service is greater
Supply
Producer
•Higher Price – the producers wants to make as many as possible
•Lower Price – the producers wants to limit the supply
• Surplus – quantity supply is greater than the demand– Found on the top part of the curve
• Shortage – demand is greater than the supply– Found on the bottom part of the curve
Quantity Demand
• When there is a change in price, causes a quantity demand
– Price goes up – Quantity goes down– Price goes down – Quantity goes up
Changes/Shifts in Demand
• Things that affect the curve other than price– If the curve moves to the right – increase in
demand– If the curve moves to the left – decrease in
demand
Shifts in Demand
D
D1
D2
Decrease in Demand
Increase in Demand
Factors - Demand
• Taste
• Income – More is normal, less = inferior
• Numbers of consumers – population
• Demographics of consumer – ie age
• Expectations
• Related Goods – Substitute – in place of another good– Compliment – along with another good
Example: When Michael Jordan began endorsing the products, demand for Nike & Gatorade
increased
Example: When Billy got laid off from his job, his demand for
gourmet steak dinners decreased
Example: Demand for girl scout patches increases when more
girls join girl scouts
Example: Demand for gas changes throughout the week
Substitute – Related Goods
Compliment – Related Goods
• Example: Demand for buns changes when hotdog prices fluctuate
Substitute OR Complementary?
• Cars and Tires
• Corn and Beans
• DVD Players and DVD’s
• Natural Gas and Electricity
• Cereal and Milk
• Toast and Jam
• Sweatshirts and Sweaters
Factors - Supply
• Labor Productivity
• Technology
• Producer Expectation – up or down price
• Input Cost – cost of resources
• Number of Producers – Competition
• Government Action – Taxes decrease supply– Subsidies opposite, regulations
Labor Productivity
• As technology advances, production becomes more efficient and supply increases (shifts to the right).
Producer Expectations
• Example: If Farmer Joe hears that the price of corn is going to increase next month, he’s going to wait to sell his corn (therefore decreasing the immediate supply of corn).
Resources - Input Cost
• Example: Don’s landlord increases his rent, which increases Don’s costs of production. Since it’s more expensive to make a donut, the profit per unit earned decreases and supply of Don’s Donuts falls
Government Involvement
• Example: If the import tax on Toyota Corollas increases, the profit per unit decreases, and American manufacturers will not be able to afford to offer as many for sale.
• Example: When the government decided to subsidize dairy farming, dairy farmers’ profits increased, therefore increasing supply of dairy cattle.
• Elasticity of Demand – how people react to price changes
• Elastic – large change in demand
• Inelastic – little change in demand
• Elasticity of Supply – how producers react to price changes
• Elastic – increase the quantity supplied
• Inelastic – there is only so much supply can be produced