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Supplementary Materials for Direct measurement of T cell receptor affinity and sequence from naïve antiviral T cells Shu-Qi Zhang, Patricia Parker, Ke-Yue Ma, Chenfeng He, Qian Shi, Zhonghao Cui, Chad M. Williams, Ben S. Wendel, Amanda I. Meriwether, Mary Alice Salazar, Ning Jiang* *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Published 1 June 2016, Sci. Transl. Med. 8, 341ra77 (2016) DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf1278 The PDF file includes: Materials and Methods Fig. S1. Nonspecific adhesion on primary CD8 + T cells is negligible and not correlated with pMHC site density. Fig. S2. Multivalency of pMHC does not affect 2D affinity measurement. Fig. S3. 2D affinity kinetic curves for three additional CD8 + T cell clones with varying affinities. Fig. S4. Streptamer staining is fully reversible, and streptamers stain with the same intensity as conventional tetramers. Fig. S5. Estimating the error of single-cell 2D affinity measurements. Fig. S6. Peptide titration curves of 15 HCV-specific CD8 + T cell clones. Fig. S7. Conventional 2D affinity measurement on HCV-specific CD8 + T cell clones shows similar correlations as single-cell 2D affinity. Fig. S8. Gating strategy for sorting HCV-streptamer + T cells. Fig. S9. Ratio of high-affinity/low-affinity HCV-specific CD8 + T cells based on functional potential. Fig. S10. Amplification efficiency of affinity-tested cells. Fig. S11. TRAV and TRBV usage of affinity-tested primary HCV-specific CD8 + T cells by donor. Table S1. Comparison of single-cell 2D affinity derived from a primary T cell and conventional 2D affinity derived from the T cell’s in vitro expanded clone. Table S2. Single-cell 2D affinity and SPR 3D affinity for the native and peptide variants of NY-ESO-1 against 1G4 TCR. www.sciencetranslationalmedicine.org/cgi/content/full/8/341/341ra77/DC1

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  • Supplementary Materials for

    Direct measurement of T cell receptor affinity and sequence from naïve

    antiviral T cells

    Shu-Qi Zhang, Patricia Parker, Ke-Yue Ma, Chenfeng He, Qian Shi, Zhonghao Cui,

    Chad M. Williams, Ben S. Wendel, Amanda I. Meriwether, Mary Alice Salazar,

    Ning Jiang*

    *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]

    Published 1 June 2016, Sci. Transl. Med. 8, 341ra77 (2016)

    DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf1278

    The PDF file includes:

    Materials and Methods

    Fig. S1. Nonspecific adhesion on primary CD8+ T cells is negligible and not

    correlated with pMHC site density.

    Fig. S2. Multivalency of pMHC does not affect 2D affinity measurement.

    Fig. S3. 2D affinity kinetic curves for three additional CD8+ T cell clones with

    varying affinities.

    Fig. S4. Streptamer staining is fully reversible, and streptamers stain with the

    same intensity as conventional tetramers.

    Fig. S5. Estimating the error of single-cell 2D affinity measurements.

    Fig. S6. Peptide titration curves of 15 HCV-specific CD8+ T cell clones.

    Fig. S7. Conventional 2D affinity measurement on HCV-specific CD8+ T cell

    clones shows similar correlations as single-cell 2D affinity.

    Fig. S8. Gating strategy for sorting HCV-streptamer+ T cells.

    Fig. S9. Ratio of high-affinity/low-affinity HCV-specific CD8+ T cells based on

    functional potential.

    Fig. S10. Amplification efficiency of affinity-tested cells.

    Fig. S11. TRAV and TRBV usage of affinity-tested primary HCV-specific CD8+

    T cells by donor.

    Table S1. Comparison of single-cell 2D affinity derived from a primary T cell and

    conventional 2D affinity derived from the T cell’s in vitro expanded clone.

    Table S2. Single-cell 2D affinity and SPR 3D affinity for the native and peptide

    variants of NY-ESO-1 against 1G4 TCR.

    www.sciencetranslationalmedicine.org/cgi/content/full/8/341/341ra77/DC1

  • Table S3. Median 2D affinity and ratio of high/low 2D affinity from primary

    HCV-specific CD8+ T cells.

    Table S4. Single-cell 2D affinity and correlated TCR and TCR CDR3

    sequences.

    Reference (29)

  • Supplemental Materials and Methods

    Micropipette adhesion frequency assay:

    The TCR-pMHC affinity is measured using a micropipette adhesion frequency assay that was

    previously described (5, 15).

    For CD8+ T cell clones, an adhesion curve can be determined by obtaining the adhesion

    probability at multiple contact times. This is fit with a known model for reversible bimolecular

    interactions at two-dimensional surfaces (15):

    ]}[exp{1 offaclra tkKAmmP (eq. S1)

    Pa = Adhesion frequency

    mr = TCR site density

    ml = pMHC site density

    Ac = contact area between RBC and T cell

    AcKa = 2D Affinity

    koff = 2D dissociation rate constant

    t = contact time

    Ac, 3 μm2, is kept constant for all measurements, and we estimate it to be within several percent

    of 3 µm2 based on the length-calibrated images from the microscope. However, since the actual contact

    area cannot be known, the true 2D affinity, Ka, cannot be measured. As a surrogate, AcKa is used as the

    effective 2D affinity in all 2D affinity publications (5,15), with a unit of µm4. Similarly, we use AcKa as

    the 2D affinity in this study.

    The site density of T cell receptor and pMHC is assessed by flow cytometry. For site density,

    ~105 T cells or RBCs are incubated with 5 μl of PE labeled TCRαβ antibody (Biolegend) or 5 μl PE

    labeled HLA-A2 antibody (Biolegend) for 1 hour at 4C in staining buffer, respectively. Measurements

    are performed in BD Accuri, and total TCR or pMHC expression level is quantified using BD

    Quantibrite beads according to manufacturer instructions. Site density of TCR or pMHC is acquired by

    dividing average T cell or RBC surface area respectively.

    For single-cell 2D affinity, TCR site density is derived from the bulk CD8+ T cell population

    from the same patient, and the measurement variance was estimated using the parameters from

    supplementary fig 6. For bulk 2D affinity on CD8+ T cell clones, TCR site density can be directly

    measured using a separate aliquot of the clone; the measurement variance is determined by averaging

    the adhesion frequencies from multiple T cell-RBC measurements.

    Estimating the error of single-cell 2D affinity measurements

    To measure the error in the 2D affinity calculation of primary T cells, we considered all possible sources

    of error to the measured adhesion frequency, Pa, where σ refers to the standard deviation:

    2

    RBC-RBC

    2

    aceTcell_surf

    2

    Tcell-Tcell

    2

    binom

    2 (eq. S2)

    σbinom: Bernoulli process variation

    σTcell-Tcell : Variation in TCR site density between T cells

    σTcell_surface: Variation in TCR site density across the surface of one T cell

    σRBC-RBC : Variation in pMHC site density between red blood cells (RBC).

  • From Eq. 1, TCR expression level differences will be a function of the variation in adhesion

    frequency Pa given a constant 2D affinity and pMHC site density. Measuring TCR expression level

    differences using pMHC ligand cannot be done on primary CD8+ T cells because each TCR-pMHC

    interaction will have a different 2D affinity due to the polyclonality of TCRs. As such, RBCs coated

    with biotinylated TCR antibody is used as a surrogate. TCR antibody interaction with TCR fits the

    model for a biomolecular interaction just like TCR-pMHC interaction (Fig. S5 and Eq. S1), and hence

    can be used to measure TCR expression variability.

    The Bernoulli process variation σbinom is a function of the adhesion probability (Pa) and the

    number of contacts between RBC and T cell. We isolated σTcell-Tcell variation by using one RBC coated

    with biotinylated TCR antibody and measured its adhesion frequency against multiple primary CD8+ T

    cells (factor i); this case contains the largest source of variation. σTcell_surface was isolated by measuring

    the adhesion frequency of one RBC coated with biotinylated TCR antibody against one primary CD8+ T

    cell at multiple areas of the cell, performed by releasing and re-aspirating the T cell at a different

    location (case iia,b); we tested this using two T cells and the adhesion frequencies for the both cells have

    similar variances but different mean values, emphasizing that each T cell has its own unique adhesion

    frequency which can be attributed to differences in TCR expression. Lastly, σRBC-RBC was isolated by

    measuring the adhesion frequency of one HCV-specific CD8+ T cell clone against multiple RBCs coated

    with the cognate pMHC (case iii).

    LDH Cytotoxicity Assay:

    JY cells were cultured with varying concentration of HCVns3:1406-1415 peptide for 3 hours.

    HCV-specific T cell clones and JY cells were washed 3 times with CTL media before using. For lysis

    capacity, 104 JY cells and 105 T Cells were put into contact by centrifugation and then cultured for 4

    hours at 37ᵒC. For peptide sensitivity, 6x103 JY cells and 6x104 T Cells are used. Individual conditions

    were performed in triplicates. The Pierce LDH Cytotoxicity Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was

    used according to manufacturer’s instructions. Lysis capacity, defined as percent specific lysis, was

    calculated according to the following formula:

    specific control

    max spontaneous

    % Specific Lysis

    Where α is the difference in absorbance between 490nm and 680nm, performed in triplicates.

    αspecific refers to T cells incubated with HCV-pulsed JY cells. αcontrol refers to T cells incubated with non

    peptide-pulsed JY cells. αmax refers to JY cells lysed according to Pierce instructions. αspontaneous refers to

    JY cells incubating by themselves.

    Single Cell TCR Amplification:

    Single cell TCR amplification and sequencing was done following published protocol (13) with

    minor modifications. Briefly, single CD8+ T cells were directly picked into lysis buffer and reverse

    transcription was done either right away or after thawing the frozen lysate. After PCR, multiple cells

    were pooled, purified by electrophoresis and gel extraction, and sequenced using Ilumina Mi-seq V2 kit.

    TCR sequence analysis

    Raw reads were first filtered and separated into α and β chain groups based on constant

    sequences. For both α and β chain groups, reads were further separated according to cell barcodes.

    Within each cell barcode, reads were clustered based on sequence similarity. From each cluster, one

  • sequence was generated based on the consensus of nucleotides weighted by the quality score at that

    position. Following this method, TCR α and β chain sequences for each single cells can be generated. It

    is possible for individual T cells to have a second α and/or β chain. Given the read distribution of

    consensus sequences for each cell, the second most abundant consensus is determined to be a second

    chain if the read number is at least 10x higher than the third most abundant consensus and has a read

    number greater than 3. MIGEC was used for V/J assignment and CDR3 annotation (29).

  • Supplementary Figure 1. Nonspecific adhesion on primary CD8+ T cells is negligible and not

    correlated with pMHC site density.

    Red blood cells bearing HLA-A2-CD8mut/HCV of varying site densities were used to interact with

    freshly purified CD8+ T cells from human PBMCs to assess the background adhesion level. Adhesion

    frequency is measured by the average of 30 contacts with 4 seconds at each contact. pMHC site densities

    were measured using HLA-A2 antibody.

    0%

    20%

    40%

    60%

    80%

    100%

    7 38 107 478 1865A

    dhesio

    n F

    requency, P

    aHLA-A2-CD8mut/HCV site density (sites/μm2)

  • A B

    Supplementary Figure 2. Multivalency of pMHC does not affect 2D affinity measurement.

    To exclude the possibility of multivalent TCR-pMHC interactions introduced by immobilizing multiple

    pMHCs onto one streptavidin molecule, we compare the affinity measurement obtained from one HCV-

    specific T cell clone using either red blood cells conjugated with pMHC captured by wild type

    tetravalent streptavidin (SA) or mutant divalent streptavidin. Divalent streptavidin would represent a

    biomolecular interaction, as one binding pocket is occupied to the biotin on the red blood cell, and the

    other one by the pMHC. (A, B) Adhesion frequency (A) and conventional 2D affinity (B) of wildtype

    SA and divalent SA as described previously (5) (two-tailed t test).

    0%

    20%

    40%

    60%

    80%

    100%

    Wildtype SA Divalent SA

    Adhesio

    n F

    requency, Pa

    9.5 sites/μm213.3 sites/μm2

    p = n.s.

    Wildtype SA Divalent SA

    Conventional 2D

    Aff

    inity

    (μm4)

    1.6x10-3

    1.2x10-3

    8.0x10-4

    4.0x10-4

    0

    p = n.s.

  • A B

    C

    Supplementary Figure 3. 2D affinity kinetic curves for three additional CD8+ T cell clones with

    varying affinities.

    Adhesion probability (Pa) was plotted as a function of contact time (s). 2D TCR-pMHC affinity, AcKa,

    for each clone is indicated. Solid line is the model fit (Eq. 1). Error bars denote standard deviation.

    0%

    20%

    40%

    60%

    80%

    100%

    0 2 4 6 8 10Adhesio

    n F

    requency, P

    a

    Contact Time (sec)

    AcKa = 2.3x10-4 ± 2.8x10-5μm4

    mTCR = 26 μm-2

    mpMHC = 85 μm-2

    0%

    20%

    40%

    60%

    80%

    100%

    0 5 10Adhesio

    n F

    requency, P

    a

    Contact Time (sec)

    AcKa = 1.2x10-3 ± 1.4x10-4 μm4

    mTCR = 11 μm-2

    mpMHC = 104 μm-2

    0%

    20%

    40%

    60%

    80%

    100%

    0 2 4 6 8 10

    Adhesio

    n F

    requency,

    Pa

    Contact Time (sec)

    AcKa = 3.1x10-4 ± 4.5x10-5 μm4

    mTCR = 74 μm-2

    mpMHC = 57 μm-2

  • A B

    Supplementary Figure 4. Streptamer staining is fully reversible, and streptamers stain with the

    same intensity as conventional tetramers.

    (A) Streptamers can be completely dissociated off of the surface of antigen-specific T cells (14). An

    HCV-specific CD8+ T cell clone is stained with PE-labeled streptamer bearing HLA-A2/HCV at 4°C in

    staining buffer. Cells were then dissociated of streptamer by biotin competition. (B) An HCV-specific

    CD8+ T cell clone is stained with either streptamer HLA-A2/HCV or conventional streptavidin-based

    tetramer HLA-A2/HCV.

    Streptamer Fluorescence Intensity (a.u)

    Tetramer Fluorescence Intensity (a.u)

  • A

    B Contributions to Variance in Pa (σ2)

    Factor Total variance (σ2) Binomial T cell to T cell TCR surface uniformity RBC to RBC

    i 1.5x10-2 3.9x10-3 1.1x10-2 ~5.8x10-4 (factor ii mean) 0

    iia 5.0x10-3 4.8x10-3 0 2.2x10-4 0

    iib 4.5x10-3 3.6x10-3 0 9.4x10-4 0

    iii 7.0x10-3 4.0x10-3 0 0 3.0x10-3

    Supplementary Figure 5. Estimating the error of single-cell 2D affinity measurements.

    (A) Adhesion probability (Pa) as a function of contact time (s) for primary CD8+ T cells contacted with

    a RBCs bearing TCR antibody.

    (B) Calculate contributions of variance from individual variables based on measurements from Fig. 2D

    and Eq. 3

    0%

    20%

    40%

    60%

    80%

    100%

    0 10 20

    Adhesio

    n F

    requency, Pa

    Contact Time (sec)

  • Clone name Single-cell 2D affinity (μm4)

    Peptide potency

    ([M])

    Tetramer

    MFI

    661-3 B9 2.1E-04 2.0E-07 954

    661-3 C5 1.5E-03 1.6E-07 23096

    661-3 C8 7.3E-05 2.7E-05 182

    661-3 D10 1.6E-04 3.7E-08 147

    2B2 1.4E-04 9.0E-07 225

    4A1 4.2E-05 8.9E-06 267

    4D1 2.6E-04 1.2E-07 1863

    B8 Smer 1.3E-03 1.5E-07 1227

    B4 1.6E-04 2.0E-07 130

    C9 3.8E-04 4.5E-06 129

    D2 6.2E-04 1.5E-06 340

    D9 3.9E-05 6.4E-05 135

    E8 1.6E-05 1.5E-05 151

    G9 2.2E-03 2.0E-08 740

    G11 4.7E-05 1.5E-05 616

    Supplementary Figure 6. Peptide titration curves of 15 HCV-specific CD8+ T cell clones.

    Peptide titration curves of 15 HCV-specific CD8+ T cell clones against JY cells pulsed with HCV

    peptide. Here, we define peptide potency as the peptide concentration required to induce 10% specific

    cell lysis.

    -10%

    0%

    10%

    20%

    30%

    40%

    50%

    60%

    70%

    80%

    90%

    100%

    Lys

    is C

    apacity

    Peptide Concentration ([M])

    661-3 B9 661-3 C5661-3 C8 661-3 D102B2 4A14D1 B8 SmerB4 C9D2 D9E8 G9G11

    10-12 10-11 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4

  • A B

    C

    Supplementary Figure 7. Conventional 2D affinity measurement on HCV-specific CD8+ T cell

    clones shows similar correlations as single-cell 2D affinity.

    Bulk 2D affinity versus (A) 3D affinity by SPR (similar to Fig. 3B), (B) Lysis capacity (similar to Fig.

    4A, and (C) Peptide Potency (similar to Fig. 4B. Conventional 2D affinity is measured by taking the

    average single-cell 2D affinities from at least four cells per clone.

    3D

    Affin

    ity (µM

    -1)

    Bulk 2D Affinity (µm4)

    10-1

    10-2

    10-3 10-5 10-4 10-3

    r = 0.83

    p < 0.02

    Lysis

    Ca

    pa

    city

    Bulk 2D Affinity (µm4)

    r = 0.76

    p < 10-5

    100%

    70%

    40%

    10%

    10-5 10-4 10-3

    Pe

    ptid

    e P

    ote

    ncy [

    M]

    Bulk 2D Affinity (µm4)

    10-5 10-4 10-3

    10-4

    10-5

    10-6

    10-7

    10-8

    r = -0.77

    p < 0.001

    Conventional 2D Affinity (μm4) Conventional 2D Affinity (μm4)

    Conventional 2D Affinity (μm4)

  • A B C

    D E F

    G H

    Supplementary Figure 8. Gating strategy for sorting HCV-streptamer+ T cells.

    Magnetic beads enriched antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, as well as the flow-through fraction were used

    to setup various gates for antigen-specific T cell sorting. (A,B) Starting from the enriched fraction, gates

    were first set for single cell lymphocytes. Counting beads were added prior to analysis to allow counting

    of the antigen-specific T cell frequency. Although the enriched fraction is a subset of a CD8+ T cell

    enriched sample, a minority of other cell populations still exists. (C) As such, CD8+ T cells were chosen

    using negative selection using markers for macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, CD4+ T cells,

    and B cells. CD8 antibody was not added due to its tendency to activate T cells and alter the T cell

    receptor expression level. In the majority of these experiments, we also observed an enrichment of dead

    cells using the magnetic enrichment procedure, and hence 7-aminoactinomycin D is always used to

    discern dead populations. (D) Afterwards, the antigen-specific T cells were gated. (E) The gating

    HC

    V-s

    pecific

    CD

    8+

    T c

    ells

    P

    er

    Tota

    l C

    D8

    +T

    cells 10-5

    10-6

  • threshold was set by using the flow-through from the same sample, which has been stained with the

    same panel as the enriched fraction but should not contain streptamer labeled cells. (F, G) naïve

    antigen-specific T cells were isolated based on positive expression of CCR7, CD45RA, and CD27.

    (H) The frequency of HCV-specific CD8+ T cells from the four HCV-seronegative human

    samples are calculated as follows:

    𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =# 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑟+ 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠 ∗

    # 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 # 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑

    𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝐷8+ 𝑇 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡

    Total CD8+ T cell count was determined by measuring the fraction of CD8+ T cells in the flowthrough

    using CD8 and TCR antibodies, and multiplying that by the total live cell count of flowthrough by

    Cellometer.

  • Supplementary Figure 9. Ratio of high-affinity/low-affinity HCV-specific CD8+ T cells based on

    functional potential.

    From Fig. 4A, a single-cell 2D affinity of ~2x10-5 μm4 represents a sharp cutoff between in vitro

    functional and non-functional T cells. Using this threshold to define high and low affinity T cells,

    the ratio of high/low affinity CD8+ T cells was plotted from the primary T cell affinity data of 9 unique

    donors from Fig. 5A (two-tailed Mann-Whitney U Test).

    0

    0.5

    1

    1.5

    2

    2.5

    3

    3.5

    4R

    atio H

    igh

    /Lo

    w A

    ffin

    ity T

    ce

    lls

    Age

    ≤33 ≥49

    p < 0.005

  • A

    Amplification efficiency

    Sample 4B Sample 5A Sample 6 Sample 7

    TCRα 22/44 (50%) 9/16 (56%) 13/25 (52%) 9/21 (43%)

    TCRβ 32/44 (73%) 12/16 (75%) 11/25 (44%) 11/21 (52%)

    TCRαβ 18/44 (41%) 8/16 (50%) 7/25 (28%) 4/21 (19%)

    B

    Supplementary Figure 10. Amplification efficiency of affinity-tested cells.

    (A) Amplification efficiency of productive TCRα and TCRβ chains from donor 4B, 5A, 6, and 7. (B,

    left) In another experiment, the T cell transfer pipette was first dipped into the chamber to simulate cell

    picking and then dipped into lysis media to simulate transfer of zero cells. Amplification of TCR

    amplicons, which are 300 base pair in length, was not seen. (B, right) Two T cells were aspirated by

    transfer pipette, injected into one tube, and then the pipette was immediately dipped into a second tube

    to test possible carry-over contamination. TCR amplicons were seen in the transfer to the first tube but

    not the second, indicating that both T cells were deposited into the first tube and no carry over

    contamination exists between samples.

  • Supplementary Figure 11. TRAV and TRBV usage of affinity-tested primary HCV-specific CD8+

    T cells by donor.

    0

    51015

    202530354045

    5 8-1 8-3 8-4 12-3 14 19 22 26-1 26-2 41 38-2

    Cou

    nt

    TRAV

    4B5A67

    0

    2

    4

    6

    8

    10

    12

    14

    16

    2

    4-1

    4-3

    5-1

    6-2

    /3

    6-5

    6-6

    7-8

    7-9 9

    10-3

    11-2

    12-3

    /4 13

    14

    15

    18

    19

    20-1

    25-1 27

    28

    30

    Co

    un

    t

    TRBV

    4B

    5A

    6

    7

  • Supplementary Table 1. Comparison of single-cell 2D affinity derived from a primary T cell and

    conventional 2D affinity derived from the T cell’s in vitro expanded clone.

    Multiple data points for conventional 2D affinity reflects the single-cell 2D affinity value from each cell

    of the CD8+ T cell clone measured.

    Single-cell 2D affinity

    (x10-3μm4)

    Average 2D affinity ± SD

    (x10-3 μm4)

    Primary (single cell) 1.9 1.9 ± 0.79*

    Clone (conventional)

    3.6

    1.8 ± 0.94

    1.7

    0.66

    1.5

    1.4

    2.4

    1.3

    *standard deviation is estimated based on model from fig. S5

  • Supplementary Table 2. Single-cell 2D affinity and SPR 3D affinity for the native and peptide

    variants of NY-ESO-1 against 1G4 TCR.

    Table of the native and peptide variants of NY-ESO-1, the measured 2D affinities, and the published 3D

    affinities (3). Affinity listed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) for 3D is from (3) and SEM

    for 2D affinity is estimated using model from fig. S5)

    Peptide name Sequence

    Single-cell 2D affinity

    (x10-5 μm4) ± SEM 3D affinity, Ka

    (mM-1) ± SEM

    ESO-3M SLMMWITQV 49 ± 18 109 ± 3

    ESO-7H SLLMWIHQV 1.5 ± 0.4 10 ± 0.8

    ESO-9C

    (native) SLLMWITQC 12 ± 2.5 69 ± 3

    ESO-3A SLAMWITQV 53 ± 32 152 ± 12

    ESO-9L SLLMWITQL 5.5 ± 0.73 18 ± 2

    ESO-4D SLLDWITQV 4.5 ± 2.3 4.0 ± 0.2

    ESO-9V SLLMWITQV 53 ± 15 139 ± 10

  • Supplementary Table 3. Median 2D affinity and ratio of high/low 2D affinity from primary HCV-

    specific CD8+ T cells.

    Primary HCV-specific CD8+ T cells from Fig. 5A are defined as high and low affinity T cells using a 2D

    affinity threshold of 2x10-5 μm4. Multiple blood draws from the same donor are aggregated together

    prior to calculation.

    Donor

    Median Single-

    cell 2D affinity

    Ratio high/low

    single-cell 2D

    affinity T cell

    1 6.3E-05 2.1

    2 8.7E-05 2.4

    3 6.7E-05 3.5

    4 5.9E-05 1.9

    5 1.6E-05 0.7

    6 2.0E-05 1.0

    7 8.0E-06 0.4

    8 1.9E-05 1.0

    9 6.8E-06 0.2

  • Supplementary Table 4. Single-cell 2D affinity and correlated TCRα and TCRβ CDR3 sequences.

    TCRα and TCRβ CDR3 amino acid sequences from primary HCV-specific CD8+ T cells that have been

    affinity-tested. Blank cells indicate no TCR sequence detected. Red highlight denotes two pairs of T

    cells observed to have the same TCRα chain but different TCRβ chain.

    TCRα TCRβ

    Donor Affinity V-gene CDR3 AA V-gene CDR3 AA

    5A 5.6E-06 5*01 CAAVHDYKLSF

    5A 8.5E-06 38-2/DV8*01 CASYAGGTSYGKLTF 4-1*01 CASSPAPSASSYEQYF

    5A 7.2E-06 38-2/DV8*01 CATHTGKLIF 19*01 CASSWSASYEQYF

    5A 5.5E-05 8-3*01 CAVGSNSGYALNF 9*01 CASSSSWADTQYF

    5A 4.2E-06 38-2/DV8*01 CAYGDDKIIF 25-1*01 CASGQGQETQYF

    5A 6.1E-05 38-2/DV8*01 CAYLGGADGLTF 19*01 CASSMGANEQFF

    5A 3.0E-06 38-2/DV8*01 CAYLVYDMRF 27*01 CASSLAQGQPQHF

    5A 2.2E-04 38-2/DV8*01 CAYTEDKIIF 6-2/3*01 CASSYWQGELFF

    5A 1.2E-04 38-2/DV8*01 CAYYGGSQGNLIF 13*01 CASTNRQEGQETQYF

    5A 1.2E-05 9*01 CASSPGGELFF

    5A 6.6E-07 10-3*01 CAISGQAVSTDTQYF

    5A 2.8E-05 11-2*01 CASSPYPRGGTGELFF

    5A 7.0E-06 5-1*01 CASSPADPFSNTQYF

    4B 1.5E-06 5*01 CAEIGTDKLIF 20-1*01 CSANSRTGLGYTF

    4B 4.0E-04 38-2/DV8*01 CAHNTGNQFYF 6-6*01 CASSYGSYEQYF

    4B 1.1E-05 38-2/DV8*01 CAKTGANNLFF

    4B 4.7E-04 38-2/DV8*01 CALSGHDKVIF 25-1*01 CASSWGGGEQYF

    4B 4.8E-05 38-2/DV8*01 CARDAGNMLTF 7-9*01 CASSLEGSYEQYF

    4B 2.3E-04 38-2/DV8*01 CATSGTYKYIF 20-1*01 CSAIDFPMGNEQFF

    4B 1.1E-05 38-2/DV8*01 CAYDDMRF 11-2*01 CASSSRHEGEDTEAFF

    4B 1.6E-04 38-2/DV8*01 CAYFGGGADGLTF 2*01 CASREDGASGSPDTQYF

    4B 2.2E-04 38-2/DV8*01 CAYGDDKIIF 25-1*01 CASKMGAEAFF

    4B 4.8E-05 38-2/DV8*01 CAYGEDNDMRF

    4B 1.1E-04 38-2/DV8*01 CAYHGGGATNKLIF

    4B 4.1E-04 38-2/DV8*01 CAYKDTASKLTF 12-3/4*01 CASSLGGDIQYF

    4B 1.3E-04 38-2/DV8*01 CAYKPDTPLVF 25-1*01 CASTGGLGYTF

    4B 1.5E-05 38-2/DV8*01 CAYNAGNMLTF 13*01 CASSYQSGNTEAFF

    4B 4.5E-06 38-2/DV8*01 CAYPGGGADGLTF 25-1*01 CASNRGDGYTF

    4B 8.0E-04 38-2/DV8*01 CAYRDDKIIF 19*01 CASSIALSDNYGYTF

    4B 1.1E-05 38-2/DV8*01 CAYREGAQKLVF 30*01 CAWSINSAEAFF

    4B 9.0E-04 38-2/DV8*01 CAYREVNDMRF 25-1*01 CASSDSYGYTF

    4B 1.1E-05 38-2/DV8*01 CAYSGGGADGLTF 13*01 CASSLEREGRGEQFF

    4B 4.2E-05 38-2/DV8*01 CAYVQDDKIIF 19*01 CASSQGSYEQYF

    4B 6.7E-04 38-2/DV8*01 CAYYGGNQFYF 25-1*01 CQAGDTEAFF

    4B 2.7E-05 38-2/DV8*01 CVLMDSSYKLIF

    4B 3.3E-04 4-1*01 CASTQSPLAGNEQYF

    4B 8.0E-05 4-3*01 CASSGYTGELFF

    4B 1.7E-05 25-1*01 CASTNSGNTIYF

    4B 3.6E-04 25-1*01 CASSSGATEAFF

  • 4B 1.3E-06 14*01 CASSQVGQNLYEQYF

    4B 5.9E-05 9*01 CASSVEGGGAKETQYF

    4B 8.7E-06 19*01 CASSIGHNTGELFF

    4B 5.5E-05 6-5*01 CASTQGSTDTQYF

    4B 1.9E-05 19*01 CASSVAIWRGSYNEQFF

    4B 5.3E-05 6-5*01 CASSSPGASTYEQYF

    4B 7.4E-06 6-2/3*01 CASSYNIAGELFF

    4B 1.0E-03 19*01 CASSIAGSAYEQYF

    4B 2.0E-06 19*01 CASSIRRIDPYNEQFF

    4B 3.0E-05 7-8*01 CASSVELAGTYEQYF

    6 1.8E-04 22*01 CADYNDYKLSF

    6 1.0E-04 5*01 CAESEGKLIF

    6 4.3E-06 38-2/DV8*01 CALTGYSTLTF

    6 1.0E-05 14/DV4*01 CAMRGGSYIPTF

    6 2.5E-05 38-2/DV8*01 CATYSGGGADGLTF 6-6*01 CASSYTGELFF

    6 1.0E-04 8-4*01 CAVSDLEPNSSASKIIF 25-1*01 CASSFGADTQYF

    6 1.5E-05 38-2/DV8*01 CAYKDNDMRF 25-1*01 CASSAETQYF

    6 2.2E-05 38-2/DV8*01 CAYNDGNQFYF 18*01 CASSSPHRDSYSPLHF

    6 1.5E-05 38-2/DV8*01 CAYNDMRF 25-1*01 CASSQETQYF

    6 6.2E-06 38-2/DV8*01 CAYRDDYKLSF 19*01 CASSIGQYEQYF

    6 2.2E-05 38-2/DV8*01 CAYRTDNDMRF

    6 1.5E-05 38-2/DV8*01 CAYRTISELTF

    6 1.4E-04 26-1*01 CIPEGRKLTF 28*01 CASSYRGSGNTIYF

    6 1.7E-05 6-6*01 CASSYAQGNEQFF

    6 4.9E-06 25-1*01 CASSLGRGQFF

    6 1.4E-04 25-1*01 CASSRGDTEAFF

    6 7.4E-06 27*01 CASSLWSAGVHNEQFF

    7 1.1E-05 41*01 CADLNARLMF

    7 1.5E-05 5*01 CAEGGGSYIPTF 25-1*01 CASSEGDTEAFF

    7 3.5E-06 38-2/DV8*01 CAHDTGNQFYF

    7 5.0E-06 12-3*01 CALLSSNTGKLIF 9*01 CASSVEGIDEKLFF

    7 2.7E-04 19*01 CALSEPYSGAGSYQLTF 15*01 CATSSGDLSSGANVLTF

    7 4.4E-06 38-2/DV8*01 CAYSGGGADGLTF 15*01 CATSIDRGREKLFF

    7 4.5E-04 38-2/DV8*01 CAYWEGQKLLF

    7 6.2E-06 26-2*01 CILDDNNDMRF

    7 1.6E-06 TRAV8-1*01 CAVFMDSNYQLIW

    7 4.4E-06 19*01 CASSMGGNPEQYF

    7 3.1E-06 2*01 CASSDDRGPYEQYF

    7 1.2E-04 5-1*01 CASSQVRLNTEAFF

    7 7.2E-05 19*01 CASSRSLNVNSNQPQHF

    7 5.0E-06 7-9*01 CASSLGEKLFF

    7 3.7E-05 25-1*01 CASDSNTEAFF

    7 1.3E-05 19*01 CASSMGGEQYF