supplement of - nhess · blanco’-valley codelco-andina mine this supplement provides an...
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Supplement of Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 2303–2323, 2016http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/16/2303/2016/doi:10.5194/nhess-16-2303-2016-supplement© Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License.
Supplement of
Modelling wet snow avalanche runout to assess road safetyat a high-altitude mine in the central AndesC. Vera Valero et al.
Correspondence to: Cesar Vera Valero ([email protected])
The copyright of individual parts of the supplement might differ from the CC-BY 3.0 licence.
Supplement Material Author: Cesar Vera Valeronhess-2016-61 Co-authors: N. Wever, Y. Bhler, L. Stoffel, S. Margreth and P. Bartelt.Date: 02/08/2016doi:10.5194/nhess-2016-61
Evaluating SNOWPACK model performance in ’Cajon del RioBlanco’-Valley Codelco-Andina mine
This supplement provides an evaluation of the performance of the SNOWPACK model to simu-late the snow cover in ’Cajon del Rio Blanco’-Valley Codelco-Andina mine. First, a comparisonof simulated and measured snow depth and snow surface temperature at the meteorologicalstation used to drive the SNOWPACK model is shown. Second, a comparison of the simulatedsnowpack microstructure with snow profiles made in the field is provided.
1
Snow depth and snow surface temperature
From the data from the automatic weather station, the snow depth measurements can be usedto track whether the model simulates the snow depth and thereby the layering resulting fromsubsequent snow fall events correctly. The snow surface temperature measurements were notused to drive the model and can be used as a verification of the cold content of the snowpack.Fig. S1 shows the average difference in modelled vs. measured snow height and snow surfacetemperature over the winter seasons 2010-2015. The root mean square error in snow height is6.33 cm and the average snow height difference is -1.6 cm. When we compare these values withthe values obtained in the Weissflujoch measurement site where snowpack is extensively testedand calibrated the values are (RMSE) 4 cm for WFJ and ca. (difference) 0.9 cm for snow heightdifference (see Table 1 in Wever et al, 2015). For the snow surface temperature, the averagedifference is 2.3 ◦C in Chile and -1.5 ◦C for WFJ (see Wever et al, 2015).
−10
−8
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−2
0
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0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
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rag
e d
iffe
ren
ce
HS
, T
SS
(m
od
el −
ob
s)
(cm
, °C
)
Relative date in snow season
Snow depth (HS)Snow surface temperature (TSS)
Figure S1: Average error of the simulated snow height and snow surface temperature overmeasurements (denoted obs) during 6 snow seasons at the meteorological station used in thisstudy. For every snow season, the first day with a snow cover is set at 0, the last day at 1.
2
SNOWPACK model performance compared with traditional snow pits
In the following section, we provide 5 manual snow pits taken by the winter operation crewin the vicinity of the automatic weather station together with the snow profiles as simulatedby the SNOWPACK model using data from the same station. The comparison is done usingthe virtual slopes from the simulation that correspond to the exposition where the snow pitswere made. Both the simulated SNOWPACK profile and the observed profile contain: snowheight, grain type, hand harness, grain type information and snow temperature information.Snow profiles are plotted following the international standard, (Fierz et al, 2009).
3
Figure S2: Snow pit performed by the winter operation crew on the 21-08-2013 in the vicinityof the AWS.
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Date / Time: 2013-08-21 12:00
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Figure S3: SNOWPACK simulation performed using the virtual slope concept macthing withthe exposition of the hand profile in Fig. S2 .
5
SNOW COVER PROFILEObs
Date
Profile Type
Location
H.A.S.L.
Lat
Aspect Incline
No
Surface Roughness
Penetration Foot Ski
Air Temp
Sky Cond
Precip
WindHS HSW ρρρρ R
°C
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30
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14:50
Estación Angela.
3300 Broken Clouds
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0,0 0,0
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T 0-2-4-6-8-10-12-14-16-18-20 θθθθ ρρρρHHW
F E R Comments SR K P 1F 4FF
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C 2 308
eh 2 2 236
d 1 224 CTM-3 _ 90cm.
c ,, 144
c 1 140
Hand Hardness / Cumulative Shear Stress
Surface> 250
Figure S4: Snow pit performed by the winter operation crew on the 20-08-2012 in the vicinityof the AWS. Note that the observed profile was not done over the full depth, and that the totalsnow depth exceeds the profile depth.
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Figure S5: SNOWPACK simulation performed using the virtual slope concept macthing withthe exposition of the hand profile in Fig. S4 .
7
Figure S6: Snow pit performed by the winter operation crew on the 03-09-2013 in the vicinityof the AWS.
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9
Figure S8: Snow pit performed by the winter operation crew on the 11-09-2015 in the vicinityof the AWS. Note that the observed profile was not done over the full depth, and that the totalsnow depth exceeds the profile depth.
10
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Date / Time: 2015-09-10 12:00
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Figure S9: SNOWPACK simulation performed using the virtual slope concept macthing withthe exposition of the hand profile in Fig. S8.
11
SNOW COVER PROFILE Obs
Date
Profile Type
Location
H.A.S.L.
Lat
Aspect Incline
No
Surface Roughness
Penetration Foot Ski
Air Temp
Sky Cond
Precip
WindHS HSW ρ R
°C
Time
Surface Temp° C
Obs2
DR
Long Photo
cm cm
SmoothEnter Title 2 here
°'."
Full Profile
South
Metres
00
Mcasas s
Laguna Ángela
Broken Clouds
No Precipitation
Calm <1 km/hr N/A
-3,7 -6,2
P Lopez
180°
Enter Title 1 here
°'."
Wind Loading
Notable
3580
135
30°
40 026-05-2016 11:00
T 0-2-4-6-8-10-12-14-16-18-20 θ ρHHW
F E R CommentsR K P 1F 4F F
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
x 2
w 0.3
x 1
C 0.5
A 0.5CTM 16 (PC) down 25 cm. on FCxr (0.5)
x 0.5CTV 1 (SP) down 3 cm. on FCso (0.5)
Hand Hardness
Surface> 135
R K P 1F 4F F Hand Hardness Snow Temperatures
Costra superficial de 3 cm. inestable, con nevadas generaría plano de deslizamiento. Bajo la costra se encuentra un estrato de granos facetados con poca resistencia, los que se fracturan a los 25 cm. (CTM 16) sobre un estrato de FCxr. Estratos inferiores estables con buena cohesión.
Figure S10: Snow pit performed by the winter operation crew on the 26-05-2016 in the vicinityof the AWS.
12
θ
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nee
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Schneetemperatur°[°C]
Ort: Laguna_Angela
Beobachterü
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Wetter°u°Niederschlagü
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Expositionü°S u°Neigungü°:l°
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Datum / Zeit: 2016-05-26 11:00
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Mittl-°Rammwiderstandü
clü°poor
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Figure S11: SNOWPACK simulation performed using the virtual slope concept macthing withthe exposition of the hand profile in Fig. S10.
13