Supernationalism Why Do States

Cooperate with Each Other?

Future of world’s sovereign states challenged by globalization

States are willingly transferring authority to regional organizations Established primarily

through economic cooperation

Supranationalism Definition

Growing trend to organize political and economic affairs at the international level rather than national level

Refer to entities in which three or more countries form an alliance for cultural, economic, or military reasons.

Created so that states can collectively reach a common goal they may not be able to reach independently

Issues If a country threatens

other states, supranational organizations may impose sanctions

Punishments in the form of economic and/or diplomatic limits

Example: Iraq Growth of Supranational

alliances challenges conceptions of state sovereignty

Often must give up some powers

Example: European Union Countries were

reluctant to give up their currencies and covert to the Euro

Political and Military Cooperation

International and regional organizations were established primarily to prevent a third world war in the twentieth century and protect countries from a foreign attack

Some examples: League of Nations (post WWI) United Nations Warsaw Pact NATO ASEAN European Union African Union

United Nations

Created at the end of WWII by Allies

Comprised 49 states in 1945

By 2007 had 192 members

Three major increases 1955: liberated European

countries 1960: 17 new countries

from Africa 1990s: 26 former

communist countries and microstates

Today more than 200 member states

Most extensive supranational organization ever established

United Nations Members can vote to

establish a peace-keeping force Can request states to

contribute military forces

Plays an important part in trying to separate warring groups in Eastern Europe, Middle East, and sub-Saharan Africa UN often lacks enough

troops to maintain peace

Any one of 5 members of permanent security council can veto peace operations

Tries to maintain neutrality Difficult in many cases

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Despite shortcomings represents a forum where all states can meet and vote on issues without resorting to war

Regional Military Alliances

In addition to joining the United Nations, many states joined military regional alliances after WWII Led to emergence of two

superpowers U.S. and U.S.S.R.

Era of Two Superpowers Both U.S. and U.S.S.R.

deployed forces into different regions of the world

Balance of power Roughly equal strength

between opposing alliances

Both demonstrated they would use military power if needed U.S.S.R.

Hungary, Czechoslovakia U.S.

Dominican Republic, Grenada Panama

Military Cooperation in Europe

Post WWII most European States joined one of two military alliances NATO

Designed to maintain a bipolar balance in Europe

Agreement between 16 states Prevent Soviet Union from

overrunning West Germany and other smaller countries

Expanded to include former Communist countries

Warsaw Pact Military agreement among

Communist Eastern European to defend each other

7 members in 1955 Provided Soviet Union with a

buffer of allied states between it and Germany

disbanded

Regional Organizations Organization on Security

and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) 56 members

Includes U.S., Canada, and Russia

Founded in 1975 Plays limited role

Forum for countries concerned with conflicts

Especially in Caucasus and Balkans

Organization of American States (OAS) 35 states in Western

Hemisphere Cuba was a member,

suspended 1962 Promotes social, cultural,

political, and economic links among member states

Africa Union (AU) 53 Countries Established in 2002 Replaced Organization of

African Unity (1963) Founded to seek an end to

Colonialism and apartheid in Africa

New organization has placed more emphasis on promoting economic integration in Africa

China’s involvement?

Commonwealth UK and 52 once British

colonies Economic and cultural

cooperation

Economic Cooperation

Economic power is becoming more important than military power China, Japan and

Germany superpowers Russia has slipped in

strength

Leading superpower not US or Russia but the EU led by Germany

Economic supranationalism the integration of

three of more states for achieving collective economic goals

Example: European Union

European Union Formerly known as:

European Economic Community (1958)

Also called Common Market European Community

Once more states joined

Established in 1958 Included: Belgium, France,

Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany

Designed to heal scars of WWII

A European parliament is elected by the people in each of the member states simultaneously

Main goal is to promote development within the member states through economic cooperation

Became European Union in 1992 Had economic, political,

cultural, and judicial integration goals

The Euro Might become a military

alliance as well in future

Members of EU Members

Original countries Belgium, France, Italy,

Luxembourg, Netherlands, West Germany

1980s- 12 countries 21st century- 27

countries New member states

Croatia is expected to become the 28th member state of the EU on 1 July 2013

There are five candidate countries: Iceland, Macedonia, Montenegro Serbia and Turkey.

New World Order

During Cold War, world divided into pro-communist and anti-communist World power was

balanced in such a bi-polar world

Geopolitical transition has occurred since fall of Soviet Union

Economically Many superpowers

dominate the market United States European Union China

Militarily United States

maintains superpower status

Increasingly challenged by terrorism and other types of warfar

WHY HAS TERRORISM INCREASED?

Terrorism by individuals or organizations

Terrorism is the systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands

Terrorists attempt to achieve their objectives through organized acts that spread fear and anxiety throughout the population

Terrorists consider violence necessary as a means of bringing widespread publicity to goals

Terrorism by Individuals and Organizations

Term terror first used during French Revolution 1793

Today Terrorism used to describe actions of groups operating outside government

Distinguishing terrorism from other acts of violence sometimes difficult

Terrorism against Americans

1988: Pan Am Flight 103 Lockerbie, Scotland Killed 259 aboard, plus 11 on

the ground

1993: World Trade Center Car bomb Damaged building Killed 6, injured 1,000

1995: Oklahoma City Car bomb Killed 168 people in Federal

Building

1996: Saudi Arabia Truck bomb killed 19 US

Soldiers, injured more than 100

Targeted American apartment complex

1998: US Embassies Both Kenya and Tanzania Bombed Killed 190, wounded 5,000

2000: USS Cole Bombed while in Yemen Killed 17 US Servicemen

Others Ted Kaczynski – the unabomber

Killed 3 people, injuring 23 others

Pan Am Flight 103

World Trade Center 1993

Oklahoma City 1995

1996 Saudi Arabia

1998: US Embassies

2000 USS Cole

September 11, 2001

WTC and Pentagon attacked Over 3,000 died

93 on American Airlines Flight 11 65 on United Airlines Flight 175 2,605 at the WTC 64 on American Airlines Flight 77 125 at the Pentagon 44 on United Airlines Flight 93

Al-Qaeda Responsible for most

attacks in 1990s, as well as Sept.11

Founded by Osama bin Laden Saudi billionaire

Moved to Afghanistan in 1980’s to support fight against Soviet Union Called the fight a jihad Recruited Muslim militants

Returned to Saudi Arabia after war ended, but was expelled

Moved to Sudan but was expelled for attacks against American in 1994

Issued a declaration of war against US in 1996 because of US support of Israel and supporting Saudi Arabian monarchy

Issued a fatwa (religious decree) arguing the Muslims had a duty to wage a Holy War against the U.S.

Al-Qaeda Means “foundation”

Created in 1990 to unite jihad fighters Membership around

20,000

Located in 34 countries Several “cells” Most live in ordinary

society, called sleepers

Implicated in several bombings Saudi Arabia, Turkey,

Britain, Egypt, Jordan

Not a single unified organization Number unknown

Use religion to justify attacks

Al-Qaeda cells

Cells Spain Kenya

Jemmah Isamiyah Southeast Asia Concentrated in

Indonesia Several bombings

Oct 12, 2002- killed 202 Aug 5, 2003- killed 12 Sept 9, 2004- killed 11 Oct 1, 2005- killed 23

State Support for Terrorism

Several Middle East states have supported terrorism in recent years by: Provide sanctuary for

terrorists wanted by other countries

Supply weapons, money, and intelligence to other terrorists

Plan attacks using terrorists

Libya Accused of sponsoring

terrorists in 1986 bombing of Germany nightclub

US relations poor with Libya since 1981

U.S. responded with air strikes in Tripoli and Benghazi

Libyan agents planted bombs on Pan Am Flight 170 in 1988 as well as on UTA Flight 772

UN Sanctions followed Libya “renounced”

terrorism in 2003

Afghanistan

Civil war began in 1973 when king was overthrown

5 years later a bloody coup was led by Soviet Union Sent in 115,000 troops into

Afghanistan in 1979 to quell the Muslim fundamentalists rebellion

Soviet Union withdrew in 1989 and the Soviet-backed government fell by 1992

Taliban gained control over most of the country

6 years of Taliban rule came to an end in 2001 following US invasion Went after terrorists Taliban harbored bin Laden

Removal of Taliban unleashed new struggle for control of Afghanistan Taliban were able to regroup

Iraq Saddam became president in

1979

Iran-Iraq war 1980, ended in stalemate in 1988 1988 Hussein gassed Iraqi

Kurds

1990 Hussein invaded Kuwait Led to Operation Desert

Storm (U.S. led)

Allowed to stay in power as long as he disabled weapons program

U.S. linked Saddam to Al-Qaeda U.S. invaded in 2003

Changed to a focus on a new regime change after no WMDs found

Iraq is divided into 150 tribes Most Iraqis have loyalty to

tribes not government Ethnic groups split into

regions Sunni vs Shiite war

Iran

Hostile with U.S. since 1979 revolution The pro-US shah was

overthrown Ayatollah Khomeini

proclaimed Iran an Islamic Republic

Rewrote constitution of Iran

Today US worried about: Iran harboring and aiding

terrorists Building nuclear weapons

Pakistan Created after Partition in

1947

War of Terror has spilled into Pakistan

Pakistan is multi-ethnic state Overwhelmingly Muslim

Taliban controls border with Afghanistan Rugged, mountainous area Hid bin Laden in Pakistan