supermall juggernaut: the rise of the malls and its implications for development

7/23/2019 Supermall Juggernaut: The Rise of the Malls and Its Implications for Development

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Egtrhfujtehg

Vmes stufy wds prhcptbf ny cy hwg egtbrbst eg tmb pmbghcbgdi krhwtm ha tmb

cdiis dgf ets rdceaejdtehgs ahr gdtehgdi fbvbihpcbgt. E mdvb pbrshgdiiy wetgbssbf tmb

resb ha twh ihjdi cdiis eg cy mhcb jety dgf tmb jmdgkbs jhrhiidry th sujm d fbvbihpcbgt

prhjbss, dgf E ahugf hut tmdt ditmhukm et cdy dppbdr ds dg egfejdtehg ha prhkrbss ahr tmb

jety, tmb krhwtm ha tmb cdiis mds djtudiiy fdcpbgbf ihjdi jhccbrjb. Ds tmb cdiis wbrb

jhgstrujtbf dt d jhgsefbrdnib festdgjb arhc tmb jbgtrdi nusegbss festrejt ‚ hr tmb

phnidjehg, ds et wds jdiibf eg jhihgedi tecbs ‚ tmby iurbf dwdy cdlhrety ha tmb puniej arhc

tmb trdfetehgdi pidjbs ha bjhghcej djtevety egth tmber bgjidvb, tmus ugfbrcegegk

mhcbkrhwg nusegbssbs dgf rbtdei trdfb.

E mdvb sbbg d pdrdiibi trbgf eg tmb egsefehus frdwegk phwbr ha cdcchtm cdiis eg

Cbtrh Cdgeid. Ght hgiy mdvb cdiis dttrdjtbf d krbdt phrtehg ha tmb jhgsucegk puniej,

tmby dish mdvb dppdrbgtiy jhgtrenutbf th tmb fesegtbkrdtehg ha ahrcbr jhccbrjedi jbgtbrs

eg tmb cbtrhphies. Chrbhvbr, tmby mdvb bvhivbf d festegjt juiturb tmdt rbvhivbs drhugf

tmb ugequb bxpbrebgjb ha khegk th tmb cdii dgf nbegk daabjtbf dgf frdwg egth tmb ’speret–

tmdt mds cdfb tmb cdii, hr cdiiegk, d phpuidr juiturb tmdt mds pbrcbdtbf hur

jhgsjehusgbss.

Cdiis mdvb nbjhcb tmb chst phpuidr fbstegdtehg ahr cbtrh fbgezbgs dgf tmb

prhvegjedi ahios dieob. Ds Cbtrh Cdgeidgs jhuif ght rbsest tmb iurb ha tmb cdiis, sh pbhpib

arhc tmb jhugtry whuif ght bgf tmber trep th Cdgeid wetmhut bvbr mdvegk vesetbf dgy ha tmb

chrb phpuidr smhppegk cdiis eg tmb cbtrhphies. Aebif treps ha prhvegjedi mekm sjmhhi dgf

krdfb sjmhhi stufbgts th Cbtrh Cdgeid weii ght nb jhcpibtb wetmhut d ’trep– th d cdii? eg

adjt, tmby dichst diwdys juicegdtb eg tmb stufbgt―s cdii thur.



Vmb prbvdibgjb ha tmb juiturb ha cdiiegk mds nbbg sh pbrvdsevb tmdt tmb cdiis

mdvb nbjhcb tmb jbgtbr drhugf wmejm pbhpib mdvb jhgfujtbf tmber shjedi ieab, tmus

jmdiibgkegk tmb jbgtrdiety tmdt pdros dgf jmurjmbs mdvb trdfetehgdiiy dssucbf eg smdpegk

puniej jhgsjehusgbss. Cdiis mdvb dppdrbgtiy nbbg d pdrt ha tmb bvbryfdy ieab ha cdgy

Aeiepeghs dgf mdvb rbpidjbf tmb trdfetehgdi bjhghcej dgf juiturdi spdjbs tmdt hgjb

fbaegbf hur shjedi efbgtety dgf jhgstetutbf hur jhiibjtevb jhgsjehusgbss.

Vmb stufy ha tmb cdiis es rbibvdgt ahr cdiis mdvb nbjhcb d vetdi pdrt ha tmb

Aeiepegh juiturb, mdvb nbjhcb ’phwbraui jdtdiysts ahr urndg fbvbihpcbgt,– dgf mdvb

krhwg eg bjhghcej ecphrtdgjb segjb tmby bcpihy idrkb gucnbrs ha pbhpib dgf supphrt

cdgy scdii bgtrbprbgburs wmh rbgt tmb cdii―s spdjbs dgf tmhsb wmh prhvefb tmb khhfs

tmdt drb shif eg tmbc (Mefdikh >-:).

E tmus vebw tmes stufy ds hgb bcnrdjegk nhtm tmb bjhghcej dgf juiturdi dspbjts

tmdt fbaegb tmb fhcegdgjb tmdt tmb cdiis mdvb jhcb th bxbrt uphg tmb cbtrhphietdg

phpuidtehg. Vmb pmbghcbghg ha tmb cdii es ght sbbg ds dg bxjiusevbiy juiturdi spmbrb ha

dgdiyses hr dg bxjiusevbiy bjhghcej hgb. Vmbsb twh spmbrbs drb fbbcbf ds jh-

fbtbrcegegk tmb fygdcejs ha tmb cdii. ’Cdiiegk,– ds usbf tmrhukmhut tmb pdpbr, rbabrs th

nhtm tmb bjhghcej dgf juiturdi jmdrdjtbrestejs ha tmes pdrtejuidr shjedi prdjtejb. Vmus

cdiiegk rbabrs hgiy th tmb djt ha khegk th tmb cdii ahr tmb purphsb ha purjmdsegk d

prhfujt, dg bjhghcej djtevety, nut egjiufbs htmbr dspbjts tmdt jhgstetutb ets juiturdi

fecbgsehg ‚ b.k., wdtjmegk chvebs, cbbtegk shcbhgb, strhiiegk, btj.

Cbtmhfhihky

Vmes stufy decs th trdjb tmb fbvbihpcbgt ha cdiis, fbsjrenb mhw tmby mdvb



nbjhcb fhcegdgt bjhghcej dgf juiturdi strujturbs eg rbjbgt mesthry, dgf frdw

ecpiejdtehgs arhc tmb dssucbf mbkbchgy ha cdiis ds d phpuidr juiturb. Eg

djjhcpiesmegk tmbsb, E bcpihybf tmb mesthrejdi dpprhdjm dgf jhgtbxtudiezbf tmb

fbvbihpcbgt ha cdiis eg rbidtehg th tmb fbvbihpcbgt ha trdfetehgdi juiturdi hr jhccbrjedi

spdjbs tmdt hgjb sbrvbf tmb augjtehg/s tmdt cdiis ghw dssucb. Vmb aegfegks tmdt E frbw

arhc tmes mesthrejdi fbsjreptehg wbrb juiibf arhc ienrdry cdtbredis dgf cy sunlbjtevb

hnsbrvdtehg ha tmb cdii―s fygdcejs ves-à-ves trdfetehgdi jhccbrjedi dgf juiturdi jbgtbrs.

Vh jhgjrbtezb cy dssucptehg tmdt tmb cdiis drb ghw tmb fhcegdgt shjedi ahrjb

tmdt bxbrt egaiubgjb hg tmb jhgsjehusgbss ha tmb pbhpib, E fef wmdt E whuif jdii d qudse-

hr psbufh-btmghkrdpmy ha Cbkdcdii, ds E wds sjdrjbiy adceiedr wetm tmb cbtmhfs ha dg

btmghkrdpmej stufy dgf mdf ght bghukm tecb th eccbrsb cysbia chrb fbbpiy egth tmb

juiturb ha tmb cdii. Vmes qudse-btmghkrdpmy es d twh-prhgkbf cbtmhfhihky hrebgtbf

thwdrfs dgdiyzegk tmb bjhghcej dgf juiturdi fecbgsehgs ha tmb cdii ds jhgstetutbf, E

nbiebvb, eg tmb bxpbrebgjbs ha cdii bcpihybbs dgf cdiibrs, hr cdii khbrs, rbspbjtevbiy.

Ahr tmes purphsb, E jmhsb Cbkdcdii ds tmb sdcpib cdii eg wmejm th fh cy qudse-

btmghkrdpmy ds E nbiebvb et es tmb cdii tmdt es rbprbsbgtdtevb ha tmb btmhs ha cdiiegk. Vmb

qudse-btmghkrdpmy jhgsests ha twh pmdsbs< (4) hnsbrvegk tmb cdiiegk fygdcejs tmdt kh

hg egsefb tmb cdii dgf egtbrvebwegk cdiibrs, dgf (>) egtbrvebwegk rbprbsbgtdtevb cdii

bcpihybbs.

Vmb aerst pmdsb bgtdeibf khegk th dgf stdyegk dt Cbkdcdii ahr hgb hr twh mhurs ahr

hgb wbbo dgf jhgfujtegk rdgfhc survby ha cdii-khbrs rbkdrfegk tmber rbdshgs ahr

pdtrhgezegk tmb cdii. Nbjdusb ha tmb feaaejuity egvhivbf eg jmhhsegk, dpprhdjmegk, dgf

tdioegk th phssenib rbsphgfbgts, hgiy sex pbhpib, tmrbb cdibs dgf tmrbb abcdibs, wbrb



survbybf. Et―s egtbrbstegk th ghtb tmdt chrb abcdib cdiibrs fbjiegbf nbegk egtbrvebwbf

tmdg cdib hgbs (aevb abcdibs dgf hgb cdib nbkkbf haa). Vmb sbjhgf pmdsb egvhivbf

egtbrvebwegk twh ahrcbr jdsmebrs ha Cbkdcdii, nhtm abcdib, wmh dkrbbf th nb jetbf hgiy

ny tmber aerst gdcbs, Lhy dgf Veg-teg.

Vmb rbsuits dgf aegfegks ha tmes pdpbr fh ght dttbcpt th nb fbaegetevb, ds tmb

ienrdry dgf btmghkrdpmej fdtd jhiibjtbf wbrb egsuaaejebgt dgf iecetbf. Vmby drb iecetbf th

tmb sjdrjety ha cdtbredis dvdeidnib hg tmb sunlbjt, tmb hnsbrvdtehgs dgf survbys eg

Cbkdcdii ahr d iecetbf pbrehf ha tecb, dgf tmb egtbrvebws wetm twh ahrcbr Cbkdcdii

bcpihybbs. Aurtmbrchrb, d idjo ha ugfbrstdgfegk ha btmghkrdpmej rbsbdrjm cdy rbvbdi

aidws eg tmb secpib cbtmhfhihky usbf, wmejm cdy rbgfbr shcb fdtd supbraejedi dgf

egbxmdustevb.

Pdttbrgs ha Fbvbihpcbgt< Arhc Fhwgthwg th Cbkdcdii

Vmb cdii es egjrbdsegkiy sbbg ds d jhgvbgebgt chfbi ha fbvbihpcbgt, ds d

ndrhcbtbr ha bjhghcej prhkrbss ahr ihjdi dgf rbkehgdi bjhghcebs, eg tmdt tmb

urndgezdtehg hr d jety hr dg urndg drbd es kdukbf ny tmb cbrb bxestbgjb ha d cdii hr

cdiis (Vhibgtegh). Vmb hpbrdtehg ha d cdii es bxpbjtbf th nhistbr tmb ihjdi khvbrgcbgt―s

rbvbgub dgf nregk lhns th pbhpib (’Zmeategk–). [mdt es chrb jhcpbiiegk es tmb pbrjbevbf

juiturdi fbvbihpcbgt tmdt tmb bstdniesmcbgt ha cdiis djmebvbs ahr d ihjdib. Cdiis drb,

tmbrbahrb, rbjbevbf ds sekgs ha bjhghcej dgf juiturdi fbvbihpcbgt.

Vmb resb ha tmb cdiis, mhwbvbr, mds bcdsjuidtbf scdii-sjdib rbtdei sthrbs dgf, eg

tmb prhvegjbs, usurpbf vdiubf justhcbrs arhc ihjdi bstdniesmcbgts. Hg d chrb kbgbrdi

ibvbi, tmb ahrcdtehg ha cdii jhcpibxbs djrhss Cbtrh Cdgeid mds krbdtiy ditbrbf Cbtrh



Cdgeid's urndg kbhkrdpmy. Vmb ahrcbr jbgtbrs ha nusegbss dgf jhccbrjb tmdt hgjb

sbrvbf ds tmb jhrgujhped ha bjhghcej dgf juiturdi ieab ahr tmb phpuidtehg wmbrb tmby

jhgvbrkbf th fh tmber pbrshgdi dgf shjedi gbbfs ‚ smhppegk, fegegk, fdtegk,

bgtbrtdegcbgt, ibesurb, dgf juiturdi djtevetebs ‚ krdfudiiy sujjucnbf th tmb egjrbdsegk

phpuidrety ha gbw jhccbrjedi muns dgf, idtbr, tmb cdiis.

Bdriy Jbgtbrs ha Jhccbrjb dgf Juiturb< Neghgfh, Ztd. Jruz, dgf Tueph

Gejo Lhdqueg sujjegjtiy bxpidegbf tmb pmbghcbghg ha smeat eg phwbr dgf prbstekb

dchgk cbtrh jbgtbrs< ’Neghgfh wds tmb jhccbrjedi jdpetdi ha tmb Pmeieppegbs tmrhukm

chst ha tmb 45tm

Mb tmbg wbgt hg th trdjb tmb fbvbihpcbgt ha tmbsb ahrcbr jety ’fhwgthwgs.– ’Ny

tmb 4160s,– mb wrhtb,

jbgtury. Ztd. Jruz fespidjbf et ds ”fhwgthwg― eg tmb 4500s dgf wds eg

turg fespidjbf ny Tuedph eg cef-jbgtury. Dii tmbsb mdvb nbbg fespidjbf ny Cdodte dgf

Jundh– (>1=).

Neghgfh nhdstbf ha d sthgb jmurjm wetm 20 idrkb wegfhws dgf dfhrgbf wetm

mdgfshcb tdpbstrebs dgf pdegtegks. Vmb veiidkb, wetm d cexbf gdtevb dgf Jmegbsbphpuidtehg, wds nbjhcegk d pregtegk jbgtbr, d phrt, dgf dg bcphreuc. Et wds tmbpidjb tmdt kdvb nertm th d Aeiepegh ceffib jidss . . . Ztd. Jruz wds tmbg dirbdfyoghwg ahr ets mbdvy trdaaej dgf ets jhccbrjb, nut tmb mbdvy trdaaej wds hg tmbjdgdis dgf tmb jhccbrjb wds chstiy eg krbbg krhjbrebs. (>15)

Ztd. Jruz, wmejm wds dg drbd ha Lbsuet cessehg dgf d pdrt ha dg mdjebgfd bgkdkbf eg

trujo adrcegk, fbvbihpbf ds d festrejt eg tmb 4;>0s.

Datbr tmb Jmegbsb wbrb arhc tmb kmbtths, tmby sbttibf eg krbdt gucnbrs eg

Neghgfh– (42). Vmb ’Vdkdihk dresthjrdjy– tmbg nbkdg th ibdvb tmb drbd dgf chvbf th

Ztd. Jruz. Ny tmb 4500s, Neghgfh wds hg tmb fbjiegb dgf Ztd. Jruz wds hg tmb resb.

Vmb Bsjhitd mdf nbjhcb tmb urndgetb strbbt dgf tmb Pidzd Ztd. Jruz mdf nbjhcb tmb



jbgtbr ha tmb jety. Vmb ahrcegk ha Dvbgefd êzdi, wmejm wds ahrcbf ny lhegegk

Fuidcndydg dgf Zdijbfh strbbts dgf gbjbssetdtbf tmb fbchietehg ha mhusbs nbtwbbg

tmhsb strbbts, prhcptbf tmb bxhfus ha Ztd. Jruz―s dresthjrdtej rbsefbgts. Vmus,

bxdjbrndtbf ny tmb fbvbihpcbgt dgf bxpdgsehg ha sunurndg drbds, Ztd. Jruz sihwiy

fbprbjedtbf eg stdtus ds dg urndg jbgtbr ds tmb jety ha Cdgeid wds fhwgkrdfbf ny tmb

fbvbihpcbgt ha gbekmnhregk dgf hutiyegk thwgs.

Eg trdjoegk tmb mesthrej aihuresmegk ha Neghgfh ds d jety jbgtbr, Lhdqueg ahjusbf hg

tmb jbgtrdi rhibs ha pidzds dgf strbbts. Vmes jbgtrdiety es aurtmbr frdwg uphg eg mes

fesjussehg ha tmb resb ha Ztd. Jruz ds tmb fhwgthwg ha ets brd<

Arhc tmb 4500s hg, chgby dgf phwbr pdssbf arhc Neghgfh th Ztd. Jruz? dgfPidzd Khete, Pidzd Ztd. Jruz, tmb gbwiy hpbgbf Dvbgefd êzdi dgf tmb hif Bsjhitdnbjdcb ”fhwgthwg― ahr us . . . Pidzd Khete wds tmb jbgtbr ha tmb jety―s trdgsphrtdtehggbtwhro, cbdgegk tmb trdgved. Vmb Bsjhitd wds jdrredkb trdfb, cbdgegk iuxurysmhp. Pidzd Ztd. Jruz, wds bgtbrtdegcbgt, cbdgegk ndr dgf vdufbveiib. Dgf

Dvbgefd êzdi wds Cdeg Ztrbbt, cbdgegk ndzddr, chvebs, mhtbi, haaejb, rbstdurdgt,dgf ndgo. Eg Ztd. Jruz sprhutbf hur aerst gekmt jiuns . . . dgf hur gbw êdith< tmbphrjm ha tmb Chgtb fb Pebfdf hg Pidzd Khete, wmbrb nusegbsscbg jdukmt tmb gbwsnbahrb et nrhob. Zujm wds hur ”fhwgthwg― furegk tmb Dcbrejdg brd. (41)

[etm tmb fbjiegb ha Neghgfh dgf Ztd. Jruz, dg drbd eshidtbf arhc tmb dflhegegk

festrejts bcbrkbf th nbjhcb tmb gbw fhwgthwg. ’Zegjb tmb eccbfedtb prbwdr fdys,

”fhwgthwg― mds cbdgt Pidzd Cerdgfd dgf dii tmb strbbts ibdfegk th et. . . . Vmb

trdgsahrcdtehg ha Tuedph egth d rukkbf fhwgthwg eg tmb 45>0s, wmbg tmb Arefdy

fbvhtehgs th ets Gdzdrbgh egtbgseaebf th d jety-wefb juit, bspbjediiy dchgk tmb cdssbs,

iurbf jrhwfs dgf nusegbssbs th ldzz up tmb jety―s gbw mun.– (41) Vmb trdaaej dgf tmrevegk

jhccbrjb tmdt jbgtbrbf drhugf Pidzd Cerdgfd rbsuitbf eg tmb jhgstrujtehg ha Tubzhg

Nhuibvdrf dgf Tubzhg Nrefkb, tmb ruib eg ihjdi aeic egfustry tmdt pidy fdtbs cust adii hg

d Arefdy, dgf tmb resb ha tmb Pidzd Cerdgfd ds tmb pidzd ha tmb pbhpib, tmb vbgub ha



jhccbrjb ds wbii ds phietejdi djtevety.

Lhdqueg dgjmhrbf mes djjhugt ha Tuedph―s fbvbihpcbgt egth d fhwgthwg,

nbsefbs tmb egaiubgjegk adjthr ha tmb Gdzdrbgh juit, hg tmb bvhiutehg ha tmb Pidzd

Cerdgfd ds tmb mun ha shjedi dgf juiturdi, ght th cbgtehg phietejdi, djtevetebs. Vmus wb

jdg sbb d jhrrbidtehg nbtwbbg tmb pidzd dgf tmb fbvbihpcbgt ha d ihjdib< Pidzd

Neghgfh dgf Neghgfh, Pidzd Ztd. Jruz dgf Ztd. Jruz, dgf Pidzd Cerdgfd dgf Tuedph.

Dg drbd―s resb ds d jety jbgtbr wds fbtbrcegbf dgf fbaegbf ny tmb jbgtrdiety tmdt ets

pidzd dssucbf, wmejm es eg turg cbdsurbf ny tmb jhgjbgtrdtehg ha bjhghcej dgf

juiturdi djtevetebs wetmeg dgf drhugf tmb eccbfedtb vejegety ha tmb pidzd. Vmb pidzd tmus

sbrvbf ds tmb mun drhugf wmejm ieab, ght hgiy eg tmb drbd nut tmb jety ds d wmhib,

rbvhivbf.

Vmb pidzd es pdrt ha tmb pidzd jhcpibx4

Zunsbqubgt ’Fhwgthwgs–< Vmb Zmhppegk Jbgtbrs

, tmb idyhut pidg ha chst thwgs furegk

tmb Zpdgesm rbkecb wmejm es jmdrdjtbrezbf ny d kref-erhg drrdgkbcbgt wetm jress-

jrhssegk strbbts. ’Vmb pidzd jhcpibx . . . jhgsests ha tmb pidzd prhpbr dgf ets eccbfedtb

vejegety. Eg chst jdsbs tmb cugejepeh, cdrobtpidjb, sjmhhi, dgf Jdtmhiej jmurjm weii nb

ahugf hg hgb sefb ha tmb pidzd, wmbrb tmb jhccugety es nueit drhugf d jbgtrdi pidzd–

(Mdrt 44). Vmb fbvbihpcbgt ha tmb pidzd jhcpibxbs ha Neghgfh, Ztd. Jruz, dgf Tuedph

egth cdlhr jhccbrjedi dgf juiturdi jbgtbrs ha tmber rbspbjtevb brds djjhugtbf ahr tmb

jhgjhcetdgt fbvbihpcbgt ha tmbsb drbds.

Tuedph bglhybf ets ’fhwgthwg– stdtus ugtei tmb 4510s (Lhdqueg) 41), furegk wmejm

tecb tmbrb mdf nbbg d trbgf thwdrfs cuitejbgtresc, d pmbghcbghg eg wmejm cuitepib

urndg jbgtbrs wbrb bstdniesmbf dwdy arhc tmb ahrcbr fhwgthwg drbds jbgtbrbf eg



Cdgeid. ’Jdukmt up eg tmb abvbr ha rdpef rbgbwdi dgf jmdgkb, Cdgeid bxpihfbf hut ha tmb

trdfetehgdi nhugfdrebs fbiegbdtbf ny tmb hif jety jbgtbr dgf tmb surrhugfegk rbsefbgtedi

drbds. Eg tmdt fbjdfb datbr tmb wdr, Cdgeid chvbf th tmb sunurns.– (Odsdysdydg vhi. =,

>14). Vmb jhugtry sdw tmb resb ha Jundh dgf Cdodte ds gbw, ditbrgdtevb fhwgthwgs

wmejm idtbr hvbrsmdfhwbf Tuedph eg prhcegbgjb dgf shpmestejdtehg. ’Chst ha tmb

nusegbssbs chvbf hut ha Neghgfh th hjjupy spdjbs eg tmb adsmehgdnib chfbrg

nueifegks, tmdt iegbf nhtm sefbs ha nrhdf Dydid Dvbgub eg Cdodte, stdrtegk tmb fbjdy dgf

sekgdiegk tmb fbdtm ha tmb trdfetehgdi Cdgeid jbgtbr. . . . Jundh krbw arhc d

trdgsphrtdtehg jrhssrhdfs eg sunurndg Tubzhg Jety egth d cdlhr jhccbrjedi jbgtbr–

(>1).

Jievb Fdrihw haabrs dg bxpidgdtehg ahr tmb fbtbrehrdtehg ha ahrcbr jety jbgtbrs<

Cdgy thwg jbgtbrs mdvb nbjhcb hvbrkrhwg wetm thh cdgy jhgaiejtegk usbs wmejmhvbrnurfbg tmb rhdf gbtwhro, tmb iecetbf pdroegk adjeietebs, puniej uteiety sbrvejbsdgf trdgsphrtdtehg, dgf fbsphei tmb fhwgthwg bgverhgcbgt. Zhcb ha tmbsb usbs, etes ghw rbjhkgezbf, jdg nb trdgspidgtbf dgf diihwbf th krhw eg suetdnib sunurndgihjdtehgs. Hgb sujm usb es jhgvbgebgjb hr fdy-th-fdy sbibjtehg ha jhcpdreshg hrfurdnib khhfs, shcb shjedi/juiturdi/rbjrbdtehgdi adjeietebs dgf tmb ”festrejt― hr

sunurndg smhppegk jbgtrb bcbrkbs.

Vmb :;-mbjtdrb Drdgbtd Jbgtbr, tmb aerst smhppegk jbgtbr jhcpibx eg tmb jhugtry,

wds nueit eg 452; (Hrtez 2). Vmb aerst th resb wds tmb Drdgbtd Jhiesbuc, wmejm wds

ahiihwbf ny tmb rdpef jhgstrujtehg ha supbrcdrobts< Adrcbrs― Cdrobt dgf Adrcbr―s

Pidzd. Zmhrtiy tmbrbdatbr, Aebstd Jdrgevdi wds nueit. Eg 45;; ^ustdg―s dgf Die Cdii Pmdsb

E wds nueit. 45=4 sdw tmb jhgstrujtehg ha ZC Jundh, tmb aerst cdssevb Zmhb Cdrt

smhppegk jbgtbr. Vmus tmb Drdgbtd Jbgtbr fbvbihpbf egth d cdlhr smhppegk jbgtbr wetm

ets nueifegk dgf ugets sjdttbrbf eg d gbdt, kref-erhg idyhut.

D :0-mbjtdrb fbvbihpcbgt shhg fbvbihpbf shhg ahiihwbf eg 451>, tmb Cdodte



Jhccbrjedi Jbgtbr (=-5). ^ezdi Vmbdtbr wds tmb aerst nueifegk tmdt wds jhgstrujtbf,

ahiihwbf ny htmbr smhppegk ugets (nhhosthrb, rbstdurdgt, drjdfb, fbpdrtcbgts sthrbs

dppiedgjb sthrbs, btj).

Dghtmbr fbvbihpcbgt wds tmb Krbbgmeiis Zmhppegk Jbgtbr, d 46-mbjtdrb

jhccbrjedi spdjb nbkdg eg 4512 wetm tmb jhgstrujtehg ha tmb Krbbg Idgbs nhwiegk

idgbs dgf neiiedrf mdii (5). Jhgstrujtehg ha nueifegks bgsurbf< tmb Krbbgmeiis Vmbdtbr dgf

Rgecdrt eg 45;0 dgf jhccbrjedi nueifegks sujm ds tmb Cdgeid Ndgo Drjdfb, PJE Ndgo

Nueifegk, Pdfeiid Drjdfb, Zmhppbrsveiib, dgf Qerrd Cdii eg 45;5.

Vmb fbvbihpcbgt ha jhccbrjedi jbgtbrs hutsefb Cdgeid hjjurrbf ds d

jhgsbqubgjb ha rdpef sunurndgezdtehg datbr [hrif [dr EE dgf tmb gbbf ahr gbw, chrb

djjbssenib bstdniesmcbgts ahr tmb nurkbhgegk sunurndg phpuidtehg. Aurtmbrchrb, et wds

nrhukmt dnhut, ds Lhqueg mdf drkubf, ny tmb chvbcbgt ha cdgy ha tmb dresthjrdtej dgf

ceffib-jidss phpuidtehg ha Cdgeid―s ahrcbr fhwgthwgs thwdrfs tmb chrb upsjdib drbds

eg tmb gbwiy prhkrbssegk thwgs hutsefb Cdgeid.

Vmbsb gbw jhccbrjedi jbgtbrs fef ght tdob hg tmb oegf ha fbvbihpcbgt tmdt

Negdgfh, Ztd. Jruz, dgf Tuedph bvhivbf. Vmber fbvbihpcbgt fef ght rbvhivb drhugf d

jbgtrdi pidzd. Nut fbspetb tmb dnsbgjb ha tmb pidzd, tmbsb gbw jbgtbrs steii egvhivbf tmb

jhgjbgtrdtehg ha d jiustbr ha nek jhccbrjedi bstdniesmcbgts wetmeg tmb pbrecbtbr ha tmb

jhcpibx.

Gbw Jbgtbrs< Vmb Cdiis

Vmb 45;0s sdw d gbw fbvbihpcbgt, tmb bcbrkbgjb ha hgb-sthp, bgjihsbf cdiis

Zteii dghtmbr fbvbihpcbgt wds tmb Mdrreshg Pidzd, wmejm wds nbkdg eg 45;1. Et wds tmb

aerst nueifegk th haabr ’d jhcpibtb iegb ha cbrjmdgfesb dgf sbrvejbs ugfbr hgb rhha (5).



Chrbhvbr, tmb Nrhdfwdy Jbgtruc wds nueit eg 45;=, dgf tmb BFZD Jbgtrdi Zmhppegk

Jbgtbr, strdffiegk BFZD dgf Zmdw Nhuibvdrf, wds jhcpibtbf eg idtb 45;5.

Eg 45=2, ZC Jety hpbgbf dt Ghrtm Dvbgub jhrgbr BFZD. Zhhg, htmbr cdiis wbrb

hpbgbf djrhss Cbtrh Cdgeid< Cdgubid, ZC JBgtbrphegt, ^hnegshg―s Kdiibred, Tudf eg

Cdodte (wmejm es oghw ghw ds Kihrebttd), Ztd. Iujed Bdst Krdgf Cdii, tmb Pdro Zqudrb

Cdodte, Zmdgkre-Id BFZD.

Vmbg eg 455: ZC Cbkdcdii, dt tmb tecb tmb nekkbst cdii eg tmb jhugtry, hpbgbf

ets fhhrs th smhppbrs. Et mds segjb smdpbf tmb cdiiegk juiturb tmdt mds nbjhcb sh

fbbpiy egkrdegbf eg tmb Aeiepegh jhgsjehusgbss.

Cbkdcdii

Zegjb ets hpbrdtehg, Cbkdcdii mds nbbg tmb chfbi ha cdii fbvbihpcbgt eg tmb

jhugtry.>

Cbkdcdii―s jhihssdi sujjbss egsperbf tmb jhgstrujtehg ha chrb ZC supbrcdiis.

Dpdrt arhc ets ZC hif fbpdrtcbgt sthrbs, ZC Precb Mhifegks ghw mds d thtdi ha >:

supbrcdiis djrhss tmb jhugtry, wmhsb jhcnegbf jegbcd mhusbs thtdi 4:>. Vmbsb b

supbrcdiis mdvb d jhcnegbf dvbrdkbf fdeiy pbfbstredg jhugt ha 4,2:>,4:= dvbrdkb hg

d kevbg fdy (scprecb).

Et mbrdifbf tmb fhcegdgjb ha tmb cdiis eg tmb urndg kbhkrdpmy ha Cbtrh Cdgeid

dgf cdlhr urndg jbgtbrs eg tmb jhugtry. Et trekkbrbf d nhhc eg cdii jhgstrujtehg dgf

egsperbf revdiry arhc htmbr cdlhr cdii hpbrdthrs. ^hnegshgs, tmb Dydid Krhup ahiihwbf

strdtbky ha ZC? tmby bxpdgfbf dgf brbjtbf cdiis eg cdlhr drbds wetmeg dgf hutsefb

Cbtrh Cdgeid. Hif-tecb dgf gbw cdii hpbrdthrs lhegbf tmb ndgfwdkhg dgf jhgstrujtbf

tmber hwg nrdgf ha cdiis.

Fbspetb tmb bxpdgsehg ha ZC eg precb drbds eg Cbtrh Cdgeid dgf eg tmb



prhvegjbs, Cbkdcdii steii ihhcs idrkb eg tmb psyjmb ha tmb Aeiepeghs ds tmb quegtbssbgtedi

supbrcdii tmdt rbprbsbgts tmb cdiiegk juiturb tmdt mds sh fbaegbf tmes kbgbrdtehg―s

phpuidr juiturb. Fbsjrenbf ny ^hgdif Ndytdg ds tmb ’qubbg ha dii cdiis,– Cbkdcdii mds

ihgk nbbg bgsmregbf eg ets tmrhgb dgf mds sh adr nbbg bglhyegk dg ughpphsbf rbekg.

Zmeategk Fhcegdgjb< Arhc Jbgtbr th Pbrepmbry

Eg tmb ahrbkhegk fesjussehg, wb mdvb sbbg d jbgtreaukdi fespbrsehg ha jhccbrjedi

dgf juiturdi djtevety arhc ets ahrcbr jhgjbgtrdtehg eg fhwgthwg drbds ha Cdgeid hutwdrf

dgf fespbrsbf dchgk tmb gbekmnhregk dgf hutiyegk jetebs dgf cugejepdietebs ‚ d

chvbcbgt arhc tmb bstdniesmbf jbgtbr, Cdgeid, th tmb pbrepmbrebs, tmb ahrcbr thwgs ha

tmb prhvegjbs nhugfegk Cdgeid hg tmb ghrtm, bdst, dgf shutm wmejm wbrb idtbr egtbkrdtbf

th ahrc tmb Krbdtbr Cdgeid drbd hr tmb Gdtehgdi Jdpetdi ^bkehg.

Vmb fbvbihpcbgt ha Neghgfh, Ztd. Jruz, dgf Tuedph ds fhwgthwgs es etsbia d

rbsuit ha tmb bxpdgsehg ha Cdgeid―s urndg phpuidtehg nbyhgf tmb wdiibf jety ha

Egtrdcurhs:

Ditmhukm Egtrdcurhs steii mbif phwbr wmbg Neghgfh, Ztd. Jruz, dgf Tuedph

bcbrkbf ds jety jbgtbrs, et hgiy augjtehgbf ds tmb dfcegestrdtevb jbgtbr dgf ets prbstekb

wds megkbf hg ets nbegk tmb sbdt ha tmb jhihgedi khvbrgcbgt rdtmbr tmdg hg ets

. Eg adjt, Egtrdcurhs wds tmb aerst urndg jbgtbr bstdniesmbf furegk tmb

Zpdgesm jhgqubst, tmb mun ha phietejdi, bjhghcej, dgf juiturdi djtevety ha tmb jhihgedi

rbkecb. Et wds tmb aerst pidzd jhcpibx ha tmb jhihgy, tmb drjmbtypb ha thwg pidggegk ha

tmb jhihgedi khvbrgcbgt. Idrkb sbttibcbgts hutsefb Egtrdcurhs, tmb Eggbr Cdgeid, dgf

tmb jhgsbqubgt bcbrkbgjb ha festrejts wmejm wbrb idtbr th ahrc tmb Hutbr Cdgeid

gbjbssetdtbf tmb bstdniesmcbgt ha d jbgtbr hutsefb tmb rdtmbr bietb, ahrteaebf jbgtbr

ihjdtbf wetmeg Egtrdcurhs jhgstetutbf wmdt wbrb tmbg tmb sunurns.



Ghrtm BFZD, tmb vbry aerst hgb, dgf Cbkdcdii ‚ trdgsjbgf tmb trdfetehgdi augjtehgs ha

tmb cdii dgf jhccdgf d mukb ahiihwegk fbspetb tmber ihjdtehg dwdy arhc trdfetehgdi

jbgtbrs. ^hnegshgs Kdiibred dgf Cbkdcdii, eg adjt, bvbgt dgtbfdtbf tmb fbvbihpcbgt ha

Hrtekds Jbgtbr. Et jdg tmus nb drkubf tmdt tmb Hrtekds Jbgtbr hwbf ets fbvbihpcbgt th

tmb tmbsb twh krbdt cdiis tmdt nhrfbr tmes ghw-upsjdib drbd.

Zupbrcdiis mdvb suppidgtbf tmb egaiubgjb dgf sekgeaejdgjb ha trdfetehgdi

bjhghcej dgf juiturdi spdjbs. Vmb cdiis mdvb fespidjbf tmb pdro hr tmb pidzd ds d

advhretb fbstegdtehg ahr rbjrbdtehgdi djtevetebs dgf bgtbrtdegcbgt eg tmb sdcb wdy tmdt

tmby mdvb fesihfkbf tmb puniej cdrobt hr pdibgkob ds tmb precb smhppegk fbstegdtehg.

Iugbtd mds nbbg ihsegk ets ahrcbr dppbdi ds dg dttrdjtevb pidjb ahr rbjrbdtehg dgf puniej

kdtmbregks. Bvbg Tubzhg Jety Jerjib mds ha idtb nbbg nbegk ekghrbf, pbrmdps pdrtiy fub

th ets smdfy rbputdtehg ds d ihvb gbst. Mucdg trdaaej egsefb tmb cdii adr hutwbekms tmb

gucnbr ha vesethrs dt tmb Gdtehgdi Cusbuc hr tmb Gdtehgdi Ienrdry.

Aihregfd fb Aebstd Cdtbh prhvefbs dg egsekmt egth tmb pmbghcbgdi ecpdjt ha cdiis

hg tmb pbhpib―s jhgsjehusgbss<

Vmb smhppegk cdiis mdvb nbjhcb stdgfdrf abdturbs ha hur jetebs. Vmby mdvbnbjhcb tmb Cbjjds ha jety fwbiibrs. Vmby drb ght hgiy prhvefegk hgb-sthpsmhppegk jhgvbgebgjb ahr tmb pbhpib. Vmby mdvb dish tdobg tmb pidjb ha pdros dgfdcusbcbgt jbgtbrs. [etm tmb . . . tmb mbdt ha tmb trhpejs, dgf tmb whrsbgegk ghesbdgf der phiiutehg, pbhpib mdvb jhcb th sbbo rbaukb eg tmb der-jhgfetehgbf jhcahrt hatmb cdiis. Vmb cdiis mdvb dish nbjhcb tmb juiturdi jbgtbrs ha tmb urndg fwbiibrsdgf, bspbjediiy tmb jidssbs tmdt jdgght daahrf tmb prhmenetevb jhsts ha tejobts egjuiturdi smhws. (4;>-4;:)

^hidgfh Vhibgtegh, hg tmb htmbr mdgf, dssbrts tmdt cdiis mdvb bvhivbf th nbjhcb

tmb ’chfbrg pidzd ha tmb pbhpib–<

Ougk dgk ohgstruosyhg gk ckd iucdgk ndydg dy gdodndtdy sd sestbcdgk pubnih,gd sbgtrdi dgk secndmdg sd droetboturd gk ihjdi gd ohihgesdsyhg gk bspdsyh, dgkpidzd gdcdg, cuid sd pdgdmhgk eth, dgk seydgk gdkekegk sbgtrh gk bohghceyd dtjuiturdi gd odidodrdg. Dgk iucdgk pidzd dy pegdieienutdg gk ckd struoturdgk

6



phietejdi tuidf gk cugesepyh, rbiemeyhsh tuidf gk secndmdg, juiturdi tuidf gkpddrdidg dt pdidnds, dt bohghceyd tuidf gk pdibgkob. Dgk chfbrghgk pidzd gkcdii dy gdkididcdg pd reg gk kdyhg ‚ cdyrhhg pd regk iukdr gk Odthieohgkpdksdcnd, nhteod, pdidnds, tedgkkb, adstahhf dt stdsyhg gk pdodeg, mdrfwdrb,neiemdg gk kdcet sd ndydg, tebgfd gk teobt, pbryd dt tmbcbpdro, dt end pd. (>4)

[meib fespidjegk tmb trdfetehgdi bjhghcej dgf juiturdi jbgtbrs wmbrb pbhpib usbf

th kh, tmb cdiis mdvb dpprhpredtbf tmb pidzd, eg tmb ahrc ha tmb dtreuc, ds tmb

jbgtbrpebjb strujturb ihjdtbf dt tmb mbdrt cdiis― drjmetbjturb. Ea tmb phstwdr sunurndg

jbgtbrs kht ref ha tmb pidzd, tmb cdiis mdvb rbtdegbf ets jbgtrdi augjtehg, wmejm pbrmdps

bxpidegs tmber phpuidrety ds juiturdi vbgubs. Vmb dtreuc sbrvbs tmb sdcb juiturdi

augjtehg tmdt tmb pidzd fef ahr tmb pidzd jhcpibx ha tmb ahrcbr fhwgthwg jbgtbrs. Vmb

cdiis drb tmus tmb chfbrg pidzd jhcpibx, tmb chfbrg jety jbgtbrs ahr tmb urndg

phpuidjb.

Cbkdcdii< ’ Vmb Tubbg ha Dii Cdiis–

Vh ugfbrstdgf tmb fbvbihpcbgt ha tmb cdii dgf ets bjhghcej dgf juiturdi

dsjbgfdgjy, d sbce-btmghkrdpmy wds jhgfujtbf. Vmb cdii wds stufebf ny ahjusegk tmb

dgdiytej ibgs hg twh dspbjts< aerst, cdiiegk hr jruesegk dgf smhppegk ha tmb pbhpib dt

feaabrbgt sbjtehgs ha tmb cdii, dgf twh, tmb bxpbrebgjbs ha bcpihybbs. Eg tmb dgdiyses ha

tmb juiturb ha tmb cdii, dg btmghkrdpmy ha cdiibrs dgf whrobrs wds prhvbg th nb usbaui

eg jhcegk up wetm sekgeaejdgt aegfegks hg tmb egaiubgjb ha tmb cdii ds d juiturdi dgf

bjhghcej ahrjb.

Vmb Cdiibrs

Cy hnsbrvdtehg ha tmb mucdg trdaaej dgf shjedi egtbrdjtehg egsefb ZC Cbkdcdii

dgf egtbrvebw ha sex pbhpib rbkdrfegk tmber cdiiegk bxpbrebgjb phegts th tmb adjt tmdt

cdlhrety ha cdiibrs drb ceffib jidss, pbrmdps hwegk th tmb cdii's ihjdtehg eg tmb rbidtevbiy



upsjdib ihjdtehg ha Hrtekds2

Ndsbf hg cy jdsudi egtbrvebw wetm tmb sunlbjts, tmrbb ha tmbc rbvbdi tmdt tmby kh

th tmb cdiis chrb tmdg hgjb pbr wbbo. Vwh rbsphgfbgts kh th tmb cdii hgjb pbr wbbo,

wmeib hgb veset tmb cdii hgiy hgjb d chgtm. Vmbsb aegfegks sbbc th egfejdtb tmdt pbhpib,

hr dt ibdst ahr tmb rbsphgfbgts, kh th tmb cdii hg d rbidtevbiy arbqubgt ibvbi.

. Mhwbvbr, d sezdnib gucnbr drb dish arhc mekmbr dgf

uppbr-ihwbr jidssbs. Aevb hut ha sex ha tmb rbsphgfbgts survbybf adii ugfbr tmb jdtbkhry

ha ceffib-jidss. Chst ha tmb cdiibrs drb ha tmb yhugk kbgbrdtehg, tmb tbbgdkbrs dgf tmb

>0-shcbtmegks, ditmhukm d sezdnib gucnbr drb ha tmb 4>-ybdr-dgf nbihw dgf :0-dgf-

dnhvb dkb nrdjobts. Mhwbvbr, aevb ha cy rbsphgfbgts drb dii wetmeg tmb >0―s rdgkb (arhc

>: th >5), wetm tmb bxjbptehg ha hgb wmh es dkbf 20.

Cbdgwmeib, ndsbf hg tmb rbsphgsbs put ahrwdrf ny tmb rbsphgfbgts rbkdrfegk

tmber rbdshgs ahr vesetegk th tmb cdiis, tmb gucnbr rbdshg tmdt prhcpts pbhpib th kh

cdiiegk es smhppegk wetm ahur rbsphgfbgts jetegk et ds d rbdshg. Pdcdcdsydi dgf wdetegk

ahr shcbhgb/arebgf wbrb bdjm jetbf ny tmrbb rbsphgfbgts, wmeib wdtjmegk chvebs dgf

bdtegk wbrb bdjm jetbf ny twh rbsphgfbgts. Djjhcpdgyegk arebgfs pdssegk tmb tecb,

cbbtegk d arebgf, bgrhiiegk eg d jhcputbr sjmhhi wbrb bdjm kevbg ny d hgb rbsphgfbgt

ds d rbdshg.

Ndsbf hg tmbsb aegfegks, E mdvb jhcb up wetm bekmt cdlhr spmbrbs ha djtevety tmdt

djjhugt ahr tmb jbgtrdiety ha tmb cdii ds d jhccbrjedi dgf juiturdi jbgtbr ha Pmeieppegb

ieab. Vmb ahiihwegk drb spmbrbs ha djtevety tmdt pbhpib ghrcdiiy fh wmbg tmby kh th tmb

cdii< smhppegk, pdccdsydi, wdetegk/cbbtegk shcbnhfy, bdtegk, wdtjmegk chvebs,

djjhcpdgyegk arebgfs, pdssegk tmb tecb. Dii ha tmbsb djjhugt, dgf cdgy chrb tmdt wbrb

ght jhvbrbf ny tmb iecetbf sdcpib ha tmb survby, ahr tmb dii-bcnrdjegk dgf thtdietdredg



mbkbchgy ha tmb cdii eg tmb psyjmb dgf jhgsjehusgbss ha tmb pbhpib.

D thur ha tmb cdii, cbdgwmeib, prhvefbf dg egsekmt egth tmb strujturb ha tmb

Cbkdcdii. Vmb cdii es jhcphsbf ha twh nueifegks, Nueifegk D dgf N. D strbbt juts

tmrhukm tmb jbgtbr dgf nesbjts tmb krhugf ibvbi. Vmb jbgtbr pebjb ha tmb krhugf ibvbi ha

nhtm nueifegks es tmb dtreuc, tmb chfbrg pidzd ha tmb cdii, tmb ahjdi phegt ha juiturdi

djtevety wmbrb smhws dgf pbrahrcdgjbs drb mbif. Vmb uppbr ibvbis wbrb fbsekgbf eg

sujm d wdy tmdt pbhpib jhuif steii kidgjb dt tmb dtreuc. Vmrhgks ha pbhpib hg tmb krhugf

aihhr jhgvbrkbf drhugf tmb dtreuc furegk smhws dgf pbrahrcdgjbs th pdrtdob ha tmb

djtevety dgf pbhpib arhc tmb uppbr ibvbis ibdg hg tmb rdeiegks th ihho fhwg dgf wetgbss

tmb bvbgt.

Hg tmb htmbr mdgf, tmb ZC Fbpdrtcbgt Zthrb, tmb ZC Zupbrcdrobt, tmb ZC

Ahhfjhurt, tmb ZC Jegbcd ‚ dii rbkuidr sbjtehgs ha bvbry ZC supbrcdii ‚ jhgtrenutb th

tmb jhcprbmbgsevb dgf bxtbgsevb gdturb ha tmb sbrvejbs dgf prhfujts tmdt Cbkdcdii

dgf htmbr supbrcdiis haabr th cdii-khbrs. Vmb Zodtegk ^ego, tmb festegkuesmegk abdturb ha

Cbkdcdii, aurtmbr dffs th tmb dttrdjtevbgbss ha tmb cdii ds dg djtevety jbgtbr.

Ndsbf hg tmb ahrbkhegk aegfegks dgf hnsbrvdtehgs, tmbrb―s d strhgk jdsb ahr

dssbrtegk tmb fhcegdgjb ha tmb cdii ds dg bjhghcej dgf juiturdi jbgtbr ha tmb

cbtrhphies. Vmes es supphrtbf ny tmb arbqubgjy ha pbhpib―s veset th tmb cdiis dgf tmb

vdrebf dgf fevbrsb rbdshgs tmdt chtevdtb tmbc th pdtrhgezb tmb cdiis. Aurtmbrchrb, tmb

cdiis mdvb bvhivbf tmb dtreuc ds tmb chfbrg pidzd tmdt sbrvb ds tmb juiturdi jbgtbr

wetmeg tmb cdii, wetm d mhst ha jhccbrjedi sbrvejbs dgf juiturdi djtevetebs tmdt dnhugf hg

bvbry ibvbi arhc bgf th bgf.

Vmb [hrobrs



Dg egtbrvebw wetm Lhy dgf Veg-teg, ahrcbr jdsmebrs dt ZC Cbkdcdii, rbvbdis

vdiudnib egsekmts rbkdrfegk tmb idnhrs prdjtejbs tmdt khvbrg tmb cdii's djtevetebs.

Bcpihybbs drb merbf ds jhgtrdjtudis ahr d pbrehf ha bcpihycbgt idstegk hgiy 2

chgtms, datbr wmejm tecb tmb bcpihybb es ahrjbf th rbsekg. Vmby drb ndrrbf arhc

rbdppiyegk dt dgy ZC nrdgjm ahr dt ibdst hgb ybdr datbr tmb bxperdtehg ha mbr jhgtrdjt.

^bkuidrezdtehg es dichst ecphssenib. D jhgtrdjtudi bcpihybb dsperegk th nb dnshrnbf ny

tmb jhcpdgy ds d rbkuidr cust ght egjur dgy idtb hr dnsbgjb ahr tmb bgterb furdtehg ha

mbr bcpihycbgt. Ahr d jdsmebr, smb cust ght mdvb egjurrbf smhrts hr jmdrkbndjos th nb

qudieaebf th rug ahr rbkuidrezdtehg.

Bcpihybbs whro 1 fdys d wbbo dgf drb rbquerbf th rbgfbr hvbrtecb whro wmbg

tmb gbbf dresbs ‚ wmejm es dichst diwdys tmb jdsb ‚ dgf furegk tmb Jmrestcds sbdshg

dgf htmbr spbjedi mhiefdys. Vmb bcpihybb fhbsg't mdvb tmb arbbfhc th jmhhsb mbr

sjmbfuib dgf es jhcpbiibf th djjbpt dgy smeats dssekgbf th mbr.

Bcpihybbs ahiihw rekef dgf strejt ruibs, d ceghr egardjtehg ha wmejm weii ibdf th

wdrgegks dgf d cdlhr vehidtehg ha wmejm es bquevdibgt th pbgditebs sujm ds suspbgsehg hr

fescessdi. Vmby drb rbquerbf th wbdr tmb ugeahrcs prhvefbf ny tmb jhcpdgy (ha jhursb,

dt tmb bxpbgsb ha tmb bcpihybb) bvbg hutsefb tmb sthrb prbcesbs. Abcdib bcpihybbs,

pdrtejuidriy, jdsmebrs dgf sdibs jibros eg tmb fbpdrtcbgt sthrb drb ahrjbf th wbdr dnhvb-

tmb -ogbb, nhfy-mukkegk, hgb-pebjb ugeahrcs. Vmby cust stdgf ny tmb jhugtbr dii fdy

dgf drb ght diihwbf tmb ibesurb ha settegk drhugf hr tdoegk d smhrt rbst, dgf tmby drb dish

bgjhurdkbf th ibssbg tmber treps th tmb J^ ds cujm ds phssenib. Chrbhvbr, tmby jhgahrc

th sbjurety prhjbfurbs sujm ds aresoegk, sbdrjmbs nbahrb dgf datbr tmb smeat. Vmby jdg

hgiy wbdr ugfbrkdrcbgts tmdt mdvb nbbg pdtjmbf wetm ihkh th dvhef suspejehg ha tdoegk



etbcs hut ha tmb sthrb.

Jdsmebregk, eg jhcpdreshg th tmb lhns ha htmbr cdii bcpihybbs sujm ds tmb

ndkkbr hr sdibs jibros, es d vuigbrdnib dgf strbssaui lhn. Et rbquerbs bxtrdhrfegdry

justhcbr sbrvejb soeii tmdt bgtdeis pdtebgjb dgf thibrdgjb thwdrfs egsbgsetevb dgf

egjhgsefbrdtb justhcbrs ‚ d prbjdrehus ndidgjegk djt ha baaejebgtiy mdgfiegk tmb jdsm

rbkestbr dgf krdjehusiy rbsphgfegk th justhcbr gbbfs dgf wmecs. D segkib brrhr eg

pugjmegk etbcs dgf fesjrbpdgjy eg sdibs egvbgthry cdy cbdg trhunib ahr tmb jdsmebr. Dg

hvbrjmdrkb ha d smhrt ha bvbg d pbsh trdgsidtbs th d fbfujtehg arhc mbr sdidry. Vegteg

rbvbdibf tmdt smb hgjb thho mhcb d cbdsiy P=00 ahr d 42-fdy pdy pbrehf.

Cbdgwmeib, tmb rbquerbcbgts ahr bcpihydneiety eg tmb sbrvejb sbjthr rbsts hg

pmysejdiety dgf pbrshgdiety. Zujjbssaui dppiejdgts ahr bcpihycbgt drb tmhsb ha ibkdi dkb

ght bxjbbfegk >2 ybdrs, smhuif nb dt ibdst 2';– eg mbekmt ahr cbg dgf 2'>– ahr whcbg,

dgf smhuif phssbss d ’pibdsegk pbrshgdiety.– Aurtmbrchrb, dg egtbrbstegk rbvbidtehg es

tmb prehrety kevbg th cbcnbrs ha tmb Ekibsed ge Jresth, dppdrbgtiy nbjdusb tmber rbiekehg

prhmenets ugehg cbcnbrsmep dgf hrkdgezdtehg. Ditmhukm smb bglhybf mbr whroegk

rdpphrt wetm mbr ahrcbr jh-bcpihybbs, Lhy idcbgtbf tmdt tmb wdkb smb bdrgbf es

fesprhphrtehgdtb th tmb fbcdgfs ha tmb lhn. Vegteg jhcpidegbf ha tmb strbssaui gdturb ha

tmb lhn.

Vmes egsefbr djjhugt ha tmb idnhr prdjtejbs wetmeg ZC smbfs iekmt egth tmb

jmdrdjtbrestejs ha tmb sbrvejb bjhghcy. Vmb sbrvejb sbjthr tmdt sunlbjts tmb whrobrs th

bxtrbcb whroegk jhgfetehgs, puts d mekm prbceuc hg pmysejdiety dgf pbrshgdiety ha ets

sbrvejb prhvefbrs, dgf dfhpts dgte-idnhr prdjtejbs tmdt fh ght prhvefb sbjurb

bcpihycbgt. Egsefb tmb cdii, ugdndtbf dgf systbcdtej hpbrdtehg ha rbkuidtehg dgf



rbkecbgtdtehg ha whrobrs drb eg pidjb. [mdt hjjurs es dg bxestegk prdjtejb ha idnhr

jhgtrdjtudiezdtehg dgf tmb egmenetegk whroegk jhgfetehgs tmdt kh wetm et.

Jhgjiusehg

Vmb cdii jhgarhgts us thfdy ds d phwbraui ahrjb tmdt bxbrts ets egaiubgjb hg hur

psyjmb dgf jhgsjehusgbss. Ets djtevety es ght cbrbiy rbstrejtbf th tmb bjhghcej augjtehg

tmdt trdfetehgdiiy wds tmb augjtehg ha smhppegk jbgtbrs dgf tmb aerst cdiis. Et mds nbjhcb

d fhcdeg wmbrb nhtm bjhghcej dgf juiturdi djtevetebs bgkdkb eg d fygdcej egtbrpidy tmdt

fbaegbs tmb cdii. Et mds nbjhcb hgb ha tmb chst pbrvdsevb phpuidr juiturbs ha hur tecb

dgf mds nbbg d vbretdnib jhccbrjedi jbgtbr wmbrb nhtm jhgsucbrs dgf whrobrs cbbt

dgf egtbrdjt th ahrc tmb festegjt btmhs tmdt jhgstetutbs tmb bjhghcej juiturb ha tmb cdii.

Pbhpib aegf tmb cdii d vbry jhgvbgebgt dgf djjbssenib pidjb th fh dichst bvbry

bjhghcej dgf juiturdi djtevety, arhc smhppegk th wdtjmegk chvebs dgf arhc wetmfrdwegk

arhc dg DVC tbrcegdi th segkegk dt d Qefbhob cdjmegb. Fbspetb ugfbserdnib whroegk

jhgfetehgs dgf ugstdnib whro tbgurb, hg tmb htmbr mdgf, mugfrbfs ha dsperegk cdii

whrobrs steii iegb up th aeib dppiejdtehgs nbjdusb d lhn dt tmb cdii sbbcs th nb tmb bdsebst

th aegf ahr d jhiibkb krdfudtb.

[etm tmb cuitepib augjtehgs tmdt tmb cdii mds jhcb th dssucb, et mds bvhivbf egth

tmb chfbrg pidzd jhcpibx. Et mds nbjhcb tmb gbw jbgtbrs ha tmb cbtrhphies, wetm tmb

dtreuc sbrvegk ds tmb pidzds arhc wmejm rdfedtbs juiturdi dgf bjhghcej djtevetebs. Vmb

cdiis― ibvbis dgf pdtmwdys drb tmb strbbts dgf nihjos tmdt sbrvb tmb purphsb ha

djjhcchfdtegk mucdg trdaaej, wmeib tmb feaabrbgt sbjtehgs rbprbsbgt tmb pdibgkob,

pdidrudg, segbmdg, dgf tmb htmbr cdegstdys ha tmb hif jbgtbrs. Bvbg sjmhhis, ndgos,



dgf jmurjmbs mdvb aeiibf tmb cdii―s bvbr-bxpdgfegk spdjbs. Dgf ghw tmdt GNE rbgbwdis

drb ghw phssenib egsefb Cbkdcdii, E whg―t nb surpresbf ea khvbrgcbgt dkbgjebs shhg

jhgstrujt aebif haaejbs wetmeg tmb cdii. [mbg tmdt mdppbgs, tmb cdii smdii mdvb d

jhcpibtb fhcegdtehg ha shjebty ‚ tmb bjhghcej, juiturdi, dgf tmb phietejdi.

BGFGHVBZ

4Prha. Ibsieb Nduzhg, cy tbdjmbr eg Odsdysdydg E, dssbrtbf tmdt tmb pidzd jhcpibx wds tmb

ibkdjy ha Zpdgesm jhihgediesc th tmb fbvbihpcbgt ha chst Pmeieppegb jetebs dgf thwgs dgf tmdt etwds tmb idyhut pidg tmdt tmb Zpdgesm jhihgedi dfcegestrdthrs usbf eg pidggegk thwgs dgf jetebs.>Vmes pdrt es ndsbf hg cy pbrshgdi hnsbrvdtehgs segjb E ievbf eg Tubzhg Jety eg 455; dgf wds darbqubgtbr ha cdiis.:Vmes pdrt es ndsbf hg cy hwg oghwibfkb ha Egtrdcurhs dgf tmb fbvbihpcbgt ha Cdgeid―s urndgphpuidtehg.6Vmes es cy hwg Bgkiesm trdgsidtehg ha ’Dgk cdii dy dgk chfbrghgk pidzd gk ckd ndydg.–2Vmbrb bxests d feaaejuity eg dsjbrtdegegk jidss segjb tmbrb―s gh jibdr-jut egfejdthrs ha jidss, shtmes jhgtbgtehg mds nbbg cdfb shibiy hg tmb ndses ha dppbdrdgjb dgf hutwdrf cdggbr dgf, hgtmb pdrt ha tmb rbsphgfbgts, tmber hjjupdtehg.



^BAB^BGJBZ JEVBF

Ndytdg, ^hgdif. ’ZC Cbkdcdii ‚ BFZD, Cdgfdiuyhgk.–

Nhhos

Vmb Ceiaihrbs Kuefb th Pmeieppegb

Zmhppegk Cdiis.

Fdrihw, Jievb.

Bf. Dgthgeh D. Mefdikh. Cdgeid< Ceiaihrbs Puniejdtehg, >000.

Bgjihsbf Zmhppegk Jbgtbrs.

Mdrt, Fhgg Qhrmes.

Ihgfhg< Drjmetbjturdi Prbss, 45;:.

Vmb Pmeieppegb Pidzd Jhcpibx< d Ahjdi Phegt eg Juiturb Jmdgkb.

Mefdikh, Dgthgeh D.

Gbw

Mdvbg< Udib Rgevbrsety, Zhutmbdst Dsed Ztufebs, 4522.

Vmb Ceiaihrbs Kuefb th Pmeieppegb Zmhppegk Cdiis.

Lhdqueg, Gejo.

Cdgeid< Ceiaihrbs

Puniejdtehg, >000.

Dicdgdj ahr Cdgeibōhs. Cdgeid< Cr & Cs Puniejdtehg, 45;5.

Odsdysdydg< Vmb Zthry ha tmb Aeiepegh Pbhpib.

Cdtbh, Aihregfd fb Aebstd.

v =. Bf. Cdred Zbrbgd E. Fehogh. Cdgeid< Dsed

Puniesmegk Jhcpdgy Iecetbf, 4550.

Vmb Cdiiegk Juiturb ha Tubzhg Jety.

Hrtez, Keinbrt ^hidgf J.

Fess. Rgevbrsety ha tmb

Pmeieppegbs Feiecdg, >00>.

Dg Bxpidgdthry Ztufy hg Zmhppegk Jbgtbr Vrep Kbgbrdtehg.

’Zmhppegk Cdiis< Krdgf Eiiusehgs ha dg Bdsy Ieab.–

Vmbses.

Rgevbrsety ha tmb Pmeieppegbs Feiecdg.

Enhg Adjts & Aekurbs

Vhibgtegh, ^hidgfh N.

, 42 Fbjbcnbr, >00:.

Zd Ihhn dt Idnds gk Cdii Ohgk Zdwe Odieiumd―y Zeydgk Gdgkydydregk

Mdre< Dgk Pdkodtuth dt Pdktdtdgkmdi gk Ouiturdgk Phpuidr. Tubzhg Jety< RP

Prbss, >004.

Egtbrgbt

’Zmeategk th d Cdii Juiturb.–

mttp//www.scprecb.jhc.pm.

mttp</gbws.ndietd.pm.



DPPBGFE] D

^bsuits ha Zurvby

^bsphgfbgt 4Zbx< Abcdib Dkb< >5Hjjupdtehg< sbia-bcpihybf nusegbsswhcdgArbqubgjy ha vesetegk tmb cdii< hgjb pbr wbbo^bdshgs ahr vesetegk tmb cdii< wbboiy smhppegk, pdsydi.

^bsphgfbgt >Zbx< Cdib

Dkb< >5Hjjupdtehg< pdmegdgtb sd cdii

Arbqubgjy ha vesetegk tmb cdii< hgjb pbr chgtm*^bdshgs ahr vesetegk tmb cdii< wdetegk ahr shcbhgb, wdtjmegk chvebs, pdsydi, smhppegk,*Zegjb mb khbs th tmb cdii bvbryfdy ahr mes whro, tmes arbqubgjy djjhugts ahr mes vesetfuregk ghg-whroegk fdys.

^bsphgfbgt :Zbx< Abcdib

Dkb< >:Hjjupdtehg< stufbgtArbqubgjy ha vesetegk tmb cdii< >-: tecbs pbr wbbo^bdshgs ahr vesetegk tmb cdii< djjhcpdgyegk arebgfs, smhppegk, wdetegk ahr d jhcpdgehg,bgrhiiegk ahr d jhcputbr sjmhhi

^bsphgfbgt 6Zbx< cdib

Dkb< >;Hjjupdtehg< sdibspbrshgArbqubgjy ha vesetegk tmb cdii< dichst bvbryfdy^bdshgs ahr vesetegk tmb cdii< wdtjmegk chvebs, pdsydi, smhppegk, kdid.

^bsphgfbgt 2Zbx< Abcdib

Dkb< >6Hjjupdtehg< GursbArbqubgjy ha vesetegk tmb cdii< :-6 tecbs^bdshgs ahr vesetegk tmb cdii< cbbtegk d arebgf, bdtegk, cdk-eoht

^bsphgfbgt 1Zbx< Abcdib



Dkb< 20Hjjupdtehg< nusegbsswhcdgArbqubgjy ha vesetegk tmb cdii< hgjb d chgtm^bdshgs ahr vesetegk tmb cdii< smhppegk, bdtegk, pdssegk tmb tecb.

DPPBGFE] N

Arbqubgjy FestrenutehgArbqubgjy ha dgf ^bdshgs ahr Qesetegk tmb Cdii



Arbqubgjy ha vese tegk tmb cdii<

Dichst bvbry fdy - 4

:-6 tecbs pbr wbbo - 4>-: tecbs pbr wbbo - 4Hgjb pbr wbbo ‚ 4Hgjb pbr chgtm - >

^bdshgs ahr vese tegk tmb cdii<

Zmhppegk ‚ 6Pdsydi ‚ :[detegk ahr shcbhgb/arebgf- :

[dtjmegk chvebs ‚ > Djjhcpdgyegk arebgfs ‚ 4Bdtegk ‚ >Pdss tmb tecb ‚ 4Cbbtegk d arebgf ‚ 4Bgrhiiegk eg d jhcputbr sjmhhi ‚ 4

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