superdomestication, feed-forward breeding and climate proofing crops
DESCRIPTION
See text at http://molcyt.org/2012/11/29/superdomestication-feed-forward-breeding-and-climate-proofing-crops/ which also links the the YouTube talk using these slidesTRANSCRIPT
Superdomestication and feed-forward plant breeding:
Genomic and molecular cytogenetic approaches
http://molcyt.org/2012/11/29/superdomestication-feed-forward-breeding-and-climate-proofing-crops/
Trude Schwarzacher and Pat [email protected] and [email protected]
www.molcyt.comThese are the slides that go with the talk on YouTube and some text on molcyt.com for commentary. See: http://molcyt.org/2012/11/29/superdomestication-feed-forward-breeding-and-climate-proofing-crops/
• The talk on http://molcyt.org/2012/11/29/superdomestication-feed-forward-breeding-and-climate-proofing-crops/ starts with my personal approach to climate proofing!
• Climate Proofing of Food Crops: Genetic Improvement for Adaptation to High Temperatures in Drought Prone Areas and Beyond: an IAEA/FAO Coordinated Research Programme (CRP)
Contribution from Pat Heslop-Harrison andTrude Schwarzacher at www.molcyt.com to:
http://www-naweb.iaea.org/nafa/pbg/crp/drought-prone-areas.html archive: http://www.webcitation.org/6CKx3EVsw
http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2012/feedbillions.html Archived URL at http://www.webcitation.org/6CKtUmjvr
7234 5 May 2012 7N33.558 38E40.120 North of Hawassa, Ethiopis
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ homepage of 19 Nov 2012
Birth of Agriculture10,000 years ago
Domestication of cropshttp://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/paleobefore.html
Threats to sustainability:no different for 10,000 years
• Habitat destruction• Climate change (abiotic stresses)• Diseases (biotic stresses)• Changes in what people want• Blindness to what is happening
Phases of Domestication• Heslop-Harrison JS, Schwarzacher T. 2012.
Genetics and genomics of crop domestication In: Plant Biotechnology and Agriculture: Prospects for the 21st century. Eds Arie Altman, Paul Michael Hasegawa pp 3-18.
• http://tinyurl.com/cropdomestication • Arie Altman - extensive work with IAEA-Genetics and Plant Breeding
• See www.molcyt.com for full list of papers; all available on request, many downloadable with password and userID both ‘visitor’
Theme of my talkSuperdomestication and feed-forward plant breeding:
Climate Proofing of Food Crops: Genetic Improvement
• Planning ahead! What do we need?• How do we achieve these objectives?
– Knowledge of past– Biodiversity, mutation, hybrids/introgression– Abiotic focus, but diseases also change with
abiotic changes; sustainability critical– Approaches and technology
• Widely applicable and generic approaches
Genomic and molecular cytogenetic approachesSee: http://tinyurl.com/superdomestication
Recent molcyt.com research• Banana genome sequence (published 2012)
• Tri-species hybrid germplasm in Brassica• Wheat germplasm including introgression from wild
Thinopyrum with novel virus resistance loci• Somatic hybrids in Nicotiana for disease resistance (published 2011)
• Biomass gene identification in Lolium• Origin of Panicum miliaceum (broomcorn millet) – the worlds
most water-efficient crop• Genome evolution in Arachis – peanut/groundnut• Wild and landrace characterization of linseed/flax (including
farmer-led trials)
Banana genomesequence
• Fundamental importance to research since it allows us to compare banana with the related grasses and palms to understand genome evolutionary processes
• Led by Angelique D’Hont, France• 520 Mbp giving knowledge of ALL
36,000 genes including the agronomic and food-related properties
• Use for diversity access & breeding
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v488/n7410/pdf/nature11241.pdfhttp://molcyt.org/2012/08/16/banana-genome-sequence-in-the-news/
Brassica diversity• Important vegetable /oil worldwide• Irrigation water already limiting• Wide germplasm pool
• Tri-species hybrid in Pakistani Brassica juncea 2n=36 landrace
Faisal Nouroz & PHH 2013 (submitted 2012)
1000800600400200
B. oleracea (CC) B. juncea (AABB) B. napus (AACC)B. rapa (AA) B. juncea (AABB)
B. nigra (BB)c)
B. rapa AA genomes 2n=2x=20
B. nigra BB genomes 2n=2x=16
B. napus AACC genomes2n=4x=38
B. oleracea CC genomes2n=2x=18
B. carinata BBCC genomes2n=4x=34
B. juncea AABB genomes2n=4x=36
Wsm-1: only effective source of resistance to the virus WSMV
Viruses cannot be readily cured (as in human) and normally the control in wheat is by spraying insecticides to stop insect spread
Parental lines and hybrid derivatives:Yellow plants are infected
In situ hybridization showing (red) two chromosomes arms introgressed from the wild Thinopyrum into wheat
Work led by RA Graybosch, USDA; hybrids made originally by his colleagues
http://dx.doi.org/10.3198/jpr2008.06.0345crc
dpTa1 digoxigenin
IWG genomic DNA biotin
http://dx.doi.org/10.3198/jpr2008.06.0345crc
Chromosome and genome engineering
Deval Patel, Badakshi,HH, Led by Mike Davey Annals of Botany 2011
Cell fusion hybrid of two tetraploid tobacco species, transferring fungus resistance
http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/108/5/809.full
Nicotiana hybrid
4x + 4x cell fusions
Each of 4chromosome
sets hasdistinctiverepetitiveDNA when
probed withgenomic DNA
Patel et alAnn Bot 2011
Four sets of chromosomes identified in Nicotiana somatic cell fusion hybrid
http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/108/5/809.full
Panicum miliaceumBroomcorn millet
• Among the first wave of domesticated species
• As important as rice 8,000 years ago• Now only 1% of the production of rice or
wheat• P. miliaceum: the worlds most water-
efficient crop• It is tetraploid; what are the parents?• Why did it not join modern staple crops?
• 2n = 4x = 36
• Led by Harriet Hunt, Cambridge withFarah Badakshi, PHH www.molcyt.com
Panicum miliaceumBroomcorn millet
• Among the first wave of domesticated species
• As important as rice 8,000 years ago• Now only 1% of the production of rice or
wheat• P. miliaceum: the worlds most water-
efficient crop• It is tetraploid; what are the parents?• Why did it not join modern staple crops?
• 2n = 4x = 36
• Led by Harriet Hunt, Cambridge withFarah Badakshi, PHH www.molcyt.com
The ancestral genomes in Panicum miliaceum
Arachis genome evolution• Peanut is a tetraploid arising from two
diploids maybe as little a 10,000 years ago• The diploids diverged from a common
ancestor 3.5 M years ago• The genes remain in a similar order, but a
few families of repeated, mobile DNA sequences, LTR retrotransposons, have diverged and amplified, distinguishing the genomes in the tetraploid
• Leaders: Ana Claudia Araujo, David Bertioli, EMBRAPA, Brazil 2013
Genomerepeatcontent
This work:https://pag.confex.com/pag/xx/webprogram/Paper3749.html
Related:http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/11/05/aob.mcs237.full
Linum usitatissimum – Linseed/Flax• Project with Worku Mhiret, University of
Gondar, Ethiopia• 200 Accessions characterized by morphology
and molecular markers• 350 F2 plants from 6 crosses characterized by
morphology and markers• Farmer-led trials
established
Lolium ryegrass QTLs• Major grass for animal
production• Abiotic stress resistance
and biomass are key targets• Which genes are involved?• Field trial of segregating population shows location of
genes involved; now have candidate genes to select• Combining desirable
characters• Celine Tomaszewski, Ulrike Anhalt; Leader Susanne Barth (Ireland)HH (UK); publication in preparation • See molcyt.com; fine map and candidate genes in preparation• Thesis on-line: https://lra.le.ac.uk/jspui/bitstream/2381/10827/1/2012TomaszewskiCphd.pdf
United Nations United Nations Millennium Development Goals- Millennium Development Goals-
MDGsMDGs • Goal 1 – Eradicate extreme Goal 1 – Eradicate extreme
poverty and hunger poverty and hunger •
Goal 2 – Achieve universal primary educationGoal 2 – Achieve universal primary education
• Goal 3 – Promote gender Goal 3 – Promote gender equity and empower womenequity and empower women
• Goal 4 – Reduce child Goal 4 – Reduce child mortalitymortality
• Goal 5 – Improve maternal Goal 5 – Improve maternal health health
• Goal 6- Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and Goal 6- Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseasesother diseases
• Goal 7 - Ensure Goal 7 - Ensure environmental sustainabilityenvironmental sustainability
• Goal 8 - Develop a global Goal 8 - Develop a global partnership for partnership for developmentdevelopment
Recent molcyt.com outputs• Training • Fellowships – Pakistan; Brazil; China; India + Europe/USA• PhD students – Ethiopia; Pakistan; India; Ghana; Saudi + Europe
• Courses and training• Refereeing• Programme reviews, advisory visits• Website development (help needed!)• Project development
• We are a research provider and not a research funder• Very keen to develop projects with CRP Partners
Conventional Breeding
Superdomestication
• Cross the best with the best and hope for something better
• Decide what is wanted and then plan how to get it• - variety crosses• - mutations• - genepool• - genes
Superdomestication• Learn what has been done
– Speciation timescales of millions of years– Hybridization timescale thousands of years– Breeding timescale hundreds of years
• Learn what we want to do– Sustainable crop production– High yield, low input (chemical, mechanical and
labour!)– Stable/Reliable/Robust/Buffered– Capital input? Transportable/storable?
• Do it!
50 years of plant breeding progress
CytoGenomics …
• The genepool has the diversity to address these challenges …
• New methods to exploit and characterize germplasm let use make better and sustainable use of the genepool
Welcome for collaborators
Superdomestication and feed-forward plant breeding:
Genomic and molecular cytogenetic approaches
http://molcyt.org/2012/11/29/superdomestication-feed-forward-breeding-and-climate-proofing-crops/
Trude Schwarzacher and Pat [email protected] and [email protected]
www.molcyt.comThese are the slides that go with the talk on YouTube and some text on molcyt.com for commentary. See: http://molcyt.org/2012/11/29/superdomestication-feed-forward-breeding-and-climate-proofing-crops/