superconductivity and the environment: a roadmap

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A ROADMAPA discussion based on the Topical Review published inSuperconductor Science and Technology 26, 113001 (2013)Contributors: S Nishijima, S Eckroad, A Marian, K Choi, W S Kim, M Terai, Z Deng, J Zheng, J Wang, K Umemoto, J Du, P Febvre, S Keenan, O Mukhanov Editors: LD Cooley, CP Foley, WV Hassenzahl, and M Izumi

colloquiumLance Cooley – Technical Division

30 October 2013

Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment 2

TOP 10 PROBLEMS FACING HUMANITY FOR THE NEXT 50 YEARS

1. Energy2. Water3. Food4. Environment5. Poverty6. Terrorism & war7. Disease8. Education9. Democracy10. Population

30 October 2013

Richard Smalley 1943-2005Nobel Prize – Chemistry, 1996

Remarks made to the Energy and NanoTechnology Conference, Rice Univ., May 2003


(Cosmic)Scope

Climate Spiral,Artificial Intelligence, “Nanoparticle Germ”,

All-out War(cannot imagine how to even begin

assessment of the impact)

Trans-Generational

Loss of 1 beetle species

Rain-forest extinctions

Loss of Biodiversity

Global Global temp. +0.01 °C

CO2 exceeds 400 ppm

Sea-level rises 60 cm

Loss of food & water

Regional Jet stream,Flu season

Storm front,Flu cases

Hurricane,Epidemic

Sandy becomes “5 year event”,

Smallpox in 1900

Local Parking a car Heavy traffic Train Wreck Plane Crash

Personal Hair Loss Sunburn Broken Arm Heart Attack Severity

Imperceptible Perceptible Endurable Terminal (Hellish)

Catastrophic

Existential Risk

MANAGING GLOBAL CATASTROPHIC RISKS

30 October 2013

N Bostrom & MM CirkovicOxford Univ. Press, 2011


THE PATHWAY TOWARD A FOCUS ARTICLEEditors conceived a broad-reaching article collection in early

2012 intended to educate for policy as well as scienceAuthors were invited in mid 2012 to submit articles

describing original research on the use of superconducting materials and devices for:◊ Environmental applications and responsibility◊ Environmental monitoring◊ Green energy production and delivery◊ Green energy consumption

Each article identified:◊ The challenge◊ The status of superconducting and other technologies◊ The advances needed to meet the challenges

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THE RESULT – THE FIRST OF A SERIES?

30 October 2013

A few other topics that were not part of the Roadmap will also be presented today.


AREA 1: ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONSWastewater treatmentArable land reclamation

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From S Nishijima

Third-World Water Forum, Kyoto 2003:20% of world population may not be guaranteed a proper supply of water


HIGH GRADIENT MAGNETIC SEPARATION – S. NISHIJIMA

• Pioneering work in 1970s◊ John Oberteuffer – MIT, IEEE Trans. Magn. 9, 303 (1973)◊ JHP Watson – Corning Glass Works, J Appl Phys. 44, 4209 (1973)

• Stardard technique for extraction of minerals from clay

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F = VM(dB/dx)

Too much drag Too heavyEfficient separation

Stronger magnets can expand the separation zone


DEMO: 2 KILO-TON PER DAY WATER TREATMENT AT PAPER PLANT

30 October 2013

Separation stage using 3 Tesla superconducting Nb-Ti magnet

S Nishijima and S Takeda, IEEE Trans. ASC 16,1142 (2006)

Addition of magnetic hematite


STATUS AND OPPORTUNITY FOR HGMS – WATER

• Competitive with sand-bed filtration

• Less prone to fouling by biologic agents and colloids than organic membranes

• Excellent for radioactive waste• Two breakthrough aspects :

1. Nanoparticles with magnetic components target specific contaminant classes• Some “contain” the magnetic

particle in an “activated” shell 2. HTS magnets and MgB2 permit 2-8 T

fields with plug-in cryocoolers or LN2• At this field range, bacteria and

ions can be separated

30 October 2013

Magnet

Water Waste

Image from T. Oka et al., Physica C 484, 325 (2013) demonstrating magnetic separation of Ni plating waste using a HTS bulk magnet


RECLAMATION OF ARABLE LAND VIA UXO REMOVAL – S KEENAN

• UXO = Unexploded Ordinance◊ 10% to 15% of deployed ordinance

does NOT blow up!• WWII ordinance may have failed

as much as 25-30%◊ 40,000 km2 in USA (> Maryland) may

be contaminated with UXO◊ 99.9% confidence level required for US

civilian use of land• High costs are associated with land

reclamation• “Wave and Flag” with conventional

magnetometers is not effective through vegetation, over rough terrain, or under water

30 October 2013


SUPERCONDUCTING GRADIOMETER• Multi-axis SQUID gradiometers

discriminate UXO vs clutter◊ SQUID sensors enable detection

of a 40 mm UXO from a 4 m standoff distance

◊ “Teach” software the signature of various UXOs

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J. Gamey 2008 report referenced by S. Keenan

S T Keenan, J A Young, C P Foley and J DuSupercond. Sci. Technol. 23, 025029 (2010)


NEEDS FOR IMPROVED UXO DETECTION• Must actively correct for background Earth’s field when

towing gradiometer to reduce noise• HTS gradiometers are ready for the field!

◊ Liquid nitrogen or cryo-cooled versions now equal niobium-based versions that require liquid helium• Notice: “superconductor inside” look and feel

30 October 2013

From S. Keenan, CSIRO Australia


AREA 2. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGDisaster predictionSeeing the invisible

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0.2 THz image showing mm-wave return overlaid on a photograph. See CSIRO ICT CentreIct.csiro.au, contact Dr. Y. Jay Guo


LISTENING TO THE EARTH BREATHE – P FEBVRE• Ultra Sensitive Magnetometry

◊ Space observation missions have produced some of the quietest environments for SQUIDs

◊ At 40 Hz, they are 100 x quieter than a sleeping brain

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Courtesy of C.G. Constable and S.C. Constable, "Satellite Magnetic field measurements: applications in studying the deep earth". In Sparks, R.S.J., and Hawkesworth, C.J., (eds.), The State of the planet : frontiers and challenges in geophysics. Washington, DC : AGU; pp 147-160 (2004).

The LEMI25 fluxgate magnetometer data are a courtesy of Aude Chambodut of the EOST (Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre) of the University of Strasbourg.

10-4 to 102 Hz

10-4

to 1

02 nT

Hz-1

/2


OPPORTUNITY – PLANET-WIDE ARRAY FOR DISASTER PREDICTION

• Use the ionosphere as the primary detector

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“The basic idea behind these results when the Earth’s surface is concerned is that each time there is a ground movement, the air column above it is shaken. Energetically the coupling is poor but there is enough energy transferred to reach the ionosphere. Then the electromagnetic variations can be detected by SQUID magnetometers.”

P waves from 5.1 magnitude earthquake 29 km from Hawera, Auckland, NZ


THZ IMAGING AND SPECTROMETRY – JIA DU

• HTS are uniquely suited as both sources and as detectors of THz radiation◊ The gap energy lies in the THz regime◊ The natural crystal structure is layered

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Antenna design using a YBCO step-edge junction, J Du et al., Supercond. Sci. Technol. 21(2008) 125025


SEEING THE INVISIBLE - OUTLOOK• THz frequency is absorbed by

molecular bonds, so chemical activity can be discriminated◊ Stand-off detection of biological

and chemical agents◊ Activity in polymers◊ Sickness and health

• Bulky, slow, bench-top demonstrators could transform to cheap, fast, portable units ◊ HTS arrays for imaging◊ On-board mini cryo-cooling◊ Improved sources

30 October 2013

Corrosion under paintImage from J. Du contribution to environment article

Nutrients in a leafImage from J. Du contribution to environment article


AREA 3:GREEN ENERGY DELIVERYTrans-continental power corridors10 MW Wind turbinesSuperconducting magnetic energy storage

30 October 2013

Maps show the anti-correlation between population density and annual average wind speed


TRANSPORTING ENERGY (OR FUEL) OVER 1,000 KM

Oil or Gas pipeline• Keystone Ph.1: 36

inch, 600k bbls / day, 1,744 km, $5.2B, 2008-2015

• 1 bbl = 1.7 MWh • Keystone = 42 GW• $0.12 / watt

◊ Raw fuel

• $0.40 / watt electricity if oil or LNG burned directly

UHV AC• 1,000 km not practical;

160 km is typical limit• From AEP: 160 km

@765 kV costs $0.4 B• 1 GW over 160 km

◊ 765 kV, 1.1% loss◊ 345 kV, 4.2 % loss◊ 110 kV, 11% loss

• $0.45 / watt ◊ For 160 km◊ There is a “break-even

distance” where AC and DC compete.

30 October 2013

UHV DC• Xiangjiaba (3 Gorges) –

Shanghai: 6.4 GW, 2,000 km, 800 kV, 2 poles

• Est. cost $1M / km line, $0.8 B for conversion stations

• Loss < 7%• $0.47 / watt

• 80% of cost is material and construction

• 10% is right of way


TRANS-CONTINENTAL POWER CABLES: 100 GW OVER 1,000 KM

30 October 2013

Nb3Sn Cable (10 tons per km)LHe cooled cableLN2 cooled plenum

200 kV (match to grid)500 kA DCJoints every km20 km between refrigeratorsLosses: < 0.1% of 100 GW

$0.8 B construction (= $0.008/watt !!??)$340 M/yr Ops (mostly 3 MW fridge)


1972-1986: BNL 1,000 MVA AC TRANSMISSION LINE

30 October 2013

Almost all HTS power projects between 1986 and 2012 have been AC, not DC


POTSDAM WORKSHOP – MAY 2011• Long-distance DC power transmission

◊ Authors Steve Eckroad (EPRI) and Adela Marian (IASS)• 3-11-11: Tohoku earthquake, Fukushima disaster• 5-30-11: Chancellor Merkel announces closure of

Germany’s Nuclear power plants

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Workshop hosts: Nobel Laureates Carlo Rubbia and Alex Müller

How can Europe increase renewable energy fraction by 15% per decade?

35% by 2020, 50% by 2030, 65% by 2040, 80% by 2050

20-20-20 by 2020: 20% less GHG, 20% more conservation, 20% of energy is renewable

>1 TW-year at 15% solar efficiency

To Europe


OUTLOOK AND OPPORTUNITY• Outcome of Potsdam workshop:

◊ HVAC – on land, short runs, where rights of way are cheap◊ UHVDC – under water, long travel (China: 35 projects W to E)◊ SC – huge capacity in small right of way

• DC cable designs exist now @ 10 to 100 GW rating◊ 1,000 km project = 1 accelerator = $10B◊ $10B / 100 GW = $0.10/watt◊ SC capacity increases at low T

• 77K / HTS in LN2

• 20K / MgB2, Liquid Hydrogen?• 5K / Nb-Ti or Nb3Sn, LHe

◊ >1 ton SC per km!! • Need reliable refrigeration

◊ LNG: 99.99% reliable

30 October 2013

GW Foster et al, Proc. PAC 1999

EPRI DC cableHassenzahl W V et al 2009 Program on TechnologyInnovation: A Superconducting DC Cable (Palo Alto, CA: EPRI) p 1020458

100 kA drive conductor (10 GW at 100kV)


10+ MW WIND TURBINESA Abrahamsen et al., Supercond. Sci. Technol. 23(2010) 034019

• Power = 0.5 r p R2 v3wind times C(w, pitch angle)

◊ Big windmills extract more power from wind due to larger area• Gearboxes are heavy direct-drive turbines for > 5 MW

◊ SC = higher power density than permanent magnets, and uses 1000x less Rare Earth elements

30 October 2013

Fig. 3 from Abrahamsen et al.

Win

d sp

eed

dist

ributi

on

2012-2013: GE (shown) and AMSC complete trials of 10 MW turbines. Key advances: 35-50 K operation, cold rotating seals, and low shaft heat conduction

Image from GE Website


SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE – CHOI & KIM

• Sustainable energy sources need storage systems

• Electrical storage systems provide fast response

• Can units be sized for the grid?

30 October 2013

Super-capacitor

Compressed air

Flywheel

Pumped hydro

BatteryChart from EPRI 2002 Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or Distribution Applications, #1007189


SMES – STATUS AND OUTLOOK• Factory-sized backup units

using LTS can be shipped on a semi trailer, complete with cryogenics ◊ Idea: 1971, products c. 2000

• HTS is now poised to miniaturize cryogenics and “package” this application

• Scale to grid installations?◊ Wind-farm leveling◊ Grids with large fractions of

distributed generation◊ Microgrids, Grid islands

30 October 2013

From Choi and Kim – HTS SMES units


AREA 4:GREEN ENERGY CONSUMPTIONMaglevShip propulsionAircraft?Computing

30 October 2013

CO2 emissions per passenger-km in Europe, 1995-2009Source: European Environment Agency

Air: 120

Car: 116

CO2 emissions, g / (p-km)

Year

Train: 43

Boat: 40


TO FLY, DRIVE, OR TAKE THE TRAIN?• A 1,200 seat train running every 12 minutes at high speed

provides capacity (passenger-meters per hour) comparable to a 6-lane freeway, but with 40% of the land

• Saturation of landing slots limits air travel capacity for regional (< 500 km) connections ◊ Tokyo to Osaka: 100 flights daily, 16% of share

30 October 2013

Authors Z Deng, J Zheng, J WangIn reference to Yan L 2000 Eng. Sci. 2 8 (in Chinese)


MAGLEV – JAPAN RAILWAYS, M TERAI• Faster trains compete against

air travel competition• 581 km/hr Yamanashi

prototype test line now being connected to Chuo Shinkansen

• Specifications:◊ 505 km/hr, 10 cm levitation◊ “Linear motor” track design,

active stability controls◊ Nb-Ti in prototype (5.5 T), HTS

success in 2000• Const. start 2027, done 2045• 9 T JPY ($90 B), private (JR)

30 October 2013


OUTLOOK – FASTER, QUIETER, AND PERSONAL - DENG, ZHENG, & WANG

• Evacuated tube Maglev is being investigated in China◊ Wind resistance at 500 km/hr might create 90 dB noise

• Noise scales as velocity to the power 8◊ Bird strikes, weather, debris, … challenges of 500+ kph over land

• Automobile-sized vehicles – Buckle up!◊ COBRA 200 m test project ready to start in Brazil

• “Flux-pinning” type YBCO with intrinsic stability◊ No active controls; like popular laboratory demonstrations◊ Propulsion system is not connected to suspension system◊ Liquid nitrogen, “permanent magnet” HTS bulk

30 October 2013

China

Germany

Brazil


LARGE GENERATORS AND LARGE MOTORS – K UMEMOTO

• Ships, jets, and electricity generation◊ All have a common goal: Megawatts from as

little fuel as possible • Connect the generator “semi trailer” to

an electric motor for ship propulsion◊ Electric generators can spin (ship) blades at

the most fuel-efficient speed without loss of torque

◊ No shaft, saves space on a ship, can be incorporated as a rotatable pod

◊ SC motor can be more compact• US Navy development over last decade

◊ 36.5 MW HTS motor, $78 M budget (for 2)• Challenges: endurance, reliability, cost

30 October 2013

USS Independence - 25 MW

US Navy, FSU-CAPS, and American Superconductor Corp. 36.5 MW

From Umemoto(Kawasaki Heavy Ind.)

Siemens


ELECTRIC AIRPLANES?• Separate the generator

from the propulsion unit◊ Multiple ducted fans, can be

vectored like pods on ships◊ Fans present opportunities

for noise reduction• Eliminate the compressor

by using LH2 as both fuel and cryogen

• SC motors could have 10x higher specific power density

30 October 2013


ENERGY EFFICIENT HIGH-END COMPUTING – O MUKHANOV

• The carbon footprint of data centers will exceed that of the airline industry by 2020.◊ Google: 1.5 Mt carbon (2010); Facebook 285

kt (2011)◊ Facebook’s new data center (2013) in

Sweden: 120 MW, located near hydro power source with 2x capacity of Hoover Dam

• Exascale computing targets 20 MW machine◊ Heat density on processors > re-entry to

atmosphere on Apollo◊ Joules per bit is the important index of

thermal management• Is an exascale computer even possible

by scaling? See detail…

30 October 2013

Detail from a DARPA study on exascale computing, courtesy of O. Mukhanov


JOSEPHSON JUNCTIONS ON CHIPS: SINGLE FLUX QUANTUM LOGIC

• Energy per switching 10-19 J• Communications needs (e.g. remote cell phone towers)

have propelled development of various SFQ systems, complete with refrigeration◊ Ballistic interconnects, no static dissipation from bias resistors,

DC bias power… All advantages for reducing dissipation by 100x◊ Operation at 10s to 100s of GHz

30 October 2013

ADR-7 – Complete cryogenic Digital-RF satellite communication receiver system

RSFQ chip: 1 cm2, 11K Josephson junctions, 30 GHz clock Band-pass ADC integrated with digital signal processor


HYPRES’ 20 GHZ RSFQ 8-BIT ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)

30 October 2013

Number of JJs = 7710 T. Filippov, M. Dorojevets, A. Sahu, A. Kirichenko, C. Ayala, O. Mukhanov,“8-bit Asynchronous Wave-pipelined RSFQ Arithmetic-Logic Unit”IEEE Trans. on Appl. Supercond., vol.21, no 3, pp. 847-851, June 2011.

Clock and Datadistribution

Layer ofINIT blocks

Layer ofSUM blocks

Layers of ROUT1 and ROUT2

blocks

Courtesy of O Mukhanov


THE HIGH-END COMPUTING CHALLENGE AND OPPORTUNITY

• Superconducting SFQ logic offers unique solutions to the heat density problem

• Challenge: Lack of dense random access memory• Opportunity: Quantum spin systems for memory – can

these be integrated?

30 October 2013

Courtesy of O Mukhanov


SUMMARY THOUGHTSThe general message: Great things can happen because HTS superconductors bring versatility, compactness, packageability, and properties at 40-80 K much like those of LTS, from which many prototypes of environmental applications emerged.

30 October 2013


ADDITIONAL THEMES TO TAKE AWAY FROM THIS PRESENTATION

• Reliability, Endurance… Superconductor prototypes are at various stages of pilot development

• “Tons”◊ 1 particle accelerator = about 1,000 tons of superconductor◊ Many of the environment applications require hundreds or

thousands of tons of supercondutor• Nb-Ti annual production is about 2,000 tons – OK!• Nb3Sn will deliver 600 tons for ITER• HTS is just now encroaching on “tons”, e.g. conductor

delivered for 36.5 MW motor◊ Application Pull? Or development Push? Chicken-and-Egg …

• “Superconductor inside” packages◊ HTS provides access to pour-able coolant and wall-plug cryo

30 October 2013


LAST THOUGHTS – FUTURE OR FANTASY??

Future• HGMS water treatment• Towed gradiometers• Global event data• THz diagnostics• SC power corridors to cities• GW wind farms• Regional Maglev• SC ship motors• GE-Boeing electric plane• Hybrid Blue Gene EX

Fantasy• (none)• Farms on battlefields• Earthquake prediction?• (none)• Trans-continental SC lines• GW offshore farms?• Maglev in USA• (none)• LH2 electric planes• (none)

30 October 2013

Disclaimer! Thoughts of L Cooley only

superconductivity and the environment: a roadmap

Documents

title superconductivity

s keenan

s eckroad

j appl

j zheng

j wang

w s kim

ld cooley