sunflower allotment mesa ranger district, tonto national...

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Sunflower Allotment

Mesa Ranger District, Tonto National Forest

Wildlife Affected Environment and Environmental Effects Report

DRAFT

Kelly M. Kessler

February 26, 2013

Affected Environment

The Sunflower Allotment includes roughly 142,000 acres, which are divided into four separate

management units; Dos S, Cottonwood, Cline, and Desert units. Terrain varies from gently

rolling slopes to steep, mountainous terrain in the Four Peaks area. Elevations range from about

1,720 feet at the Lower Salt River to 7,657 feet on Brown’s Peak. The allotment consists of the

following vegetation types: Sonoran Desert scrub, semidesert grasslands, interior chaparral,

pinyon-juniper woodland, ponderosa pine, and riparian communities.

These various vegetation types support a variety of game and nongame species. The allotment is

within Game Management Unit 22. Big game found on the allotment include: Desert bighorn

sheep, black bear, mule deer, whitetail deer, javelina, and mountain lion. Elk do occur in limited

numbers in the pine habitat near the top of Four Peaks. The whitetail deer inhabit the higher and

brushier areas (Cline Unit), while the mule deer use the desert scrub and open chaparral

vegetation types. Mule deer and javelina population trends unit wide are stable with severe

localized impacts in the off-highway vehicle (OHV) recreation corridors. These corridors cover

most of Adams Pasture and the southern portion of the Picadilla Pasture of the Dos S Unit, Desert

Unit, and the western portion of Cottonwood Unit. The presence of mule deer in these areas is

low to nonexistent. White-tailed deer, black bear and mountain lion population trends unit wide

are stable. Elk population in the Four Peaks mountain range is stable (J. Dickson, 2013, Feb. 28).

Game birds and small game found on the allotment include: Gambel’s quail, mourning dove,

white-winged dove, cottontail rabbits, black tailed jackrabbit, Abert’s and grey squirrel. Most

small game populations rely heavily on rainfall, so populations can fluctuate annually. Currently

small game populations are stable with no concerns (J. Dickson, 2013, Feb. 28). Predators such as

coyotes, bobcats, and gray fox, are commonly found on the allotment. Nongame species include a

variety of birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians.

Availability of forage, and ground and canopy cover, are essential to sustaining wildlife

populations, as is the availability of water. Wildlife not only use “live water” (perennial or

intermittent streams), but depend on developed waters (dirt tanks, troughs), especially during

times of drought.

Special status species are those given status by agencies responsible for managing plants,

wildlife, and their associated habitat because of declines in the species’ population or habitat.

Birds are given provisions under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Special status species that occur,

or have suitable habitat on the allotment and will be considered in this assessment are listed in

table 1 below. Effects to these species will be analyzed through a biological evaluation (BE),

which will be available in the project record.

Sunflower EA Wildlife Report

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Additionally, the ranger district will initiate consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

(FWS), pursuant to Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1531-1544), as amended,

in regard to the effects of the proposed action, on the following threatened, endangered, and

proposed (TEP) species: Mexican spotted owl (MSO) critical habitat, Gila topminnow, desert

pupfish, and Sonoran Desert tortoise.

Table 1. Special Status Species

Common Name Scientific Name Status

Gila Topminnow Poeciliopsis occidentalis occidentalis Endangered

Desert Pupfish Cyprinodon macularius Endangered

Mexican Spotted Owl Critical

Habitat

Strix occidentalis lucida N/A

Sonoran Desert Tortoise Gopherus morafkai Candidate

Desert Bighorn Sheep Ovis canadensis mexicana Sensitive

Lowland Leopard Frog Rana yavapaiensis Sensitive

Longfin Dace Agosia chrysogaster Sensitive

Desert Sucker Catostomus clarki Sensitive

Maricopa Tiger Beetle Cicindela oregona maricopa Sensitive

California Leaf-nosed Bat Macrotus californicus Sensitive

Gila Monster Heloderma suspectum Sensitive

Mapleleaf False Snapdragon Mabrya acerifolia Sensitive

Common Black Hawk Buteogallus anthracinus Sensitive

Hohokam Agave Agave murpheyi Sensitive

Endangered – Federally Listed as Endangered Under ESA

Threatened – Federally Listed as Threatened Under ESA

Candidate - Fish and Wildlife Service has enough information on file to propose listing as threatened or

endangered but listing has been precluded by other agency priorities.

Sensitive – On Regional Forester’s Sensitive Species List (07/21/1999)

Management indicator species (MIS) were selected during the Tonto National Forest (Forest)

planning process to adequately monitor implementation of project actions on wildlife habitat and

species diversity. These indicator species reflect general habitat conditions or habitat components

that are of value to these and other species with similar habitat needs. Habitats for a large number

of the Forest MIS occur on the Sunflower Allotment. Surveys specific to this allotment are not

available. Because most MIS are not rare species and the allotment contains a wide variety of

vegetation types, it is assumed that at least some individuals of each MIS are present on the

allotment. The MIS that will be analyzed for this project are listed in table 2.

Executive Order 13186, January 10, 2001, directs federal agencies to support migratory bird

conservation and to “ensure environmental review processes evaluate the effects of actions and

agency plans on migratory birds, with emphasis on species of concern.” Important Bird Areas

(IBAs) are sites that provide essential habitat for one or more species of bird, including sites for

breeding, wintering, and/or migrating birds. No designated IBAs occur within the action area.


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Table 2: Tonto National Forest Management Indicator Species for the Sunflower Allotment Analysis Area.

Habitat Type Reason for Selection

Pinyon/Juniper

Ash throated flycatcher Ground cover

Chaparral

Rufous-sided (spotted) towhee Shrub density

Black-chinned sparrow Shrub diversity

Desert Grassland

Horned lark Vegetation aspect

Savannah sparrow Grass species diversity

Desert Scrub

Black-throated sparrow Shrub diversity

Brown (canyon) towhee Ground cover

Riparian (low & high elevation)

Bell’s vireo Well-developed understory

Common black hawk Riparian streamside

Aquatic

Macroinvertebrates Water quality/fisheries

Tonto National Forest Land Management Plan Direction

Direction for managing wildlife on the Forest is found in Forest Service Manual (FSM) 2600 and

the Tonto National Land Management Plan (Forest Plan) (U.S. 1985, 1996). The analysis area

occurs within management areas (MA) 3D and 3I. General wildlife resource goals for the forest

are outlined on page 20 of the Forest Plan and include providing for species diversity in the

ecosystem, maintaining or improving wildlife and fish populations through improvement of

habitat, ensuring that fish and wildlife habitats are managed to maintain viable populations of

existing species, preventing adverse modification of critical habitat for threatened and endangered

species, and managing to improve threatened, endangered, and sensitive (TES) species with a

goal of increasing population levels that will remove them from the lists.

Forest Plan amendments (06/05/1996) included extensive standards and guidelines that relate to

wildlife and range. For ease of reference, these are included below, but can also be found on

replacement page 40-1 through 40-13 of the Forest Plan. Those with the most applicability to the

analysis area are listed below.

Standards and Guidelines for All Areas:

Locate and analyze all potential Gila topminnow sites. Where feasible, stock sites, monitor

for success, and restock as necessary.

Identify, survey, map, and analyze habitat for all federally listed species. Identify

management conflicts and enhancement opportunities. Correct any management conflicts

or problems.


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Continue to clear all projects for threatened, endangered, proposed, and sensitive plant and

animal species. Clearances will be done by a wildlife biologist and reviewed by the Forest

biologist.

New additions of listed, proposed, or sensitive species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service will be protected.

Survey, study, and assess the status of desert tortoise habitat on the Forest. Identify,

document, and correct any management conflicts with tortoises or their habitat.

Maintain a minimum of 30 percent effective ground cover for watershed protection and

forage production, especially in primary wildlife forage producing areas. Where less than

30 percent exists, it will be the management goal to obtain a minimum of 30 percent

effective ground cover.

Habitat requirements for endangered species will have precedence over threatened species.

Habitat requirements for threatened, endangered, and sensitive species will take precedence

over requirements for other species, and habitat requirements for sensitive species will take

precedence over nonsensitive species.

Mexican spotted owl guidelines, incorporated by reference to pages 40-1 through 40-8 in

Forest Plan Amendment No. 22, dated 06/05/96.

Using desired future condition as a guide; optimize wildlife outputs in all management

units by coordination of other resource activities and direct habitat improvement projects.

The goal will be to meet projected future demand for consumptive and nonconsumptive

wildlife use.

Use prescribed fire to treat vegetation for water yield, forage, and wildlife habitat

improvement. Integrate habitat needs through prescribed fires within fire suppression

objectives. Manage the chaparral type on a 30-year prescribed fire rotation on those sites

managed intensively for forage production and water yield (U.S. Forest Service 1985).

Provide wildlife access and escape ramps on all livestock and wildlife water developments.

Continue close coordination with State and other Federal and State agencies for the benefit

of plant and animal species.

Cooperate and consult with the Arizona Game and Fish Department, U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service, State Universities, professional societies, and various conservation

organizations regarding proposals and programs concerned with management of wildlife

habitat.

Maximize coordination with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service regarding federal

threatened and endangered plant and animal species and their habitats.

Maximize coordination with the Arizona Game and Fish Department regarding State listed

species and their habitats.

Survey, study, and assess the status of candidate species on a priority basis. Identify,

document, and correct any management conflicts to the species or their habitats.

Forage use by grazing ungulates will be maintained at or above a condition, which ensures

recovery and continued existence of threatened and endangered species.

Allowable Use Guide is incorporated by reference to page 42-1 of the Forest Plan,

Amendment No. 22 dated 06/05/96.

In consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, develop site-specific forage use

levels. In the event that site-specific information is not available, average key species

forage utilization in key forage monitoring areas by domestic livestock and wildlife should

not exceed levels in the above table during the forage growing season.


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Although this direction applies to the Forest as a whole, there is also management direction

specific to each management area (MA). The Sunflower Allotment includes three MAs: 3D and

3I.

Management Area 3D – Four Peaks Wilderness

The majority of the Cottonwood Unit, east of Cottonwood Creek, a small section located in the

southeastern most portion of the Dos S, and the southeastern most portion of the Cline Unit are

included in this MA.

Management Emphasis: Manage for wilderness values, wildlife habitats, and natural ecological

processes while allowing livestock grazing and recreation opportunities that are compatible with

maintaining these values and processes.

Locate and analyze peregrine falcon habitat. Document and correct disturbances to

peregrine falcons and their habitat.

Protect and maintain historic populations of Gila topminnow in Hidden Water Spring.

Where possible and feasible, enhance habitat for topminnow. Identify, document, and

correct any management conflicts to Gila topminnow or their habitat.

Management Area 3I – General Management Area

Management Emphasis: Manage for a variety of renewable natural resources with primary

emphasis on improvement of wildlife habitat, livestock forage production, and dispersed

recreation. Watersheds will be maintained so as to improve them to satisfactory or better

condition. Improve and manage the included riparian areas (as defined by FSM 2526) to benefit

riparian dependent resources.

In the pinyon-juniper type manage toward a goal of 25 to 50 percent cover of browse

shrubs in key deer wintering areas. Planting may be necessary in some areas to restore a

seed source.

Manage the pinyon-juniper type to emphasize the production of mule deer.

Manage the chaparral type to emphasize the production of whitetail deer.

Manage the desert scrub type to emphasize production of javelina and Gambel’s quail.

Manage higher ecosystem extensions in the desert scrub type to emphasize cottontail

production.

Locate and analyze peregrine falcon habitat. Document and correct disturbances to

peregrine falcons and their habitat.

Integrate habitat needs through prescribed fires within fire suppression objectives.

Successional stages of pinyon-juniper type should be 20 percent in opening and fresh cut

areas, and 80 percent in immature and mature tree stages.

Provide a 60:40 percent forage to cover in pinyon-juniper for mule deer. Permanent

openings, fresh cut areas, and immature stands qualify as forage producing areas.

Maintain a minimum of 100 snags per 100 acres.


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Existing Condition

Threatened, Endangered, and Proposed Species

Gila Topminnow (Poeciliopsis occidentalis)

Gila topminnow (topminnow) are known to occur in two locations on the Sunflower Allotment;

Mud and Hidden Water springs.

Mud Spring – Mud Spring is located in the Mazatzal Mountains, approximately nine miles south

of Sunflower, Arizona, just east of State Route 87 in the Dos S Unit (T. 5 N., R. 8 E., Sec. 26).

The watershed above the complex is small, consisting of a low hillside vegetated by foothill

paloverde, saguaro cactus, and low understory shrubs. The ponds and trough are vegetated with

cattail, bulrush, and desert saltgrass. Topminnow were originally stocked into Mud Spring in

1982. They eventually made their way into a cement trough (fed by a pipe), and have been

observed there since 1987. It was determined that the spring was capable of supporting multiple

“ponds,” which could be used to establish populations of topminnow. On February 11, 1994, the

USFWS issued biological opinion 2-21-92-F-213 authorizing the construction of the ponds. In

1996, four dug-out ponds were constructed in a south-to-north line (south pond, middle-south

pond, middle-north pond, and north pond), and the area was fenced to exclude livestock from the

ponds. Additionally, a new trough was installed outside of the exclosure to provide drinking

water to livestock.

Mud Spring south pond - 2007

In 1997, the Arizona Game and Fish Department (AZGFD) acquired topminnow from Boyce

Thompson Arboretum, which were stocked into the south and middle-south ponds. In 1999,

population augmentation in the aforementioned two ponds was again conducted, as well as


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stocking the remaining two ponds (middle-north and north) with topminnow (Robinson 2010).

Subsequent stockings were conducted in 2007 and 2008.

Annual monitoring of the springs is conducted by AZGFD, with reports submitted to the USFWS

and the forest. Data collected during the 2012 monitoring effort indicate that topminnow

populations in the south, middle-south, and cement trough are established and stable (C. Crowder,

2012, Jul. 5).

Hidden Water Spring - (T. 3 N., R. 9 E., Sec. 21) is located in Cane Springs Canyon within the

Four Peaks Wilderness. It is within the Cottonwood Unit of the Sunflower Allotment, which has

been in nonuse since May 22, 2002. Unlike Mud Spring it is located in a larger watershed,

consisting of roughly 6,000 acres with very steep canyon topography. Hidden Water Spring was

fenced from livestock in 1999 (USFWS file number 02-21-99-F-300); however, observations

made during a recent site visit (February 5, 2013) showed that sections of the exclosure fence are

missing and/or in need of repair.

Gila topminnow were re-established into Hidden Water Spring in 1976, making this the longest

continually surviving re-established topminnow population and thus, is extremely important

(Weedman and Young 1997). Though no roads lead to Hidden Water Spring, vehicles can travel

down Cottonwood Creek to Cane Springs Canyon. There is also a road into the upper drainage of

Cane Springs Canyon. With increasing recreation, Hidden Water Spring and its associated pond

may see some increase in recreational use, although given its remote location and its small size;

these effects will likely be insignificant.

Hidden Water Spring 04/22/2013 (Photo by Native Fish Program AZGFD)


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Desert Pupfish (Cyprinodon macularius)

Mud Spring – In 2005, the Forest requested to reinitiate formal section 7 consultation under the

Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531-1544), as amended, with the USFWS following

AZGFD’s stocking of desert pupfish (pupfish) into Mud and Hidden Water Springs. On May 19,

2006, the USFWS issued their biological opinion (02-21-05-F-0450), that the continuation of

livestock grazing on the Sunflower Allotment was not likely to jeopardize the continued existence

of this species and ultimately; the project should benefit the desert pupfish.

On June 12, 2007, desert pupfish (n=146), acquired from Boyce Thompson Arboretum, were

added to the existing Gila topminnow population in the south pond of Mud Spring (Robinson

2008). Stocking of desert pupfish is covered under the AZGFD 10(a) 1(A) permit. Two additional

stockings occurred in 2008, adding 175 pupfish into the middle-south pond, and 121 into the

north pond. On August 26, 2009 the remaining pond, middle-north pond, was stocked with

49 pupfish taken from the south pond. Then again on October 15, 2009, desert pupfish originating

from Bubbling Ponds Native Fish Conservation Facility were stocked into each of the four ponds

(Robinson 2010).

A species is considered to have become established, when it is reproducing to the point where it is

self-sustaining. Monitoring data collected annually by AZGFD from 2008 through 2012 indicate

that desert pupfish are established in the south, middle-south, and north ponds (Robinson 2010).

The most recent monitoring effort took place on July 5, 2012; no pupfish were detected in the

middle-north pond. The lack of fish presence was speculated to be due to a water quality or water

depth issue. The pond was <12 inches deep, and was discolored due to a large saguaro that had

fallen into the pond and was decomposing (C. Crowder 2012, Jul. 5).

Hidden Water Spring - The Sunflower Allotment (Cottonwood Unit) was stocked with desert

pupfish at Hidden Water Spring in 1976, but the stocking failed. As previously mentioned, the

biological opinion (02-21-05-F-0450), issued by the USFWS on May 19, 2006, authorized the

stocking of desert pupfish into Hidden Water Spring; although stocking efforts have not yet

occurred.

MSO Critical Habitat

On August 31, 2004, the USFWS designated approximately 3.5 million ha. (8.6 million ac.) of

critical habitat for the Mexican spotted owl on Federal lands in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico,

and Utah (69 FR 53181). Within the critical habitat boundaries, critical habitat includes only

protected and restricted habitats as defined in the original recovery plan (USDI FWS 1995).

Similarly, the primary constituent elements (PCE) of critical habitat were listed as those habitat

features recognized in the 1995 Recovery Plan as associated with Mexican spotted owl

occupancy.

PCEs for the Mexican spotted owl are defined by the published rule (Federal Register, vol. 69,

No. 168, August 31, 2004); and include the following:

(A) Primary constituent elements related to forest structure:

(1) A range of tree species, including mixed conifer, pine-oak, and riparian forest types,

composed of different tree sizes reflecting different ages of trees, 30 percent to 45 percent

of which are large trees with a trunk diameter of 12 inches (0.3 meters) or more when

measured at 4.5 feet (1.4 meters) from the ground;


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(2) A shade canopy created by the tree branches covering 40 percent or more of the ground;

and

(3) Large dead trees (snags) with a trunk diameter of at least 12 inches (0.3 meters) when

measured at 4.5 feet (1.4 meters) from the ground.

(B) Primary constituent elements related to maintenance of adequate prey species:

(1) High volumes of fallen trees and other woody debris;

(2) A wide range of tree and plant species, including hardwoods; and

(3) Adequate levels of residual plant cover to maintain fruits, seeds, and allow plant

regeneration.

(C) Primary constituent elements related to canyon habitat include one or more of the following:

(1) Presence of water (often providing cooler and often higher humidity than the surrounding

areas);

(2) Clumps or stringers of mixed conifer, pine-oak, pinyon-juniper, and/or riparian vegetation;

(3) Canyon wall containing crevices, ledges, or caves; and

(4) High percent of ground litter and woody debris.

The USFWS concurred with the determination of “not likely to adversely affect” for the

Sunflower Allotment (Cline Unit) twice, once in 2000 for both Cottonwood and Cline units and

again in 2002 for the Cline Unit as part of a BO (AESO/SE, 2-21-99-F-300). The allotment has

not been stocked since 2002. If the allotment is stocked in the future the baseline or action will be

the same as stated in the BO in 2002. There are no PACs within the allotment but there are

roughly 9,000 acres of designated critical habitat (BR-W-4) in the Cline Unit. The acres of

restricted or protected habitat within the Cline Unit are unknown but are thought to be small since

95 percent of the unit is interior chaparral or pinyon-juniper habitat. The area is recovering from

the Lone Fire in 1996 and habitat conditions should be improving due to removal of livestock.

Sonoran Desert Tortoise (Gopherus morafkai)

The Sonoran population of desert tortoise primarily inhabits rocky slopes and bajadas of Mojave

and Sonoran Desert scrub habitats throughout much of southern and western Arizona at

elevations ranging from about 500 to 5,300 feet (Lutch 2000, Van Devender 2002). Desert

tortoises are absent or they occur at very low densities in the intermountain valley floors, with

surveys indicating that individuals can occur up to one mile from the nearest slope (Averill-

Murray and Averill-Murray 2005). Individuals that occur in these intermountain valley floor

habitats are almost always restricted to washes with caliche caves, but these individuals also

spend time in the alluvial slopes above the washes (Averill-Murray and Averill-Murray 2005,

Riedle et al. 2008).

Portions of this allotment, particularly the Dos S Unit contain some of the highest quality tortoise

habitat on the entire Forest, with tortoise densities over 50 per square mile. The Sugarloaf study

site was established by AZGFD in 1991, and is combined with the Four Peaks study site

(immediately east of State Route 87), and is approximately 2,149 acres in size. This area

incorporates the mark-recapture survey area, and the home ranges of the 13 juvenile desert

tortoises tracked using radio-telemetry (C. Jones 2013, Feb. 28).

AZGFD has marked a total of 181 tortoises at the Sugarloaf site, since it was established. The

population is healthy (free of clinical signs of disease), and stable (with an estimate survival rate

of 98 percent) (C. Jones 2013, Feb. 28).


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The Four Peaks long-term monitoring plot was surveyed in 1992, 1995, and 2001. Murray (1993)

reported that the Four Peaks population is the densest reported in the Sonoran Desert. This

population has also remained stable, since it was established in 1991 (C. Jones 2013, Feb. 28).


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Wildlife Effects Analysis

Alternatives Considered

Alternative 1: No Action – No Grazing

Under this alternative the term grazing permit for Sunflower Allotment would be cancelled

following guidance in 36 CFR 222.4 and Forest Service Manual (FSM) 2231.62. Existing

improvements no longer functional or needed for other purposes, including interior fences, cattle

guards, and water developments would be evaluated for continued usefulness and removed as

necessary.

Alternative 2: Proposed Action

The intent of the proposed action and permittee for Sunflower Allotment is to authorize grazing

in a manner that is consistent with Forest Plan standards, guidelines, and objectives, and

maintains or improves natural resources. The permittee has a cultural and historic attachment to

the land, which contributes to the local economy by producing a commodity and provides

stewardship to benefit public lands.

Livestock would be grazed as cow/calf herds using a deferred-rest rotational system in Dos S,

Cline, and Cottonwood units and seasonal grazing (October 15 to May 15) on a portion of Dos S

Unit and all of Desert Unit. An upper limit of 500 head (cows, bulls) with carryover of natural

increase (offspring) is proposed. Grazing would begin with a single reduced herd and, as herd

size increased through carryover of offspring, multiple herds could be formed to better distribute

livestock across units. Since livestock have not grazed the allotment for many years, flexibility

during herd rebuilding would be critical.

A decision was made to fence Sycamore Creek in 1994 to exclude cattle grazing in the Otero and

Adams pastures of the Dos S Unit. The fence was implemented but proved difficult to maintain

under current recreation pressure. The proposed action would authorize livestock use within

Sycamore Creek during the dormant (nongrowing) season. Seasonal use would mitigate effects to

riparian vegetation and preclude the need for fencing in order to meet the stated goals and

objectives.

Range improvements necessary for initial herd management would need to be repaired/replaced

prior to placing livestock in a starting unit. Type and quantity of improvements would vary

depending on starting location of the initial herd. As the herd grows and the grazing strategy

broadens, other range improvements would be repaired/replaced ahead of use of additional units.

Available forage, rainfall, and historical perspective would be factors considered and related to

decisions being made during herd expansion.

Initial stocking would authorize a reduced number of cows and bulls based on current resource

conditions. During each pasture rotation, monitoring that documents range conditions, forage use,

and permittee compliance would be used to manage timing and duration of livestock use in each

pasture to ensure livestock management activities are conforming to management objectives.

Overall livestock use would also be documented for each rotation of each pasture at the end of the

grazing period.

Planned use is described as conservative (30 to 40 percent of current year’s growth on herbaceous

material and 50 percent or less on browse material). With this use, about half of the good and fair


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forage value plants would show signs of use by livestock, little evidence of concentrated livestock

trailing would be seen across the landscape as a whole, and most of the accessible range would

show some use. These guidelines are intended to demonstrate proper distribution of livestock

across the landscape rather than a concentration in specific areas. Managing for this level of use is

expected to result in improved rangeland and watershed conditions and achievement of desired

conditions over time. Current conditions on the allotment would be assessed through pasture

inspections and recent monitoring data.

If monitoring results reveal that grazing activities are resulting in undesirable impacts, the Forest

Service would amend the management action. The amendment would be based on a modified

action adjusting one or more aspects of grazing (intensity, timing, numbers, frequency, and

duration). Through adaptive management, adjustments would provide sufficient flexibility to

adapt to changing circumstances.

In addition to livestock grazing, this action proposes to implement prescribed burning techniques

within an analysis area of approximately 18,300 acres. The proposed area includes the eastern

boundary of the Pine Creek and Picadilla pastures of the Dos S Unit and the entirety of the Cline

Unit, excluding the Four Peaks Wilderness. Although the analysis area includes roughly

18,300 acres, those acres suited for treatment within that block, will likely be less. Additionally,

only 1,500 to 3,000 acres would be treated within any given year. This action is needed to

enhance forage production and water yield while moving these vegetation types closer to an

appropriate fire regime condition class.

Alternative 3: Modified Proposed Action

Alternative 3 would mirror alternative 2 with the following amendment:

The fence constructed to exclude Sycamore Creek from livestock grazing is in a state of

disrepair from being cut and driven through. Continued maintenance of this fence by the

permittee would be modified as follows: keep the Sycamore Creek riparian exclosure

fence from just below the gaging station downstream from the Sugarloaf Road (Forest

Road (FR) 402) crossing at Sycamore Creek, north to the Maverick Pasture fence. The

area below the “new” southernmost exclosure boundary would remain unfenced and open

to OHVs and livestock. This portion of Sycamore Creek is a heavily used OHV area and

primarily a wide, shallow sandy wash with no riparian vegetation. This proposal protects

intermittent sections of riparian vegetation along Sycamore Creek and also dense riparian

vegetation along Rock Creek and Mesquite Wash. Reconstruction of damaged portions of

the Sycamore Creek exclosure fence would be required prior to any livestock use in those

portions of the Dos S Unit adjacent to the exclosure (Otero and Adams pastures).

Additionally, the permittee would be responsible for all costs and maintenance associated

with maintaining the exclosure fence.

The modified proposed action for use of Dos S Unit would not impose seasonal

restrictions.

Environmental Effects of Livestock Grazing on Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife and/or Habitat

Livestock grazing can affect wildlife species or habitats in several ways. Presence of cattle can

cause compaction of soils, which may result in increased runoff and reduced rainfall infiltration.

Grazing may also reduce vegetation and litter cover. The maintenance of residual biomass, to


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ensure plant vigor and ground cover on grazed rangelands, is critical for wildlife habitat and

watershed protection throughout the year. Resource recovery following periods of drought,

appear to be promoted by the presence of litter that traps seeds and lowers evaporative losses

(Milchunas 2006). It is essential for managers and livestock permittees to recognize the

importance of responding to drought through reduced stocking or destocking during drought. The

Tonto Drought Policy will assist resource managers in minimizing livestock grazing impacts

during drought.

Precipitation patterns are an important consideration for both long and short-term goals. Rainfall

on the allotment varies and may be highly erratic both within and between years. Growing

seasons on the allotment tend to be bimodal.

Riparian and wetland communities represent a very small percentage of the land area in the

Southwest, but are areas of high plant and animal diversity and productivity (Milchunas 2006).

Riparian areas and wetlands provide water and cover to animals that may be more associated with

adjacent upland communities, including livestock, as well as many species that are riparian

obligate species for all or part of their life cycles. These areas are probably more important to

animals associated with uplands in arid and semiarid regions because of the refuge they provide

from the harsh environment. Livestock grazing in riparian areas has the potential to reduce the

establishment of seedling riparian obligate woody species, thus affecting the age class and

vertical structure of riparian areas. Streamside vegetation is an important component in the

establishment of bank formation and channel morphology, as well as reducing sediment load

from upland erosion. There is potential for these productive areas to be impacted by livestock to a

relatively greater degree than adjacent, less productive upland communities; however, there is

also the potential for more rapid recovery (Milchunas 2006).

Direct Effects. Riparian and upland areas provide important terrestrial and aquatic habitat to

wildlife species. Excessive grazing and trampling impacts destabilize and break down stream

banks, which results in negative effects to aquatic wildlife. These effects may be realized through

modification of stream morphology and function, increased siltation, and reduction of woody and

herbaceous vegetation. During scouring floods, fish populations are more vulnerable to removal

without stable banks and associated vegetation in place.

Congregation of livestock and livestock management practices such as herding may have direct

effects to wildlife and/or habitat. Effects may include removal of vegetation, dust accumulation,

noise, avoidance areas, and soil compaction. Upland vegetation density and composition may be

reduced if livestock grazing and associated activities are not managed to reduce or minimize such

affects.

Livestock grazing can directly affect fisheries and wildlife by altering riparian and upland soils

and vegetation composition, density and structure, water quality, quantity, temperature and flow

patterns, shape and form of the stream channel, and aquatic and terrestrial faunal assemblage

composition (Trimble and Mendel 1995). One of the most important factors influencing riparian

conditions is utilization (Mosley et al 1999, Clary and Kruse 2003).

Indirect Effects. Congregation of livestock (herding, stock tank areas, trailering,

loading/unloading, maintenance of livestock facilities, and branding) may have indirect effects to

wildlife or associated habitat when considering grazing alternatives. Effects may include removal

of vegetation, dust accumulation, noise, avoidance areas, soil compaction, and watershed effects.


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Impacts may vary depending upon circumstances associated with the indirect effects. For the

most part, effects associated with congregation of livestock are primarily within the uplands.

Hoof action by livestock can impact soils through compaction, especially when soils are wet.

Compacted soils in the uplands have lower rates of water infiltration and may result in increased

runoff and soil loss resulting in indirect negative effects to riparian aquatic and terrestrial species.

As a result, wildlife habitat components may be affected by increased runoff and soil loss,

especially if riparian and upland conditions are not properly functioning.

Utilization of woody and herbaceous vegetation by livestock may result in increased stream

temperatures, reduced ground cover and organic litter, which may indirectly affect aquatic and

terrestrial wildlife through increased surface runoff and potentially reducing the establishment of

additional vegetative cover in the uplands and riparian areas. In addition, habitat available to prey

species in the uplands and riparian area may be reduced by livestock grazing, resulting in reduced

numbers of prey species and/or increased predation upon those species. Water quality may also

be indirectly affected by livestock use in the uplands as a result of decreased infiltration of

surface water and livestock fecal accumulation.

Cumulative Effects Common to Grazing Alternatives. Cumulative effects include the direct and

indirect effects of the proposed action and alternative, when added to all past, present, and

reasonably foreseeable future actions.

Congregation of livestock (herding, stock tank areas, trailering, loading/unloading, maintenance

of livestock facilities, branding) may contribute to cumulative effects to wildlife or associated

habitat, when considering grazing alternatives. Effects may include removal of vegetation, dust

accumulation, noise, avoidance areas, soil compaction, and watershed effects. Impacts may vary

depending upon circumstances associated with the cumulative effects. For the most part, effects

associated with congregation of livestock are primarily within the uplands.

Cumulative Effects Common to All Alternatives. Motorized and nonmotorized recreation, and

illegal cross country travel, negatively impact wildlife resources and or habitat through removal,

destruction or degradation of herbaceous/woody vegetation and aquatic emergent vegetation and

associated stream habitats. Traffic impacts to wildlife may be realized by avoidance of the area by

some wildlife due to dust and/or presence of vehicles and people, wildlife/vehicle collisions, and

poaching from vehicles. Secondary roads may have similar impacts to wildlife, although traffic

volume and speed would generally be lower, impacts to wildlife will still exist, but at reduced

levels.

Illegal cross country travel also has negative effects to wildlife and habitat through proliferation

of wildcat trails, use of motor vehicles through washes, riparian corridors, and uplands. Wildlife

habitat becomes fragmented and often damaged for the long term, as a result of illegal, cross

country, motorized travel.

In general, the presence of people and associated noise and disturbance of habitat in dispersed

areas and on nonmotorized trails has negative effects on wildlife. Impacts to wildlife include:

total avoidance of areas that regularly receive high recreational use, habitat destruction or

modification, and avoidance of critical riparian areas, where year-round recreation use occurs.

Maintenance of roads and trails may also have a temporary negative effect on wildlife. Workers,

heavy equipment, and noise may lead to wildlife avoidance during maintenance activities. On the


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Sunflower Allotment, road maintenance affects to wildlife are expected to be minimal due to the

infrequent maintenance cycle (annual) of FR 402 and FR 143, which are the only maintained

roads on the allotment.

Wildfire and suppression activities also negatively affect wildlife and associated habitat by direct

loss of habitat to fire or suppression activities (brush removal, line construction, black-line

construction, aerial application of retardant, drafting from streams), and indirect effects such as

fire support aircraft noise, sedimentation in aquatic systems and avoidance of areas with fire

suppression activities.

Recreational shooting also has negative impacts on wildlife as a result of noise and the presence

of people. Trash and debris shooters often leave behind may pose hazards to wildlife and actually

attract other shooters, due to available target material. Hunting may have negative impacts on

wildlife including; high concentrations of hunters, illegal offroad travel, littering, increased

presence of people/vehicles, and poaching.

Range records indicate that there has been a population of trespass feral horses along the Lower

Salt River (river), southwest of the allotment, since the 1930s. These horses are presumably from

the neighboring Ft. McDowell Indian Reservation and/or Salt River Pima Maricopa Indian

Community, both of which are located west/northwest of the Mesa Ranger District. Although the

horses are typically found along the river, within the boundary of the retired Goldfield Allotment,

on occasion, they are observed east of the Bush Highway within the southernmost portion of the

Desert Unit. Grazing by feral livestock can have negative impacts on wildlife, through

competition of forage resources and through removal of cover and nesting habitat.

Consistency with the Forest Plan

Direction for managing wildlife resources and habitats on the Tonto National Forest is found in

the Tonto Forest Plan (USDA 1985, 1996).

The Tonto National Forest Plan recognizes the need for wildlife/fish habitat improvement.

Management direction is to: “recognize wildlife and fish habitat elements in all resource

planning and management activities to assure[sic]

coordination that provides for species

diversity and greater wildlife and fish populations through improvement of habitat. Ensure

that fish and wildlife habitats are managed to maintain viable populations of native

vertebrate species. Improve habitat for selected species.”

The management prescription for management area 3I states “Manage for a variety of

renewable natural resources with primary emphasis on wildlife habitat improvement,

livestock forage production, and dispersed recreation. Watersheds will be managed so as to

improve them to a satisfactory or better condition. Improve and manage the included

riparian areas to benefit riparian dependent resources.

The management prescription for management area 3D (Wilderness) states “manage for

wilderness values, wildlife habitats, and natural ecological processes while allowing

livestock grazing and recreation opportunities that are compatible with maintaining these

values and processes” (pg. 100).

Environmental Consequences by Alternative

Criteria used to evaluate alternatives. The alternatives are contrasted based on the likelihood of

riparian vegetation, and stream channels in the key reaches, attaining the short and long-term


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desired conditions described in the hydrology/riparian sections. Threatened, endangered,

sensitive, and management indicator species that require riparian and aquatic environments would

respond to changes in riparian and aquatic habitats. Similarly, each alternative, and its effects on

wildlife species, will be evaluated based on the attainment of short and long-term goals, described

in the soils/range desired conditions section of this EA. Watershed affects from upland and

riparian areas will have either positive or negative impacts to aquatic and terrestrial wildlife

species. Short-term desired conditions limit the annual impacts of livestock grazing. Long-term

desired condition is measured through effectiveness monitoring. Although upland livestock use

levels, and associated wildlife habitat are important to wildlife; riparian and aquatic habitat

condition is of higher value due to limited habitat availability and the importance of that habitat to

threatened, endangered, and sensitive wildlife and management indicator species.

Table 1. Special Status Species

Common Name Scientific Name Status

Gila topminnow Poeciliopsis occidentalis occidentalis Endangered

Desert pupfish Cyprinodon macularius Endangered

Mexican spotted owl critical habitat Strix occidentalis lucida N/A

Sonoran Desert tortoise Gopherus morafkai Candidate

Desert bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis mexicana Sensitive

Lowland leopard frog Rana yavapaiensis Sensitive

Longfin dace Agosia chrysogaster Sensitive

Desert sucker Catostomus clarki Sensitive

Maricopa tiger beetle Cicindela oregona maricopa Sensitive

California leaf-nosed bat Macrotus californicus Sensitive

Gila monster Heloderma suspectum Sensitive

Mapleleaf false snapdragon Mabrya acerifolia Sensitive

Common black hawk Buteogallus anthracinus Sensitive

Hohokam agave Agave murpheyi Sensitive

Endangered – Federally Listed as Endangered Under ESA

Threatened – Federally Listed as Threatened Under ESA

Candidate - Fish and Wildlife Service has enough information on file to propose listing as threatened or

endangered but listing has been precluded by other agency priorities.

Sensitive – On Regional Forester’s Sensitive Species List (09/21/2007)

Table 2: Tonto National Forest Management Indicator Species for the Sunflower Allotment Analysis Area.


Pinyon/Juniper

Ash throated flycatcher Ground Cover

Chaparral

Rufous-sided (spotted) towhee Shrub density

Black-chinned sparrow Shrub diversity

Desert Grassland


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Horned lark Vegetation aspect

Savannah sparrow Grass species diversity

Desert Scrub

Black-throated sparrow Shrub diversity

Brown (canyon) towhee Ground cover

Riparian (low & high elevation)

Bell’s vireo Well-developed understory

Common black hawk Riparian streamside

Aquatics

Macroinvertebrates Water quality/fisheries

Alternative 1 – No Grazing

Direct and Indirect Effects. The most rapid rates of riparian recovery, from past grazing impacts,

normally occur with complete protection from grazing (Clary and Kruse 2003). Riparian areas are

generally regarded as having high inherent potential for recovery from disturbance (Milchunas

2006). The potential for recovery is highly variable, dependent on biotic and abiotic factors,

including flow regime, channel gradient, dominant channel substrate, past disturbance history,

watershed area, and cover and diversity of riparian vegetation (Kindschy 1987).

General Wildlife. With discontinuation of grazing, wildlife habitat conditions would likely

improve. Improvements in the aquatic and riparian habitat would likely occur more rapidly, as

compared to the other alternatives. Riparian areas would continue to recover from past grazing.

Recruitment of woody and herbaceous riparian species, including deergrass, would increase. It is

expected that, over time, structural and age class diversity in riparian areas would improve

resulting in increased potential for riparian dependent wildlife species to occur on the allotment.

With the exclusion of livestock grazing, it is expected that, herbaceous plant vigor and diversity

in upland key areas, overall watershed, and soil conditions across the allotment would continue to

improve. Upland habitat for game species such as deer and javelina would generally increase in

vigor and density. Small game and nongame species would generally increase over time with an

increase in herbaceous cover and probable increase in grass species diversity. Improvements in

these resource conditions would be expected to occur more quickly than they would under

implementation of any of the grazing alternatives.

One effect of the ‘no grazing’ alternative to wildlife would be the removal or lack of maintenance

of water developments. Developments such as dirt stock tanks, developed springs, and troughs

that provide water to livestock also provide water to wildlife. Livestock permittees are

responsible for the majority of the cost in developing watering facilities and their maintenance.

Under the no grazing alternative, these improvements would likely fall into disrepair. Wildlife

using these waters may have become dependent on them, and these individuals may suffer from

declines.


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Management Indicator Species1. Habitat conditions for these species would be expected to

improve with cessation of livestock grazing on the allotment. With an improvement in soil and

vegetation condition, increases in high quality wildlife habitat would likely occur, over time, in

all life zones. Improvements to terrestrial habitat are as described under the general wildlife

discussion above. The elimination of livestock from stream courses should result in overall

improvements in water quality. As compared to the grazing alternatives, an improvement in water

quality and aquatic conditions is anticipated with the elimination of bank trampling and trailing

from livestock in riparian areas. Recreational impacts present in many riparian areas and the

existing road network will continue to have site-specific detrimental impacts to water quality.

Threatened and Endangered Species (TES)2. The ‘no grazing’ alternative would result in a “no

effect” determination for Gila topminnow and desert pupfish in Mud and Hidden Water springs,

and the Sonoran Desert tortoise (candidate). Furthermore, none of the primary constituent

elements associated with Mexican spotted owl critical habitat would be affected by livestock, as

no livestock grazing or livestock management activities would occur within or near their

respective habitats. This alternative would promote improved riparian habitat, water quality,

aquatic habitat, and upland conditions. Although other factors such as; flooding regime, drought,

and recreational impacts play a role in the quality of the habitat for species on the allotment, it is

anticipated that removal of grazing from these areas would result in greater improvement of

upland and riparian areas to that of the other alternatives. General habitat conditions for sensitive

species would also improve with discontinuation of livestock grazing.

Implementation of the ‘No Grazing’ alternative would provide the greatest benefit to TES/special

status species3, MIS, and general wildlife species. All wildlife populations in the area, including

threatened, endangered, and sensitive species dependent on riparian habitat would benefit from

improved habitat conditions.

Implementation of alternative 1 would begin to reverse some of the impacts resulting from past

overgrazing practices on allotment.

Cumulative Effects. Implementation of the ‘no grazing’ alternative would provide the greatest

benefit to TES, MIS, and general wildlife species. All wildlife populations in the area, including

threatened, endangered, and sensitive species dependent on riparian habitat would benefit from

improved habitat conditions.

Implementation of alternative 1 would begin to reverse some of the negative impacts resulting

from past overgrazing practices on allotment. Upstream activities outside of the Sunflower

Allotment contribute to the present condition of some of the creeks on the allotment. Other

actions occurring in the project area that may impact wildlife resources or habitats include:

motorized and nonmotorized recreation, illegal cross country motorized travel, high traffic areas,

equestrian use, road maintenance, wildfire and suppression activities, mining, recreational

shooting, hunting, presence of people and associated noise and disturbance.

Removal of livestock grazing would reduce impacts to upland and riparian resources and

associated species. Riparian resources would likely improve to a greater degree even within the

1 A management indicator species analysis was completed for the Sunflower Allotment and is available in

the project record. 2 A biological assessment was completed for the Sunflower Allotment and is available in the project record.

3 A biological evaluation was completed for the Sunflower Allotment and is available in the project record.


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context of other recreational activities that occur within the area. Riparian canopy cover, stream

banks, vegetative cover in the uplands and riparian areas would improve under this alternative.

Additionally, soil compaction and watershed effects would be reduced under this alternative.

Alternative 2 – Proposed Action (Seasonal Restrictions)

Direct and Indirect Effects. This alternative would provide seasonal restrictions on livestock use

within the Adams and Otero pastures of the Dos S Unit. These restrictions would provide

protection to riparian habitat within Sycamore Creek, Mesquite Wash, and Rock Creek through

dormant season use, when riparian obligate species are less palatable.

General Wildlife. Riparian areas may continue to recover from past grazing effects, although at a

slower rate than with alternative 1. Recruitment of woody and herbaceous riparian species,

including deergrass, is expected due to the proposed dormant season use of the primary riparian

areas in the Dos S Unit (Sycamore Creek, Mesquite Wash, and Rock Creek). It is expected that,

over time, structural and age class diversity in these riparian areas would continue to improve

under this alternative, although to a lesser degree than under alternative 1. Other selected key

riparian reaches are also expected to improve through adherence to the stated utilization

guidelines.

Overall, it is expected that watershed and soil conditions across the allotment would continue to

improve under this alternative, although improvement would be slower than the ‘no grazing’

alternative.

Over time, upland habitat capability for game species such as deer and quail may slowly improve

due to an increase in herbaceous vigor and density in the openings due to conservative use under

this alternative, compared to higher past utilization limits. Improvements to upland habitat are

expected to be slower under this alternative than the no grazing alternative. Small game and

nongame species would generally increase over time with an increase in herbaceous cover and

probable increase in grass species diversity, although at slower rates than alternative 1.

The proposed use of prescribed fire in the interior chaparral and pinyon-juniper vegetation types

in portions of the Dos S and Cline units will improve overall wildlife habitat conditions through

creating open habitat (mosaic) and structural diversity, while still providing adequate cover for

prey species and nesting habitat.

Management Indicator Species: Habitat conditions for riparian (Bell’s vireo and common black

hawk) and aquatic species (macroinvertebrates) are expected to continue to improve over time,

due to the proposed dormant season use in Sycamore Creek, Mesquite Wash, and Rock Creek, as

well as the remaining key reaches through imposed utilization guidelines.

With an improvement in soils and vegetation, wildlife habitat is expected to improve over time,

although at a slower rate and to a lesser degree than alternative 1. The exception to this may be

those portions of the Dos S and Cline units that are proposed to be treated with prescribed fire.

The use of low intensity prescribed fire in fire adapted ecosystems, to minimize the likelihood of

catastrophic wildfire, is expected to move vegetation and habitat toward a more natural state and

site potential.

Species that are indicators of chaparral vegetation type (rufous-sided towhee/black-chinned

sparrow), and desert scrub species (black-throated sparrow, brown towhee) would likely


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experience a smaller habitat gain under this alternative than under the ‘no grazing’ alternative.

However, species indicative of good ground cover, such as the ash throated flycatcher, will likely

benefit from the use of prescribed fire to create openings in pinyon-juniper and chaparral

vegetation types.

TES Species: Through adaptive management, monitoring, and mitigation measures, habitat for

TES species would likely remain stable or increase, but to a lesser degree than alternative 1.

Gila topminnow – Occupied habitat within Mud and Hidden Water springs would continue to be

protected from livestock by the existing exclosure fences around each spring. Adaptive

management strategies and conservative utilization within the uplands and riparian areas (Hidden

Water) are anticipated to increase infiltration rates and reduce runoff, which will result in

decreased turbidity and silt loads and increased water quality. Neither of these springs will be

impacted by prescribed fire activities as proposed given their distance from the proposed burn

block.

Desert pupfish – The impacts of alternative 1 described above for Gila topminnow, will be the

same for pupfish populations existing within Mud Spring. Currently, there are no pupfish in

Hidden Water Spring; however, a biological opinion (02-21-05-F-0450), issued by the USFWS

on May 19, 2006, authorized the stocking of pupfish into this spring. After stocking, the effects

are anticipated to be the same as identified above.

Mexican spotted owl critical habitat – On August 31, 2004, the USFWS designated

approximately 3.5 million ha. (8.6 million ac.) of critical habitat for the Mexican spotted owl on

Federal lands in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah (69 FR 53181). Within the critical

habitat boundaries, critical habitat includes only protected and restricted habitats as defined in the

original recovery plan (USDI FWS 1995). Similarly, the primary constituent elements (PCEs) of

critical habitat were listed as those habitat features recognized in the 1995 Recovery Plan as

associated with Mexican spotted owl occupancy, as follows:

1. Primary Constituent Elements Related to Forest Structure:

A range of tree species, including mixed-conifer, pine-oak, and riparian forest types,

composed of different tree sizes reflecting different ages of trees, 30 to 45 percent of which

are large trees with a trunk diameter of ≥ 0.3 m. (12 in.) when measured at 1.4 m. (4.5 ft.)

from the ground;

A shaded canopy created by the tree branches and foliage covering ≥ 40 percent of the

ground; and

Large, dead trees (i.e., snags) with a trunk diameter of at least 0.3 m. (12 in.) when

measured at 1.4 m. (4.5 ft.) from the ground.

2. Primary Constituent Elements Related to Maintenance of Adequate Prey Species:

High volumes of fallen trees and other woody debris;

A wide range of tree and plant species, including hardwoods; and

Adequate levels of residual plant cover to maintain fruits, seeds, and allow plant

regeneration.

3. Primary Constituent Elements Related to Canyon Habitat (one or more of the following):

Presence of water (often providing cooler air temperature and often higher humidity than

the surrounding areas);

Clumps or stringers of mixed-conifer, pine-oak, pinyon-juniper, and/or riparian

vegetation;


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Canyon walls containing crevices, ledges, or caves; and

High percentage of ground litter and woody debris.

There are approximately 34,000 acres (Tonto NF Geographical Information System (GIS) data)

of designated critical habitat within the action area, specifically along the eastern allotment

boundary. This designation is in association with the Buck Basin and Four Peaks Protected

Activity Centers (PACs), both of which are located on the Tonto Basin Ranger District. However,

of the 34,000 designated acres, roughly 4,000 acres or less, primarily along Four Peaks, contain

the primary constituent elements listed above.

Livestock grazing and management in the action area would not affect seven of the eight

constituent elements (presence or amount of large diameter trees, canopy closure, diversity of tree

sizes or tree species, snags, or woody debris in forest stands) for critical habitat for forest types

and the measures outlined in the proposed action are designed to address the remaining element

(adequate levels of residual plant cover to maintain fruits, seeds, and allow plant regeneration).

Grazing, in general, removes plant biomass from the system and may compact the soil. These

changes may influence prey availability and prey habitat conditions. The proposed action is to

manage the Sunflower Allotment under a rest-rotation grazing strategy that provides annual and

seasonal rest. This strategy allows for plant growth and reproduction in many areas of the

allotment each year. In addition to rest built into grazing strategies, conservative use standards set

for the allotment also provide for residual vegetation. As mentioned above, during a pasture use

period the District Ranger will assess grazing use patterns across the pasture, grazing intensity in

key areas, and timing of the grazing period to determine if management action is necessary to

avoid adverse effects to spotted owl critical habitat.

The prescribed burn analysis area (MAP) is entirely within designated critical habitat; however as

previously mentioned, the dominate vegetation type within the analysis area is interior chaparral,

which does not contain the primary constituent elements listed above. The PCEs related to forest

structure and canyon habitat are located within the Four Peaks Wilderness and are outside of the

analysis area.

The Recovery Plan recommends the use of prescribed fire and hazardous fuels treatments down-

slope of surrounding PACs, to reduce the risk of catastrophic wildfire. Treatment priorities

include; treatments in other forest and woodland types over those of PACs and recovery habitats

to the extent practicable. Where appropriate, areas surrounding PACs could be treated with higher

prescribed fire and mechanical treatment intensities to better achieve management objectives

(e.g., reduction of hazardous fuels and potential for stand-replacing fires, enhancement of

landscape, and forest structural diversity) (USFWS 2012). To minimize disturbance (smoke) to

resident owls, unless nonbreeding is inferred or confirmed that year per the accepted survey

protocol, prescribed fire treatments should occur during the nonbreeding season (September 1 to

February 28) (USFWS 2012).

Sonoran Desert Tortoise – The Sonoran population of desert tortoise primarily inhabits rocky

slopes and bajadas of Mojave and Sonoran desert scrub habitats throughout much of southern and

western Arizona at elevations ranging from about 500 to 5,300 feet (AZGFD 2001, Van

Devender 2002). Portions of this allotment, particularly the Dos S Unit contain some of the

highest quality tortoise habitat on the entire forest, with tortoise densities over 50 per square mile.

The Sugarloaf study site was established by AZGFD in 1991, and is combined with the Four

Peaks study site (immediately east of SR87), and is approximately 2,149 acres in size. This area


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incorporates the mark-recapture survey area, and the home ranges of the 13 juvenile desert

tortoises tracked using radio-telemetry (C. Jones 2013, Feb. 28).

The Four Peaks long-term monitoring plot was surveyed in 1992, 1995, and 2001. Murray (1993)

reported that the Four Peaks population is the densest reported in the Sonoran Desert. This

population has also remained stable since it was established in 1991 (C. Jones 2013, Feb. 28).

Although desert tortoises preferred rocky, boulder-covered hills and mountains, their forage areas

may overlap with areas used by livestock. Therefore, the potential exists for competition for

forage between tortoises and livestock; however, conservative utilization levels are expected to

provide adequate forage for both. Additionally, the Sugarloaf study site is located within the

Adams Pasture of the Dos S Unit; therefore, under this alternative, seasonal restrictions on use

(Oct 15 to May 15) would generally coincide with tortoise entering their hibernacula for

overwintering (October).

Desert Bighorn Sheep - Transplanted populations exist north of Saguaro, Canyon, and Apache

Lakes with their primary habitat within the Four Peaks Wilderness area; however, there are

known populations as far west as Stewart Mountain, north of the Lower Salt River. The AZGFD

estimate the current population within Game Management Unit (GMU) 22 at approximately

100 to 130 individuals (J. Dickson 2013, Feb., 28). This population is considered stable, and has

been used to supplement the establishment of a new population in the Mineral Mountain area

southwest of Superior, Arizona.

Competition for forage resources is expected to minimal as desert bighorn sheep prefer steep,

rocky habitat as opposed to the flatter areas (< 40 percent slope) used by domestic livestock.

Where habitat between these two species overlaps, conservative utilization levels are expected to

ensure that sufficient residual forage is left to support this population. Sheep and cattle may use

the same water sources; however, it is likely that sheep will use waters inaccessible to livestock.

Additionally with the continuation of livestock grazing on the allotment, water developments

which have fallen into disrepair will be brought up to standard and provide additional waters

outside of riparian areas, improving habitat for all species including bighorn sheep.

The proposed prescribed fire activities will occur outside of this species preferred habitat, so no

impacts from this activity is expected.

Lowland Leopard Frog – Livestock grazing can have positive and negative effects on

amphibians (Rosen and Schwalbe 1998; Sredl and Saylor 1998). Stock tanks may benefit

amphibians by providing aquatic habitat. Therefore, the repair/maintenance of existing water

developments may benefit this species by aiding in distribution of livestock away from riparian

areas and by providing additional habitat. Lowland leopard frogs have been recorded in multiple

locations on the allotment including: Mesquite Wash, throughout Sycamore Creek, Cottonwood

Creek, Mud Springs, and Hidden Water Spring (HDMS 2011). This species likely occurs within

other riparian habitat on the allotment.

Seasonal restrictions (Sycamore Creek, Mesquite Wash, and Rock Creek), adaptive management,

rest rotation, and conservative riparian utilization guidelines are expected to facilitate the

establishment of riparian obligate woody and herbaceous vegetation, providing shade and cover

for this species. Additionally, habitat at Mud and Hidden Water Springs will continue to be

protected by livestock exclosure fences.


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Lowland leopard frogs and habitat, located downstream of the proposed burn block, may

experience a temporary increase in siltation (ash) from prescribed fire activities. Given the type of

burning (low intensity) and the intent to maintain a mosaic pattern, this impact is expected to be

minor.

Gila Longfin Dace – Longfin dace is perhaps the only native fish species in Arizona that has

been helped by the massive erosion that occurred during the past century. Since their preferred

habitat is sandy-bottomed, shallow streams, excessive sedimentation has increased the abundance

of this habitat type. However, they have disappeared from many areas because of lowered water

tables and reservoir construction.

Gila longfin dace are known to occur in multiple drainages and springs throughout the allotment

including; Sycamore Creek, Mesquite Wash, and Hidden Water Springs.

Longfin dace have persisted within these riparian habitats with past grazing pressure and wildfire

events. Seasonal restrictions (Sycamore Creek, Mesquite Wash, and Rock Creek), adaptive

management, rest rotation, and conservative riparian utilization guidelines are expected to

facilitate the establishment of riparian obligate woody and herbaceous vegetation, providing

shade and cover for this species. Additionally, habitat at Mud and Hidden Water Springs will

continue to be protected by livestock exclosure fences.

Although this species has not been documented at occurring within or downstream of the

proposed burn block, individuals and habitat may exist. If present, there may be a temporary

increase in siltation (ash) from prescribed fire activities. Given the type of burning (low intensity)

and the intent to maintain a mosaic pattern, this impact is expected to be minor.

Desert Sucker - Found in rapids and flowing pools of streams and rivers primarily over bottoms

of gravel-rubble with sandy silt in the interstices. Adults live in pools, moving at night to swift

riffles and runs to feed. Young inhabit riffles throughout the day, feeding on midge larvae

(AZGFD 2002).

This species is known to occur within deeper, perennial sections of Sycamore Creek. Desert

suckers have persisted within this riparian habitat with past grazing pressure and wildfire events.

The proposed action will impose seasonal restriction on grazing in portions of Sycamore Creek

where this species is known to occur. Dormant season use within the riparian areas will facilitate

the establishment of riparian obligate woody and herbaceous vegetation, providing shade and

cover for this species.

The proposed prescribed fire activities will occur outside of this species habitat; therefore, no

impacts are anticipated.

Maricopa Tiger Beetle – The Maricopa tiger beetle typically inhabits drier desert regions, where

it is restricted to the edges of running streams or reservoirs with banks that consist of sand and

mud. Threats to Maricopa tiger beetles include lowering of the water table and long-term

desiccation of stream habitats (AZGFD 2001a). All terrain vehicles and grazing can also damage

habitat and/or kill individuals, and these activities are particularly damaging to larval habitat.

Flash floods can scour available habitats, but individuals are often able to quickly disperse to

other suitable habitats (Pearson et al. 1995).


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Individuals are active from about mid-February to early November, with the highest number of

individuals being found in late spring (May to June) and late summer (August to September). Soil

texture used during the larval stage is presumed to be a limiting factor relative to distribution of

this subspecies (Lutch 2000). Moreover, the sandy shores and undisturbed silt deposits that the

larvae occupy must retain sufficient moisture to prevent their desiccation. Adult tiger beetles

generally feed on other insects. Adults and larvae overwinter and have a two-year life cycle

(Pearson et al. 1995).

Maricopa tiger beetles have been documented near Mesquite Wash on the Sunflower Allotment,

and may occur in springs and perennial sections of other drainages. The proposed action includes

seasonal restrictions (nonuse May 15 to Oct. 15) on use within Mesquite Wash, which coincides

with the rise in this species population density, thereby providing protection. The proposed

prescribed fire will not occur within or near this species preferred habitat.

California Leaf-Nosed Bat – In Arizona, California leaf-nosed bats are year-round residents that

do not migrate, though individuals may occupy different roost sites during the year. Day roosts

are in mines and caves that have large areas of ceiling and flying space. Roosts are usually within

eighty feet of the entrance of the mine or cave. Night roost sites include buildings, bridges,

porches, and mines. Population trends of California leaf-nosed bats are unknown. The primary

concern for this species is abandonment of roosts and reduced numbers of individuals as a result

of human disturbance, habitat loss, degradation, and/or fragmentation (AGFD 2001b). No formal

surveys have been completed within the project area, and no records of occurrence have been

documented. However, habitat for this species may exist throughout the Four Peaks Wilderness.

No threats to this species exist as a result of livestock grazing; and roost sites are generally

inaccessible to livestock. The proposed prescribed fire will not occur within the Four Peaks

Wilderness; therefore, no impacts from fire are anticipated.

Gila Monster – In Arizona, Gila monsters occur primarily in the Sonoran Desert, as well as in

extreme western portions of the Mohave Desert. Gila monsters are most commonly found above

the flats in wetter paloverde-saguaro desert scrub, rocky foothills, bajadas, and canyons. The

species occurs less frequently in desert grassland, and they are rare in oak woodlands, but are

known to occur at elevations up to 5,500 feet (AGFD 2002, Lutch 2000). Potential habitat occurs

throughout the allotment, and individuals are known to occur within the project area.

Conservative utilization levels, included in both grazing alternatives, are anticipated to maintain

or improve habitat for this species.

The preferred habitat for this species is outside of the proposed prescribed fire burn block;

therefore, no impacts to this species are anticipated.

Mapleleaf False Snapdragon – The mapleleaf false snapdragon is a small, perennial vine/forb

that produces greenish-white flowers. The mat forming plants grow trailing on the ground to a

length of about ten inches. Geographic distribution of the mapleleaf false snapdragon is very

restricted as the species is only known to occur in Pinal, Maricopa, and Gila counties, Arizona.

This species is a narrow endemic that has specific habitat requirements, because it only grows on

rock overhangs, shaded cliffs, and rock ledges from 1,800 to 3,350 feet elevation. The stems of

this plant often hang down from moist rock ledges (AGFD 2005, Lutch 2000). The species

flowers from March through May.


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Natural history of the maple leaf false snapdragon is poorly known because of its limited

distribution, inaccessibility to potential habitat, and low population sizes. Population trend data

are not available, but it has been noted that individuals are fairly common given the right habitat

conditions (Lutch 2000). The primary threat to maple leaf false snapdragon is habitat degradation

caused by blasting.

No known formal surveys have been conducted for mapleleaf false snapdragon in or near the

project area. However; the potential habitat for this species occurs throughout the lower

elevations of the allotment.

Due to this species habitat requirement, the proposed livestock grazing activities will likely not

impact this species. Additionally, the proposed prescribed fire will occur outside of this species

preferred habitat, so no effects to this species are anticipated.

Common Black Hawk – The black hawk is associated with aquatic systems throughout its range.

Year-round nesting and foraging habitat occurs in association with perennial systems

characterized by mature riparian gallery forests, with cottonwoods and willows and/or sycamores

dominating the overstory (Schnell 1994). Black hawks typically forage within riparian drainages

for reptiles, amphibians, and small mammals associated with that forest cover type. They nest in

large cottonwoods and sycamores and are known to occur in the major drainages (Gila, Salt, and

Verde) in the central and southern part of the state.

There is a known nesting pair of common black hawks located within Sycamore Creek upstream

of the action area. Portions of Sycamore Creek and tributaries to Sycamore Creek within the

action area also contain habitat requirements for this species.

Conservative upland and riparian utilization guidelines and seasonal restrictions (nonuse May 15

to October 15) of portions of Sycamore Creek, Mesquite Wash, and Rock Creek are expected to

maintain or improve black hawk habitat. The proposed prescribed fire block is outside of this

species preferred habitat, so no effects are anticipated.

Hohokam Agave – The Hohokam agave is a perennial succulent that is found in elevations

ranging from 1,500 to 3,200 feet, from central Arizona to Sonora, Mexico. The leaves are 20 to

31.5 inches long and 2 to 8 inches wide, forming a dense rosette. Flowers are a waxy cream-green

color with brownish or purplish tips. Inflorescence with stalk varies from 9.8 to 13 feet tall,

always producing bulbils. Plants produce stalks in winter, flowers are formed but quickly abort;

thus the primary means of reproduction is through the bulbils taking root once the stalk falls to

the ground (AZGFD 2003). Primary means of reproduction is through rhizomatous off-sets called

“pups.”

Hohokam agaves are typically found in desert scrub on benches or alluvial terraces above major

drainages, often associated with archaeological sites, having been cultivated by the Hohokam.

They are also found near rock piles, which help accumulate water and nutrients, while also

protecting them from rodents.

Threats to this species include recreation activities, grazing by livestock, illegal collection,

predation by rodents, with the greatest threat being habitat loss due to development and urban

sprawl.


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This species has been documented to occur within the Pine Creek Pasture of the Dos S Unit on

the terrace about Sycamore Creek. Although not documented, this species likely occurs in other

locations along the Sycamore Creek Drainage.

Adaptive management, conservative utilization guidelines, and a rest-rotational management

system should provide protection for this species. Although there may be some livestock impact;

the primary reproductive strategy for this species, being rhizomatous, should allow for population

expansion.

Cumulative Effects. Based on effects to potential and/or occupied habitat for the aforementioned

sensitive species, this alternative is unlikely to affect individuals or population viability. Riparian

canopy cover, stream banks, vegetative cover in the uplands and riparian areas, soil condition,

and watershed effects would improve under this alternative, although at a slower rate than

alternatives 1 and 3.

Wildlife would continue to be disturbed by a variety of human activities in the area. This may

increase as the greater Phoenix population continues to grow.

Alternative 3 – Modified Propose Action (Sycamore Creek Exclosure)

Direct and Indirect Effects. Riparian and upland habitat improvement would be the same as was

described under alternative 2, with the exception of that portion of Sycamore Creek within the

Dos S Unit that will be fenced to exclude livestock use. The riparian habitat within the exclosure

will likely improve at a rate similar to alternative 1, and more rapidly than alternative 2.

General Wildlife. The proposed exclusion of portions of Sycamore Creek, Mesquite Wash, and

Rock Creek will greatly benefit game and nongame wildlife species through improved riparian

habitat. Improvement in density and structural diversity of riparian habitat in the aforementioned

riparian areas would be similar to what would be expected under alternative 1, and would likely

occur more rapidly than under alternative 2.

Wildlife habitat improvements throughout the remainder of the allotment would be the same as

described under alternative 2.

Management Indicator Species. Riparian vegetation is likely to improve through adherence to

conservative utilization guidelines, monitoring, and rest. Benefits to Bell’s vireo through an

increase in riparian understory density and common black hawk through improvement in vertical

structure would likely be greater in those areas excluded from livestock use than under alternative

2 and similar to what would be expected under alternative 1.

The effects to riparian and upland MIS habitat outside of the proposed exclosure would be the

same as described under alternative 2.

TES Species. Through implementation of a rest-rotation system of management, adaptive

management principles, monitoring, mitigation measures, and exclusion of several key riparian

areas; habitat for TES species would likely remain stable or increase, but to a lesser degree than

alternative 1 and at a similar rate as alternative 2 (except for the riparian dependent species within

the exclosure area).


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The effects to the following TES species, analyzed under alternative 2 above, will be identical to

what is expected under alternative 3; and therefore, will not be included in further analysis; Gila

topminnow, desert pupfish, Mexican spotted owl critical habitat, Sonoran Desert tortoise, desert

bighorn sheep, desert sucker, Gila monster, and Hohokam agave.

Furthermore, the following TES species, analyzed under alternative 2 above, were determined not

to be affected by livestock grazing or livestock management activities, and therefore, will not be

included in further analysis; California leaf-nosed bat and Mapleleaf false snapdragon.

Lowland Leopard Frog – The proposed exclosure of portions of Sycamore Creek, Mesquite

Wash, and Rock Creek in the Dos S Unit will provide protection to these populations similar to

what would be expected under alternative 1. Effects to known populations in Mud and Hidden

Water Spring, Cottonwood Creek, and other riparian habitat would be identical to what was


Gila Longfin Dace - The proposed exclosure of portions of Sycamore Creek, Mesquite Wash,

and Rock Creek in the Dos S Unit will provide protection to these populations similar to what

would be expected under alternative 1. Effects to known population in Hidden Water Spring and

likely populations in Cottonwood Creek and other springs would be identical to what was


Maricopa Tiger Beetle – The proposed exclosure of portions of Sycamore Creek, Mesquite

Wash, and Rock Creek in the Dos S Unit will provide protection to this population similar to

what would be expected under alternative 1. Although this beetle has not been documented as

occurring outside of Mesquite Wash, additional habitat may exist. Effects to populations outside

of the aforementioned habitat would be identical to what was described under alternative 2.

Common Black Hawk - The proposed exclosure of portions of Sycamore Creek, Mesquite Wash,

and Rock Creek in the Dos S Unit will provide protection to this population similar to what

would be expected under alternative 1. These are the only riparian systems within the Sunflower

Allotment that contains the mature riparian gallery forests, with cottonwoods and willows and/or

sycamores required by this species.

Cumulative Effects. Riparian canopy cover, vertical structure diversity, stream banks, and water

quality within those portions of Sycamore Creek, Mesquite Wash, and Rock Creek are expected

to be similar as to what would be observed under alternative 1, and are expected to occur more

rapidly than under alternative 2.

The proposed exclosure fence will also provide protection to the aforementioned riparian areas by

excluding OHV access, although recreationists may continue to illegally drive in washes and

creeks negatively effecting wildlife and habitat.


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