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About IndiaTRANSCRIPT
India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Republic of India
भारत गणराज्य
Bhārat Gaṇarājya
Flag Emblem
Motto:
"Satyameva Jayate" (Sanskrit)
सत्यमेव जयते (Devanāgarī)
"Truth Alone Triumphs"[1]
Anthem:
Jana Gana Mana
"Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People"[2]
National song:[a]
Vande Mataram
"I Bow to Thee, Mother"[1]
Area controlled by India is in dark red.
Claimed and controlled regions are in light red.
Capital and largest city
New Delhi
28°36.8′N 77°12.5′E
Official languages Hindi, English[show]
Recognised 8th Schedule:[show]
regional languages
National languages
None defined by the
Constitution[3]
Demonym Indian
Government Federal parliamentary
constitutional republic[1]
- President Pranab Mukherjee
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi (NDA)
- Speaker of the House Sumitra Mahajan (NDA)
- Chief Justice H L Dattu
Legislature Parliament of India
- Upper house Rajya Sabha
- Lower house Lok Sabha
Independence from the United Kingdom
- Declared 15 August 1947
- Republic 26 January 1950
Area
- Total 3,287,263 km2[upper-alpha 1]
(7th)
1,269,219 sq mi
- Water (%) 9.56
Population
- 2011 census 1,210,193,422[4]
(2nd)
- Density 383.9/km2 (31st)
994.4/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2011 estimate
- Total $4.469 trillion[5]
(3rd)
- Per capita $3,703[5]
GDP (nominal) 2011 estimate
- Total $1.996 trillion[5]
(9th)
- Per capita $1,527[5]
Gini (2004) 36.8
[6]
medium · 79th
HDI (2011) 0.641
[7]
medium · 79th
Currency Indian rupee ( ) (INR)
Time zone IST (UTC+05:30)
- Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+05:30)
Date format dd/mm/yyyy (AD)
Drives on the left
Calling code 91
Internet TLD
.in
Other TLDs[show]
Footnotes[show]
The Republic of India (Hindi: ) is a country in Asia. It is at the center of South
Asia. India has more than 1.2 billion (1,210,000,000) people, which is the second largest
population in the world.[8]
It is the seventh largest country in the world by area.
India has seven neighbours: Pakistan in the north-west, China and Nepal in the north, Bhutan and
Bangladesh in the north-east, Myanmar in the east and Sri Lanka, an island, in the south.
India is the largest democracy in the world by population.[9]
The capital of India is New Delhi.
India is a peninsula, bound by the Indian Ocean in the south, the Arabian Sea on the west and
Bay of Bengal in the east. The coastline of India is of about 7,517 km (4,671 mi) long.[10]
India
has the third largest army in the world[11][12]
and nuclear weapons.[13]
India gets its name from the Greek word, Indus. It means "the people who live near the Indus
River."
India is a growing economy, regarded as the fastest growing country in the world along with
China.[14]
In terms of Literacy and wealth, India has done a good job.[15]
Although it's regarded as
the 83rd most corrupt nation out of 174 most recognized countries,[16]
as per Corruption
Perceptions Index, Indian government has faced thousands of protests since April 2011, where
people have demanded many major politicians to resign, and give up all the money which they
have earned through corruption.[17]
India is a founding member of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), and has signed the Kyoto
Protocol.
India has the largest number of spoken languages per country in the world. Many people of
different religions live there.
Contents
1 National Symbols of India
2 History
3 Defence
4 Government
5 Geography and climate
6 Indian states
7 Trouble with the borders
8 Economy
9 People
10 Languages
11 Culture
12 Technology
13 Sports
14 Notes
15 References
16 Other websites
National Symbols of India
Panthera tigris tigris (national animal)
Pavo muticus (national bird)
Nelumbo nucifera (national flower)
Ficus benghalensis (national tree)
The National emblem of India shows four lions standing back-to-back. The lions symbolise
power, pride, confidence, and courage (bravery). Only the government can use this emblem,
according to the State Emblem of India (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act, 2005.
History
History
The Taj Mahal in Agra was built by Shah Jahan as a memorial to his wife Mumtaz Mahal. It is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is thought to be of "outstanding universal value".[18]
Main page: History of India
Two of the main Classical languages of the world— Sanskrit and Tamil, were born in India.
Both of these languages are more than 3000 years old. The country founded a religion called
Hinduism, which most Indians still follow. Later, a king called Ashoka built an empire called the
Maurya dynasty in 300 BC. It made most of South Asia into one whole country.[19]
From 180
BC, many other countries invaded India. Even later (100 BC — AD 1100), other Indian
dynasties (empires) came, including the Chalukyas, Cholas, Pallavas, and Pandyas.[20]
South
India at that time was famous for its very good science, art, and writing.
Many dynasties ruled India around the year 1000. Some of these were the Mughal, Vijayanagara,
and the Maratha empires. In the 1600s, European countries invaded India, and the British
controlled most of India by 1856.[21]
In the early 1900s, millions of people peacefully started to protest. One of the people who were
leading the freedom movement was Mahatma Gandhi, who only used peaceful tactics, including
a way called "ahinsa", which means "non-violence".[22]
On 15 August 1947, India peacefully
became free and independent from the British Empire. India's constitution was founded on 26
January 1950. Every year, on this day, Indians celebrate Republic Day. The first official leader
(Prime Minister) of India was Jawaharlal Nehru.
After 1947, India has had a socialist planned economy. It is one founding member of the Non-
Aligned Movement and the United Nations. It has fought many wars since independence from
Britain, including in 1947-48, 1965, 1971, and 1999 with Pakistan and in 1962 with China. It
also fought a war to capture Goa, a Portuguese-built port and city which was not a part of India
until 1961. The Portuguese refused to give it to the country, and so India had to use force and the
Portuguese were defeated. India has also done nuclear tests in 1974 and 1998, and it is one of the
few countries that has nuclear bombs.[23]
Since 1991, India has been one of the fastest-growing
economies in the world.[24]
The first in India
Title Name of person Year
Oscar for Lifetime Achievement Satyajit Ray 1992
Man who conquered Mt. Everest Tenzing Norgay 1953
Woman who conquered Mt. Everest Bachendri Pal 1984
Defence
India's Gurkha soldiers are famous around the world for their bravery.
Government
Parliament of India.
India is the largest democracy in the world.[9]
India's government is divided into three parts: the Legislative (the one that makes the laws, the
Parliament), the Executive (the government), and the Judiciary (the one that makes sure that the
laws are obeyed, the supreme court).
The legislative branch is made up of the Parliament of India, which is in New Delhi, the capital
of India. The Parliament of India is divided into two groups: the upper house, Rajya Sabha
(Council of States); and the lower house, Lok Sabha (House of People). The Rajya Sabha has
250 members,[25]
and the Lok Sabha has 552 members.[25]
The executive branch is made up of the President, Vice President, Prime Minister, and the
Council of Ministers. The President of India is elected for five years. The President can choose
the Prime Minister, who has most of the power. The Council of Ministers, such as the Minister of
Defence, help the Prime Minister. Narendra Modi became the Prime Minister of India on May
16, 2014. He is the 19th Prime Minister of India.
The judicial branch is made up of the courts of India, including the Supreme Court. The Chief
Justice of India is the head of the Supreme Court. Supreme Court members have the power to
stop a law being passed by Parliament if they think that the law is illegal and contradicts
(opposes) the Constitution of India.[26]
In India, there are also 21 High Courts.
Geography and climate
Rivers of India
India is the seventh largest country in the world. It is the main part of the Indian subcontinent.
The countries next to India are Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, Bhutan, and Nepal. It is
also near Sri Lanka, an island country.
India is a peninsula, which means that it is surrounded on three sides by water. One of the seven
wonders of the world is located in Agra the Taj Mahal. In the west is the Arabian Sea, in the
south is the Indian Ocean, and in the east is the Bay of Bengal. The northern part of India has
many mountains. The most famous mountain range in India is the Himalayas, which have some
of the tallest mountains in the world. There are many rivers in India. The main rivers are the
Ganges, the Brahmaputra, the Yamuna, the Godavari, the Kaveri, the Narmada, and the Krishna.
India has different climates.[27]
In the South, the climate is mainly tropical, which means it can
get very hot in summer and cool in winter.[27]
The northern part, though, has a cooler climate,
called sub-tropical, and even alpine in mountainous regions.[27]
The Himalayas, in the alpine
climate region, can get extremely cold. There is very heavy rainfall along the west coast and in
the Eastern Himalayan foothills. The west, though, is drier. Because of some of the deserts of
India, all of India gets rain for four months of the year. That time is called the monsoon. That is
because the deserts attract water-filled winds from the Indian Ocean, which give rain when they
come into India. When the monsoon rains come late or not so heavily, droughts (when the land
dries out because there is less rain) are possible.
Indian states
For administration purposes, India has been divided into smaller pieces. Most of these pieces are
called states, some are called union territories. States and union territories are different in the
way they are represented. Most union territories are ruled by administrators sent by the central
government. All the states, and the territories of Dehli, and Puducherry elect their local
government themselves. In total, there are twenty-nine states, and seven union territories.[28]
States:
States Capitals Code
Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad AP
Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar AR
Assam Dispur AS
Bihar Patna BR
Chhattisgarh Raipur CT
Goa Panaji GA
Gujarat Gandhi nagar GJ
Haryana Chandigarh HR
Himachal Pradesh Shimla HP
Jammu and Kashmir
Srinagar (summer)
Jammu (winter) JK
Jharkhand Ranchi JH
Karnataka Bangalore KA
Kerala Tiruvanananthapuram KL
Madhya Pradesh Bhopal MP
Maharashtra Mumbai MH
Manipur Imphal MN
Meghalaya Shillong ML
Mizoram Aizawl MZ
Nagaland Kohima NL
Orissa Bhubaneshwar OR
Punjab Chandigarh PB
Rajasthan Jaipur RJ
Sikkim Gangtok SK
Tamil Nadu Chennai TN
Telangana Hyderabad TG
Tripura Agartala TR
Uttar Pradesh Lucknow UP
Uttarakhand Dehra Dun UT
West Bengal Kolkatta WB
Union territories:
Union territory Capital
Andaman and Nicobar Islands Port Blair
Chandigarh Chandigarh
Dadra and Nagar Haveli Silvassa
Daman and Diu Daman
Delhi Delhi
Lakshadweep Kavaratti
Puducherry Puducherry
Trouble with the borders
There are disputes about certain parts of the Indian borders. Countries do not agree on where the
borders are. Pakistan and China do not recognise the disputed territory of Occupied Kashmir.
The Indian government calls it Jammu and Kashmir and believes it is an Indian state. Similarly,
the Republic of India does not recognise the Pakistani and Chinese parts of Kashmir.
In 1914, British India and Tibet agreed on the McMahon Line, as part of the Simla Accord.
Indians and Tibetans see this line as the official border. China does not agree, and both mainland
China and Taiwan do not recognize that Arunachal Pradesh belongs to India. According to them,
it is a part of South Tibet, which belongs to China.[29][30]
Economy
Main page: Economy of India
The economy of the country is among world's fastest growing. The economy of India is the 3rd
largest in the world with a GDP of $4798 billion. In terms of PPP, the economy is 3rd largest
(worth $4.798 trillion U.S.). The growth rate is 8.25% for fiscal 2010. However, that is still
$3678 (considering PPP) per person per year. India's economy is based mainly on service
sector=43%, Industries=41%, I.T=7%, farming=7%, Outsourcing=2%.
India's economy is diverse. Major industries include automobiles, cement, chemicals, consumer
electronics, food processing, machinery, mining, petroleum, pharmaceuticals, steel,
transportation equipment, and textiles.[31]
However, despite economic growth, India suffers from poverty. 27.5% of the population was
living in poverty in 2004–2005.[32]
In addition, 80.4% of the population live on less than USD $2
a day,[33]
which was lowered to 68% by 2009.[34]
People
This is a map of the population density of India.
There are 1.12 billion people living in India.[35]
India is the second largest country by the number
of people living in it, with China being the first. Experts think that by the year 2030, India will be
the first.[36]
About 70% of Indians live on farms.[37]
The largest cities in India are Mumbai,
Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Ahmedabad.[28]
India has 23 official
languages.[38]
Altogether, 1.625 languages are spoken in India.[39]
Languages
There are many different languages and cultures in India. The only geographical place with more
different languages and cultures is the African continent.[28]
There are two main language
families in India, the Indo-Aryan and the Dravidian languages. About 69% of Indians speak an
Indo-Arayan language, about 26% speak a Dravidian language. Other languages spoken in India
come from the Austro-Asiatic group. Around 5% of the people speak a Tibeto-Burman language.
Hindi is the official language in India with the largest number of speakers.[40]
It is the official
language of the union.[41]
Native speakers of Hindi represent about 41% of the Indian population
(2001 Indian census). English is also used, mostly for business and in the administration. It has
the status of a 'subsidiary official language'.[42]
The constitution also recognises 21 other
languages. Either many people speak those languages, or they have been recognised to be very
important for Indian culture. The number of dialects in India is as high as 1,652.[39]
In the south of India, many people speak Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam. In the north,
many people speak Chhattisgarhi, Punjabi, Bengali, Gujarati, and Marathi, Oriya, and
Bihari.[43][44]
India has 23 official languages. Its constitution lists the name of the country in each of the
languages.[45]
Hindi and English (listed in boldface) are the "official languages of the union"
(Union meaning the Federal Government in Delhi);[46]
Tamil and Sanskrit kannada are officially
the "classical languages of India."
Language Long form English
Pronunciation Short form
Assamese ভাৰত গণৰাজ্য Bhārôt Gôṇôrājÿô Bharot
Bengali ভারত গণরাজ্য Bʰārôt Gôṇôrājÿô Bharot
Bodo
Dogri
English
[31] Republic of India
India
Gujarati ભારતીય પ્રજાસત્તાક Bhartiya Prajasattak
Rajasthani Bhārata Gaṇarājya Bhārat
Hindi भारत गणराज्य Bhārata Gaṇarājya Bhārat
Kannada
ಭಾರತ ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ Bhārata Gaṇarājya Bhārata
Kashmiri Hindustān
Konkani
Maithili
Malayalam
ഭാരതം Bhāratam Bhāratam
Manipuri (also Meitei or
Meithei)
Marathi भारतीय प्रजासत्ताक Bhartiya Prajasattak Bhārat
Nepali भारत गणराज्य Bʰārat Gaṇarādzya Bʰārat
Oriya ଭାରତ Bharata Bharata
Punjabi
ਭਾਰਤ ਗਣਤੰਤਰ Bhārat Gantantar Bhārat
Sanskrit भारत गणराज्यम ्Bhārata
Gaṇarājyam Bhārata
Santhali
Sindhi
ڀ رت،
ڀ رت، ه ن ڀ رت،
Tamil
இந்தியக்
குடியரசு Indiyak-Kudiyarasu
India/Bharadham
Telugu
భారత గణరాజ్యము Bʰārata Gaṇa
Rājyamu Bhārath
Urdu ھ رت ہ ب ھ رت Jumhūrīyat-e Bhārat جمہوری Bhāratب
Culture
Religion in India[47]
Religion
Percent
Hinduism 81.0%
Islam 12.8%
Christianity 2.9%
Sikhism 1.9%
Buddhism 0.8%
Jainism 0.4%
Others 0.7%
Cave paintings from the Stone Age are found across India. They show dances and rituals and
suggest there was a prehistoric religion. During the Epic and Puranic periods, the earliest
versions of the epic poems Ramayana and Mahabharata were written from about 500–100
BCE,[48]
although these were orally transmitted for centuries before this period.[49]
Other South
Asian Stone Age sites apart from Pakistan are in modern India, such as the Bhimbetka rock
shelters in central Madhya Pradesh and the Kupgal petroglyphs of eastern Karnataka, contain
rock art showing religious rites and evidence of possible ritualised music.[50]
The Harmandir Sahib or The Golden Temple of the Sikhs.
Several modern religions are linked to India,[51]
namely modern Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism
and Sikhism. All of these religions have different schools (ways of thinking) and traditions that
are related. As a group they are called the Eastern religions. The Indian religions are similar to
one another in many ways: The basic beliefs, the way worship is done and several religious
practices are very similar. These similarities mainly come from the fact that these religions have
a common history and common origins. They also influenced each other.
The religion of Hinduism is the main faith followed by 81.0% of people in the Republic of India;
Islam – 12.8%; Christianity – 2.9%; Sikhism – 1.9%; Buddhism – 0.8% and Jainism – 0.4%.[52]
Technology
India has sent a space shuttle to Mars for the first time in 2014. It was called the Mars Orbiter
Mission. It took lesser money compared to the Hollywood movie, Gravity.
Sports
A 2008 Indian Premier League Twenty20 cricket match being played between the Chennai Super
Kings and Kolkata Knight Riders
Main page: Sports in India
India's official national sport is field hockey which is controlled by the Indian Hockey
Federation. The Indian field hockey team won the 1975 Men's Hockey World Cup. They have
also won eight gold, one silver and two bronze medals at the Olympic games. However, cricket
is the most popular sport in India. The India cricket team won the 1983 and 2011 Cricket World
Cup and the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. They shared the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy with Sri
Lanka. Cricket in India is controlled by the Board of Control for Cricket in India or BCCI.
Domestic tournaments are the Ranji Trophy, the Duleep Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the Irani
Trophy and the Challenger Series. There is also the Indian cricket league and Indian premier
league Twenty20 competitions.
Tennis has become popular due to the victories of the India Davis Cup team. Association football
is also a popular sport in northeast India, West Bengal, Goa and Kerala.[53]
The Indian national
football team has won the South Asian Football Federation Cup many times. Chess, which
comes from India, is also becoming popular. This is with the increase in the number of Indian
Grandmasters.[54]
Traditional sports include kabaddi, kho kho, and gilli-danda, which are played
throughout India.
Notes
1. "[...] Jana Gana Mana is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations in the
words as the Government may authorise as occasion arises; and the song Vande
Mataram, which has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian freedom, shall be
honoured equally with Jana Gana Mana and shall have equal status with it." (Constituent
Assembly of India 1950).
2. "The country’s exact size is subject to debate because some borders are disputed. The
Indian government lists the total area as 3,287,260 km2 (1,269,220 sq mi) and the total
land area as 3,060,500 km2 (1,181,700 sq mi); the United Nations lists the total area as
3,287,263 km2 (1,269,219 sq mi) and total land area as 2,973,190 km
2
(1,147,960 sq mi)." (Library of Congress 2004).
References
1. National Informatics Centre 2005.
2. Wolpert 2003, p. 1.
3. The Times of India 2007.
4. Ministry of Home Affairs 2011.
5. International Monetary Fund.
6. Central Intelligence Agency.
7. United Nations 2011.
8. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/indiaatglance.html
9. "Country profile: India". British Broadcasting Corporation. 19 April 2012. Retrieved
2005-55-21.
10. Kumar, V. Sanil; K. C. Pathak, P. Pednekar, N. S. N. Raju (2006). "Coastal processes
along the Indian coastline" (PDF). Current Science 91 (4): 530–536.
11. "The world's ten largest armies". Retrieved 2009-04-11.
12. "Largest Army in the World". Retrieved 2009-04-11.
13. "India Nuclear Forces". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
14. http://thebricspost.com/china-india-to-grow-fastest-in-world-imf/
15. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-economic-wealth-literacy-rising-court-cases-
report-india-today/1/242401.html
16. http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/results/
17. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-21/indians-divide-over-policing-a-watchdog-
world-view.html
18. "Taj Mahal". World Heritage List. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 28
September 2007. "The World Heritage List includes 851 properties forming part of the
cultural and natural heritage which the World Heritage Committee considers as having
outstanding universal value."
19. Jona Lendering. "Maurya dynasty". Retrieved 2007-06-17.
20. "South India". Suni System Ltd.. 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-19.
21. "From Trade to Colonization - Historic Dynamics of the East India Companies". 3 June
2007. Retrieved 2007-06-19.
22. Concise Encyclopedia. Dorling Kindersly Limited. 1997. pp. p. 455. ISBN 0-7513-5911-
4 .
23. "India Profile". NTI. 2003. Retrieved 2007-06-20.
24. Montek S. Ahluwalia (2002). "Economic Reforms in India since 1991: Has Gradualism
Worked?" (MS Word). Journal of Economic Perspectives. Retrieved 2007-06-13.
25. "Our Parliament A brief description of the Indian Parliament".
www.parliamentofindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
26. Matthew, K.M. (2008). Manorama Yearbook 2003. Malayala Manorama. pp. pg 524.
ISBN 81-89004-07-7 .
27. Concise Encyclopedia. Dorling Kindersly Limited. 1997. pp. p. 333. ISBN 0-7513-5911-
4 .
28. "Country Profile: India" (PDF). Library of Congress - Federal Research Division.
December 2004. Retrieved 2007-06-24.
29. "China revives claims on Indian territory". Islamic Republic News Agency. Retrieved
2007-08-26.
30. India-Taiwan Relations: In Delicate Minuet
31. "CIA Factbook: India". CIA. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
32. "Poverty estimates for 2004-05". Planning Commission,Government of India. Retrieved
2009-08-12.
33. "Human Development Report 2007/2008 - Population living below $2 a day (%)". United
Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
34. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2046.html
35. "Most populated countries". Compare Infobase Limited. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
36. Concise Encyclopedia. Dorling Kindersly Limited. 1997. pp. p. 332. ISBN 0-7513-5911-
4 .
37. "Census of India 2001". Census of India. Retrieved April 12, 2007.
38. "Languages of India". India image. Retrieved August 14, 2005.
39. Matthew, K.M. (2006). Manorama Yearbook 2003. Malayala Manorama. pp. pg 524.
ISBN 81-89004-07-7 .
40. "Languages by number of speakers according to 1991 census". Central Institute of Indian
Languages. Retrieved August 2, 2007.
41. Mallikarjun, B. (Nov., 2004), Fifty Years of Language Planning for Modern Hindi–The
Official Language of India, Language in India, Volume 4, Number 11. ISSN 1930-2940.
42. "Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L. (Ministry of Home Affairs), dated 27 April, 1960".
Retrieved July 4, 2007.
43. Prabodh Bechardas Pandit, "Language in a Plural Society", Dev Raj Chanana Memorial
Committee, 1977.
44. Robert McHenry, "The New Encyclopaedia Britannica", Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1993.
45. "Eighth Schedule". National Informatics Centre (NIC). 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
46. "The Union: Official Language". National Informatics Centre (NIC). 2007. Retrieved
2007-06-24.
47. Religious Composition
48. Goldman 2007, p. 23.
49. Rinehart 2004, p. 28.
50. "Ancient Indians made 'rock music'". BBC News. 19 March 2004. Retrieved 2007-08-07.
51. Adams, C. J., Classification of religions: Geographical, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007.
Accessed: 5 September 2007
52. "Census of India 2001, Data on Religion". Census of India. Retrieved April 12, 2007.
53. Majumdar & Bandyopadhyay 2006, pp. 1–5
54. "Anand crowned World champion". Rediff. 2008-10-29. Retrieved 2008-10-29.
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This page was last changed on 23 August 2015, at 10:52.
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