sun, wind & architecture - cp

October 24, 2007 6:53 Research Publishing: PLEA’07: Program & Abstracts

22–24 November 2007National University of Singapore

Singapore

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Published by

Research Publishing Services,Blk 998, Toa Payoh North, #07-18/19, Singapore 318993.e-mail: [email protected]

Passive and Low Energy Architecture: Sun, Wind and ArchitectureProceedings of the 24th International Conference on

Copyright c© 2008 Research Publishing ServicesAll rights reserved.

This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, elec-tronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storageand retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission fromthe Publisher.

ISBN 978-981-05-9400-8

Printed in Thailand

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Preface

The Department of Architecture of the National University of Singapore is committedto environmental sustainability in architecture and planning. We provide expertiseand visions from building integrated Photovoltaic to sustainable cities with particu-lar focus on the Tropics and Subtropics.

It gives us great pleasure to host the 24th PLEA conference. PLEA stands for Passiveand Low Energy Architecture. Its international annual conferences provide an excel-lent platform for exchange and networking and have been traveling through manycountries, mainly in Europe and the Americas.

PLEA 2007 is actually the first PLEA conference in Singapore and South East Asia. Wethus welcome Professionals, Academia, Industry and Members of the Governmentfrom East and West to close ties under our official conference theme ’Sun, Wind, andArchitecture’.

PLEA 2007 comprises of a Design Symposium and Workshop which are run by prac-tising architects and engineers, as well as 100 oral and 40 paper presentations from250 foreign architects and researcher. Our international keynote speakers have back-grounds in practise, academia and government and will focus on design, legislationand users.

Dr. Mohamad Maliki Bin Osman, Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of National De-velopment and Professor Koen Steemers, President of PLEA and Professor of Sus-tainable Design at the University of Cambridge (UK) will be the Guests-of-Honour ofour PLEA 2007 Opening Ceremony.

Welcome to Singapore and PLEA 2007 Conference, Design Symposium and Work-shop!

Dr. Stephen K. WittkopfChairman, PLEA 2007

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School of Design and Environment (SDE), B lock SDE3 , L evel 4 , L T 4 2 4




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Poster Presentation – Mini-PapersSession P 2

Poster Presentation – Mini-Papers

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O p ening C eremony @ U niversity C u ltu ral C entre (U C C ), N ational U niversity of Singap ore W elcome and Introdu ction

P L EA – A chievements and C hallengesGuest-of-Honour: Professor Koen Steemers, Current PL E A Presid ent, U niv ersity of Ca mb rid g e, U K

Singap ore’s Su stainab le B u ilt EnvironmentGuest-of-Honour: D r. M oh a ma d M a lik i B in O sma n, Pa rlia menta ry Sec reta ry , M inistry of N a tiona l D ev elop ment

K ey note Sp eeches @ U niversity C u ltu ral C entre (U C C ), N ational U niversity of Singap oreK ey note 1 : T he Eu rop ean Strategy tow ards Su stainab ility in the B u ilt Environment

Professor Pa ula Sa n Pa y o CA D IM A , E urop ea n Commission, B russels; T ec h nic a l U niv ersity of L isb on, Portug a l

K ey note 2 : P eop le, Sy stems, Environment - Ex p loring the P atterns and Imp act of C ontrol-O riented O ccu p ant A ctions in B u ildingsU niv . Professor D I D r. A rd esh ir M a h d a v i, V ienna U niv ersity of T ec h nolog y , A ustria

K ey note 3 : A dvanced Su stainab le B u ilding Design to C reate the Desired J ap an 2 0 5 0 F u tu reProfessor Ph D T osh ih a ru Ik a g a , Keio U niv ersity , J a p a n

Morning B reak

L u nc h B reak

Design Sy mp osiu m Ch a irp erson: O N G B oon L a y D esig n Posters

Presenta tion (5 mins ea c h )Guest Sp ea k ers:

Kev in L O W (M a la y sia ) Y A N G Pow Sing

(Sing a p ore) R ound T a b le D isc ussion

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Session 2 B C lim ate R esponsiv e A rc h itec tu re, S olar

A rc h itec tu re

Session 2 C S u stainab le B u ild ing A ssessm ent, Meth od s

and Polic ies

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Session 4 A D esig n S u pport T ools and S im u lation

Session 4 B Passiv e and L ow E nerg y A rc h itec tu re – C ase

S tu d ies

Session 4 C D ay lig h ting and V entilation

Session 3 C S u stainab le B u ild ing A ssessm ent, Meth od s

and Polic ies

Session 2 A R enew ab le E nerg ies and E nerg y E ffic ienc y

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D esig n S u pport T ools and S im u lation

E v ening B reak

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C om fort Mod els, Q u antitativ e and Q u alitativ e Perform anc e

Session 5 B Materials and G reening

Session 5 C C lim ate R esponsiv e A rc h itec tu re,

S olar A rc h itec tu re W ork shop

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L u nc h B reak a nd T ra nsfer to Sc h ool of D esig n a nd E nv ironment for Pa ra llel T ec h nic a l Sessions

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Design Sy mp osiu m Ch a irp erson: O N G B oon L a y L ea d

Sp ea k er - A lex a nd ros N T O M B A Z IS

(Greec e) Guest Sp ea k ers: A nth onio ISM A IL

(Ind onesia ) Poul E . KE IST E N SE N (M a la y sia )

1 4 :0 0 – 1 5 :5 0Session 1 A

R enew ab le E nerg ies and E nerg y E ffic ienc y

Session 1 B C lim ate R esponsiv e A rc h itec tu re, S olar

A rc h itec tu re

Session 1 C S u stainab le Planning and U rb an D esig n

Session 3 B Passiv e and L ow E nerg y A rc h itec tu re – C ase

S tu d ies

R egistration @ U niv ersity C u ltu ral C entre (U C C ), N ational U niv ersity of S ing apore

W ork shopSession 6 B

Passiv e and L ow E nerg y A rc h itec tu re – C ase S tu d ies

Session 6 C S u stainab le B u ild ing A ssessm ent,

Meth od s and Polic ies

E v ening B reak

A nnu al P L EA M eeting @ U niv ersity Cultura l Centre (U CC), N a tiona l U niv ersity of Sing a p ore

1 6 :3 0 – 1 8 :0 0Session 6 A

C om fort Mod els, Q u antitativ e and Q u alitativ e Perform anc e

1 2 :0 0 – 1 4 :0 0

C onference Dinner (Transport Provided)

Sat

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0 8 :4 5 – 1 0 :1 5Session 7 A

D ay lig h ting and V entilation Session 7 B

A rc h itec tu ral E d u c ation for S u stainab le D esig n

Session 7 C U ser-B u ild ing -Interac tion and Post

O c c u panc y E v alu ation

Morning B reak

Morning B reak

1 2 :3 5 – 1 4 :0 0 L u nc h B reak

1 0 :4 5 – 1 2 :3 5 Session 8 A

D ay lig h ting and V entilation Session 8 B

A rc h itec tu ral E d u c ation for S u stainab le D esig n

Session 8 C U ser-B u ild ing -Interac tion and Post

O c c u panc y E v alu ation

C onference Dinner (Transport Provided)

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Technical Program

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October 24, 2007 6:53 Research Publishing: PLEA’07: Program &Abstracts

Thursday, 22 November 2007

RegistrationTime 07:30–09:00 hrsVenue University Cultural Centre (UCC), National University of Singapore

Opening CeremonyTime 09:00–10:00 hrsVenue University Cultural Centre (UCC), National University of Singapore

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�Welcome and Introduction 09:00–10:00 hrs

Time 09:00–10:00 hrsPLEA – Achievements and ChallengesGuest-of-Honour: Professor Koen SteemersCurrent PLEA President, University of Cambridge, UK

Venue University Cultural Centre (UCC), National University of Singapore

Time 09:00–10:00 hrsSingapore’s Sustainable Built EnvironmentGuest-of-Honour: Dr. Mohamad Maliki Bin OsmanParliamentary Secretary, Ministry of National Development


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�Morning Break 10:00–10:30 hrs

Time 10:30–12:00 hrsKeynote 1: The European Strategy towards Sustainability inthe Built EnvironmentProfessor Paula San Payo CADIMA, European Commission,Brussels; Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal


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viii Technical Program

Time 10:30–12:00 hrsKeynote 2: People, Systems, Environment – Exploring thePatterns and Impact of Control-Oriented Occupant Actions inBuildingsUniv. Professor DI Dr. Ardeshir Mahdavi,Vienna University of Technology, Austria


Time 10:30–12:00 hrsKeynote 3: Advanced Sustainable Building Design to Createthe Desired Japan 2050 FutureProfessor PhD Toshiharu Ikaga, Keio University, Japan


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�Lunch Break∗ 12:00–14:00 hrs

Session [1A] Renewable Energies and Energy EfficiencyDate/Time Thursday, 22 November 2007 / 14:00 – 15:50 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT424Chair(s) To be advised

[P0333] Improving Energy Yields from Wind Turbines in Urban AreasAlan Harries, Neil Campbell and Sinisa Stankovic

[P0153] From Thermal Collectors Integration to Active Facade SystemsMaria Cristina Munari Probst and Christian Roecker

[P0173] An Empirical Approach to BIPV Application and Performance inMalaysiaLim Chin Haw, Elias Salleh, M. Fakri Zaky and Zalina Shari

[P0525] Strategic Energy Planning Decision-Making from Early Design toDetailed Design StagesKirk Shanks and Patrick Daly

∗Break and Transfer to School of Design and Environment for Parallel Technical Sessions


Technical Program ix

[P0500] Building within an Energetic Context — Low-exergy Design Basedon Local Energy Potentials and Excess or Shortage of EnergyAndy van den Dobbelsteen, Sabine Jansen, Anne-Lorene Vernayand Leo Gommans

Session [1B] Climate Responsive Architecture, Solar ArchitectureDate/Time Thursday, 22 November 2007 / 14:00 – 15:50 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT426Chair(s) To be advised

[P0519] Climate-Responsiveness of Building ElementsRemco Looman, Hans Cauberg, Andy van den Dobbelsteen,Arjan van Timmeren and Martin Tenpierik

[P0167] Passive Architecture and Local Identity: The design of Jin-ChangCulture Centre, Gan-Su, ChinaLi Zhang

[P0501] Home of the 21st Century — The Design of a Portable, Flexible,Environment-Interactive and User-Friendly DwellingOnno Faber, Andy van den Dobbelsteen, Machiel van Dorst andJan van de Voort

[P0263] Making Sense: A Passive Response to Modern Living in SouthFloridaMate Thitisawat, Francis Lyn and Stirling Moore

[P0315] Morphologic Alternatives to Maximize Solar Space Heating in UrbanBuildings of Arid Zone CitiesArboit Mariela, Diblasi Angela, Mesa Alejandro and de Rosa Carlos

Session [1C] Sustainable Planning and Urban DesignDate/Time Thursday, 22 November 2007 / 14:00 – 15:50 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT427Chair(s) To be advised

[P0435] The Biomimetic Solar City: Solar Derived Urban Form Using aForest-Growth Inspired MethodologyCraig Lee Martin and Greg Keeffe


x Technical Program

[P0136] Towards Formulating an Urban Climatic Map for High DensityCities — An Experience from Hong KongEdward Ng, Lutz Katzschner, Una Wang and Jochen Mulder

[P0123] Strategies and Concepts for Thermal Comfort Discussions in UrbanPlanning to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate ExtremesLutz Katzschner, Helmut Mayer, Christl Drey and Michael Bruse

[P0231] A Pilot Study of Urban Ventilation and Wall Effects of Buildings inHigh Density City Design — An Experience of Hong KongKiang Ngai Sze Karen, Lam Wing Yan, Yuen Hin Yu andNg Yan Yung Edward

[P0129] A Design, Planning and Urban Administration Strategy forSustainabilityW. Cecil Steward and Sharon B. Kuska

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�Evening Break 15:50–16:30 hrs

Session [2A] Renewable Energies and Energy EfficiencyDate/Time Thursday, 22 November 2007 / 16:30 – 18:00 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT424Chair(s) To be advised

[P0104] Benchmarking Carbon Emissions of Office Buildings in BahrainHassan Radhi and Steve Sharples

[P0210] Buildings in a Changing Climate — Effects of Global Warming onEnergy UseHans Rosenlund

[P0232] The Rogers House: Innovative Design and Post OccupancyEvaluation of an Energy Efficient House in ThailandSakkara Rasisuttha and David Rogers

[P0308] Life Cycle Inventory of Extremely Low Energy DwellingsGriet Verbeeck and Hugo Hens


Technical Program xi

[P0463] Energetic Implications of Alternative Lighting Control Strategies inan Educational BuildingAntonio Frattari, Michela Chiogna and Ardeshir Mahdavi

Session [2B] Climate Responsive Architecture, Solar ArchitectureDate/Time Thursday, 22 November 2007 / 16:30 – 18:00 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT426Chair(s) To be advised

[P0189] An Investigation of Ventilation at Ground Level in High DensityCities—An Initial Study in Hong KongChao Ren and Edward Ng

[P0252] Human Comfort, Urban Climate Change and Energy Use: AssessingAdaptation Options for the Rapidly Growing Tropical Mega-CitiesRohinton Emmanuel

[P0548] Assessment Criteria for Form Environmental Performance ofBuilding Envelope in Hot ARID ClimatesAhmed Elseragy and Amira Elnokaly

[P0397] Opportunities and Restrictions of Bioclimatic Architecture Appliedto Architectural Design Developed in the City of FlorianopolisRafael Prado Cartana and Fernando Oscar Ruttkay Pereira

Session [2C] Sustainable Building Assessment, Methods and PoliciesDate/Time Thursday, 22 November 2007 / 16:30 – 18:00 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT427Chair(s) To be advised

[P0366] Integral Design Methodology for Sustainable IFD Buildings andFlexergy in Energy InfrastructuresW. Zeiler, G. Boxem, M. A. van Houten, P. Savanovic, E. M. C. J. Quanjel,W. Wortel, J. A. J. van der Velden, J. F. de Haan, I. G. Kamphuisand M. P. F. Hommelberg


xii Technical Program

[P0352] Integrating Energy Rating and Carbon Limitation in Irish BuildingRegulations a Comparative Analysis of Ireland and UK/(Eng/Wales)Patrick Daly

[P0193] Experiences in the Development of Sustainable Design Methodologyfor a Residential Complex La Piedra in Maracaibo, VenezuelaTimo Marquez Arreaza, Ricardo Vargas Romeroand France Aguilar Galiz

[P0218] Going Beyond Local Regulations on the Built Environment:Considerations and Implications in the Design Process for the City ofMaracaibo, VenezuelaTimo Marquez Arreaza, Veronica Reyes and Nastia Almao

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�Annual PLEA Meeting† 19:00 – 20:30 hrs

†Meeting @ School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT427


Technical Program xiii

Friday, 23 November 2007

Session [3A] Design Support Tools and SimulationDate/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / 08:45 – 10:15 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT424Chair(s) To be advised

[P0230] Accounting for Urban Microclimate in Computer Simulation ofBuilding Energy PerformanceEvyatar Erell, Veronica Soebarto and Terence Williamson

[P0283] Numerical Analysis of the Thermal Influence of Building Design onUrban Environment “Development of Thermal Design Tool forOutdoor Space using 3D-CAD”Kazuaki Nakaohkubo, Akira Hoyano and Takashi Asawa

[P0420] The Performance of a Partially Air Conditioned Apartment Buildingin Kuala LumpurSabarinah Sh. Ahmad and Steven V. Szokolay

[P0188] Modelling the Air Flows in Urban Places in Hong Kong UsingLarge-Eddy SimulationMarcus Oliver Letzel, Xipo An and Edward Ng

Session [3B] Passive and Low Energy Architecture – Case StudiesDate/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / 08:45 – 10:15 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT426Chair(s) To be advised

[P0360] The Realities of Environmental Design Initiatives in ArchitecturalPracticeDana Raydan, Peter Williams, Juliet Landler, Red Ventura,Peter McLaughlin and Phil Dordai


xiv Technical Program

[P0547] Naturally Ventilated Tall Office Building in the Tropics — Learningfrom BawaBeng Kiang Tan, Uma Maheswaran Cr and Shunjuan Hong

[P0396] The Tall Building and the Architectural Utopians: The Role ofEnvironmental Issues and the Challenge of a Design Exercise in SaoPauloErica Mitie Umakoshi and Joana Carla Goncalves

[P0208] Retrofitting of the NTUA Student Residence Building with the use ofan Innovative Aluminium “skin”Euphrosyne Triantis, Flora Bougiatioti and Aineias Oikonomou

Session [3C] Sustainable Building Assessment, Methods and PoliciesDate/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / 08:45 – 10:15 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT427Chair(s) To be advised

[P0298] An Irish Building Environmental Assessment MethodPaul Kenny, Neasa Hourigan and Vivienne Brophy

[P0119] Geographical Information System (GIS)-Based Urban Heat IslandStudy in NUS CampusWong Nyuk Hien and Steve Kardinal Jusuf

[P0535] Support Procedures for Decision Makers on the Sustainable UrbanDevelopment of Coastal AreasAna Rosa Lombardi, Miguel Aloysio Sattler and Luis Carlos Bonin

[P0401] LEED Outside It’s Native Environment: Potentialities andInconsistencies for its Application in BrazilThiago Zaldini Hernandes and Denise Helena Duarte


Technical Program xv

Session [D1] DESIGN SYMPOSIUM — Hot Climate, Cool DesignDate/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / [5 Mins Each] 08:45 – 10:15 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, Level 4, LT423Chair(s) ONG Boon Lay

Lead Speaker: Alexandros N. TOMBAZIS (Greece)Guest Speakers: Anthonio ISMAIL (Indonesia) andPoul E. KEISTENSEN (Malaysia)

[DP0158] Botany ClassroomC. Fong, V. Sagia and S. Vujeva

[DP0508] Environmental Responsive Housing: A Multi Family Housing Projectin the Tropical Mega CityHiroki Toyosaki, Yuchiro Kodama and Yusuke Kuchii

[DP0227] Understanding Climate for Energy Efficient/Sustainable DesignAnir Kumar Upadhyay

[DP0467] Sustainable Architecture Tool for the Colombian Humid TropicE. Caro, Y. Kodama and C. Hasui

[DP0438] Observation of Heat Isand and Land use in CambridgeChen Shuo Dana Raydan

[DP0214] A Combined Computational Method for Determining NaturalVentilation Potentials in Planning ProcessTung-Shen Hsie

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�Morning Break 10:15 – 10:45 hrs

Session [4A] Design Support Tools and SimulationDate/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / 10:45 – 12:35 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT424Chair(s) To be advised

[P0166] Orientation, Building Height and Sky View Factor as EnergyEfficiency Design ParametersLea Cristina Lucas de Souza and Marcio Luis Yamaguti


xvi Technical Program

[P0274] BIM: Defining Opportunities for Environmentally Sensitive DesignUte Poerschke and Loukas Kalisperis

[P0279] The Development of Energy Efficiency Building Codes in the ASEANArea - A Quarter-Century Review and the Proposal for a Design Toolfor Commercial Buildings in VietnamViet Tuan Do, Alan N. Young, Nico Kienzl and Gerald Pde

[P0445] A Numerical Method for Analyzing the Microclimatic Effect ofBioclimatic Design Using a Combination of CFD and OutdoorThermal SimulationArisa Kakuya, Jiang He and Akira Hoyano


[P0416] Energy Efficiency of an Indirect Evaporative Passive Cooling SystemAxa Rojas and Eduardo Gonzalez

[P0334] Ground Cooling and Night Ventilation in the Italian “Casa in Linea”Arianna Sdei

[P0460] Cooling by Roof Pond with Floating Insulation in the Hot HumidClimate of Veracruz, MexicoJose Roberto Garcıa Chavez, Baruch Givoni and Stepahnie Mundet

[P0474] Case Study in Passive Architecture: Energy Savings Benefit in aDetached House in MalaysiaWan Rahmah Mohd Zaki, Abdul Hadi Nawawi and Sabarinah Sh Ahmad

Session [4C] Daylighting and VentilationDate/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / 10:45 – 12:35 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT427Chair(s) To be advised

[P0327] Effects of Roof Design on the Wind-induced Ventilation Performanceof Atrium SpacesRong Li and Adrian Pitts


Technical Program xvii

[P0502] Efficient Lighting Strategies for Office Rooms in Tropical ClimatesFriedrich Linhart and Jean-Louis Scartezzini

[P0426] Development of Optical Light Pipes for Office SpacesLiliana O. Beltran and Betina Martins Mogo

[P0187] Satellite-Based Method to Predict Global Illuminance for BetterDaylight Design in Sub-Tropical RegionZhengjun He and Edward Ng

[P0429] Visual Performance at Different Workstation Positions UnderDaylight in Office Building in Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaZuraini Denan, Phil Jones, Don Alexander andMuhammad Hafizi Hashim

Session [D2] DESIGN SYMPOSIUM — Hot Climate, Cool DesignDate/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / [5 Mins Each] 10:45 – 12:35 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, Level 4, LT423Chair(s) ONG Boon Lay

Guest Speakers: Kevin LOW (Malaysia) andYANG Pow Sing (Singapore) & Round Table Discussion

[DP0269] Modern Courtyard HousesAnir Kumar Upadhyay

[DP0355] Climatic Dimension in Vernacular Chinese HousingJean Bouillot

[DP0562] Public “Living Room” Outdoor Comfort in Hot and Humid ClimateJoyce Chan

[DP0168] Effect of Staggered Housing Layout on Internal Airflow of Houses inMalaysiaNoor Hanita Abdul Majid, Hokoi Shuichi and AbdulRazak Sapian

[DP0206] Dube Light Pipe: An Innovative System of Day Light TrasmissionCarlo Baroncini, Fabrizio Chella and Paolo Zazzini

[DP0553] Natural Light in Restoration: Use of a Double Light Pipe in aHistorical BuildingFabrizio Chella and Emiliana Gentile


xviii Technical Program

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�Lunch Break 12:35–13:30 hrs

Session [P1] Poster Presentation – Mini-PapersDate/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / 13:30 – 14:00 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, Level 4, LT424

& LT426Chair(s) To be advised

1. Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency

[MP0329] Experiences with an Innovative Energy System: Refurbishment andEnlargement of a Rationalist Building in Italy to a Solar ActiveBuildingAlexanda Troi, Assunta Napolitano and Wolfram Sparber

[MP0371] Monitoring Buildings with Non-Computerized Heating Systems:Optimization of Energy Performance by Variations in Use andManagementErika Mata and Fabian Lopez

[MP0251] Designing and Constructing to the PassivHaus Standard inTemperate ClimateIrena Kondratenko, Vivienne Brophy and Patxi Hernandez

[MP0516] Renewable Energy Sources and Greek IslandsAgapi Fylaktou Cattaneo

2. Climate Responsive Architecture, Solar Architecture

[MP0325] Design Strategies for Environmentally Sustainable ResidentialTowers in the Cool Temperate ClimateSabina Fazlic

[MP0359] Design Considerations for Energy Efficient Housing – Past, Presentand FutureDana Raydan, Eirini Tsianaka and Peter Williams

[MP0419] Sustain Contemporary Architecture into Climatic Condition — CaseStudy of Gorgan CityMansoureh Tahbaz and Shahrbanoo Djalilian


Technical Program xix

[MP0278] House as a Tree: An Efficient Natural Base Architectural Design forTemperature Control and Energy SavingFrancisco Javier Cardenas Munguıa and Gisela Mendez

[MP0156] Examination and Review of Passive Solar Cooling Strategies inMiddle Eastern and North African Vernacular ArchitectureFewzi Fardeheb

3. Passive and Low-Energy Architecture – Case Studies

[MP0260] Integration of Teaching and Research: Design Development for aRange of Autonomous BuildingsB. Sodagar, Professor J. C. Chilton, B. Gilroy Scott and N. Lowthrop

[MP0174] Development of Floating, Residental Buildings in “Passive House”— TechnologyChristoph Buxbaum, Albert Seiler and Oskar Pankratz

[MP0241] The Potential of Earth-Air Heat Exchangers for Low Energy Coolingof BuildingsAbdullahi Ahmed, Andrew Miller and Kenneth Ip

[MP0194] Low-Income Housing: An Approach Through Sustainable DesignDebra L. Raymont

4. Sustainable Planning and Urban Design

[MP0205] Parametric Study on the Thermal Effect of Spatial form and SolarReflectance and Heat Capacity of Buildings: Aimed at Designing aComfortable and Less-Impact Built EnvironmentHanae Ichimura, Jiang He and Akira Hoyano

[MP0259] An Empirical Study on Outdoor Thermal Environment of ResidentialDevelopments and Street Blocks in Hong KongJoyce Tai and Stephen S. Y. Lau

[MP0295] Sustainable Architecture: Good Environmental Performance that isInspirationalFlavia Melo Tarmo

5. Sustainable Building Assessment, Methods and Policies

[MP0409] Analysis of Sustainable Buildings Strategies in Rural Areas in MexicoSilvia Arias


xx Technical Program

[MP0410] Application of Green Buildings Technologies in the ConstructionRegulations of MexicoDavid Avila

[MP0326] Comparison of the Environmental Performance of DifferentConstructions at BuildingsChrisi Tompa and Argiro Dimoudi

6. Design Support Tools and Simulation

[MP0179] An Evaluation Model of the Different Components of Solar RadiationImpinging on Vertical Surfaces in Consolidated Urban EnvironmentsAlejandro Mesa, Mariela Arboit and Carlos de Rosa

[MP0233] The Use of Computer Simulation Technique in the Calculation ofVertical Daylight Factor for Heavily Obstructed Urban EnvironmentsBaharuddin

7. Comfort Models, Quantitative and Qualitative Performance Criteria

[MP0445] Thermal Environment and Human Thermal Responses inAir-Conditioned Offices in TaiwanRuey Lung Hwang, Tzu Pin Lin, Pei-Wen Chen, Boon Ting Teo andYi Shuan Lin

[MP0147] Energy Efficient Laboratory Design — A New Approach to ImproveIndoor Air Quality and Thermal ComfortFarhad Memarzadeh, Andy Manning and Zheng Jiang

[MP0472] Performance Assessment of Double Roofs Incorporating RadiantBarrier SystemChi-ming Lai, Che-ming Chiang and J. S. Chiou

8. Materials and Greening

[MP0170] The Effect of Shading on the Night-Time Radiant Cooling of theMaterials Used on Horizontal City SurfacesFlora Bougiatioti

[MP0177] An Experimental Study and Simulation of PCM in Real ClimaticConditionsRadoslav Ponechal


Technical Program xxi

[MP0341] The Albedo of the Surfaces. In-the-Field Test Procedure for BuildingSkin CharacterizationLuca Gattoni, Tiziana Poli, Riccardo Arlunnoand Andrea Giovanni Mainini

[MP0387] The Impact of Urban Vegetation on Microclimate in Hot Humid SaoPauloJorg Spangenberg, Paula Shinzato, Erik Johansson and Denise Duarte

[MP0338] The Use of Alternative Agricultural Materials for Insulation ofResidential Properties: Results from a Performance Simulation StudySatta Panyakaew and Adrian Pitts

[MP0471] Investigation on Thermal-Insulation Capability of Hollow BricksIncorporating Phase Change MaterialsChi-ming Lai, Che-ming Chiang and C. J. Ho

9. Daylight in Buildings and Ventilation

[MP0316] The Role of Courtyards in Relation to Luminous ConditionsEirini Tsianaka

[MP0418] Review on the study of Daylighting in Atria: Finding the Gaps inKnowledgeJulitta Yunus, Sabarinah Sh. Ahmad and Azni Zain-Ahmed

[MP0436] Daylighting in Historical Centres: The Case of an Architect’s Office inSevilleBenito Sanchez-Montanes Macias and Jose Maria Cabeza Lainez

[MP0433] Lighting Features in Indian-Style Traditional ArchitectureJose Maria Cabeza Lainez

[MP0304] An Integral Approach to Improve Ventilation Design of DutchSchoolsWim Zeiler and Gert Boxem

[MP0447] Daylighting from Top-Lit Atrium Buildings in Kuala LumpurAhmad Ridzwan Othman, Azni Zain-Ahmed and Seti Mariam Ayop


xxii Technical Program

10. User-Building-Interaction and Post Occupancy Evaluation

[MP0529] Economic Dwelling for the Very-Low Income Population in ARIDZones and Thermal Comfort in Mexicali, MexicoRamona Romero, Eduardo Vazquez, Gonzalo Bojorquez, Ricardo Gallegos,Marıa Corral and Anıbal Luna

[MP0143] Shade and Wind Like Elements that Promote the Socialization andthe Rooting of the Community SpaceFrancisco Javier Cardenas Munguıa, Martha Eugenia Chavez Gonzalez andReyna Valladares Anguiano

Session [5A] Comfort Models, Quantitative and Qualitative PerformanceDate/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / 14:00 – 15:50 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT424Chair(s) To be advised

[P0106] Empirical Evaluation of Outdoor Thermal Comfort ModelsConsidering Different Microclimatic ConditionsLeonardo Marques Monteiro and Marcia Peinado Alucci

[P0131] Outdoor Thermal Comfort for Hong Kong People: A LongitudinalStudyVicky Cheng, Edward Ng and Baruch Givoni

[P0282] Effects of Tree Canopies on Solar Radiation Filtration in a TropicalMicroclimatic EnvironmentMohd Fairuz Shahidan, Elias Salleh and K. M. S. Mustafa

[P0292] Microclimatic and Behavioural Diversities of Semi-Enclosed UrbanPrecincts in the TropicsIndrika Rajapaksha


Technical Program xxiii

Session [5B] Materials and GreeningDate/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / 14:00 – 15:50 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT426Chair(s) To be advised

[P0191] VIP Integrated Facade Designs: The Advantage of Combining HighThermal Performance with Limited Construction ThicknessMartin Tenpierik and Hans Cauberg

[P0314] Study on Healing Potential of Green Space in a Compact UniversityCampus by Means of a Vertical Greening ApproachFeng Yang and Stephen S. Y. Lau

[P0399] Passive Cooling of Buildings by the Application of Cool CoatingsA. Synnefa and M. Santamouris

[P0353] Assessing the Shading Performance of Climbing Plant CanopiesKenneth Ip, Marta Hoi-Yan Lam and Andrew Miller

Session [5C] Climate Responsive Architecture, Solar ArchitectureDate/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / 14:00 – 15:50 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT427Chair(s) To be advised

[P0482] Thermal Optimisation of the Vertical Opaque Envelope: VariableInsulation an Innovative ApproachSelwin Wever and Paula Cadima

[P0402] Determination of the Solar Absorptance of Opaque SurfacesKelen Dornelles, Victor Roriz and Maurıcio Roriz

[P0344] A Tale of Two Hammams: Indoor Environmental Conditions inTraditional Bath BuildingsArdeshir Mahdavi, Kristina Orehounig and Nina Mikats

[P0444] Application of Thermal Performance of Rammed Earth Wall onPassive Design: A Case Study in Temperate Climate of JapanFutoshi Miyaoka, Yuichiro Kodama, Chikako Hasui, Kumiko Hatanaka andKoji Takemasa


xxiv Technical Program

�

�

�

�Workshop∗∗ 14:00–15:50 hrs

�

�

�

�Evening Break 15:50–16:30 hrs

Session [6A] Comfort Models, Quantitative and Qualitative PerformanceDate/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / 16:30 – 18:00 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT424Chair(s) To be advised

[P0328] The Influence of Albedo of Surfaces on Microclimatic Modifications.New Scenarios for MilanoTiziana Poli, Luca P. Gattoni, Riccardo Arlunno, Giorgio Pansa andDaniele Zappala

[P0266] Interpreting Fanger’s Comfort Equation within the AdaptiveParadigmDirk A. Schwede

[P0146] Simulating Human Thermal Comfort and Resulting Usage Patternsof Urban Open Spaces with a Multi-Agent SystemMichael Bruse

[P0561] Design Features Evolved in a Vernacular House Under Hot andHumid Climate with Measured Results of Indoor EnvironmentKen-Ichi Kimura


[P0190] Practical Studies of Ecological Architecture for China’s Loess PlateauRegionMu Jun and Edward Ng

∗∗Workshop @ School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT423


Technical Program xxv

[P0475] A Comparative Study of the Efficiency in Reducing Heat GainThrough Roof Between Using Attic Ventilation and UsingAluminium FoilPantuda Puthipiroj

[P0134] The Impact of PLEA — Are We Making a Difference; Have We DoneEnough?Robert Vale and Brenda Vale

[P0183] The Cooling Effects of Evaporative Cooling Systems in VariousUrban DistrictsJiang He and Akira Hoyano

Session [6C] Sustainable Building Assessment, Methods and PoliciesDate/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / 16:30 – 18:00 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT427Chair(s) To be advised

[P0246] KlimaHaus CasaClima — A Regional Energy Certification SystemStimulates Low Energy ArchitectureYan Schmitt, Alexandra Troi, Georg Pichler and Wolfram Sparber

[P0268] The Implementation Deficit of Sustainable Construction in Flanders,Belgium. Estimation and Proposals for Enhanced StrategiesHan Vandevyvere and Herman Neuckermans

[P0374] Solar & Aeolic Environmental Control of the Built Environment Caseof Study: Urban Housing Developments, Maracaibo (Venezuela)Gomez Nersa and Ferrer Mercedes

[P0446] Reviewing Benchmarking Approaches for Building EnvironmentalAssessment Tools (BEA)- Rigour Versus PracticalityRichard Hyde, Deo Prasad, John Blair, Richard Moore, Lydia Kavanagh,Melinda Watt and Karin Schianetz

�

�

�

�Workshop∗∗ 16:30–18:00 hrs

�

�

�

�Conference Dinner (Transport Provided) 19:00–21:00 hrs


xxvi Technical Program

Saturday, 24 November 2007

Session [7A] Daylighting and VentilationDate/Time Saturday, 24 November 2007 / 08:45 – 10:15 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT424Chair(s) To be advised

[P0442] The Role of Daylighting Design in a Healing Environment of PublicHospitals in Malaysia: A SurveySrazali Aripin

[P0234] The Use of Anidolic Lighting System in Improving DaylightIlluminance of High-rise Buildings in Hong KongStephen S. Y. Lau, Baharuddin and Stephen K. Wittkopf

[P0245] The Influence of Building Geometry on the Physical Urban Climate:A Revival of ‘Light, Air and Space’Marjolein van Esch, Truus de Bruin-Hordijk and Kees Duijvestein

[P0450] Preferential Sky Window: A New Parameter to Correlate SkyObstruction and Indoor Daylighting PerformanceFernando Oscar Ruttkay Pereira, Solange Maria Leder andAnderson Claro

Session [7B] Architectural Education for Sustainable DesignDate/Time Saturday, 24 November 2007 / 08:45 – 10:15 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT426Chair(s) To be advised

[P0330] Aiding Student Understanding of Building Environments: TheDevelopment of an ‘E-Evaluation’ ToolkitAdrian Pitts


Technical Program xxvii

[P0483] Self-Directing Learning — Getting Students to Learn EffectivelyAbout Smart and Bioclimatic DesignAndy van den Dobbelsteen and Kees van der Linden

[P0368] Laboratory Didactical Tools for Architectural Design Students inTropical and Subtropical ConditionsAnıbal Figueroa, Victor Fuentes and Gloria Castorena

[P0221] “Reality bites” About the Balancing Process Between Disciplines inthe Architectural Planning ProcessHeide G. Schuster and Sigrid Dany

Session [7C] User-Building-Interaction and Post Occupancy EvaluationDate/Time Saturday, 24 November 2007 / 08:45 – 10:15 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT427Chair(s) To be advised

[P0505] Comparative Evaluation of Sustainability in the Buildings Adaptedto New Uses and Their Interaction with the Users and theEnvironmentFarzin Haghparast and Amir Hossein Farahi-nia

[P0247] Longitudinal Evaluation of Affordable Housing in Scotland: Lessonsfor Low Energy FeaturesFionn Stevenson and Nick Williams

[P0236] Lifestyle as a Key Determinant of the Home EnvironmentJanice Fung, Colin D. A. Porteous and Tim Sharpe

[P0248] The Value of Architectural Influences to the Office Environment onOccupant Activity and HealthStamatina Th. Rassia and Nick V. Baker

[P0469] An Empirical Approach to the Evaluation of Living Environments forthe ElderlyArdeshir Mahdavi, Andrea Bodvay and Kristina Orehounig


xxviii Technical Program

�

�

�

�Morning Break 10:15–10:45 hrs

Session [8A] Daylighting and VentilationDate/Time Saturday, 24 November 2007 / 10:45 – 12:35 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT424Chair(s) To be advised

[P0389] Lessons from Three Daylighting Systems Used in TraditionalArchitecture of the United Arab EmiratesMaitha Dalmouk AlNuaimi and Liliana O. Beltran

[P0532] The Poetics of Sacred Light – An Investigation of the LuminousEnvironment in the Monastery of La TouretteBenson Lau

[P0381] Development of a Daylighting Teaching Methodology Based on aConceptual Model of ReferenceVeridiana Atanasio, Fernando O. Ruttkay Pereira, Aline C. S. Lopes andRaphaela W. Fonseca

[P0198] A Simplified Method to Evaluate the Daylight and EnergyPerformance in the LEED 2.2 Rating SystemDong-Hwan Ko, Mahjoub Elnimeiri and Raymond J. Clark

Session [8B] Architectural Education for Sustainable DesignDate/Time Saturday, 24 November 2007 / 10:45 – 12:35 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT426Chair(s) To be advised

[P0507] A Quantified Design Process to Configure Envelope Design for aHigh Rise BuildingNorhati Ibrahim


Technical Program xxix

[P0133] The Effect of Including Sustainability in Architectural EducationBrenda and Robert Vale

[P0195] Education for a More Sustainable ArchitectureMiguel Aloysio Sattler

[P0280] Teaching the Relation of Environmental Sensitivity and ConceptualDesignUte Poerschke

[P0276] Teaching and Learning the Daylighting Phenomenon in Architecturewith Physical ModelsFernando O. Ruttkay Pereira, Alexander C. Gonzalez andVeridiana Atanasio

Session [8C] User-Building-Interaction and Post Occupancy EvaluationDate/Time Saturday, 24 November 2007 / 10:45 – 12:35 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block SDE3, LT427Chair(s) To be advised

[P0113] A Post Occupancy Evaluation of a UK Sustainable School:Performance and PerceptionSteve Sharples, Rosie Parnell and Mohamed Refaee

[P0224] User Preferences for Routing and Seating in Response to DaylightingDesign in an Art MuseumPingping Dou and Koen Steemers

[P0551] Leading by Example: Post-Occupancy Evaluation Studies of CityCouncil-Owned Non-Domestic Buildings in OxfordRajat Gupta

[P0478] User Interfaces for Occupant Interactions with EnvironmentalSystems in BuildingsSzucheng Chien and Ardeshir Mahdavi

[P0449] Using Daylighting Controls in Offices? Post Occupancy Study abouttheir Integration with the Electric LightingEulalia Cunill, Rafael Serra and Mike Wilson


xxx Technical Program

[P0443] Visions for Open Spaces in Owner-Built Housing Areas in the City ofCampinas, Brazil: Perspectives of a Greener Urban LandscapeEvandro Z. Monteiro and Doris C. C. K. Kowaltowski

�

�

�

�Lunch Break 12:35–14:00 hrs

�

�

�

�Post Conferenceb 14:00–18:00 hrs

bTours (cost not included in conference fees) Urban Redevelopment Authority Singapore City Gallery(http://www.ura.gov.sg/gallery/ ) National Library of Singapore (http://www.nlb.gov.sg) HorticulturePark (http://www.nparks.gov.sg) LaSalle College of the Arts (http://www.lasalle.edu.sg)


Contents

Preface iii

Programme-At-A-Glance iv

Technical Program vii

Keynote Addresses xlix

Abstracts

1A: Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency

3P0333 Improving Energy Yields from Wind Turbines in Urban AreasAlan Harries, Neil Campbell and Sinisa Stankovic

3P0153 From Thermal Collectors Integration to Active Facade SystemsMaria Cristina Munari Probst and Christian Roecker

4P0173 An Empirical Approach to BIPV Application and Performance inMalaysiaLim Chin Haw, Elias Salleh, M. Fakri Zaky and Zalina Shari

5P0525 Strategic Energy Planning Decision-Making from Early Design toDetailed Design StagesKirk Shanks and Patrick Daly

6P0500 Building within an Energetic Context — Low-exergy Design Basedon Local Energy Potentials and Excess or Shortage of EnergyAndy van den Dobbelsteen, Sabine Jansen, Anne-Lorene Vernayand Leo Gommans

1B: Climate Responsive Architecture, Solar Architecture

6P0519 Climate-Responsiveness of Building ElementsRemco Looman, Hans Cauberg, Andy van den Dobbelsteen,Arjan van Timmeren and Martin Tenpierik

xxxi


xxxii Contents

7P0167 Passive Architecture and Local Identity: The design of Jin-ChangCulture Centre, Gan-Su, ChinaLi Zhang

8P0501 Home of the 21st Century — The Design of a Portable, Flexible,Environment-Interactive and User-Friendly DwellingOnno Faber, Andy van den Dobbelsteen, Machiel van Dorstand Jan van de Voort

8P0263 Making Sense: A Passive Response to Modern Living in SouthFloridaMate Thitisawat, Francis Lyn and Stirling Moore

9P0315 Morphologic Alternatives to Maximize Solar Space Heating inUrban Buildings of Arid Zone CitiesArboit Mariela, Diblasi Angela, Mesa Alejandro and de Rosa Carlos

1C: Sustainable Planning and Urban Design

10P0435 The Biomimetic Solar City: Solar Derived Urban Form Using aForest-Growth Inspired MethodologyCraig Lee Martin and Greg Keeffe

10P0136 Towards Formulating an Urban Climatic Map for High DensityCities — An Experience from Hong KongEdward Ng, Lutz Katzschner, Una Wang and Jochen Mulder

11P0123 Strategies and Concepts for Thermal Comfort Discussions inUrban Planning to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate ExtremesLutz Katzschner, Helmut Mayer, Christl Drey and Michael Bruse

12P0231 A Pilot Study of Urban Ventilation and Wall Effects of Buildings inHigh Density City Design — An Experience of Hong KongKiang Ngai Sze Karen, Lam Wing Yan, Yuen Hin Yu andNg Yan Yung Edward

12P0129 A Design, Planning and Urban Administration Strategy forSustainabilityW. Cecil Steward and Sharon B. Kuska

2A: Renewable Energies and Energy Efficiency

13P0104 Benchmarking Carbon Emissions of Office Buildings in BahrainHassan Radhi and Steve Sharples

14P0210 Buildings in a Changing Climate — Effects of Global Warming onEnergy UseHans Rosenlund


Contents xxxiii

14P0232 The Rogers House: Innovative Design and Post OccupancyEvaluation of an Energy Efficient House in ThailandSakkara Rasisuttha and David Rogers

15P0308 Life Cycle Inventory of Extremely Low Energy DwellingsGriet Verbeeck and Hugo Hens

15P0463 Energetic Implications of Alternative Lighting Control Strategiesin an Educational BuildingAntonio Frattari, Michela Chiogna and Ardeshir Mahdavi

2B: Climate Responsive Architecture, Solar Architecture

16P0189 An Investigation of Ventilation at Ground Level in High DensityCities—An Initial Study in Hong KongChao Ren and Edward Ng

17P0252 Human Comfort, Urban Climate Change and Energy Use:Assessing Adaptation Options for the Rapidly Growing TropicalMega-CitiesRohinton Emmanuel

18P0548 Assessment Criteria for Form Environmental Performance ofBuilding Envelope in Hot ARID ClimatesAhmed Elseragy and Amira Elnokaly

18P0397 Opportunities and Restrictions of Bioclimatic ArchitectureApplied to Architectural Design Developed in the City ofFlorianopolisRafael Prado Cartana and Fernando Oscar Ruttkay Pereira

2C: Sustainable Building Assessment, Methods and Policies

19P0366 Integral Design Methodology for Sustainable IFD Buildings andFlexergy in Energy InfrastructuresW. Zeiler, G. Boxem, M. A. van Houten, P. Savanovic,E. M. C. J. Quanjel, W. Wortel, J. A. J. van der Velden, J. F. de Haan,I. G. Kamphuis and M. P. F. Hommelberg

20P0352 Integrating Energy Rating and Carbon Limitation in Irish BuildingRegulations a Comparative Analysis of Ireland andUK/(Eng/Wales)Patrick Daly


xxxiv Contents

21P0193 Experiences in the Development of Sustainable DesignMethodology for a Residential Complex La Piedra in Maracaibo,VenezuelaTimo Marquez Arreaza, Ricardo Vargas Romero andFrance Aguilar Galiz

21P0218 Going Beyond Local Regulations on the Built Environment:Considerations and Implications in the Design Process for the Cityof Maracaibo, VenezuelaTimo Marquez Arreaza, Veronica Reyes and Nastia Almao

3A: Design Support Tools and Simulation

22P0230 Accounting for Urban Microclimate in Computer Simulation ofBuilding Energy PerformanceEvyatar Erell, Veronica Soebarto and Terence Williamson

23P0283 Numerical Analysis of the Thermal Influence of Building Designon Urban Environment:Development of Thermal Design Tool forOutdoor Space using 3D-CADKazuaki Nakaohkubo, Akira Hoyano and Takashi Asawa

24P0420 The Performance of a Partially Air Conditioned ApartmentBuilding in Kuala LumpurSabarinah Sh. Ahmad and Steven V. Szokolay

24P0188 Modelling the Air Flows in Urban Places in Hong Kong UsingLarge-Eddy SimulationMarcus Oliver Letzel, Xipo An and Edward Ng

3B: Passive and Low Energy Architecture – Case Studies

25P0360 The Realities of Environmental Design Initiatives in ArchitecturalPracticeDana Raydan, Peter Williams, Juliet Landler, Red Ventura,Peter McLaughlin and Phil Dordai

26P0547 Naturally Ventilated Tall Office Building in the Tropics —Learning from BawaBeng Kiang Tan, Uma Maheswaran Cr and Shunjuan Hong

27P0396 The Tall Building and the Architectural Utopians: The Role ofEnvironmental Issues and the Challenge of a Design Exercise inSao PauloErica Mitie Umakoshi and Joana Carla Goncalves


Contents xxxv

27P0208 Retrofitting of the NTUA Student Residence Building with the useof an Innovative Aluminium “skin”Euphrosyne Triantis, Flora Bougiatioti and Aineias Oikonomou


28P0298 An Irish Building Environmental Assessment MethodPaul Kenny, Neasa Hourigan and Vivienne Brophy

29P0119 Geographical Information System (GIS)-Based Urban Heat IslandStudy in NUS CampusWong Nyuk Hien and Steve Kardinal Jusuf

29P0535 Support Procedures for Decision Makers on the Sustainable UrbanDevelopment of Coastal AreasAna Rosa Lombardi, Miguel Aloysio Sattler and Luis Carlos Bonin

30P0401 LEED Outside It’s Native Environment: Potentialities andInconsistencies for its Application in BrazilThiago Zaldini Hernandes and Denise Helena Duarte

4A: Design Support Tools and Simulation

31P0166 Orientation, Building Height and Sky View Factor as EnergyEfficiency Design ParametersLea Cristina Lucas de Souza and Marcio Luis Yamaguti

32P0274 BIM: Defining Opportunities for Environmentally SensitiveDesignUte Poerschke and Loukas Kalisperis

32P0279 The Development of Energy Efficiency Building Codes in theASEAN Area - A Quarter-Century Review and the Proposal for aDesign Tool for Commercial Buildings in VietnamViet Tuan Do, Alan N. Young, Nico Kienzl and Gerald Pde

33P0445 A Numerical Method for Analyzing the Microclimatic Effect ofBioclimatic Design Using a Combination of CFD and OutdoorThermal SimulationArisa Kakuya, Jiang He and Akira Hoyano


34P0416 Energy Efficiency of an Indirect Evaporative Passive CoolingSystemAxa Rojas and Eduardo Gonzalez


xxxvi Contents

35P0334 Ground Cooling and Night Ventilation in the Italian “Casa inLinea”Arianna Sdei

36P0460 Cooling by Roof Pond with Floating Insulation in the Hot HumidClimate of Veracruz, MexicoJose Roberto Garcıa Chavez, Baruch Givoni and Stepahnie Mundet

36P0474 Case Study in Passive Architecture: Energy Savings Benefit in aDetached House in MalaysiaWan Rahmah Mohd Zaki, Abdul Hadi Nawawi andSabarinah Sh Ahmad

4C: Daylighting and Ventilation

37P0327 Effects of Roof Design on the Wind-induced VentilationPerformance of Atrium SpacesRong Li and Adrian Pitts

38P0502 Efficient Lighting Strategies for Office Rooms in Tropical ClimatesFriedrich Linhart and Jean-Louis Scartezzini

38P0426 Development of Optical Light Pipes for Office SpacesLiliana O. Beltran and Betina Martins Mogo

39P0187 Satellite-Based Method to Predict Global Illuminance for BetterDaylight Design in Sub-Tropical RegionZhengjun He and Edward Ng

39P0429 Visual Performance at Different Workstation Positions UnderDaylight in Office Building in Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaZuraini Denan, Phil Jones, Don Alexander andMuhammad Hafizi Hashim

5A: Comfort Models, Quantitative and Qualitative Performance

40P0106 Empirical Evaluation of Outdoor Thermal Comfort ModelsConsidering Different Microclimatic ConditionsLeonardo Marques Monteiro and Marcia Peinado Alucci

40P0131 Outdoor Thermal Comfort for Hong Kong People: A LongitudinalStudyVicky Cheng, Edward Ng and Baruch Givoni


Contents xxxvii

41P0282 Effects of Tree Canopies on Solar Radiation Filtration in a TropicalMicroclimatic EnvironmentMohd Fairuz Shahidan, Elias Salleh and K. M. S. Mustafa

42P0292 Microclimatic and Behavioural Diversities of Semi-EnclosedUrban Precincts in the TropicsIndrika Rajapaksha

5B: Materials and Greening

42P0191 VIP Integrated Facade Designs: The Advantage of CombiningHigh Thermal Performance with Limited Construction ThicknessMartin Tenpierik and Hans Cauberg

43P0314 Study on Healing Potential of Green Space in a CompactUniversity Campus by Means of a Vertical Greening ApproachFeng Yang and Stephen S. Y. Lau

44P0399 Passive Cooling of Buildings by the Application of Cool CoatingsA. Synnefa and M. Santamouris

45P0353 Assessing the Shading Performance of Climbing Plant CanopiesKenneth Ip, Marta Hoi-Yan Lam and Andrew Miller

5C: Climate Responsive Architecture, Solar Architecture

45P0482 Thermal Optimisation of the Vertical Opaque Envelope: VariableInsulation an Innovative ApproachSelwin Wever and Paula Cadima

46P0402 Determination of the Solar Absorptance of Opaque SurfacesKelen Dornelles, Victor Roriz and Maurıcio Roriz

47P0344 A Tale of Two Hammams: Indoor Environmental Conditions inTraditional Bath BuildingsArdeshir Mahdavi, Kristina Orehounig and Nina Mikats

47P0444 Application of Thermal Performance of Rammed Earth Wall onPassive Design: A Case Study in Temperate Climate of JapanFutoshi Miyaoka, Yuichiro Kodama, Chikako Hasui, Kumiko Hatanakaand Koji Takemasa

6A: Comfort Models, Quantitative and Qualitative Performance

48P0328 The Influence of Albedo of Surfaces on MicroclimaticModifications. New Scenarios for MilanoTiziana Poli, Luca P. Gattoni, Riccardo Arlunno, Giorgio Pansa andDaniele Zappala


xxxviii Contents

49P0266 Interpreting Fanger’s Comfort Equation within the AdaptiveParadigmDirk A. Schwede

50P0146 Simulating Human Thermal Comfort and Resulting UsagePatterns of Urban Open Spaces with a Multi-Agent SystemMichael Bruse

50P0561 Design Features Evolved in a Vernacular House under Hot andHumid Climate with Measured Results of Indoor EnvironmentKen-Ichi Kimura


51P0190 Practical Studies of Ecological Architecture for China’s LoessPlateau RegionMu Jun and Edward Ng

52P0475 A Comparative Study of the Efficiency in Reducing Heat GainThrough Roof Between Using Attic Ventilation and UsingAluminium FoilPantuda Puthipiroj

52P0134 The Impact of PLEA — Are We Making a Difference; Have WeDone Enough?Robert Vale and Brenda Vale

53P0183 The Cooling Effects of Evaporative Cooling Systems in VariousUrban DistrictsJiang He and Akira Hoyano


54P0246 KlimaHaus CasaClima — A Regional Energy Certification SystemStimulates Low Energy ArchitectureYan Schmitt, Alexandra Troi, Georg Pichler and Wolfram Sparber

54P0268 The Implementation Deficit of Sustainable Construction inFlanders, Belgium. Estimation and Proposals for EnhancedStrategiesHan Vandevyvere and Herman Neuckermans

55P0374 Solar & Aeolic Environmental Control of the Built EnvironmentCase of Study: Urban Housing Developments, Maracaibo(Venezuela)Gomez Nersa and Ferrer Mercedes


Contents xxxix

56P0446 Reviewing Benchmarking Approaches for BuildingEnvironmental Assessment Tools (BEA)- Rigour VersusPracticalityRichard Hyde, Deo Prasad, John Blair, Richard Moore, Lydia Kavanagh,Melinda Watt and Karin Schianetz

7A: Daylighting and Ventilation

56P0442 The Role of Daylighting Design in a Healing Environment ofPublic Hospitals in Malaysia: A SurveySrazali Aripin

57P0234 The Use of Anidolic Lighting System in Improving DaylightIlluminance of High-rise Buildings in Hong KongStephen S. Y. Lau, Baharuddin and Stephen K. Wittkopf

58P0245 The Influence of Building Geometry on the Physical UrbanClimate: A Revival of ‘Light, Air and Space’Marjolein van Esch, Truus de Bruin-Hordijk and Kees Duijvestein

58P0450 Preferential Sky Window: A New Parameter to Correlate SkyObstruction and Indoor Daylighting PerformanceFernando Oscar Ruttkay Pereira, Solange Maria Lederand Anderson Claro

7B: Architectural Education for Sustainable Design

59P0330 Aiding Student Understanding of Building Environments: TheDevelopment of an ‘E-Evaluation’ ToolkitAdrian Pitts

60P0483 Self-Directing Learning — Getting Students to Learn EffectivelyAbout Smart and Bioclimatic DesignAndy van den Dobbelsteen and Kees van der Linden

60P0368 Laboratory Didactical Tools for Architectural Design Students inTropical and Subtropical ConditionsAnıbal Figueroa, Victor Fuentes and Gloria Castorena

61P0221 “Reality bites” About the Balancing Process Between Disciplinesin the Architectural Planning ProcessHeide G. Schuster and Sigrid Dany


xl Contents

7C: User-Building-Interaction and Post Occupancy Evaluation

62P0505 Comparative Evaluation of Sustainability in the BuildingsAdapted to New Uses and Their Interaction with the Users andthe EnvironmentFarzin Haghparast and Amir Hossein Farahi-nia

62P0247 Longitudinal Evaluation of Affordable Housing in Scotland:Lessons for Low Energy FeaturesFionn Stevenson and Nick Williams

63P0236 Lifestyle as a Key Determinant of the Home EnvironmentJanice Fung, Colin D. A. Porteous and Tim Sharpe

64P0248 The Value of Architectural Influences to the Office Environmenton Occupant Activity and HealthStamatina Th. Rassia and Nick V. Baker

64P0469 An Empirical Approach to the Evaluation of Living Environmentsfor the ElderlyArdeshir Mahdavi, Andrea Bodvay and Kristina Orehounig

8A: Daylighting and Ventilation

65P0389 Lessons from Three Daylighting Systems Used in TraditionalArchitecture of the United Arab EmiratesMaitha Dalmouk AlNuaimi and Liliana O. Beltran

66P0532 The Poetics of Sacred Light – An Investigation of the LuminousEnvironment in the Monastery of La TouretteBenson Lau

66P0381 Development of a Daylighting Teaching Methodology Based on aConceptual Model of ReferenceVeridiana Atanasio, Fernando O. Ruttkay Pereira, Aline C. S. Lopes andRaphaela W. Fonseca

67P0198 A Simplified Method to Evaluate the Daylight and EnergyPerformance in the LEED 2.2 Rating SystemDong-Hwan Ko, Mahjoub Elnimeiri and Raymond J. Clark

8B: Architectural Education for Sustainable Design

67P0507 A Quantified Design Process to Configure Envelope Design for aHigh Rise BuildingNorhati Ibrahim

68P0133 The Effect of Including Sustainability in Architectural EducationBrenda and Robert Vale


Contents xli

68P0195 Education for a More Sustainable ArchitectureMiguel Aloysio Sattler

69P0280 Teaching the Relation of Environmental Sensitivity andConceptual DesignUte Poerschke

70P0276 Teaching and Learning the Daylighting Phenomenon inArchitecture with Physical ModelsFernando O. Ruttkay Pereira, Alexander C. Gonzalez andVeridiana Atanasio

8C: User-Building-Interaction and Post Occupancy Evaluation

71P0113 A Post Occupancy Evaluation of a UK Sustainable School:Performance and PerceptionSteve Sharples, Rosie Parnell and Mohamed Refaee

71P0224 User Preferences for Routing and Seating in Response toDaylighting Design in an Art MuseumPingping Dou and Koen Steemers

72P0551 Leading by Example: Post-Occupancy Evaluation Studies of CityCouncil-Owned Non-Domestic Buildings in OxfordRajat Gupta

73P0478 User Interfaces for Occupant Interactions with EnvironmentalSystems in BuildingsSzucheng Chien and Ardeshir Mahdavi

74P0449 Using Daylighting Controls in Offices? Post Occupancy Studyabout their Integration with the Electric LightingEulalia Cunill, Rafael Serra and Mike Wilson

74P0443 Visions for Open Spaces in Owner-Built Housing Areas in the Cityof Campinas, Brazil: Perspectives of a Greener Urban LandscapeEvandro Z. Monteiro and Doris C. C. K. Kowaltowski

P1: Poster Presentation – Mini-Papers


76MP0329 Experiences with an Innovative Energy System: Refurbishmentand Enlargement of a Rationalist Building in Italy to a SolarActive BuildingAlexanda Troi, Assunta Napolitano and Wolfram Sparber


xlii Contents

76MP0371 Monitoring Buildings with Non-Computerized Heating Systems:Optimization of Energy Performance by Variations in Use andManagementErika Mata and Fabian Lopez

77MP0251 Designing and Constructing to the PassivHaus Standard inTemperate ClimateIrena Kondratenko, Vivienne Brophy and Patxi Hernandez

77MP0516 Renewable Energy Sources and Greek IslandsAgapi Fylaktou Cattaneo


78MP0325 Design Strategies for Environmentally Sustainable ResidentialTowers in the Cool Temperate ClimateSabina Fazlic

78MP0359 Design Considerations for Energy Efficient Housing – Past,Present and FutureDana Raydan, Eirini Tsianaka and Peter Williams

79MP0419 Sustain Contemporary Architecture into Climatic Condition —Case Study of Gorgan CityMansoureh Tahbaz and Shahrbanoo Djalilian

80MP0278 House as a Tree: An Efficient Natural Base Architectural Designfor Temperature Control and Energy SavingFrancisco Javier Cardenas Munguıa and Gisela Mendez

80MP0156 Examination and Review of Passive Solar Cooling Strategies inMiddle Eastern and North African Vernacular ArchitectureFewzi Fardeheb


80MP0260 Integration of Teaching and Research: Design Development for aRange of Autonomous BuildingsB. Sodagar, J. C. Chilton, B. Gilroy Scott and N. Lowthrop

81MP0174 Development of Floating, Residental Buildings in “PassiveHouse” — TechnologyChristoph Buxbaum, Albert Seiler and Oskar Pankratz

81MP0241 The Potential of Earth-Air Heat Exchangers for Low EnergyCooling of BuildingsAbdullahi Ahmed, Andrew Miller and Kenneth Ip


Contents xliii

82MP0194 Low-Income Housing: An Approach Through Sustainable DesignDebra L. Raymont


82MP0205 Parametric Study on the Thermal Effect of Spatial form and SolarReflectance and Heat Capacity of Buildings:Aimed at Designing aComfortable and Less-Impact Built EnvironmentHanae Ichimura, Jiang He and Akira Hoyano

83MP0259 An Empirical Study on Outdoor Thermal Environment ofResidential Developments and Street Blocks in Hong KongJoyce Tai and Stephen S. Y. Lau

83MP0295 Sustainable Architecture: Good Environmental Performance thatis InspirationalFlavia Melo Tarmo


84MP0409 Analysis of Sustainable Buildings Strategies in Rural Areas inMexicoSilvia Arias

85MP0410 Application of Green Buildings Technologies in the ConstructionRegulations of MexicoDavid Avila

86MP0326 Comparison of the Environmental Performance of DifferentConstructions at BuildingsChrisi Tompa and Argiro Dimoudi

P2: Poster Presentation – Mini-Papers


86MP0179 An Evaluation Model of the Different Components of SolarRadiation Impinging on Vertical Surfaces in Consolidated UrbanEnvironmentsAlejandro Mesa, Mariela Arboit and Carlos de Rosa

87MP0233 The Use of Computer Simulation Technique in the Calculation ofVertical Daylight Factor for Heavily Obstructed UrbanEnvironmentsBaharuddin


xliv Contents


88MP0445 Thermal Environment and Human Thermal Responses inAir-Conditioned Offices in TaiwanRuey Lung Hwang, Tzu Pin Lin, Pei-Wen Chen, Boon Ting Teo andYi Shuan Lin

88MP0147 Energy Efficient Laboratory Design — A New Approach toImprove Indoor Air Quality and Thermal ComfortFarhad Memarzadeh, Andy Manning and Zheng Jiang

89MP0472 Performance Assessment of Double Roofs Incorporating RadiantBarrier SystemChi-ming Lai, Che-ming Chiang and J. S. Chiou


89MP0170 The Effect of Shading on the Night-Time Radiant Cooling of theMaterials Used on Horizontal City SurfacesFlora Bougiatioti

90MP0177 An Experimental Study and Simulation of PCM in Real ClimaticConditionsRadoslav Ponechal

90MP0341 The Albedo of the Surfaces. In-the-Field Test Procedure forBuilding Skin CharacterizationLuca Gattoni, Tiziana Poli, Riccardo Arlunnoand Andrea Giovanni Mainini

91MP0387 The Impact of Urban Vegetation on Microclimate in Hot HumidSao PauloJorg Spangenberg, Paula Shinzato, Erik Johansson and Denise Duarte

92MP0338 The Use of Alternative Agricultural Materials for Insulation ofResidential Properties: Results from a Performance SimulationStudySatta Panyakaew and Adrian Pitts

92P0471 Investigation on Thermal-Insulation Capability of Hollow BricksIncorporating Phase Change MaterialsChi-ming Lai, Che-ming Chiang and C. J. Ho


93MP0316 The Role of Courtyards in Relation to Luminous ConditionsEirini Tsianaka


Contents xlv

93MP0418 Review on the study of Daylighting in Atria: Finding the Gaps inKnowledgeJulitta Yunus, Sabarinah Sh. Ahmad and Azni Zain-Ahmed

94MP0436 Daylighting in Historical Centres: The Case of an Architect’sOffice in SevilleBenito Sanchez-Montanes Macias and Jose Maria Cabeza Lainez

94MP0433 Lighting Features in Indian-Style Traditional ArchitectureJose Maria Cabeza Lainez

95MP0304 An Integral Approach to Improve Ventilation Design of DutchSchoolsWim Zeiler and Gert Boxem

96MP0447 Daylighting from Top-Lit Atrium Buildings in Kuala LumpurAhmad Ridzwan Othman, Azni Zain-Ahmed and Seti Mariam Ayop


97MP0529 Economic Dwelling for the Very-Low Income Population in ARIDZones and Thermal Comfort in Mexicali, MexicoRamona Romero, Eduardo Vazquez, Gonzalo Bojorquez,Ricardo Gallegos, Marıa Corral and Anıbal Luna

97MP0143 Shade and Wind Like Elements that Promote the Socialization andthe Rooting of the Community SpaceFrancisco Javier Cardenas Munguıa, Martha Eugenia Chavez Gonzalezand Reyna Valladares Anguiano

D1: DESIGN SYMPOSIUM — Hot Climate, Cool Design

98DP0158 Botany ClassroomC. Fong, V. Sagia and S. Vujeva

99DP0508 Environmental Responsive Housing:A Multi Family HousingProject in the Tropical Mega CityHiroki Toyosaki, Yuchiro Kodama and Yusuke Kuchii

99DP0227 Understanding Climate for Energy Efficient/Sustainable DesignAnir Kumar Upadhyay

100DP0467 Sustainable Architecture Tool for the Colombian Humid TropicE. Caro, Y. Kodama and C. Hasui


xlvi Contents

100DP0438 Observation of Heat Isand and Land use in CambridgeChen Shuo Dana Raydan

101DP0214 A Combined Computational Method for Determining NaturalVentilation Potentials in Planning ProcessTung-Shen Hsie

101DP0269 Modern Courtyard HousesAnir Kumar Upadhyay

102DP0355 Climatic Dimension in Vernacular Chinese HousingJean Bouillot

102DP0562 Public “Living Room” Outdoor Comfort in Hot and HumidClimateJoyce Chan

103DP0168 Effect of Staggered Housing Layout on Internal Airflow of Housesin MalaysiaNoor Hanita Abdul Majid, Hokoi Shuichi and AbdulRazak Sapian

103DP0206 Dube Light Pipe: An Innovative System of Day Light TrasmissionCarlo Baroncini, Fabrizio Chella and Paolo Zazzini

103DP0553 Natural Light in Restoration: Use of a Double Light Pipe in aHistorical BuildingFabrizio Chella and Emiliana Gentile

Author Index 105


Keynote Addresses

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Keynote 1

The European Strategy towards Sustainability in theBuilt Environment

Professor Paula San Payo CadimaProfessor at the Faculty of Architecture, Technical University of Lisbon, Project Officer,Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation (EACI), European Commission,

Brussels

Over the past years, the European Commission has been promoting various aspectsof sustainable urban development and energy efficiency through a number of poli-cies, measures and legislative instruments. Regulations can also act as a mean to stim-ulate the integration of environmental issues in the design approach. This paper givesan overview of some of the most relevant EU directives and legislation which stim-ulate low energy architecture and sustainable design. It presents some drivers andrisks of mandatory requirements to the integrated design approach. The paper alsoincludes examples of European initiatives which aim at overcoming existing barriersto the implementation of the Energy Performance in Buildings Directive (EPBD) inthe various EU Member States.

Biography

Professor Cadima, helps the promotion of energy efficiency and Renewable Energiesand managing European projects in the building sector. She has taught at the Facultyof Architecture in Lisbon since 2001 and became Director of the Master Course on“Bioclimatic Architecture” in 2003. She is the current Vice-President of PLEA.

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l Keynote Addresses

Keynote 2

People, Systems, Environment - Exploring thePatterns and Impact of Control-Oriented Occupant

Actions in Buildings

Univ. Prof. DI Dr. Ardeshir MahdaviDirector, Department of Building Physics and Building Ecology Vienna University of

Technology Vienna, Austria

In most buildings, people operate control devices such as windows, shades, lumi-naires, radiators, and fans to bring about desirable indoor environmental conditions.These control actions have a significant – yet often neglected – impact on buildings’performance and sustainability (energy use, indoor climate). A better understandingof the logic and patterns of such control-oriented user behavior can not only facilitatebetter predictions of buildings’ performance, but also support the effective operationof buildings’ service systems. This paper describes an extensive empirical study ofcontrol-oriented user behavior (as related to systems for lighting, shading, ventila-tion, and heating) in a number of office buildings in Austria. The results specificallyshed light on the relationships between control actions and environmental conditionsinside and outside buildings.

Biography

His research activities cover a wide spectrum of work in building science, includingbuilding physics, building performance simulation, building automation, and sus-tainable architectural design. He is a frequent keynote speaker at scientific confer-ences and has authored over 300 publications.


Keynote Addresses li

Keynote 3

Advanced Sustainable Building Design to Createthe Desired Japan 2050 Future

Professor PhD Toshiharu IkagaDepartment of System Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio

University, Japan

To create the desired Japan 2050 future, it will be one of the most effective measuresthat architects and engineers can easily use the life cycle assessment (LCA) and lifecycle costing (LCC) methods in the basic or schematic design phase of each building.The author has been developing the “Comprehensive Assessment System for Build-ing Environmental Efficiency (CASBEE) ”, supported by the Japan Ministry of Land,Infrastructure and Transport. In this keynote speech, the several sustainable buildingsdesigned and assessed by author to create the desired Japan 2050 future will be pre-sented as follows: “Head office of the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies(IGES)”, “Head office of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)”, “LibertyTower of Meiji University”, “Yusuhara Town Hall”.

Biography

Ikaga Lab focuses on sustainable engineering of buildings and cities, life cycle as-sessment (LCA), and environmental efficiency assessment (CASBEE) to achieve thetarget of the Kyoto Protocol. Previously he worked for the worlds largest architecturaldesign firm “Nikken Sekkei” contributing to award winning Architecture in Japan.


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October 24, 2007 23:36 Research Publishing: RPS: plea07

Abstracts

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Abstracts

Session 1A Renewable Energies and Energy EfficiencyDate/Time Thursday, 22 November 2007 / 14:00 � 15:50 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block

SDE3, LT424Chair(s) To be advised

P0333Improving Energy Yields from Wind Turbines in Urban AreasAlan Harries, Neil Campbell and Sinisa StankovicBDSP Partnership, London

With urban wind energy still in its infancy there is clear need for the provision of well-reasoned, unbiased direction and guidance. This is largely due to the high level oftechnical understanding required which includes the added complexities associatedwith urban wind environments and the realities of integrating turbines into occupiedareas. Therefore, this paper begins with an overview of the three main areas: smallwind and building mounted turbines; large scale stand-alone turbines; and buildingintegrated turbines. Subsequently, a method for predicting the energy output from abuilding integrated wind turbine relative to a free standing equivalent is examinedfor a proposed residential tower. The corresponding results suggest the energy yieldscan be relatively high.

Keywords: Wind Turbine, Optimisation, Integration, CFD.

P0153From Thermal Collectors Integration to Active Facade SystemsMaria Cristina Munari Probsta and Christian Roeckerb

Laboratoire d’Energie Solaire, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de LausanneEPFL-ENAC-LESO/PB, Bat. LE Station 18, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

One main step to ease facade integration of solar thermal is to conceive new collec-tors as multifunctional building elements. For flat plate hydraulic collectors (glazedand unglazed) the most natural added function is facade cladding. The new elements

3


4 Abstracts

should then meet the sets of requirements of both solar and facade systems. Now, forarchitectural coherence, areas of different solar exposure or too small to host collec-tors may need the same cladding appearance. This means that the availability, withinthe system, of elements providing the sole cladding function and of components tointerface the system with the other building parts (windows, balconies, eaves . . .) isfundamental to answer correctly to facade integration issues.

Two possible approaches to meet these requirements are presented and evaluatedthrough a practical example:

– develop a new facade system around the new collectors.– adapt the new collectors to an existing facade system.

Both options introduce the new concept of “active facade systems”, which shouldthen logically be developed by facade manufacturers rather than the collector indus-try alone. This will be globally more economic and effective since it will benefit fromthe experience, infrastructure and market access of building professionals, for a build-ing product.

Finally recent developments in both the fields of glazed and unglazed systemsare presented that show the relevance of this novel approach.

Keywords: Solar Thermal, Facade, Integration, Active Facade, Coloured Collectors

P0173An Empirical Approach to BIPV Application and Performancein MalaysiaLim Chin Haw, Elias Salleh, M. Fakri Zaky and Zalina ShariDepartment of Architecture, Faculty of Design and Architecture, University PutraMalaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

This paper discusses one of the successful BIPV demonstration projects initiated andimplemented by the private sector, namely NLCC Architects Sdn Bhd., in collabora-tion with a German research institution — the Fraunhofer Institute of Solar Energy.A “Prototype Solar House” was designed and subsequently built in Shah Alam, Se-langor, Malaysia with 3 different grid-connected BIPV roof installations. The 3 dif-ferent photovoltaic modules were amorphous silicon, mono-crystalline and poly-crystalline. The emphasis of the research was on the performance of the BIPV underlocal climatic conditions and the architectural integration. An innovative monitor-ing system was installed for the recording and assessment of all relevant operat-ing parameters of the installations. The results of monitoring the whole systems re-vealed the various PV modules annual energy yield were: mono-crystalline silicon


Abstracts 5

was 974.7 kWh/kWp, amorphous silicon was 960.7 kWh/kWp and polycrystallinesilicon was 925.4 kWh/kWp.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Solar irradiation, BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaic),PV (Photovoltaic).

P0525Strategic Energy Planning Decision-Making from Early Designto Detailed Design StagesKirk Shanks and Patrick DalyRiSE Unit, Dublin Energy Lab., Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland

Increased uptake of sustainable energy systems (SES) is a key component of many na-tional and regional policies aimed at addressing climate change, energy security andenvironmental sustainability. The appropriate application of SES in building projectsis important to realise the aims of such strategic initiatives and support continueduptake. In many building projects key decisions that affect the applicability and op-timal application of sustainable energy systems are made in the early design stages.These typically involve the balancing of site, resource, building function and cost ef-fectiveness characteristics. As a building design develops the types of informationavailable to inform desicions evolves from being mainly qualitative at the earliest de-sign stages to being quantitative at later detailed design stages. This paper presentsa framework for characterising this information and evaluating the suitability andimpact of a range of SES in large new buildings. The framework combines qualitativeand quantitative evaluation to inform strategic energy planning decision making atthree stages of a buildings design development. By way of solar water heating andphotovoltaic examples the structure of a multi-level online application developed toaid decision making in various design stages is presented.

Keywords: Energy, Planning, Design.


6 Abstracts

P0500Building within an Energetic Context — Low-exergy DesignBased on Local Energy Potentials and Excess or Shortage ofEnergyAndy van den Dobbelsteen1, Sabine Jansen1, Anne-Lorene Vernay3

and Leo Gommans1,2

1Climate Design Group, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology,The Netherlands2Chair of Environmental Design, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology,The Netherlands3Industrial Ecology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology,The Netherlands

Architectural design is focused on the building and its direct surroundings, inde-pendent from the energy features of the wider context: district, city or region. Whenregional and urban features influencing energy yield, transport and usage are takeninto consideration in the planning and design process, a better basis is laid for energy-effectiveness. Therefore, the context needs to be analysed on various characteristics.These can be elaborated into so-called energy potential maps. Subsequently, the en-ergy potential maps can be translated into proposed spatial interventions, indicat-ing spots which are suited most, in terms of energy, for developments. When basingbuilding design on directives evolving from this larger scale, the energy demand willcommence already on a lower level. Smart and bioclimatic design will further im-prove the energy performance of the building, making it possible to close the energycycle locally.

The paper will exemplify building within an energetic context by research con-ducted by the authors.

Keywords: Energy Potential Maps, Exergy, Low-Exergy Design, Heat Cascading, Bio-climatic Design.

Session 1B Climate Responsive Architecture, Solar ArchitectureDate/Time Thursday, 22 November 2007 / 14:00 � 15:50 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block


P0519Climate-Responsiveness of Building ElementsRemco Looman, Hans Cauberg, Andy van den Dobbelsteen,

Arjan van Timmeren and Martin Tenpierik


Abstracts 7

Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

Building services, such as heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting, can be providedthrough passive energy strategies (natural ventilation, daylighting), by the aid of me-chanical building systems, or by a combination of both. Climate-responsive buildingelements operate in-between. They form the link between inconsistency in supply ofnatural resources due to dynamic climatic conditions and low-energy provision ofcomfort. Such elements function by responding to changes in climatic conditions, aswell as internal as external, and to occupant behaviour.

Responsiveness in this context implies some sort of intelligent reactive or perhapsperceptive behaviour to dynamic climatic conditions in order to comply with comfortdemands without the direct need for fossil fuels to compensate for the lack in energysupply by natural resources. This critical overview deals with the ambiguousness ofclimate-responsiveness in the context of energy and comfort in buildings, and pro-poses a typological model and common definition for climate design concepts thatinteract with changes in the environment.

Keywords: Comfort, Low-Energy Climate Control, Climate-Responsive Design.

P0167Passive Architecture and Local Identity:The design of Jin-Chang Culture Centre, Gan-Su, ChinaLi ZhangSchool of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Passive building technology has great potential in defining local identity. Sun, windand water are not only the elementary factors impacting a building’s response to itsphysical environment, but also the driving forces to local life style and faith. They alsoguide a building’s response to its cultural environment. By developing radical designstrategies not only from environmental awareness, but also from cultural awareness,architects can achieve compelling contemporary designs in passive architecture.

The design of the Jin-Chang Culture Centre follows this belief. Jin-Chang is a cityof nickel mining located in the northwest Chinese desert. It is enjoying a booming re-source economy now but facing serious issues of sustainability. The atrocious climate,the nickel mining industry and the unique desert landscape together form a strongsource of inspiration. With the idea of expressing local identity by passive architec-ture, the design team of the new culture centre has developed a series of strategiesthat not only tackle technological issues but also cultural ones. The result is a buildingthat is both environmentally appropriate and culturally expressive.

Keywords: Climate, cultural awareness, sunlight, local identity.


8 Abstracts

P0501Home of the 21st Century — The Design of a Portable, Flexible,Environment-Interactive and User-Friendly DwellingOnno Faber1, Andy van den Dobbelsteen2, Machiel van Dorst3

and Jan van de Voort41Teamwork Technology, Zijdewind, The Netherlands2Climate Design Group, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology,The Netherlands3Chair of Environmental Design, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology,The Netherlands4Attika Architects, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

People are increasingly on the move, but portable and moveable homes still reflectancient techniques. Moreover, user-friendliness in dwellings comes down to a verysimple personal influence on opening and doors and windows and switching on cer-tain appliances. In a world of versatile demands and decreasing energy resources, asmart approach to flexible living is needed. A dwelling complying with this shouldbe able to interact more intelligently with its environs, however in accordance withthe user demands. We present to you the design of an intelligent and sustainableportable dwelling, the Active Living Dome (ALD). The inner spaces of the ALD canbe adjusted to the 24-hour cycle of living. The dwelling’s skin shells can be openedand shut depending on the season, weather conditions and orientation. The dwellingis a user-controlled environment, teaching the inhabitant to create a synergetic effectbetween performance and comfort.

Keywords: Portable Building, Flexible Building, Environment-Interaction, User-Control,User-Friendliness.

P0263Making Sense: A Passive Response to Modern Living in SouthFloridaMate Thitisawat, Francis Lyn and Stirling MooreSchool of Architecture, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Lauderdale, USA

This action research investigates a design process, performances and operation sce-narios of a residential design in a subtropical region of South Florida. It also repre-sents a pilot study for airflow and thermal performance studies. Designers analyzeTypical Meteorological Year (TMY2) weather data in order to identify design solutionconcepts. The design incorporates several concepts including microclimate, heat sink,operable shading devices, wind tower, wind channelling, ventilated exterior walls,water collection, daylighting, and photovoltaic system. An idea of human actuatedsystem instigates the design, which offers different modes of operation, thus airflow


Abstracts 9

regimes. To verify the design, flow visualization experiments, and a thermal simu-lation are performed. The flow visualization confirms that the wind tower conceptworks. Furthermore, the paper discusses approaches for a future study that involveda coupled airflow and thermal performance simulation for an early design phase ofthe residential design in the region. The paper concludes with critical issues aboutthe coupled simulation that needs to be investigated next.

Keywords: Subtropical, Airflow, Ventilation, Energy, Comfort, Simulation, Flow Visu-alization, Passive Design, Wind Tower, Solar Chimney, Coupled Simulation.

P0315Morphologic Alternatives to Maximize Solar Space Heating inUrban Buildings of Arid Zone CitiesArboit Marielaa, Diblasi Angela, Mesa Alejandro and de Rosa CarlosInstituto de Ciencias Humanas Sociales y Ambientales (INCIHUSA - CONICET),Laboratorio de Ambiente Humano y Vivienda (LAHV), C.C. 131, (5500) Mendoza,Argentina.E-mail: [email protected]

The construction of knowledge on the solar potential of low-density urban environ-ments in cities with temperate sunny climates, is essential to the progress towards amore sustainable urban development in the future.

This research proposes the evaluation of the solar potential of low-density ur-ban tissues of Mendoza’s Metropolitan Area (MMA), considering urban and build-ing morphologic variables, with particular attention on the incidence of the urbanforest. A sample set of 32 units (city - blocks) was selected for the study. In a firststage a graphic-computational model was used to determine the actual insolation ofpotential collecting surfaces and the resulting values of the Potential Energy Savings(PES) indicator. In a second stage, given the complexity of the variable’s interrela-tionships, the results were analyzed through the use of a Statistical Multiple LinearRegression Model (SMLRM). The useful results yielded were: (1.) An orderly listingof the most significant explanatory variables to determine the PES, response variable,i.e. the potential for energy recovery in conventional urban buildings, by increasingconservation measures and additional solar gain. (2.) The development of a simpleinference tool (equation), extensive to the easy assessment of other units. The PESvalues obtained range from 61 to 80% of the city’s theoretical energy need for spaceheating in low-density urban areas. Studies on economic feasibility and patterns ofactual energy consumption for the use are being considered for further research.

Keywords: Urban morphology, urban indicators, solar potential, statistical assessment.


10 Abstracts

Session 1C Sustainable Planning and Urban DesignDate/Time Thursday, 22 November 2007 / 14:00 � 15:50 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block


P0435The Biomimetic Solar City: Solar Derived Urban Form Using aForest-Growth Inspired MethodologyCraig Lee Martin and Greg KeeffeThe Manchester School of Architecture, Manchester, United Kingdom

The Northern European solar city, with its low solar altitude is an oxymoron: build-ings close together shade each other. This is particularly true in winter where lowsun angles cast long shadows. European cities contain other problems; their earlydevelopment has left remnants of medieval street plans that have no inherent solarorientation. In England in particular, it seems very unlikely that there will ever be anylarge-scale urban re-planning of cities on solar principles. In light of this, how will itbe possible to develop the city so that each block gains maximum solar exposure,without unduly disadvantaging other blocks to do the same?

With initial reference to Ralph Knowles’ ‘Solar Envelope’1 and ‘Interstitium’2,this paper creates and uses a mapping of city and forest, in order to develop newmethodologies for growing a city using Sernander-type gap dynamics3. By recog-nizing the forest (and city) as an intensified, light stratified system, grown througha sequential process of ‘succession’ this study has identified a flexible sunlight anddaylight strategy for the volumetric development of brownfield urban sites.

Keywords: Biomimetic, Solar City, Northern European, Forest-Inspired.

P0136Towards Formulating an Urban Climatic Map for High DensityCities — An Experience from Hong KongEdward Ng1, Lutz Katzschner2, Una Wang1 and Jochen Mulder2

1Department of Architecture, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong2University Kassel, Environmental Meteorological Institute, Planning Department,Kassel, Germany

Finding ways to strategically plan a city environmentally requires climatic informa-tion that is scientifically based. Hong Kong is a high density city with a sub-tropicalclimate and a hilly topography. The government of Hong Kong has recently commis-


Abstracts 11

sioned studies towards producing an urban climatic map. The extraordinary urbanmorphology of Hong Kong makes the task a unique challenge. A GIS based map hasbeen created using planning and land use data. This has been classified and coded.Land use, ground coverage, building bulk, and greenery intensities have been incor-porated. Overlaying it is the climatic data available from the Observatory. A draftUrban Climatic Map has been produced. Works are still on-going. Based on this ini-tial Urban Climatic Map, the government of Hong Kong is re-working their urbanzoning plans. Some of the initial scientific workings, as well as the implementationstrategies are reported in this paper.

Keywords: Planning, High Density City, Urban Heat Island, Urban Climatic Map.

P0123Strategies and Concepts for Thermal Comfort Discussions inUrban Planning to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate ExtremesLutz Katzschner2, Helmut Mayer1, Christl Drey3 and Michael Bruse4

1Meteorological Institute, University of Freiburg, Germany2Department of Environmental Meteorology, University of Kassel, Germany3Department of Urban Development, University of Kassel, Germany4Geomatics Group, Geography Department, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany

Recent results of climate simulations for Central Europe predict an increase of ex-treme heat waves during summer. This background situation is intensified by theurban heat island effect with the consequence that the quality of human life in ur-ban quarters will be affected more frequent, over longer periods and stronger in thefuture. Planning strategies need to be developed to ensure human thermal comfortoutdoors and indoors even during extreme weather conditions in summer. Identi-fying the human-biometeorological fundamentals required for the development andapplication of mitigation strategies are the objectives of the joint research project. Toanalyse the influence of different urban quarters, which are typical of future objects inurban planning, concerning human thermal comfort, the research design covers var-ious methods coordinated with respect to the objectives of KLIMES: experimental in-vestigations of the microclimatic conditions to determine thermal comfort, interviewswith city dwellers on their thermal perceptions and simulations of thermal comfortunder current as well as future climate conditions using the models ENVI-met andBOTworld. The paper presents a first approach to an interdisciplinary project. It willshow some preliminary results, which will lead to modified concepts and a guidelinefor urban development, which consider enhanced requirements to human thermalcomfort outdoors and indoors in cities due to impacts of regional climate change.

Keywords: Heat Stress, Urban Fabric, Urban Planning, Mitigation Strategies.


12 Abstracts

P0231A Pilot Study of Urban Ventilation and Wall Effects of Buildingsin High Density City Design — An Experience of Hong KongKiang Ngai Sze Karen, Lam Wing Yan, Yuen Hin Yu and Ng Yan Yung EdwardDepartment of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin,NT, Hong Kong

Hong Kong is a high density city, there is a growing tendency constructing buildingsthat are very closely packed together. With the recent change in Buildings Ordinanceand growing public demand for flats with sea-view and club-house, wall buildingswith gigantic podium have become a trend by local developers to optimize the mon-etary profit. The developers tend to build group of buildings aligned in a row withsimilar heights, which raises public concern about the wind penetration. This paperaims to find out the relationship between the perceived visual wall length and theeffective wind wall length. In order to determine the population suffering from thepoor ventilation caused by the wall buildings, it was hypothesized that the build-ing parameters (geometry, building height, density and building arrangement werecollected from Hong Kong Lands Department) and environmental parameters (pre-vailing wind direction and speed were collected from The Hong Kong Universityof Science and Technology) were taken into account to generate the wind shadow.The wind shadow shows the affected area, thus the affected population and impactscan be determined. The population under the wind shadow area is the indicator ofthe Wall Effect. This research found that there is a direct relationship between theperceived Visual Wall Length (physical dimension) and the Wall Effect. It can be con-cluded that the perception of the public about the Wall Effect is valid. This is an on-going study of Air ventilation Assessment System for High Density Planning andDesign. The results of this research will serve as a basis for establishment of an urbandesign guideline for controlling and minimizing the wind shadow area, and in turn,to improve inner city ventilation.

Keywords: Wall Effect, Wind Shadow, Wall Building.

P0129A Design, Planning and Urban Administration Strategy forSustainabilityW. Cecil Steward1 and Sharon B. Kuska2

1Joslyn Institute for Sustainable Communities, Lincoln and Omaha, Nebraska, USA2University of Nebraska — Lincoln, College of Architecture, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA

Buildings, communities, cities and the use of the transportation systems that con-nect them account for more than seventy-five percent of the energy consumption and


Abstracts 13

the carbon footprint of the developed nations. If one considers the addition of allother manufactured, human-made objects and products for sale and consumption,we quickly approach 100% of the source points for living in a non-sustainable world.Almost all of these products and environments are subject to design, planning, andadministration. This paper presents a paradigm and a tool for guiding the designer,planner, or administrator through a lifetime of conservation-based, sustainable prac-tices. The E/STEPSM methodology for assessments and the use of sustainability in-dicators is a service-marked process created by the Joslyn Institute for SustainableCommunities (JISC).

Keywords: Sustainable Design, Sustainable Planning, Sustainable Urban Administra-tion.

Session 2A Renewable Energies and Energy EfficiencyDate/Time Thursday, 22 November 2007 / 16:30 � 18:00 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block


P0104Benchmarking Carbon Emissions of Office Buildings inBahrainHassan Radhi and Steve SharplesSchool of Architecture, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom

Benchmarking the energy performance of buildings plays a key role in protectingthe environment, reducing energy consumption and checking on energy efficiency.In this study, which is one of the first to attempt benchmarking in Bahrain, the energyand environmental performance of six public and private offices were assessed. Forestimating the CO2 emission index (CEI), samples of the annual energy consumptiondata were collected and analysed together with floor area data. The normalised per-formance index was calculated for each office building. By using a standard methodit was possible to form a benchmark table that enabled comparison with buildingbenchmark values from other countries, such as those from CIBSE and BRE in theUK. The benchmark values for the Bahraini offices indicated poor energy and envi-ronmental performance compared to international benchmarks. This study showedthat the CEI was a useful tool for benchmarking the performance of office buildings inBahrain and for providing a first index of how well those buildings were performing.

Keywords: Benchmarking, Carbon Index, Office buildings, Bahrain.


14 Abstracts

P0210Buildings in a Changing Climate — Effects of Global Warmingon Energy UseHans RosenlundCEC Design, Sweden.E-mail: www.cecdesign.se

Global warming will have adverse effects on energy use in buildings in warm ar-eas. This paper studies the energy requirement for heating and cooling of a typicalmodern apartment building in two locations in Jordan; the capital Amman in thehighlands, and the coastal city of Aqaba. In Amman, with a predominant heatingneed, energy use decreases with global warming, while it increases in Aqaba, whereenergy is mainly used for cooling. It was found that additional insulation and betterventilation strategies may save up to almost 50% energy in the coastal city and morethan 90% in the highlands. Even in the scenario with +7◦C global warming, the im-proved design solution shows considerably lower energy use than today’s standardbuildings.

Keywords: Building, Building Design, Energy, Climate Change, Global Warming.

P0232The Rogers House: Innovative Design and Post OccupancyEvaluation of an Energy Efficient House in ThailandSakkara Rasisuttha1 and David Rogers2

1Faculty of Architecture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand2The house’s owner and builder, Khon Kaen, Thailand

This paper presents an architectural design-research work that applies passive de-sign theory and architectural practice that is not commonly practiced by Thai archi-tects and not known by the public. Measured data of the Rogers house and a typicalThai house is also presented. The Rogers house was constructed in wall bearing sys-tem. The main energy efficient design concept of the Roger’s house is “Keeping theHeat Out and Storing the Coolness In”. This concept is accomplished by two passivemeans: first, the building envelops (insulated ceiling, light-weight alumina/cementaerated block wall, double-glazing doors and windows) and second, store the cool-ness in the building’s floor and extra-thick interior brick walls. The ratio of building’svolume to interior thermal mass is 6.4. The house was finished in 2006 and the res-idents have lived in the house since then. The residents reported that they mostlyfeel comfortable while living in the house with minimum use of the air-conditioners.


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Plotted data in the ASHRAE comfort chart shows that the thermal conditions in thehouse were mostly in the comfort zones.

Keywords: Energy Efficient House, Measured Data, Thailand, Passive Design, WallBearing.

P0308Life Cycle Inventory of Extremely Low Energy DwellingsGriet Verbeeck1 and Hugo Hens2

1Department of Architecure, University College Provinciale Hogeschool, Hasselt,Belgium2Division of Building Physics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Traditionally, LCA has been developed for the assessment of industrial products. Thismakes the application to buildings not evident at all. Furthermore due to the verylong lifetime of buildings, hypotheses on processes of the end phase might result inhighly uncertain results. Besides, because of the long and complex course of life of abuilding, researchers in the past often opted for LCA on building materials or com-ponents. This way, however, a number of boundary conditions to be met by buildingsare not taken into account. In the frame of a research project on the development ofextremely low energy dwellings through life cycle optimization, a life cycle inventorymodel for dwellings as a whole has been developed taking into account the buildingenvelope and installations and the boundary conditions to be met. A straightforwardcalculation algorithm has been developed and an uncertainty analysis has been per-formed, showing that the propagation of errors is limited. A contribution analysisshowed the relative small importance of the embodied energy of a building comparedto the energy consumption during the utilisation phase, especially when comparingthe embodied energy of energy saving measures with the energy savings they realise.

Keywords: LCA, Residential, Building, Installations, Sensitivity Analysis.

P0463Energetic Implications of Alternative Lighting ControlStrategies in an Educational BuildingAntonio Frattari1, Michela Chiogna1 and Ardeshir Mahdavi21Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,University of Trento, Trento, Italy2Department of Building Physics and Building Ecology, Vienna University of Technology,Vienna, Austria

Given new and emerging standards and requirements in Europe regarding energyperformance of buildings (see, for example, EPBD 2002/91), it has become increasingly


16 Abstracts

important to improve the energy effectiveness of building operation. Toward this end,efficient daylight-responsive systems for illumination of buildings (including instal-lation of automatic lighting control systems) can provide a significant contribution(PrEN 15193). In this paper, we present a comparison of lighting energy performancein two groups of spaces, namely lecture rooms in an academic building (Faculty ofEngineering, University of Trento). The study was carried out at the “CUnEdI: CentroUniversitario Edifici Intelligenti” of the University of Trento. The first group of threelecture rooms is operated in a conventional manner: Luminaires are switched on andoff manually by the users (students, staff, cleaning personnel, etc.). In the secondgroup (spatially similar lecture rooms in the same floor/building and with the sameorientation) different automated control regimes were implemented and monitoredover a period of three months. These rooms are equipped with occupancy detectors,illuminance sensors, and dimming actuators, installed and programmed specificallyfor each scenario. We compare the lighting energy use in these lecture rooms for theimplemented scenarios. Using standardisation techniques that consider differencesin occupancy duration, as well as indoor and outdoor illuminance levels, we canisolate the quantitative difference between energy performance of conventional andautomated control scenarios.

Keywords: Energy Performance, Intelligent Lighting Systems Control.

Session 2B Climate Responsive Architecture, Solar ArchitectureDate/Time Thursday, 22 November 2007 / 16:30 � 18:00 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block


P0189An Investigation of Ventilation at Ground Level in High DensityCities—An Initial Study in Hong KongChao Ren and Edward NgDepartment of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Recently urban climate as one of important environmental issues in the process ofdesigning has been received high attention. There are many urban climatic studies byresearchers mainly from Europe and North America. Almost all of them focused onstrong wind problems; research concerning the weak wind issues is seriously lacking.However, in subtropical high density cities, human comfort strongly related to theweak wind at pedestrian level. Thus, there is a need to address this research issue inhigh density cities, especially in Hong Kong.


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This paper presents the initial results of case study of Air Ventilation AssessmentSystems (AVAS) on ventilation at ground level conducted in the typical hot humidsummer day in Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong. The findings of this study have revealedthat air flow pattern within the densely built environment in the context of a highdensity city. For better understanding the condition of air ventilation at ground levelin Tsim Sha Tsui, the field measurement data has been translated into wind veloc-ity ratio. Then, based on the field measurement data, the urban breeze ways andair paths have been carefully examined. Finally this paper offers some urban designstrategies in order to help planners, architects and developers produce good qual-ity urban spaces. The study is still ongoing. Its ultimate is to aid better planning ofHong Kong and to contribute to the current knowledge gap on urban climate in highdensity cities.

Keywords: Ventilation, wind environment, pedestrian’s thermal comfort, high densitycity, Hong Kong.

P0252Human Comfort, Urban Climate Change and Energy Use:Assessing Adaptation Options for the Rapidly GrowingTropical Mega-CitiesRohinton EmmanuelDepartment of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka

The rapid urban growth in the tropics, while being a problem in itself, leads to urbanclimate changes which pose additional strains on urban energy supply and humancomfort. Primary causes for such urban climate changes are amenable to design in-terventions: urban geometry (limited sky view), thermal properties of building sur-faces, anthropogenic heat and air pollution. The net effect of urban climate changessuper-imposed on regional changes in tropical cities is the increasing need for build-ing cooling energy. The urban thermal stress on the already stressful tropical climateis making it nearly intolerable. This paper reports the thermal comfort and urban en-ergy implications of a large-scale housing development in urban Sri Lanka, with theaid of building- and neighbourhood-scale model simulations. A cool thermal envi-ronment by built-form and layout manipulation is promoted as the preferred adapta-tion mechanism for high-density tropical cities. Building energy and thermal comfortimplications are also explored.

Keywords: Thermal Comfort, Urban Heat Island, Tropical Climate, Urban Morphol-ogy, Heat Island Mitigation.


18 Abstracts

P0548Assessment Criteria for Form Environmental Performance ofBuilding Envelope in Hot ARID ClimatesAhmed Elseragya and Amira Elnokalyb

Assistant Professor, Architectural Engineering and Environmental Design Department,Arab Academy for Science and Technology - AAST- Alexandria - Egypt.E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

This paper represents the methodology carried out for the investigation of a part of amultiphase experimental research work that examines the effect of various forms andgeometries of building envelope elements on indoor environments under given sum-mer or winter conditions. The research also includes the influence of outer envelopeform upon indoor thermal conditions, external and internal solar behaviour, natu-ral ventilation and day lighting performances under particular climatic conditions.The different phases aim at investigating large number of roof and wall forms usingdifferent measurement tools and techniques; onsite and experimental investigations,laboratories rigs, and computational simulations. The research-project considers theenvironmental properties of spaces enclosed by different architectural forms and ge-ometries in order to find out their Forms’ Environmental Performance (FEP). Thelack of appropriate tools for environmental investigations of some building-envelopeforms and their internal and external environmental respond scenarios are identifiedalong with better understanding of form environmental benefits. This research hasbeen carried out on various curved roof forms being the most popular roof form inhot arid regions; in this paper the conical roof form will be discussed in more detail.

Keywords: Building Envelope, Form Environmental Performance, Solar Radiation, AirFlow, Egypt.

P0397Opportunities and Restrictions of Bioclimatic ArchitectureApplied to Architectural Design Developed in the City ofFlorianopolisRafael Prado Cartana1 and Fernando Oscar Ruttkay Pereira2

1University of the Valley of Itajaı, Balneario Camboriu, Brazil/Federal University of SantaCatarina, Florianopolis, Brazil2University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil

This study aims at identifying, through field research, the opportunities and restric-tions of bioclimatic architecture applied to architectural projects developed in the con-struction business in the city of Florianopolis. The first part of this study presents abibliographic review of the concepts involved in the design methodology and


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bioclimatic architecture. It also presents a description of the city’s climate, the mosteffective bioclimatic strategies, and the legal issues related to thermal comfort inthe building environment. The second part of this paper presents the results of afield research survey applied to professional architects. It identifies the most useddesign processes and their level of commitment regarding thermal comfort issues.Research results indicate the following key aspects of the subject developed in thispresent work: the low cost of design and the requirement of fulfilment of stated peri-ods, conflicts between comfort aspects with the other design aspects and the cost ofconstruction.

Keywords: Field Research, Thermal Comfort, Professional Practice.

Session 2C Sustainable Building Assessment, Methods andPolicies

Date/Time Thursday, 22 November 2007 / 16:30 � 18:00 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block


P0366Integral Design Methodology for Sustainable IFD Buildings andFlexergy in Energy InfrastructuresW. Zeiler1,2, G. Boxem1, M. A. van Houten1, P. Savanovic1,

E. M. C. J. Quanjel1, W. Wortel2, J. A. J. van der Velden2, J. F. de Haan2,I. G. Kamphuis3 and M. P. F. Hommelberg3

1Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, The Netherlands2Kropman Building Services, Nijmegen, The Netherlands3Energy Research Centre Netherlands, Petten, The Netherlands

Sustainable building will be the major guiding principle for renewal of building andspatial planning practice. Kropman being one of the major Dutch building servicescontractors is aware of this trend. It is because of this rowing awareness of sustain-ability that the company puts effort towards knowledge transfer and research withthe Dutch knowledge and research institutes. The principles of sustainable buildingwithin the IFD (Industrial Flexible Dismountable) concept are applied in the plan-ning of a new building for the Kropman Utrecht department. Aim was an integratedapproach within the design process to reach a maximum level of integration betweenbuilding elements and climate conditioning elements. A newly developed method-ology for structuring and documenting integral design processes enables design ofrenewable energy installations on the level of individual installations. Design tools


20 Abstracts

for the energy infrastructure are now lacking: renewable energy installations, tuningdemand and supply in a dynamic way and tuning to the decision process. New tech-nological solutions are needed to make renewable energy solutions on building andinfrastructural level more natural, easy and intuitively understandable for architectand consultants. The paper will discuss the approach to reach these goals.

Keywords: Integral Design, Flexergy.

P0352Integrating Energy Rating and Carbon Limitation in IrishBuilding Regulations a Comparative Analysis of Ireland andUK/(Eng/Wales)Patrick DalyRiSE Research Unit (Research in Sustainable Environments), Department ofArchitectural Technology, Faculty of the Built Environment,Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland

Article 4 of the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) requires mem-ber states to ensure minimum energy performance requirements for buildings, us-ing a national methodology, which calculates the overall energy consumption forspace heating/cooling, water heating and lighting. Ireland and the UK have nowintegrated similar energy calculation methods into their respective building regula-tions for dwellings, and both have introduced ‘limitation of carbon emissions’ as theprinciple compliance criteria, which is a radical departure from previous compliancemethods.

This paper examines the compliance impacts of integrating energy rating andcarbon compliance into Part L of the Irish Building Regulations for the conservationof energy in dwellings. The paper reviews the relevant contextual background in Ire-land and examines the change from a fabric heat loss compliance base to an overallenergy method and the introduction of limitation of carbon emissions as the principlecompliance approach.

The core focus of the paper is a comparative analysis of the Irish and UK (Eng/Wales) national calculation methodologies, building regulation framework, and stan-dards, highlighting a major difference in energy and carbon benchmarks, despite aminimal variation in methodology. The paper raises serious deficiencies within theIrish building regulation standards in comparison to the UK (Eng/Wales), in particu-lar in relation to limiting carbon emissions, which contradicts aspirations and targetsset within Irish Governmental national policies.

Keywords: Energy, Energy Rating, EPBD, Carbon Emission, Carbon Limitation, Build-ing Control, Regulations Standards, Residential, Dwellings.


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P0193Experiences in the Development of Sustainable DesignMethodology for a Residential Complex La Piedra inMaracaibo, VenezuelaTimo Marquez Arreaza1, Ricardo Vargas Romero2 and France Aguilar Galiz2

1MGR Proyectos Sostenibles, Maracaibo, Venezuela2RVM & Asociados, Maracaibo, Venezuela

Several bioclimatic design strategies, among them solar control and wind utilization,have been integrated within architecture projects in the city of Maracaibo, Venezuela.These are an integral set of considerations addressed within a sustainable design pro-cess. Nonetheless, no experience has been documented in regards to the inclusion ofother sustainable considerations in an integral manner, e.g. water and energy effi-ciency among others. This paper presents a case study of the inclusion of environ-mental sustainable principles into the design process of a residential complex in thecity of Maracaibo. This paper describes the methodology followed by the design team(architects, engineers and consultants) in order to improve a design process whichconsiders various aspects of sustainability while taking into account the limitationsand opportunities of the local context. The process evolves through several discus-sions of: a) sustainability and the local context, b) assessment of current internationalmethods, c) potential strategies, d) integration into design, and e) design evaluation.The results serve both: as a first step into further incorporation of sustainable conceptsinto Maracaibo’s architectural design practices, and highlight the environmental re-sults obtained and expected from including these concepts.

Keywords: Sustainable Integrative Design, Case Study, Maracaibo.

P0218Going Beyond Local Regulations on the Built Environment:Considerations and Implications in the Design Process for theCity of Maracaibo, VenezuelaTimo Marquez Arreaza1,a, Veronica Reyes2,b and Nastia Almao3,c

1MGR Proyectos Sostenibles, Maracaibo, Venezuela.E-mail: [email protected] de Optimizacion Energetica de ENELVEN, Maracaibo, Venezuela.E-mail: [email protected] del Zulia, Escuela de Ingenierıa Mecanica, Maracaibo, Venezuela.E-mail: [email protected]

Maracaibo’s architecture and construction sector is undergoing an interesting processin the area of energy efficiency in buildings. Although local ordinances regulate theway buildings should be designed and constructed, it is only since 2006 that a new


22 Abstracts

ordinance addresses the need for energy efficiency and thermal comfort in the waybuildings’ envelope are designed. The Ordinance on Thermal Quality for the city ofMaracaibo, first in Venezuela, requires that all buildings comply with a maximumheat transfer value for its envelope (VTTG). Its implementation has forced the con-struction sector to change its business as usual practice in regards to architecturaldesign and construction. Now more than ever before, firms are considering not onlythe variables to comply with the required VTTG, but are improving its envelope ef-ficiency by as much as 30 per cent higher compared to the required value. This pa-per presents many of the considerations and implications architects and constructionprofessionals have had to address to comply and go beyond the required standards,e.g. capacity building, design team improvement, incentives evaluation. The paper isbased on a survey directed to several architects and consultants and their experiencein integrating this Ordinance into their daily practice.

Keywords: Sustainable Design, Energy Efficiency, Local Regulation.

Session 3A Design Support Tools and SimulationDate/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / 08:45 � 10:15 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block


P0230Accounting for Urban Microclimate in Computer Simulation ofBuilding Energy PerformanceEvyatar Erell1, Veronica Soebarto2 and Terence Williamson2

1J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev,Sde Boqer Campus, Israel2School of Architecture, Landscape Architecture & Urban Design,The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

The paper demonstrates the importance of using site-specific data in computer sim-ulation of building energy performance. The CAT (Canyon Air Temperature) com-puter model, which is designed to predict site-specific air temperature in an urbanstreet canyon for extended periods on the basis of data from a reference station ex-posed to the same meso-scale weather, was used to provide modified input to a seriesof Ener-Win simulations of the energy performance of a hypothetical office building.The simulations show that urban modification to air temperature may be too large to


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neglect in certain locations, depending on the climate and on the density of the city,which is represented by the aspect ratio of the street canyon.

Keywords: Building Energy Simulation; Urban Climate; Urban Heat Island; UrbanCool Island.

P0283Numerical Analysis of the Thermal Influence of BuildingDesign on Urban Environment- Development of Thermal Design Tool for Outdoor Spaceusing 3D-CAD –Kazuaki Nakaohkubo1, Akira Hoyano1 and Takashi Asawa2

1Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering,Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan2A&A, Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan

The purpose of this study is to develop a thermal design tool for architectural de-signer by combining a heat balance simulation for urban surfaces, including build-ings, the ground and greenery, with a 3D-CAD. This tool is constructed by improvingthe previous simulation model, which uses the Geographic Information System forthe input data. The simulation algorithm is improved so as to predict the surfacetemperature distribution of urban blocks while taking into account the actual designof the outdoor space using the 3D-CAD system. A pre-post processing system usingall-purpose 3D-CAD software is developed. Using this simulation tool, the thermalinfluence of urban/ building design on urban environment is examined. In order toevaluate pavement material, HIP and MRT taking solar radiation into account are cal-culated. The results reveal that HIP for urban block using cool pavement is lowered.However, MRT increase because of reflected solar radiation from cool pavement.

Keywords: Radiation environment, Surface temperature, Environmental design tool,Numerical simulation, 3D-CAD, MRT taking solar radiation into account.


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P0420The Performance of a Partially Air Conditioned ApartmentBuilding in Kuala LumpurSabarinah Sh. Ahmad1 and Steven V. Szokolay2

1Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture Planning & Surveying,Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia2Department of Architecture, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072 QLD,Australia.E-mail: [email protected]

There is a growing trend for high and medium density housing in Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia to cope with the demand for urban housing. This paper explores the energyperformance, thermal performance and low energy design strategies in partially air-conditioned (AC) apartment buildings in Kuala Lumpur. Most apartment dwellersprefer to install AC split units in the master bedrooms and living rooms for coolingwhich results in huge increases in energy consumption. A study on thermal perfor-mance (using simulation software Tas) is conducted on a base case (typically built)apartment unit in a medium rise housing block. Simulations for the living rooms areconducted on the hottest day of the year and the total energy use values are presentedin kWh. The effects of operation types (continuous and intermittent), varying the setpoint temperature (28.6 and 26◦C), orientation, insulation, shading, materials and lo-cation (floor levels and zones) are analysed. The results show that air-conditioningwould be needed only on very hot days. On average days, the use of air condition-ing is proven unnecessary as passive cooling can be utilised. Recommended thermo-stat setting based on 90% acceptability is 23.6–28.6◦C. Setting the thermostat higherwill reduce energy use dramatically. In order to minimise the usage of air condition-ers, passive climate control strategies (orientation, shading and insulation) should beadopted. Results show that improvements to the base case can reduce the total energyconsumption by two thirds.

Keywords: Performance Analysis, Thermal Comfort, Apartment Building.

P0188Modelling the Air Flows in Urban Places in Hong Kong UsingLarge-Eddy SimulationMarcus Oliver Letzel1, Xipo An2 and Edward Ng2

1Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, University of Hannover2Department of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong

The air flows within the urban places have significant impact on the urban planningissues. They not only affect human comfort within the city together with air tem-perature, relative humidity etc, but also affect the energy consumption for building


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Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning (HVAC) very much.In this study, we employed topography version of PArallelized Large Eddy Sim-

ulation model (PALM), which is developed by Raasch S. et al, to calculate the air flowswithin Tsin Sha Tsui in Hong Kong.

In order to validate the LES result, the field measurements are also conducted.The field measurements and LES give consistent result. It reveals that the velocityratio (VR) at Tsim Sha Tsui is between 0.05 and 0.2 and it is much lower than the VRat Tokyo. It also proves that the LES is a promising research tool, for modelling theair flows within the urban places.

Keywords: Air Ventilation, Large Eddy Simulation, Hong Kong.

Session 3B Passive and Low Energy Architecture � Case StudiesDate/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / 08:45 � 10:15 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block


P0360The Realities of Environmental Design Initiatives inArchitectural PracticeDana Raydan, Peter Williams1, Juliet Landler2, Red Ventura3,

Peter McLaughlin4 and Phil Dordai51RMJM Ltd, Cambridge, UK2RMJM Ltd, Hong Kong3RMJM Ltd, Dubai, UAE4RMJM Ltd, Edinburgh, UK5RMJM Hillier, Princeton, USA

RMJM, an international award-winning architectural practice, has been tacitly butactively embracing energy efficiency and sustainable considerations in the built en-vironment internationally for many years. The company has recently given a distinctidentity to its environmental design initiative. Because of its international standing,this initiative, still in its infancy, needs to address audiences with differing degrees ofenvironmental awareness. This initiative also faces the challenge of making the sus-tainability ethos a part of the design process on a company-wide scale. We explorethe successes and challenges of integrating environmental design considerations intorecently completed and on-going projects in the UK, Middle East, Far East and NorthAmerica. We then briefly assess the impact of key project related variables such asclient brief, client awareness, cost, programme and design team initiatives on theenvironmental aspects of four RMJM projects with environmental credentials. The


26 Abstracts

purpose of the above analysis is to identify the challenges, understand the specificsof geographic context and client body, and learn from experience, in order to devise aunified framework in-keeping with the company’s existing ethos. This aim is for thisframework to aid the implementation and management of the environmental designprocess within all RMJM projects across the company branches. The focus of this pa-per is therefore less on quantifying the sustainability rating of our projects and moreon drawing lessons from this rich experience.

Keywords: Environmental design initiatives, architectural practice.

P0547Naturally Ventilated Tall Office Building in the Tropics —Learning from BawaBeng Kiang Tana, Uma Maheswaran Cr and Shunjuan HongDepartment of Architecture, School of Design and Environment,National University of Singapore.E-mail: [email protected]

In 1972, the late Asian architect Geoffrey Bawa designed a naturally ventilated 12-storey office building in Colombo, Sri Lanka, The building incorporated many envi-ronmentally responsive design principles long before the buzzwords of bioclimaticand sustainable architecture became commonplace. Bawa designed a monsoon win-dow facade that would allow airflow into the building even when the windows areclosed during rain. The building construction completed in 1978 but unfortunately,it was not used as originally intended. Shortly after the expatriate occupants movedin, air-conditioning units were installed. The office interior was partitioned up intomany sub units instead of an open plan layout, thus impeding airflow. The paper in-vestigates the effectiveness of the facade profile for natural ventilation as originallydesigned and lessons we can learn from it. It examines the performance of each ele-ment of the facade. Measurements are done using a physical model in wind tunneltests. The project details of this building is obtained from archival research, visit tothe building and interview with the original design team.

Keywords: Applied Passive Architecture, Design Principles, Design Case Study, Nat-ural Ventilation, Monsoon Window.


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P0396The Tall Building and the Architectural Utopians: The Role ofEnvironmental Issues and the Challenge of a Design Exercisein Sao PauloErica Mitie Umakoshi1 and Joana Carla Goncalves2

1Laboratorio de Conforto Ambiental e Eficiencia Energetica, Departamento deTecnologia da Arquitetura, Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Universidade de SaoPaulo, Sao Paulo, Brasil.E-mail: [email protected] do Lago, 876, Cidade Universitaria, CEP 05508-900, Sao Paulo – SP, Brasil.E-mail: [email protected]

The utopian ideas of great architects such as Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wrighthighlighted the desire of the modernism for the verticality. This paper presents acritical review of the main utopias of the 20th century related to the architecture ofthe tall building, starting in 1960s, the time of the technological revolution, with thework of Archigram and the Japanese Metabolists. Following up, the global discussionon sustainability reached the architectural agenda and the ideas on the verticality in1970, when the ecological proposals were related to the environmental impacts ofboth tall buildings and the sprawling cities. The Malaysian architect Ken Yeang be-came a worldwide reference on theories about the “ecological skyscraper”, proposinga new green aesthetics for sustainability. On the last two decades, the aspiration fornew iconic tall buildings around the world led to the design of super tall buildings,which are meant to push the discussions on environmental and technical aspects, inorder to support future projects which are more contextual driven. Concluding, as adesign exercise, a tall building is proposed for the city of Sao Paulo, conceptualisingenvironmental aspects within some of the main architectural and urban theories.

Keywords: Tall Building, Architecture, Utopia, Green, Sustainability.

P0208Retrofitting of the NTUA Student Residence Building with theuse of an Innovative Aluminium “skin”Euphrosyne Triantisa, Flora Bougiatiotib and Aineias Oikonomouc

Architects National Technical University of Athens, 9, Heroon Polytechniou St., Athens157 80, Greece. Tel.: 30-210-772 1024; Fax: 30-210-772 1572.E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

This paper presents a project involving the environmental retrofitting of the StudentResidences Building of the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Greece.The retrofitting and subsequent transformation of an existing and rather problem-atic building can help preserve the initial embodied energy invested in it, further


28 Abstracts

expand its life cycle, and at the same time, improve its environmental performanceand thermal and visual comfort conditions. Furthermore, the retrofitting proposal canincorporate energy-saving and renewable energy sources features, in order to furtherreduce conventional energy consumption. In addition to low energy solutions pro-posed, the project explored the use of aluminium as a facade cladding material aspart of an overall retrofitting concept.

Keywords: New Skin, Innovative Features, Aluminium Elements.


Date/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / 08:45 � 10:15 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block


P0298An Irish Building Environmental Assessment MethodPaul Kenny1,2, Neasa Hourigan1 and Vivienne Brophy1,2

1School of Architecture, Landscape and Civil Engineering, University College Dublin,Dublin, Ireland2UCD Energy Research Group, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

This paper presents a building environmental assessment methodology developedfor application in new commercial buildings in Ireland. In an attempt to address is-sues of specific national interest the development of the methodology considered therecent introduction of the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, a vibranteconomy in which the building industry accounts for 23% of GDP, the highest in theEuropean Union, increasing concerns over national environmental performance anda projected shortfall in meeting its Kyoto commitments.

The development of the methodology was supported by a steering committeerepresentative of a wide spectrum of professional, public and industrial representa-tives and reflects the interests and concerns of all contributions. In particular and inan attempt to innovate where other similar international schemes have not, creditcategories have been developed to reward projects that address and integrate theprincipals of passive and microclimatic design. Daylight access and protection, solaraccess and protection and wind and shelter are addressed. In addition, a separatecredit category has been added to reward innovation as part of the procurement anddesign process.

Keywords: Environmental Assessment, Whole Building Performance, Passive Design.


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P0119Geographical Information System (GIS)-Based Urban HeatIsland Study in NUS CampusWong Nyuk Hien and Steve Kardinal JusufDepartment of Building, National University of Singapore, Singapore

Urban development is the result of country’s economic growth. Without careful plan-ning, a city can cause a serious environmental impact. In the previous research onSingapore Urban Heat Island (UHI), it was found that UHI exists with intensity of4◦C. This phenomenon also exists in other countries and many researches have beenconducting to understand the severity and the possible causes.

This study is the extension of the Singapore urban heat island study which fo-cuses more on the microclimate scale. An institutional campus, National Universityof Singapore (NUS) Kent Ridge Campus was chosen for this study. In order to mapout the temperature condition, field measurement was carried out from 26 Augustto 25 September 2006. It was found that at the dense greenery area, the temperaturecondition can be lower by 3.2◦C as compared with the sparse greenery area duringday time. During night time the temperature difference can be 2◦C around 3.00–4.00.It shows that urban heat island phenomena happened in NUS Kent Ridge Campusand greenery provides a good benefit by reducing the ambient temperature.

All of the measurement data was put into the Geographical Information System(GIS) database and daily day time and night time temperature maps were produced.By using GIS, temperature profile across the NUS Kent Ridge campus can be gen-erated to provide a clearer picture about the temperature distribution and facilitatesfurther analysis.

Keywords: GIS, Urban Heat Island, NUS Campus, Field Measurement.

P0535Support Procedures for Decision Makers on the SustainableUrban Development of Coastal AreasAna Rosa Lombardia, Miguel Aloysio Sattlerb and Luis Carlos Boninc

NORIE, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.E-mail: [email protected], [email protected],c [email protected]

This study focused on the definition of procedures directed towards the sustainabledevelopment of urban areas in coastal zones. Coastal zones are characterized by foodabundance (fish, crab, etc.) and harbour wide-ranging species diversity, as well aspromote valuable housing and human leisure areas. Environmental changes as a re-sult of agricultural and urban outspread along the Brazilian coastal zones are leading


30 Abstracts

the way to natural resources and biodiversity devastation, destruction of ecosystemsand other processes that are essential for maintenance of environmental quality. Pro-cedures to support decision makers with regards to sustainable urban planning ofthe studied area were proposed, considering as priority, maintenance of the naturalcoastal characteristics. The studied area sits in Garopaba, a small town in the south-ern coast of Brazil, which is undergoing an accelerated urbanization process broughtabout by a fast growing tourism industry. This region has been subject to signifi-cant environmental changes, even though characteristics of the natural environment,highly diverse ecosystems and a landscape of rare beauty are still apparent. The pro-posed procedures make use of high-resolution satellite image (QuickBird) of the areaand land information. Thematic maps for territorial ordering of the studied area weredeveloped. Relevant information, such as conservation and restricted usable areas,overflow risk, environmental planning units and a synthetic map for land planning,were obtained. The present study attempts to establish recommendations for environ-mental planning units, according to literature and site analysis, aiming to rationalizethe urban sprawl, preserve coastal ecosystems and maintain the site’s environmentalquality.

Keywords: Urban development planning, coastal areas, thematic maps.

P0401LEED Outside It’s Native Environment: Potentialities andInconsistencies for its Application in BrazilThiago Zaldini Hernandes and Denise Helena DuarteLaboratory of Environment and Energy Studies — LABAUT, Department of Technology,Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism (FAU), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo,Brazil

Aiming to support the critical analysis of the LEED system application outside theUSA, this work focuses on the evolution of LEED-NC application in its native envi-ronment between 2000 and 2005. This work presents an analysis of the LEED ratingsystem encompassing: [1] LEED initiative history in the USA (from the early versionsto the recent ones); [2] indications of LEED influence in Brazil and in other countries;[3] evolution of the certification level throughout the different LEED versions; and[4] a data bank with all the LEED-NC certified projects between 2000 and 2005 (ap-proximately 264 projects in total) based on the public search tool of the United StatesGreen Building Council (USGBC) website. This analysis supported a clear figure ofthe system use, showing its application results on the American building sector andits implications on other countries outside USA. Collecting the certification profilesof such developments, a historical LEED road map was produced showing the evo-lution of this dynamic along five years and future trends. The results present lessons


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learned as guidelines for its eventual use in other countries and evidences of the in-sertion of the rating system in Brazil, indicating potentialities and inconsistencies forits application in this national context.

Keywords: Environmental Assessment, Green Building, Environmental Sustainability,LEED.

Session 4A Design Support Tools and SimulationDate/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / 10:45 � 12:35 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block


P0166Orientation, Building Height and Sky View Factor as EnergyEfficiency Design ParametersLea Cristina Lucas de Souza1 and Marcio Luis Yamaguti21Department of Architecture, Urbanism and Landscape, Faculty of Architecture,Arts and Communication, Sao Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil2Graduate Student of the Faculty of Architecture, Arts and Communication, Sao PauloState University, Bauru, Brazil

The energy efficiency of buildings should be a goal at the pre-design phase, thoughthe importance of the design variables is often neglected even during the design pro-cess. Highlighting the relevance of these design variables, this research studies therelationships of building location variables with the electrical energy consumptionof residential units. The following building design parameters are considered: ori-entation, story height and sky view factor (SVF). The consideration of the SVF asa location variable contributes to the originality of this research. Data of electricalenergy consumption and users’ profiles were collected and several variables wereconsidered for the development of an Artificial Neural Network model. This modelallows the determination of the relative importance of each variable. The results showthat the apartments’ orientation is the most important design variable for the energyconsumption, although the story height and the sky view factor play a fundamentalrole in that consumption too. We pointed out that building heights above twenty-four meters do not optimize the energy efficiency of the apartments and also that anincreasing SVF can influence the energy consumption of an apartment according totheir orientation.

Keywords: Urban Environment, GIS, Urban Canyons, Urban Thermal Comfort.


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P0274BIM: Defining Opportunities for Environmentally SensitiveDesignUte Poerschke1 and Loukas Kalisperis1,2

1The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA2The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a database-driven modelling application inwhich building data is linked to elements of a 3D model, thus allowing the subse-quent evaluation of the entire model by using integrated or external analysis soft-ware. This position paper discusses how BIM can accommodate environmentallyresponsible planning. In the first part, different passive and active methods of greendesign are connected to different design phases, actors, building elements, and anal-ysis tools. It illustrates that particular green strategies are effective more at the be-ginning of the design process (e.g. daylighting), while others refer to construction(e.g. use of regional materials), or to the later occupation of the building (e.g. CO2monitoring). Since BIM allows the subsequent integration of such strategies in a 3Dmodel during the entire design, construction, and operation process, it can become asuitable tool for environmentally sensitive design. In the second part, these method-timeframe relations will be correlated to a leading green rating standard, the U.S.Green Building Rating System LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental De-sign), illustrating how BIM can act as a tool to plan, assess and organize green strate-gies and certification within the building design processes.

Keywords: BIM, Integrative Planning, Energy Analysis and Simulation Applications,LEED.

P0279The Development of Energy Efficiency Building Codes in theASEAN Area - A Quarter-Century Review and the Proposal fora Design Tool for Commercial Buildings in VietnamViet Tuan Do1, Alan N. Young2, Nico Kienzl3 and Gerald Pde3

1Atelier Ten Ltd, London, United Kingdom2The Bartlett School of Graduate Studies, University College London, London,United Kingdom3Atelier Ten Ltd, New York, United States of America

Nearly a quarter-century after the launch of the first Energy Efficiency Building Code(EEBC) of the ASEAN area in Singapore, the Vietnam Ministry of Construction pro-mulgated an EEBC on 17th November 2005 (known as QCXDVN 09:2005). This wasthe first generation of an EEBC in the country which sets up a comprehensive range


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of design standards for building envelopes and services systems. However, the de-sign community in Vietnam has still not benefited from a user-friendly compliancetool that can produce a whole building energy rating and compare it to a benchmark,supporting them in making the right design decisions from the early stages of theproject.

This paper reviews the development of EEBC in Vietnam in comparison withother ASEAN countries during the last three decades. The paper discusses the de-velopment of VQERT R© (Vietnam Quick Energy Rating Tool) a simplified design toolthat is aimed at architects in the early stages of design. The architect should be ableto use VQERT R© to evaluate quickly the sensible cooling load of the building designand compare it to the benchmarking values of a notional building that fully complieswith the design standards in QCXDVN 09:2005.

Keywords: Energy Efficiency Building Code, Code Compliance Tool, Low Energy Ar-chitecture, Sustainable Architecture.

P0445A Numerical Method for Analyzing the Microclimatic Effect ofBioclimatic Design Using a Combination of CFD and OutdoorThermal SimulationArisa Kakuya, Jiang He and Akira HoyanoInterdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering,Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan

In order to simulate the microclimate as a design support tool, we are developinga method of coupling computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with outdoor thermalsimulation. In our method, analysis is carried out using the combination of CFD and3D-CAD compatible outdoor thermal simulation on personal computer. The thermalsimulation tool has been developed by Hoyano et al. [1] for the numerical analysisof the thermal impact of building design using 3D-CAD. Numerical analysis of themicroclimatic effect of bioclimatic design with detailed spatial design and materialsettings can be performed using our method. In the present paper, as an importanttopic with respect to realizing this coupled simulation, the validity of the number ofcalculations and the algorithm are analyzed.

Furthermore, to verify the applicability of this simulation method, a simulationstudy is carried out to predict and evaluate a microclimate using 3D models of asmall residential area. The evaluation parameters include surface temperature, airtemperature, wind velocity, MRT, and SET∗. As a result, the difference in the thermalenvironment can be quantified for different space designs and materials.

Keywords: Thermal Comfort, Coupled Simulation, Microclimate, Bioclimatic Design.


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P0416Energy Efficiency of an Indirect Evaporative Passive CoolingSystemAxa Rojas1 and Eduardo Gonzalez2

1Escuela de Arquitectura, Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseno, Universidad del Zulia,Venezuela2Instituto de Investigaciones (IFAD), Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseno, Universidad delZulia, Venezuela

Experimental studies carried out in Maracaibo have demonstrated cooling potentialof passive cooling systems based on indirect evaporative cooling (Gonzalez, 1990,1997, 1998). Based on these experiences results, a bioclimatic prototype dwelling (VBP-1) was designed and built. It conjugates bioclimatic design criteria and an IndirectEvaporative Cooling Passive System. The main paper objective is to present and dis-cus estimated SPEEI energy efficiency results as an Indirect Evaporative cooling tech-nique suitable to use in a tropical climate. Passive cooling system advantages appli-cability were examined during seven months (February to September 2006), as wellas strategies that must be considered when it is used in this type of climate. Exper-imental data have allowed discussing some SPEEI performance affecting variables.Besides it, numerical simulations were developed. Experimental analytical data fromVBP-1 was compared with the SPEEI results using simulated data for two types ofroofs: Plafacil and slab rib with clay blocks. Based on this comparison, the index ofenergy efficiency of the SPEEI and its economic and environmental impact were cal-culated. Study results have demonstrated that is possible to reduce the internal tem-peratures of the house well below the outside temperature using indirect evaporativepassive cooling with inexpensive materials.

Keywords: Energy Efficiency, Economic and Environmental Valuation, Passive Cool-ing System, Indirect Evaporative Cooling, Warm-Humid Climate.


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P0334Ground Cooling and Night Ventilation in the Italian “Casa inLinea”Arianna SdeiThe Martin Centre, Cambridge University, UK

In the face of increasing acquisition of domestic air conditioners and global warm-ing, there is a challenge to combine climate mitigation with adaptation. This studydemonstrates to what extent passive cooling strategies can meet this challenge in thecontext of Mediterranean housing.

After a short introduction about passive cooling strategies the author focuses hisstudy in particular on ground cooling since this technique in the last years is receiv-ing significant attention by architects and scientists. The author then explores a designthat taking into account a typical residential form in Italy supplies the cooling loadusing a combination of passive cooling techniques. The main passive cooling strate-gies adopted are night cooling and ground ducts since when combined together canbe very effective. In fact during the night the building can be cooled by the outsideair and during the day by the air coming from the pipes.

Finally, through a parametric study, the author analyses six cases using “Sum-mer” [5], a simulation tool elaborated on by the University of Athens, in order todefine the impact of each strategy as a cooling source. Some of the key results can besummarized as follows:

• Buried pipes are theoretically a more effective technique than Night ventilation inreducing the cooling load.

• The combination of the above two strategies guarantees a reduction of the coolingload by 89%.

Conference Topic: 2 Design strategies and tools

Keywords: Passive Cooling Techniques, Cooling Load.


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P0460Cooling by Roof Pond with Floating Insulation in the HotHumid Climate of Veracruz, MexicoJose Roberto Garcıa Chavez1, Baruch Givoni2 and Stepahnie Mundet31Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, Division de Ciencias y Artes parael Diseno, Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Laboratorio de Investigaciones enArquitectura Bioclimatica, San Pablo 180. Colonia Reynosa Tamaulipas. 02200, Mexico,D.F. Mexico.E-mail: [email protected], Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA and BGU, Beer Sheva, Israel.E-mail: [email protected], Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l’Etat, Lyon, France.E-mail: [email protected]

The potential of passive cooling by means of a roof pond with floating insulationwas investigated in Veracruz, Mexico. Veracruz city has hot humid conditions dur-ing most of the year, causing high energy consumption in air conditioned buildingsand high thermal stress for the occupants in un-conditioned buildings, affecting theirhealth, productivity and efficiency. The experimental facility for this research, at thelocation of the Gulf Meteorological Prevision Centre in Veracruz, consisted of twoidentical insulated test cells, one serving as the control and the other one as the testunit, where the passive cooling technique of roof pond with floating insulation wasimplemented and investigated.

Results have shown that roof pond with floating insulation can be an effectivestrategy to reduce indoor temperatures without elevating the indoor humidity inbuildings located in hot humid climates. The roof pond with the floating insulationhas lowered the indoor maximum temperature by about 2◦C. The combination of thelower radiant and air temperatures would improve the comfort of persons living in abuilding with such passive cooling system.

Keywords: Passive Cooling, Evaporative Cooling, Floating Insulation, Humid Climate.

P0474Case Study in Passive Architecture: Energy Savings Benefit ina Detached House in MalaysiaWan Rahmah Mohd Zaki, Abdul Hadi Nawawi and Sabarinah Sh AhmadUniversity of Technology MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia

Passive Architecture is essentially an approach towards Sustainable Built Environ-ment. By strategising major variables, namely orientation, form, openings and shad-ing devices, a building in the hot and humid tropics can be built to shun the need formechanical cooling and artificial lighting hence less dependent on commercially sup-


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plied energy. This is an advantage that can be equated to Energy Savings Benefit ofPassive Architecture. This paper intends to exhibit the favourable indoor comfortableconditions and Energy Savings Benefit of an Actual Case house at the living/diningarea compared to one Typical Case house. The finding is based on a simulation of thetwo designs on 21st June facilitated by IES Virtual Environment software. Althoughfor a day, the preliminary simulation shows favourable Energy Savings Benefit in theActual Case that applies Passive Architecture design strategies.

Keywords: Passive Architecture, Indoor Comfortable Conditions and Energy SavingsBenefit.

Session 4C Daylighting and VentilationDate/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / 10:45 � 12:35 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block


P0327Effects of Roof Design on the Wind-induced VentilationPerformance of Atrium SpacesRong Li and Adrian PittsSchool of Architecture, the University of Sheffield, UK

This paper investigates the wind-induced natural ventilation of atrium buildingswith several different types of roofs using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tech-niques. Three possible flow patterns are identified for an atrium building with a sec-tion aspect ratio of unity first and on the basis of this identification the ventilationperformance of two common kinds of atrium roof shapes, including triangular typeroofs and barrel vault type roofs, are investigated and compared, based on whichrelevant design guidelines are also developed finally.

Keywords: Roof, Atrium buildings, Wind-induced Ventilation, CFD, Recirculation.


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P0502Efficient Lighting Strategies for Office Rooms in TropicalClimatesFriedrich Linhart and Jean-Louis ScartezziniSolar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory (LESO-PB), Ecole PolytechniqueFederale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

The “Green Lighting” research project, initiated at the Solar Energy and BuildingPhysics Laboratory (LESO-PB) of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lau-sanne (EPFL), is aiming at an energy efficient integration of advanced daylightingand electric lighting systems. This communication presents the latest developmentswithin this project and discusses possible consequences for offices in tropical cli-mates. A computer model of a Singapore office room equipped with an AnidolicIntegrated Ceiling, for which daylight autonomies have recently been calculated atNational University of Singapore, has been developed using the RELUX Vision light-ing software. An appropriate complementary electric lighting system for this officeroom is suggested and its performance in terms of visual comfort is discussed. It isshown that this electric lighting system would lead to a lighting power density lowerthan 5 W/m2 and would consume less than 1 kWh of electricity per day.

Keywords: Anidolic Daylighting Systems, Energy-Efficient Lighting.

P0426Development of Optical Light Pipes for Office SpacesLiliana O. Beltran and Betina Martins MogoCollege of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA

This paper presents the preliminary findings of the daylighting performance of anoptical light pipe system placed in the ceiling plenum of a deep plan office space(10 m× 6 m× 3 m). The south-facing light pipe system can efficiently deliver day-light at the back of the space; between 5 m to 10 m from window plane for locationsbetween latitudes 24–50◦N–S under clear sky conditions. Two identical large scalemodels (1:4) were used to assess the daylight performance of the light pipe over long-term periods. Results showed that the light pipe can introduce adequate light levelsfor visual tasks in office environments in climates with predominantly clear sky con-ditions. Light levels of 300–1, 500 lux can be achieved at the back of the space (24 ftfrom window wall) for solar azimuths 60◦ East and West of true South (NorthernHemisphere) or true North (Southern Hemisphere) under clear sky conditions.

Keywords: Daylighting, Light Pipe, Optical Systems, Deep Plan, Scale Models.


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P0187Satellite-Based Method to Predict Global Illuminance for BetterDaylight Design in Sub-Tropical RegionZhengjun He and Edward NgDepartment of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

A simple method is proposed to estimate global illuminance from the geostationarysatellite visible data under local climate condition, which could resolve the problemof insufficient daylight data for daylight design, where the ground measurementsare not available. The data used in this model are global illuminance collected fromthe International Daylight Monitoring Programme (IDMP) research class station inThe Chinese University of Hong Kong and the visible channel data of GeostationaryOperational Environmental Satellite 9 (GOES-9) from May 2003 to October 2004. Thismodel is to statistically relate the hourly global illuminance to the normalized hourlycloud index derived from the satellite visible channel data. The performance of thismodel is acceptable for daylight application with RMSE and MBE of 36.2% and 4.8%in hourly global illuminance.

Keywords: Daylight, Illuminance, Satellite-Based Method, Sub-Tropical Region.

P0429Visual Performance at Different Workstation Positions UnderDaylight in Office Building in Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaZuraini Denan1, Phil Jones2, Don Alexander2 and Muhammad Hafizi Hashim3

1Department of Architecture, Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design,International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia2Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University, Wales, UK3Design Resource Network (Consultants), Kuala Lumpur

In promoting maximum use of daylight in offices in Malaysia, an investigation toexamine whether quality of daylight has an effect on people’s visual performance isconducted. The paper presents a result of visual performance test under daylight con-dition in an office in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A laboratory experiment was carriedout to test visual performance of 60 participants in a daylit office. The experiment ex-amined the quality of daylight at three different orientations of workstations: back towindow, face window and window at the side. Daylight measurement and a visualperformance test (using Landolt Ring Test) is recorded and analyzed. The worksta-tion with window at the side has less direct daylight effect however it has the poorestscore of the visual performance test.

Keywords: Visual Performance, Daylight, Landolt Ring Test.


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Session 5A Comfort Models, Quantitative and QualitativePerformance



P0106Empirical Evaluation of Outdoor Thermal Comfort ModelsConsidering Different Microclimatic ConditionsLeonardo Marques Monteiro and Marcia Peinado AlucciDepartment of Technology, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, University of SaoPaulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Considering the thermal environment, open spaces require the consideration of ad-ditional factors commonly not present in indoor conditions, such as solar radiationand winds, different activities and significant sweat rates, among others. The objec-tive of this research is to evaluate different predictive models of outdoor thermalcomfort, considering different microclimatic conditions. A brief review of the state-of-the-art of outdoor thermal comfort models is presented. A proposal of classifica-tion for the models and their respectively indexes is also considered. In order to per-form the comparative studies, the method adopted is experimental inductive (fieldresearch of micro-climatic variables and subjective answers) and deductive (simula-tion of predictive models). The field research consists of 72 different microclimaticscenarios and closely 2000 applied questionnaires. The simulations consider twentypredictive models, which were computationally processed. The results of the simu-lations were compared to the results of the empirical field research. The final resultsallow the evaluation of the predictive models.

Keywords: Thermal Comfort, Outdoors, Predictive Models.

P0131Outdoor Thermal Comfort for Hong Kong People: ALongitudinal StudyVicky Cheng2, Edward Ng2 and Baruch Givoni311Department of Architecture, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom2Department of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong3Department of Architecture, University of California, Los Angeles, United States

Outdoor thermal sensation has been recognized as one of the major determinantsof outdoor comfort perception. Therefore, it is important to understand the thermal


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perception of people in different climatic conditions in order to produce a conducivethermal environment for outdoor activities. This paper presents the results of a lon-gitudinal outdoor thermal comfort study conducted in Hong Kong. The findings ofthis study reveal that air temperature, wind speed and solar radiation intensity arethe most influential factors in determining the thermal sensation of people. Based onthe collected data, a predictive formula for estimating the subjective outdoor thermalsensation has been developed. In accordance to the formula, under typical summerconditions in Hong Kong, a wind speed of 1.8 m/s will result in a neutral thermalsensation for a person in light clothing sitting under shade.

Keywords: Outdoor thermal comfort, hot humid climate, longitudinal study.

P0282Effects of Tree Canopies on Solar Radiation Filtration in aTropical Microclimatic EnvironmentMohd Fairuz Shahidan1, Elias Salleh2 and K. M. S. Mustafa3

1Landscape Architecture Department, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia2Architecture Department, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia3Landscape Architecture Department, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia

In tropical climates, outdoor open spaces are highly exposed to solar radiation. Thisinfluences the outdoor energy budget, leading to consequential thermal effects on theoverall urban environment and the urban heat island. Tree canopies and vegetationcan play a significant role in reducing the effects of heat in open outdoor spaces byfiltering the incoming solar radiation before it reaches the ground surface. This pa-per discusses the comparative effectiveness of two types of tree namely, Mesua ferreaL. and Hura crepitans L in filtering the direct solar radiation based on tree physicalcharacteristics. It comprises of two evaluation methods, namely (i) a field measure-ment programme using a net radiometer and other related instrumentations, and (ii)a computer-based sun-shading analysis using ‘Ecotect’ software. The results indicatethat on the average the heat filtration under the canopies of Mesua ferrea L. specieswas found to be 93%, whilst that of Hura crepitans L. species was 79%. In terms ofcanopy transmissivity, leaf index, shade area and tree height the comparative figuresare as follows: Mesua ferrea L. (5%, 6.1, and 35.1% and 6.72 m) and Hura crepitans L.(22%, 1.5, 52.1% and 6.50 m). Hence, a difference of 14% filtration capability for differ-ences of 17% canopy transmissivity value, 4.6 value of leaf area index, 17% of shadearea and 0.22 m. Finally, the study shows that leaf cover, branching and twigs as wellas structural form can significantly influence the intensity and quality of shade.

Keywords: Tree canopy, radiation filtration, tropical microclimate.


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P0292Microclimatic and Behavioural Diversities of Semi-EnclosedUrban Precincts in the TropicsIndrika RajapakshaDepartment of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka

Tropical urbanization is a significant current phenomenon. Escalating urban builtmass and its unplanned design variables aggravates urban heat island effects andthus confines people into indoors. Majority of the open unsheltered urban spaces inSri Lanka are underutilized and thermally uncomfortable during the daytime. Sinceoutdoor comfort and human behaviors in tropical urban spaces are sparsely stud-ied this paper discusses microclimatic variations and behavioral diversities of twodensely populated semi-enclosed urban precincts in the Colombo Business Districtof Sri Lanka.

The studied precincts are historical land marks and their physical form representstwo types of semi-enclosed urban spaces. The Bo Tree precinct (BTP) is a religiousplace consists of a Bo tree and a temple. The Kymans Gate Precinct (KGP) is a publichall composes of colonnaded open verandas with tiled monitor roof.

The field investigation in the hottest month reveal that the internal temperaturesof the semi-enclosed urban precincts were 3 to 5◦C lower than the ambient and op-erate as thermal modifiers during the daytime. There is a clear relationship betweenthermal comfort variations and the behavioural profile within a precinct. Thoughthermal comfort is a determinant factor for relaxed activities it’s negligible for moredynamic behaviours. Thus these findings give useful urban design guidelines to en-hance the degree of liveliness in urban precincts of the tropical cities.

Keywords: Microclimate, human-behavior, semi-enclosed urban precinct, tropics.

Session 5B Materials and GreeningDate/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / 14:00 � 15:50 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block


P0191VIP Integrated Facade Designs: The Advantage of CombiningHigh Thermal Performance with Limited ConstructionThicknessMartin Tenpierik1 and Hans Cauberg1,2

1Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands


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2Cauberg-Huygen Consulting Engineers, Maastricht, The Netherlands

Although vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) have widely been used in refrigeratorsand transport containers for several decades, application in architectural construc-tions has only begun quite recently. Due to the state of vacuum, the ideal thermalconductivity of a VIP is as low as approximately 0.004 W ·m−1

·K−1, which is a fac-tor 5 to 10 less than that of conventional thermal insulators. As a consequence, vac-uum insulation panels combine high thermal performance with limited constructionthickness. Over the last few years, some exemplar projects have been initiated pri-marily in Switzerland and Germany. In these projects vacuum insulation panels aremostly applied in a traditional manner, not fully exploiting the potential of these ma-terials. The objective of this contribution therefore is to show how the properties ofVIPs can be exploited in actual building (component) designs. Based upon a briefintroduction into the properties of VIPs, in this contribution several already existingVIP integrated facade designs are presented as cases of ‘traditional’ VIP applications.Using these cases, requirements will then be formulated for successful applicationswhich exploit the potential of VIPs as far as possible. Based upon these requirementsfinally, some design examples will be presented which on the one hand thoroughlyconsider the advantages and criticalities when applying VIP in building constructionsand on the other hand exploit the advantages as far as practically possible. Thesedesign examples demonstrate the potential of VIPs for architectural constructions,so that architects and engineers are able to design VIP integrated constructions bythemselves. With the proliferation and wide-spread application of VIPs in climate-separating constructions, the energy consumption of buildings in their occupationalphase can be reduced drastically. In this respect, VIPs can thus contribute to a moresustainable and healthy society.

Keywords: Energy Reduction, Space-Saving, Thermal Insulation, Vacuum InsulationPanels, Design Examples.

P0314Study on Healing Potential of Green Space in a CompactUniversity Campus by Means of a Vertical Greening ApproachFeng Yang and Stephen S. Y. LauDepartment of architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Natural space is beneficial for human mental health; this is confirmed by a large bodyof research findings. This benefit has significance for university staff and studentswho are at a critical stage of development of their bodies and minds. First, this paperreviews health-related design issues of natural space to understand major factors af-fecting its health benefits, highlighting studies of natural space as a healing garden


44 Abstracts

that effectively improves the psychological well being of children and youths. Giventhe fact that university study is quite stressful for most college students, the findingscould be instructional toward the planning of natural space in a green campus. Sec-ond, the application of healing garden in a compact campus setting is explored, usingHKU Main campus as a case study in which the impact of use pattern of the greenspaces in a compact built setting on natural space design is examined. Finally, basedon the findings, suggestions for improvement of both the existing HKU grounds andthe new centennial campus natural space are offered in an attempt to enhance healthbenefits and make the university a healthier environment for study and leisure.

Keywords: Natural spaces, mental health, healing gardens, vertical greening, compactcampus.

P0399Passive Cooling of Buildings by the Application of CoolCoatingsA. Synnefaa and M. SantamourisNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Applied Physics,Physics Department, Build. Physics 5, 15784, Athens, Greece.E-mail: [email protected]

Cool coatings are characterized by high solar reflectance and high infrared emittancevalues and their use as a technique to mitigate the heat island effect and decreasethe demand for air conditioning in buildings has gained a lot of interest. This pa-per presents the experimental results regarding the thermal performance and opticalproperties of a number of cool coatings developed and tested at NKUA. Furthermorea simulation study was carried out in order to estimate the effect of the applicationof cool coatings on building envelopes, on cooling energy loads and thermal com-fort conditions in residential buildings in cooling dominated cities with emphasison tropical and subtropical climatic conditions. The calculations were performed bymeans of thermal simulation software and with an hourly time step. It was found thatincreasing the solar reflectance reduces cooling and peak cooling demand in air con-ditioned buildings and that the indoor thermal comfort conditions were improvedby decreasing the hours of discomfort and the maximum temperatures in non air-conditioned residential buildings. The application of cool materials on buildings is asimple and low-cost technique that enhances the energy efficiency and sustainabilityof buildings.

Keywords: Energy, comfort passive cooling, cool coatings, energy saving, thermalcomfort conditions.


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P0353Assessing the Shading Performance of Climbing PlantCanopiesKenneth Ip, Marta Hoi-Yan Lam and Andrew MillerCentre for Sustainability of the Built Environment, School of the Environment, Universityof Brighton, Cockcroft Building, Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom

There are many examples of integrating external climbing plants as shading devicesto glazed building facades. Apart from providing solar shading, plants can improvethe environmental quality such as noise reduction, better air quality and alleviat-ing the urban ‘heat island’ effect. In temperate climates such as the UK, deciduousplants can be used to take the additional advantage of allowing beneficial solar pen-etration in the winter. There are very limited studies of the shading performance ofplant canopies mainly due to the difficulties of measuring the dynamic growth be-haviour of plants that influence the solar transmission. The research reported in thispaper proposes methodologies and techniques to provide an assessment of the shad-ing performance of a deciduous climbing plant canopy. The research involved thedevelopment of the methodologies, the measurement of area coverage of differentleaf layers, the measurement of solar transmittances of leaf layers and the integrationof experimental results to establish the proposed shading coefficient. The experimen-tal canopy, on which Virginia Creeper was planted, was setup at the University ofBrighton and monitored for two years. The research outcomes are reported and sig-nificance of the results, potential applications and future work are discussed.

Keywords: Solar shading, climbing plant, vertical canopy, bioshader, bioshadingcoefficient.

Session 5C Climate Responsive Architecture, Solar ArchitectureDate/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / 14:00 � 15:50 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block


P0482Thermal Optimisation of the Vertical Opaque Envelope:Variable Insulation an Innovative ApproachSelwin Wever and Paula CadimaFaculty of Architecture, Lisbon Technical University, Lisbon, Portugal

“Variable Insulation” is a new and different approach to thermal insulation applica-ble to buildings. It can be defined as the ability of the thermal insulation (or building


46 Abstracts

element) to mechanically change its own thermal resistance without the need for anexternal physical modification. The advantage of this is that the “variable insulatedenvelope” will be able to act both as a solar collector in the winter and as an effectivenight cooling system in the summer. Moreover, the building envelope will be able toassume at all times an adequate thermal resistance to respond to external and inter-nal changing thermal conditions. This study was undertaken using EnergyPlus soft-ware [1], for the climatic conditions of Lisbon, Portugal, by means of changing theexternal opaque walls composition. In addition to the Variable Insulation envelopefive exterior wall construction alternatives commonly used in Portugal were studied.Results demonstrate that the Variable Insulation envelope provides a much betterperformance at all times than the “static insulation” alternatives regardless of the ex-ternal weather conditions. Simulated energy heating and cooling annual loads werereduced three to seven times using the proposed “variable insulation” concept andschedule strategy in comparison to the “static insulation” approach.

Keywords: Envelope, Variable Insulation, Active Solar, Energy Efficiency.

P0402Determination of the Solar Absorptance of Opaque SurfacesKelen Dornelles1, Victor Roriz2 and Maurıcio Roriz3

1,3Department of Architecture and Civil Construction, State University of Campinas,Campinas-SP, Brazil2,3Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos-SP,Brazil

Absorptances of building surfaces exposed to the sun have strong influence on theirtemperatures and, for consequence, on the users’ thermal comfort and the waste ofenergy. In spite of the awareness of the importance of this property, the specializedliterature has not treated this question with the desirable rigour. Tables of coloursusually published about this subject are excessively vague, mentioning large inter-vals of absorptances that poorly contribute to inform about the real behaviour of asurface. Based on results of tests and theoretical analyses, it is discussed in this paperthe factors that determine the absorptances of opaque surfaces. Among these factors,the main one is the absorptivity, which depends on the chemical substance propertiesthat constitutes the surface. Two other factors are caused by geometric characteristicsof the surface: the roughness that indicates irregularities in the millimetre scale, andthe undulation, usually in centimetre scale. The results showed that surface rough-ness and undulation increase linearly its solar absorptance. Additionally, the paperindicates the absorptance is changed through the time and this change can be re-duced by periodical maintenance, which can restore from 90 to 100% the originalabsorptance. Some solar absorptance data measured in laboratory for painted sur-


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faces are presented in this paper to make public more precise and reliable data. Thesemeasurements proved that colours are not reliable indicators of the amount of energythat is absorbed by a surface.

Keywords: Solar Absorptance, Absorptivity, Roughness, Solar Energy.

P0344A Tale of Two Hammams: Indoor Environmental Conditions inTraditional Bath BuildingsArdeshir Mahdavi, Kristina Orehounig and Nina MikatsDepartment of Building Physics and Building Ecology, Vienna University of Technology,Vienna, Austria

We present a systematic approach toward obtaining and analyzing long-term high-resolution thermal performance data from two traditional hammam buildings in Cairo(Egypt) and Ankara (Turkey). This approach involves collected data regarding lo-cal climate, indoor conditions, construction methods, building materials, energy sys-tems, ventilation regimes, and occupancy patterns. Subsequently, the data is analyzedand interpreted with reference to the buildings’ salient design features. Furthermore,a digital performance simulation model of one of the hammams is generated andcalibrated based on collected indoor climate data.

Keywords: Traditional Architecture, Hammams, Building Diagnostics, PerformanceSimulation.

P0444Application of Thermal Performance of Rammed Earth Wall onPassive Design: A Case Study in Temperate Climate of JapanFutoshi Miyaoka1, Yuichiro Kodama2, Chikako Hasui3, Kumiko Hatanaka4 and

Koji Takemasa5

1Graduate School of Design Research, Kobe Design University, Kobe, Japan2Department of Environmental Design, Kobe Design University, Kobe, Japan3Kodama Laboratory, Kobe Design University, Kobe, Japan4Hatanaka Kumiko Design Office, Kobe, Japan5Department of Life Design/Information, Hiroshima Jogakuin University, Hiroshima,Japan

In this paper, the possibility of the use of a rammed earth wall for passive designunder a temperate climate is discussed. The first experimental house is built usingthe conventional rammed earth wall construction method, and its poor thermal per-formance is ascertained conducting onsite measurements. Two types of retrofitting,Summertime Model and Wintertime Model, are carried out after performing


48 Abstracts

various parametric studies with computer simulations. The thermal performance ofthese models is discussed on the basis of the onsite measurements and computersimulation analysis. By retrofitting the models two times, the improvement in theirthermal performance exhibited their suitability for passive design. In conclusion, thethermal performance of the rammed earth wall indicates the effectiveness of passivedesign in satisfying Japanese climatic conditions. We expect that the methodologyusing the models and measurements adopted in this paper would assist in furtheradvancement of research in this field.

Keywords: Rammed Earth Wall, Thermal Mass, Passive Design, Temperate Climate.

Session 6A Comfort Models, Quantitative and QualitativePerformance



P0328The Influence of Albedo of Surfaces on MicroclimaticModifications. New Scenarios for MilanoTiziana Poli1, Luca P. Gattoni1, Riccardo Arlunno1, Giorgio Pansa1 and

Daniele Zappala2

1Dipartimento BEST, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy2OMD Osservatorio Meteorologico Milano Duomo, Milan, Italy

In low energy buildings design, climate conditions become an issue of primary im-portance to define the strategy and technical solutions. In mild climates, in whichboth the summer and the winter period show critical aspects, it is important to fo-cus the attention on sustainability in order to decrease energy demand and guaranteethermal comfort. An issue which is only marginally taken into account in buildingdesign is the effect that possibly occurred on the microclimatic modifications. Mor-phology, management of the relation between absorbing, emitting and evaporatingsurfaces and a careful study of building surfaces could define different boundaryconditions for project and planning. If on one hand there is an increasing interest inreflective surfaces to save energy during the summer period, on the other hand it isnot uncommon to face the problem of microclimatic modifications and the effect thaturban transformation causes on “urban heat island” (constructing large areas, replac-ing built areas with parks, changing in construction technologies, changing albedo’ssurfaces). The aim of this study is to find the impact of natural building envelopes on


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the urban microclimatic changes in order to evaluate different scenarios in a city likeMilano. The investigations were implemented in 2 phases: the first one is focused onthe analysis of “green urban skins” technologies and properties. In the second parta short description of the new scenarios is made, pointing out in qualitative terms,the effects of transformation in order to guarantee a reduction of energy demand insummer period.

The results of energy balance modelling for today situation and tomorrow sce-narios of the city are presented in the last part. Modelling will be done starting froma series of already developed and tested calculation codes currently in use for theassessments of the urban energy balance.

Keywords: Urban Heat Island Effect, Green envelope, Energy savings.

P0266Interpreting Fanger’s Comfort Equation within the AdaptiveParadigmDirk A. SchwedeSchool of Architecture and Building, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia

This paper reviews the evolution of Fanger’s heat balance equation in regard ofadaptive opportunities. Heat balance and adaptive response are integrated into onemodel as two fundamental aspects of human-environment interaction that definethermal comfort perception, rather than being seen as two concepts of alternativecomfort paradigms. The paper suggests to extent Fanger’s model with a heat stor-age term in order to account for comfort perception under transient thermal condi-tions, and to review Fanger’s modelling assumptions in order to allow for a greatervariety of adaptive response options. In the presented model heat exchange is modu-lated through adaptation of physiological, environmental and behavioural param-eters in the human-environment system defined through Fanger’s heat exchangeequations. A computational prototype is implemented to determine ‘comfortable’values and ranges of the six comfort dimensions alternatively to Fanger’s comfortindices. Thereby values of for example ‘comfortable’ clothing and metabolic rate areresults rather than necessary input parameters, which are difficult to determine. Thisapproach allows generating design advice for physical, organisational and social en-vironments based on heat balance calculation in the six-dimensional opportunityspace defined through Fanger’s comfort equation. A starting point for the develop-ment of a dynamic adaptive comfort model is set.

Keywords: Heat Balance, Adaptive Comfort, Comfort Equation, AdaptiveOpportunity.


50 Abstracts

P0146Simulating Human Thermal Comfort and Resulting UsagePatterns of Urban Open Spaces with a Multi-Agent SystemMichael BruseInstitute for Geography, Environmental Modelling Group, University of Mainz, Germany

Attractive public open spaces can serve as key design elements for enhancing lifequality in urban areas and to diminish the negative effects of urbanisation. In order tofulfil this task, open spaces must meet the expectation of potential users and offer theright mix of environmental, economic and social conditions. It is well known that thelocal microclimate belongs to the main factors driving the individual perception andassessment of an outdoor environment. In order to simulate the thermal comfort ofpedestrians in urban open spaces, the method of Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) is used.In which each agent represents a virtual pedestrian with individual physiologicalproperties and different routes through the model environment.

While walking through the domain, these agents are virtually exposed to differ-ent climate conditions. The impact of these climate environments on the individualthermal comfort are simulated using a dynamic model of the human thermoregula-tory system. Depending on their individual thermal comfort level, the agents can ad-just their routing decisions and also consider using optional facilities such as benchesor restaurant chairs. Using the simulation results from a few thousand virtual pedes-trians, it is then possible to generate different kinds of comfort or frequentation mapsnot only representing the local microclimate conditions, but also considering thespace-time links that establish through pedestrian motion and individual decisions.

Keywords: Thermal Comfort, Urban Open Spaces, Urban Microclimate, Multi-AgentSimulation.

P0561Design Features Evolved in a Vernacular House under Hot andHumid Climate with Measured Results of Indoor EnvironmentKen-Ichi KimuraInternational Research Institute on Human Environment, Tokorozawa, Japan,Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan

Design features evolved as seen in vernacular houses with thatched roof in hot andhumid climate are described taking an example with measured results of indoor en-vironment. Hakogi house built 600 years ago with a large and steep thatched roof andvery small entrance was inherited from the ancient house style. The detached housebuilt 300 years ago with a thatched roof had an elevated floor with open space cor-ridor around the room of straw mat floor. The measured results in summer showed


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that the inside air temperature of the main house was about 2–3◦C lower than outsideand earthen floor surface temperature further 2◦C lower than room air, while naturalventilative cooling was effective in the detached house. The difference in the qualityof indoor environment between the two blocks is associated with the evolution indesign features in those eras.

Keywords: Vernacular House, Indoor Environment, Thatched Roof, Hot-HumidClimate.



P0190Practical Studies of Ecological Architecture for China’s LoessPlateau RegionMu Jun and Edward NgDepartment of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR,China

Under the poor conditions of China’s Loess Plateau region, the feasibility limited bybudget and conventional resources for construction is the main challenge faced byecologically design for local buildings. Aiming to explore a way towards ecologi-cal architecture which is suitable for this region, previous study [1] pointed out, byemploying the methodology combining condition analyses and computer simulatingexperiments, that for most types of buildings in the Loess Plateau region, thermalmass and insulation based on local traditional earth and natural materials are themost effective and economical ways to improve the building performance. In orderto verify this deduction and further optimize these techniques and thermal designstrategies with higher feasibility for local practical constructions, as a prototype, agroup of classrooms, which were eventually turned into a primary school, were de-signed and just built by the local villagers in Maosi village, which is within a repre-sentative region of Loess Plateau. Thermal mass and insulation are mainly focusedon ecologically thermal design by selectively employing local traditional techniquesbased on available natural and earth materials, which are examined and optimizedby pre-simulation and field test with the aim of realizing the most ecologically andeconomically effective approaches. According to field measurement and analyses, itis found that with similar construction cost the classrooms can contribute a far better


52 Abstracts

ecological performance to indoor thermal comfort, energy consumption and envi-ronmental impact than local conventional buildings. This prototype study illustratesto the locals a feasible way for local current conditions, in which by selectively em-ploying their familiar techniques and materials they can build by themselves usingaffordable and the most effectively ecological approaches.

Keywords: Ecological architecture, thermal design, experimental simulation, primaryschool, China’s Loess Plateau.

P0475A Comparative Study of the Efficiency in Reducing Heat GainThrough Roof Between Using Attic Ventilation and UsingAluminium FoilPantuda PuthipirojFaculty of Architecture, Silpakorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

The objective of this research is to compare the efficiency in reducing heat gain throughroof between using attic ventilation and using aluminum foil in the sealed attic. Theexperiments were conducted in two adjacent row houses in Bangkok. Two test rooms,20 m2. each, were located on the top floor of three-storey row houses. The ratio of thevented area of the soffit to the ceiling area of the top floor is 1:25. The test showedthat the attic ventilation did not efficiently reduce heat gain through roof. Using alu-minum foil, placing the reflective side downwards parallel to the roof slope can re-duce heat gain better than the current attic ventilation system. During the daytime,indoor room temperature with aluminum foil in the sealed attic decreased by 2◦C,the ceiling surface temperature by 4◦C, and energy consumption for air-conditioningset at 25◦C, energy was reduced by 50% lower than the attic ventilation system.

Keywords: Attic ventilation, aluminum foil, roof, sealed attic.

P0134The Impact of PLEA — Are We Making a Difference; Have WeDone Enough?Robert Vale and Brenda ValeSchool of Architecture, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand

The PLEA organisation has now held 23 annual international conferences. What hasbeen the global impact of those conferences in terms of carbon dioxide emissions?Delegates mostly travel by air to conferences, meaning that the travel-related emis-sions may be quite high (Vale and Vale, 1998). Mitigation and offsetting schemes forcarbon are now available, but are often based on tree planting (see, for example, New


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Zealand’s CarbonZero programme — Ebex21, 2007 and CarboNZero, 2007) PLEAmembers have a focus on the built environment, so it would be appropriate if theircarbon offsetting were to be achieved through better design of the built environment.The paper will attempt to make some sort of quantification of the emissions associ-ated with a PLEA conference, and will then relate that calculation to the amount ofannual energy saving in the built environment that PLEA members would need tohave brought about to show an overall environmental benefit. This research is in partintended as an exploration of the relative impact of buildings on the environmentcompared with that of other activities that are not directly associated with buildings,as some existing studies suggest that buildings may not be as large a problem as otherparts of human activity (James and Desai, 2003).

Keywords: Carbon Emissions; Offsetting; Carbon Reduction.

P0183The Cooling Effects of Evaporative Cooling Systems in VariousUrban DistrictsJiang He and Akira Hoyano1 Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute ofTechnology, G5-2-4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan

This study presents a numerical analysis to evaluate the thermal comfort improvingand urban heat island mitigating effects of the following evaporative cooling strate-gies: (1) use a water-holding pavement, (2) sprinkle water on the walls and roofscoated with super-hydrophilic photocatalyst. As a case study, four urban districtswith different land use in downtown Tokyo were selected for analysis. Simulationswere carried out using a 3D-CAD compatible thermal simulation tool developed bythe authors’ group. The cooling effects of the two strategies were quantified in termsof the surface temperature reduction and mean radiant temperature (MRT) and heatisland potential (HIP) by comparing the simulated results to the cases without theapplication of these strategies and with a utilization of high reflectance materials onthe pavement and building surfaces. As a result, it was found that the surface temper-ature reduction is influenced by spatial configurations (shaded surface distribution,etc) and types of surface materials in the applied spaces. Furthermore, the mitigatingeffect on the HIP is different from land covers and building types. An effective reduc-tion of the HIP for the nighttime can be realized by applying the cooling strategies.

Keywords: Evaporative cooling, built urban environment, surface temperature,simulation.


54 Abstracts




P0246KlimaHaus CasaClima — A Regional Energy CertificationSystem Stimulates Low Energy ArchitectureYan Schmitt1, Alexandra Troi1, Georg Pichler2 and Wolfram Sparber1

1Institute for Renewable Energy, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy2Department for air and noise of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy

This paper presents a success story in the field of low energy buildings in Europe. In2002 the Autonomous Province of South Tyrol introduced a energy certification sys-tem for buildings. As a result, the share of low energy buildings considerably grew.This paper first describes the Klimahaus Casaclima project itself and the factors forits success. Then the development of certified buildings in general is shown and indetail the one of passive house technology, where the project had a particular strongimpact. Finally the results of a survey on owners of certified buildings about Klima-Haus CasaClima conducted last year by the “Eco Institute are discussed”.

Keywords: Energy Certificate, Regional Policy, EPBD, Passive Houses.

P0268The Implementation Deficit of Sustainable Construction inFlanders, Belgium. Estimation and Proposals for EnhancedStrategiesHan Vandevyvere and Herman NeuckermansDepartment of Architecture, Urbanism and Planning, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,Leuven, Belgium

Within a European perspective, Belgium is not at the spearhead of sustainable con-struction. The country struggles with a building tradition that creates an energy andspace-consuming built environment, in particular in the region of Flanders.

Weak spatial planning has lead to excessive sprawl for decades. This tendency isnot yet contained, and pressure from the market towards continued greenfield devel-opment is strong.

Strategic urban projects are in an experimental phase, but rarely focus on techni-cal sustainability.


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The existing building stock is known to have a poor thermal insulation quality.New regulations such as the energy performance legislation (a translation of Euro-pean law) still don’t impose a severe standard for new build and renovation.

As a consequence, upgrading the built environment to sustainable standards is aparticularly difficult exercise.

Although there has emerged a debate on this issue, policies don’t yet fully ac-count of the interdisciplinary character of the needed solutions.

Ongoing research estimates the actual ‘implementation deficit’, i.e. the distancebetween what could or should be done for achieving a sustainable built environment,and what is currently being done. Some hypotheses are formulated. Further researchwill focus on the bottlenecks of a transition process towards ‘deep’ sustainability.

Keywords: Sustainable Construction, Policies, Energy, Implementation Deficit, Strate-gic Urban Project.

P0374Solar & Aeolic Environmental Control of the Built EnvironmentCase of Study: Urban Housing Developments, Maracaibo(Venezuela)Gomez Nersa and Ferrer MercedesInstitute of Investigation, Faculty of Architecture & Design, University of Zulia,Maracaibo, Venezuela

The paper presents the results of an investigation on environmental variables thatimpact the space -between buildingsin urban housing developments, in Maracaibo(Venezuela). The methodology was structured in three phases: (1.) Theoretical frame-work and study case selection; (2.) Identification of the environmental variables thatimpact the built environment -in a hot and humid climate- and, (3.) Analysis-evaluationof environmental conditions through variables interaction — climate, urban mor-phology — user’s activities and perceptions. The resulting values were comparedwith the Local Comfort Model and the municipal ordinances to determine the com-fort levels. Different instruments were applied in the investigation: observation, reg-istration and measurement of temperature, humidity, ventilation and vegetation aswell as users and residents interviews. The results demonstrate high levels of ther-mal affectation in the studied space -beyond the comfort band. Establishing solar andaeolic control strategies to regulate the urban environment and overcome its deterio-ration are stated as conclusions.

Keywords: Environmental Quality, Solar-Aeolic Environmental Control, Urban Hous-ing Developments and Morphology.


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P0446Reviewing Benchmarking Approaches for BuildingEnvironmental Assessment Tools (BEA)- Rigour VersusPracticalityRichard Hyde3, Deo Prasad2, John Blair2, Richard Moore1, Lydia Kavanagh3,

Melinda Watt4 and Karin Schianetz3

1University of Sydney, Australia2University of New South Wales, Australia3University of Queensland, Australia4Earthcheck, Ltd., Australia

Steering a pathway to sustainability is a complex process hence in recent years a vari-ety of building assessment tools have evolved to assist building design professionals.At the heart of these tools is a benchmarking approach, which assists with settingenvironmental standards. However, benchmarking can turn out to be quite problem-atic. There are many routes to establishing benchmarks. Examples are obtaining databy representative surveys (time consuming and costly with difficulties raised by dataconfidentiality); acquiring data by proxy; using a limited number of case studies toestablish baselines and best practice; using algorithms; deciding what range of en-vironmental (and other) dimensions to be covered; how data might be transformedinto usable material for comparison against a standard; and the over-arching issue ofweighting, all raise significant methodological questions. Essentially, benchmarkingis still a weak science. The paper considers these issues and suggests some first stepsfor a less arbitrary and more robust benchmarking process.

Keywords: Green Design, Benchmarking Methodology, Environmental Standards.

Session 7A Daylighting and VentilationDate/Time Saturday, 24 November 2007 / 08:45 � 10:15 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block


P0442The Role of Daylighting Design in a Healing Environment ofPublic Hospitals in Malaysia: A SurveySrazali AripinSchool of Geography, Planning & Architecture, University of Queensland, St. Lucia,Brisbane, Australia.E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]

The Malaysian experience suggests that the development of public hospitals has been


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increasing in numbers since independence and ‘one-off’ hospital design has been im-plemented in most levels of healthcare services. This has been regarded to meet withthe “Vision for Health” of the Ministry of Health, Malaysia (MoH) and to provide thepublic with a better access to healthcare services.

This paper critically reviews the role of physical aspects (i.e. daylighting) in hos-pital design. At the outset, a study of hospital design is presented to examine thephysical conditions of healing environment such as appropriate daylighting design,access to outside view, window design, etc. . . and further investigation will be carriedout to find its effect on the general well being of patients and medical staff. Three ex-isting Malaysian public hospitals design will be investigated and the key findings onthe existing physical aspects will be highlighted. The paper calls for a comprehensivecritical review of the physical aspects, in particular daylighting design, in creating ahealing environment physically and psychologically appropriate in hospital design.

Keywords: Daylighting, Healing Environment, Hospital, Lighting.

P0234The Use of Anidolic Lighting System in Improving DaylightIlluminance of High-rise Buildings in Hong KongStephen S. Y. Lau1, Baharuddin1 and Stephen K. Wittkopf21Department of Architecture, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China2Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore, Singapore

This paper describes the application of advanced daylighting system to improve day-light illuminance of residential units in Hong Kong as one of the most dense cities.In the high-dense environments, residential units that located at lower floor level arevery difficult to get daylight because most parts of the sky are blocked by surround-ing buildings. The only daylight available is coming from the zenith parts of the skyand reflected from surrounding buildings. Light coming from the zenith has verylittle contribution to the illuminance of room that only depend on side opening. Inorder to make use of this light, light redirecting device should be used. There aresome light redirecting devices available; however, most of them only work well fordirect light. Because Hong Kong condition dominated by overcast sky and most oflight is diffuse light. The system selected shall be able to works well for diffuse light.One of these systems is anidolic lighting device. This device collects light from thezenith and redirects it to the rooms by using parabolic concentrator. The results showthat a significant improvement of daylight illuminance can be achieved at lower floorlevel. There were improvement of 63.6% and 12.1% of DF and DA, respectively, byusing the anidolic (Case 2) at the working plane of 80 cm. Case 2 also performed wellin the vertical illuminance evaluation, by improving the brightness of the wall in therear parts. Therefore, using anidolic daylighting system would improve the daylight


58 Abstracts

performance of lower floor of the high-rise residential buildings in high-dense sit-uation. This system can be applied for the refurbishment of the existing residentialbuildings that experience very low daylight illuminance as well as new buildings.

Keywords: Anidolic Lighting System, Light Redirecting, High-Rise Buildings, High-Dense Urban Areas.

P0245The Influence of Building Geometry on the Physical UrbanClimate: A Revival of ‘Light, Air and Space’Marjolein van Esch1,2, Truus de Bruin-Hordijk1 and Kees Duijvestein2

1Climate Design Group, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands2Sustainable Solutions for the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Delft,The Netherlands

The study presented in this paper is part of a PhD research titled ‘Comfortable andHealthy Urban Environments’. This PhD research aims at gaining insight into the re-lationship between building densities, building patterns, building types on the onehand and the main aspects of the physical urban climate on the other hand: penetra-tion of daylight, solar irradiation of facades and outdoor spaces, wind, air tempera-ture, air quality and (traffic) noise. The research focuses on the first stages of urbandesign since the decisions regarding urban geometry in those early stages are of greatinfluence on the urban climate in the final design. The urban tissue is therefore re-duced to its basic geometries. In this way the conditions for the outdoor climate aswell as the base conditions for the indoor climate (at the position of the facade) canbe studied.

This paper reports on studies into daylight and wind comfort aspects. The re-search shows that building densities have quite an influence on daylight access andthe wind climate within the street. Within a fixed density the choice of building typealso has a significant influence.

Keywords: Urban Climate, Urban Geometry, Daylight, Wind.

P0450Preferential Sky Window: A New Parameter to Correlate SkyObstruction and Indoor Daylighting PerformanceFernando Oscar Ruttkay Pereira1, Solange Maria Leder2 and Anderson Claro1

1LabCon — Laboratory of Environmental Comfort, PPGEC & PosARQ, FederalUniversity of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis/SC, Brazil2Educacional Society de Santa Catarina, Instituto Superior Tupy, Joinville, Brazil

Indoor daylighting is influenced by sky obstruction. Considering this premise, the


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urban legislation imposes limits of land use to provide and protect rights to daylightand solar access. These limits of occupation are normally expressed as maximum an-gles of sky obstruction. However, only the definition of angles for limiting buildingheight constitutes a simple criterion, since it does not consider urban variables suchas gaps between the buildings, height building differences and the daylight contribu-tion from different patches of the sky hemisphere. This study deals with the proposalof a daylight accessibility control parameter in the urban environment. The character-ization of this parameter takes into account three aspects: (I) analysis of the relativecontribution of different sky hemisphere patches, (II) analysis of the light incidenceangle, and (III) analysis of the sky vision by indoor environment. Daylighting wassimulated through computational method. The parameter preferential sky windowwas proposed to be used correlating the sky obstruction on the facade and the day-light interior performance. Methodology and preliminary results are described in thispaper.

Keywords: Daylight, Sunlight, Urban Sustainability.

Session 7B Architectural Education for Sustainable DesignDate/Time Saturday, 24 November 2007 / 08:45 � 10:15 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block


P0330Aiding Student Understanding of Building Environments: TheDevelopment of an ‘E-Evaluation’ ToolkitAdrian PittsSheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK

This paper describes the development and use of a novel educational kit to aid mas-ter’s level students in their understanding of the environment in and around build-ings. The kit consists of a lightweight laptop computer together with a hypertextguide developed specifically for the project. The computer also has preloaded addi-tional software and other tools. The toolkit contains an array of hand-held measure-ment devices suitable for deriving information on air temperature, radiant tempera-ture, air movement, humidity, lighting levels, and noise levels. It also includes devices


60 Abstracts

and information suitable for site analysis in relation to solar influences such as posi-tion and impact of nearby buildings and other obstructions. The kit has been testedand assessed with groups of students. A commentary for optimising use is provided.

Keywords: Environment, Comfort, Energy, Teaching, Toolkit.

P0483Self-Directing Learning — Getting Students to LearnEffectively About Smart and Bioclimatic DesignAndy van den Dobbelsteen and Kees van der LindenClimate Design Group, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology,The Netherlands

In the academic environment there is a growing demand for education on sustain-able climate design of buildings, an expertise that integrates the basic knowledge ofbuilding physics and building services into the area of architectural design, with a fo-cus on sustainable solutions for energy en comfort. At the Faculty of Architecture ofDelft University of Technology, an elective course enabled this combination of exper-tises. In this course the subject called Smart & Bioclimatic Design (SBCD) combinesthe study of sustainable principles of climate design and the translation of this to apractical designer’s manual. It involves a singular approach to education, for whichlectures are combined with workshops, personal study and frequent tutoring. Theself-directing learning process has led to excellent manuals, good presentation skillsand better comprehension of the matter than previous education had accomplished.

The paper will discuss the organisation and outcome of the subject, exemplifiedby student manuals.

Keywords: Smart and Bioclimatic Design, Sustainable Climate Design, Education, De-signer’s Manual.

P0368Laboratory Didactical Tools for Architectural Design Studentsin Tropical and Subtropical ConditionsAnıbal Figueroa, Victor Fuentes and Gloria CastorenaUniversidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico

The LAB or Laboratory of Bioclimatic Architecture is an academic space that started17 years ago at the Universidad Aut’onoma Metropolitana (UAM) in Mexico City.Its main goal is to develop tools that are suitable to Mexico’s climatic, economic,constructive and social conditions. Another important feature is that it is focusedsimultaneously as a research and teaching facility. For that reason a large number of


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undergraduate students use it for regular classes as well as a limited number of grad-uate students use it for practice and research.

Our strategy has been to work with Passive Design using physical and digitalmodels. However, there has been an emphasis in scale models due to their pedagog-ical value and the versatility to evaluate them visually and numerically. The LAB hasbeen used also to review professional projects, specially those with a limited budgetbut social impact.

Keywords: Laboratory, Heliodon, Artificial Sky, Wind Tunnel.

P0221“Reality bites” About the Balancing Process BetweenDisciplines in the Architectural Planning ProcessHeide G. Schuster1 and Sigrid Dany2

1WSGreenTechnologies GmbH, Albstrasse 14, 70597 Stuttgart, Germany2University of Dortmund, Center for Research on Higher Education and FacultyDevelopment, 44221 Dortmund

The built environment underlays multiple criteria which have to be taken into ac-count in the building process. Most of the teaching methods, especially in architec-ture, still support the idea of artists in between groups of framework giving engi-neers. The optimisation, the co-operation within a multi-disciplinary team and theskills in communication and presentation seldom are taught. To fulfil the require-ments in the building sector nowadays exactly these skills are necessary to succeed ineconomical, ecological and architectural tasks. Therefore a new teaching method hasbeen developed and established at the University of Dortmund training the futurearchitects and engineers in real-life interdisciplinary design and investor teams.

Keywords: Teaching methods, Building process, Optimisation, Sustainability, Presen-tation skills, Higher Education, Student Focused Teaching, Communication Skills,Collaboration, Evaluation, Interaction, Individual and Collective Student LearningProcess, Innovative Teaching Project, Course Evaluation, Teaching architecture andengineering.


62 Abstracts

Session 7C User-Building-Interaction and Post OccupancyEvaluation

Date/Time Saturday, 24 November 2007 / 08:45 � 10:15 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block


P0505Comparative Evaluation of Sustainability in the BuildingsAdapted to New Uses and Their Interaction with the Users andthe EnvironmentFarzin Haghparast and Amir Hossein Farahi-niaFaculty of Architecture, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran

Converting buildings to keep them responsive to new uses to meet demands offeredby changes in circumstances and situations, has been an issue throughout the archi-tectural history [1]. Nowadays, adaptive reuse can be argued as an effective way toattain sustainability in the broadest sense, including cultural and ecological aspectsand a very complimented strategy in restoration and conservation of buildings ofhistorical, cultural and social value. Regarding the benefits of the practice, in caseof adaptive reuse, evaluation of user-building-interactions and the new occupancyconsidering the new users as new uses are introduced are inevitably important.

This paper is to evaluate the efficiency of buildings adapted to be reused in newapplications with a comparative look at their interactivity to the environmental con-text. Focus of this study is on the buildings of Tabriz Islamic Art University -wherethe buildings have been converted from former residential use to integrated educa-tional space- as case study for the investigation by means of field survey and com-parative study. These buildings comprise almost all major characteristics of the tradi-tional houses in Tabriz in which a great attention was given to interactive and climaticdesign as a response to severe climate.

Keywords: Energy efficiency-sustainability-adaptive reuse.

P0247Longitudinal Evaluation of Affordable Housing in Scotland:Lessons for Low Energy FeaturesFionn Stevenson1 and Nick Williams2

1Oxford Institute of Sustainable Development, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford,England


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2Housing Consultant, Aberdeen, Scotland

This paper investigates a two stage survey of 23 demonstration projects, funded bythe government housing agency for Scotland. Thirteen of the projects were revisitedafter a period of seven years to provide an in-depth longitudinal study of key lowenergy features over different lengths of time as experienced by tenants, develop-ment officers and housing managers. A combination of site visits, interviews, obser-vational studies and technical analysis was used to draw out key lessons in relationto particular features adopted in order to improve sustainability and future design.Four independent post occupancy evaluations were further cross-examined and theirdiffering methods are discussed in terms of their effectiveness.

The results show that lack of future-proofing, poor procurement and mainte-nance procedures, as well as tenant responses, have led to many of the features un-derperforming or even being replaced wholesale. The more passive features wouldappear to offer better value to social housing providers than others which are tech-nically more complex to manage. The use of solar sunspaces in social housing is alsoquestioned. This paper also identifies particular procurement and management chal-lenges and solutions in relation to the feedback required for low energy features to besuccessfully mainstreamed in housing.

Keywords: Housing, Post-Occupancy Evaluation, Low Energy.

P0236Lifestyle as a Key Determinant of the Home EnvironmentJanice Fung, Colin D. A. Porteous and Tim SharpeMackintosh School of Architecture, The Glasgow School of Art, University of Glasgow,Glasgow, United Kingdom

This paper examines lifestyle as a significant determinant of the home environmentfor social housing tenants in Glasgow, Scotland (UK). Changing lifestyle or behaviourby occupants has relevance for housing conditions, where situations of condensa-tion and dampness, fuel poverty, and poor air quality continue to occur. For exam-ple, raised levels of condensation and energy consumption occur with the increasedownership and improper use of tumble dryers. Other problems include keeping ther-mostats high to maintain warmth indoors in the winter while simultaneously open-ing the windows and drying clothes inside the house; or conversely, the resistanceto open windows due to the lack of security, hence causing a deficiency in ventila-tion and poor air quality. A series of satisfaction surveys, observational studies, inter-views, and tenant diaries have illuminated causal relationships in the home environ-ment in four targeted areas in Glasgow. A series of spot and durational measurementswere recorded for room temperatures, RH, and CO2 to assess the indoor home envi-ronment. Case studies comprised a range of traditional and non-traditional, low and


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high rise housing systems. Results indicate difficulty in achieving both energy effi-ciency and freedom from condensation, although good conditions in terms of tem-perature and humidity are mainly achieved.

Keywords: Social Housing, Indoor Environment, User-Response, Well-Being.

P0248The Value of Architectural Influences to the Office Environmenton Occupant Activity and HealthStamatina Th. Rassia and Nick V. BakerDepartment of Architecture, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

This paper, based on first pilot studies, raises issues and investigates how office build-ings may be designed to influence workers activity as part of the daily office rou-tine. It has been historically proved that the office design preconception is to reducemovement in workspaces in the benefit of productivity and organisational success.The present work seeks to identify office practices that could stimulate movementwithin office buildings. This goes against the grain of current thinking regarding theoffice layout especially in the matter of the IT integration, which prioritises the min-imization of workers’ activity as a condition of their increased productivity. Basedon preliminary research methods, this study presents a considerable variance in ac-tivity levels within the worksite. The architectural implications of this are based onthe consideration that if the less active group became as active as the active group, asignificant improvement in health and fitness would result.

Keywords: Occupant, office, activity, health.

P0469An Empirical Approach to the Evaluation of LivingEnvironments for the ElderlyArdeshir Mahdavi, Andrea Bodvay and Kristina OrehounigDepartment of Building Physics and Building Ecology, Vienna University of Technology,Vienna, Austria

This paper deals primarily with the relationship between relevant architectural, envi-ronmental, and organizational features of the 19 homes for the elderly (HE) in Austriaand their perception by occupants and experts. Thereby, two sets of criteria were con-sidered: (i) The “objective” HE criteria (architecture, indoor climate, organization); (ii)The “subjective” HE criteria as perceived by occupants and staff (security, comfort,satisfaction). The central aim of the research is to examine if certain design features(including amenities) of HEs can positively affect occupants’ subjective evaluation.


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Thereby, the relationship between a number of measurable features of HEs and theirperception by the occupants are explored.

Keywords: Elderly, Living Environments, Indoor Climate.

Session 8A Daylighting and VentilationDate/Time Saturday, 24 November 2007 / 10:45 � 12:35 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block


P0389Lessons from Three Daylighting Systems Used in TraditionalArchitecture of the United Arab EmiratesMaitha Dalmouk AlNuaimi and Liliana O. BeltranCollege of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station Texas, 77843, USA

This paper presents the results of an evaluation of three daylighting systems usedin the indigenous architecture of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), located in Dubai(latitude 25◦N longitude 55◦E). The purpose of this research was to investigate thedaylighting performance of three of the most common daylighting systems found inindigenous buildings of the UAE: Type I-Traditional double panel windows, Dree-shah; Type II-Gypsum decorative panels, Mesbah; and Type III-Wind tower, Barjeel.The lighting performance parameters examined were illuminance level, light distri-bution, uniformity and glare. These parameters were compared to the recommendedlight levels specified in IESNA and CIBSE standards. The RADIANCE program wasused to evaluate the lighting performance of the three daylighting systems underclear sky conditions. On-site measurements were also conducted to validate the light-ing performance generated by the simulations. The prototypes tested in this researchshowed different outcomes. From the results, the overall lighting performance of thegypsum decorative panel prototype outperforms the other prototypes under clearsky conditions. These prototypes carry an aesthetic and identity value to the cul-ture of the UAE. Through the use of the derived values and conclusions, local publicawareness can be increased on the importance of preserving indigenous buildingsand the numerous lessons that can be learned from their study.

Keywords: Daylight, Windows, Indigenous Buildings, UAE, RADIANCE.


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P0532The Poetics of Sacred Light – An Investigation of the LuminousEnvironment in the Monastery of La TouretteBenson LauSchool of the Built Environment, Nottingham University, United Kingdom

In Le Corbusier’s buildings, light, sound, colour, rhythm and space are the key el-ements which introduce occupants to a sense of inner harmony resulting from astate of spiritual transformation. This spiritual transformation can be most vividlyexperienced in the Monastery of La Tourette. The aim of this paper is to investigatethe luminous environment of La Tourette through qualitative analysis. Much can belearned by studying the master’s buildings which were built with daylight as theprimary light source. Detailed analysis of the master’s work would provide valuableinsights and data which can be applied to the more routine design of the luminousenvironment.

Keywords: Poetry, architecture, daylight.

P0381Development of a Daylighting Teaching Methodology Based ona Conceptual Model of ReferenceVeridiana Atanasio, Fernando O. Ruttkay Pereira, Aline C. S. Lopes and

Raphaela W. FonsecaLabcon — Laboratory of Environment Comfort, PosARQ, Federal University of SantaCatarina, Florianopolis, Brazil

It can be noticed in the current architecture a lack of projects which contemplate thebenefits of daylight in an efficient way. There is evidence that this might occur due tothe fact that professionals need to improve their understanding and knowledge of theillumination phenomenon. The present work aims at contributing for the reductionof such inadequacy in the architect formation. This proposal materializes through thedevelopment of a teaching methodology of daylighting based on a conceptual modelof reference that presents the illumination phenomenon through a conceptual schemeinvolving the main architectural variables that interfere in the light propagation fromthe source to the target. In order to put these concepts into practice an experimen-tal device was developed so as to enable the professor to demonstrate the model.Through some experiments could be noticed that this method could be adapted withgreater results using virtual tools. Then, a virtual laboratory was developed, that fa-vors the visualization of the phenomenon through the adopted method. The objectiveis to make possible the experimentation of basic concepts of the illumination as the


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co-sine effect and apparent size and, consequently, to exercise the perception of thepupil in relation to the cause and effect of the phenomenon of a visual form.

Keywords: Daylighting, Conceptual Model of Reference, Teaching Methodology.

P0198A Simplified Method to Evaluate the Daylight and EnergyPerformance in the LEED 2.2 Rating SystemDong-Hwan Ko, Mahjoub Elnimeiri and Raymond J. ClarkCollege of Architecture, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA

In the design of green buildings, there is an increasing requirement to be certified bythe Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) green building ratingsystem. LEED is the most widely used green building certification system in the U.S.This research provides a simplified method that would assist the user to evaluatebuilding performance and obtain more credits in the LEED 2.2 green building rat-ing systems. The simulation analysis work was performed for a cooling-dominatedlocation (Houston) and a heating dominated location (Chicago) in the U.S., using RA-DIANCE and eQUEST. The main results include fenestration criteria to meet daylightrequirement and energy performance. These results provide the optimal fenestrationcriteria for architects and designers with regard to the selection of the U-factor, solarheat gain coefficient (SHGC), visible transmittance (VT) and window-to-wall ratio(WWR).

Keywords: LEED, RADIANCE, eQUEST, energy, daylight, U-factor, SHGC, VT, WWR.

Session 8B Architectural Education for Sustainable DesignDate/Time Saturday, 24 November 2007 / 10:45 � 12:35 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block


P0507A Quantified Design Process to Configure Envelope Design fora High Rise BuildingNorhati IbrahimUniversiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia

The importance of the early design stage has often been highlighted. Many noted thatchanges and improvements in the design process are relatively easy to make at the


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beginning of the process, but become increasingly difficult and disruptive if carriedout at later stages. The amount of information made available to a designer at theearly design stage in many ways contributes to the quality of the design produced.This paper illustrates the use of quantified-based design tools to assess and config-ure a wall envelope component for a high rise building, so as to provide a more in-formed design route. The exercise is a design project conducted at the Department ofArchitecture, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. At the schematic design stage,the building form and envelope configuration options were reviewed using severaltools of analysis that include simplified design tools, spreadsheet and sophisticatedcomputer simulation software. This exercise serves to demonstrate an environmentalconscious design procedure to architecture students.

Keywords: Envelope Design, Quantified Design Process.

P0133The Effect of Including Sustainability in ArchitecturalEducationBrenda and Robert ValeVictoria University, Wellington, New Zealand

Embedding sustainability issues within architecture courses rather than leaving thetopic as an optional extra could change the way conventional architectural subjectsare taught. Environmental design has been linked in the past to history by authorssuch as Banham [1] and Cowan [2], [3]. If sustainability issues are to be taken seri-ously in society then they will impinge on all aspects of architectural education, sincesustainability ultimately means a change in the way people think and behave, not justtechnological change. An example of teaching a conventional architectural sciencecourse under the aegis of “architecture and sustainability” is discussed. This showsthat embracing sustainability means architectural science can be discussed in terms ofenvironmental, historical and socio-cultural issues as well as the more familiar techni-cal ones. The conclusion is that sustainability emphasises the inter-connectedness ofthings, moving architectural education away from the compartmentalised approachwhich has dogged it for many decades.

Keywords: Architectural Education, Sustainability, Environmental Science.

P0195Education for a More Sustainable ArchitectureMiguel Aloysio SattlerDepartamento de Engenharia Civil, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul,Porto Alegre, Brazil.E-mail: mailto:[email protected]

One can ask: does education aiming at sustainable products in architecture and


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construction need to be different? Why is it so? We understand that it requires a dif-ferent approach. First, it has to be more holistic, systemic and interdisciplinary. Sus-tainability requires the consideration of its several dimensions: social, economical,environmental, cultural and, perhaps, others. An ethical approach is of fundamen-tal importance, as the created products have to last to be enjoyed by generations tocome and be built with minimum stress on Earth’s carrying capacity, today and to-morrow. This is usually not met as a result of an individual effort only. It requirescooperation, interdisciplinary collaboration. This paper presents some of the princi-ples behind the teaching of sustainable architecture and construction (holistic viewof architecture—architecture for the whole human being; architecture joining all thearts; architecture oriented by the four elements; design in accordance to the spirit ofthe place) and how we try to arise motivation among our students to learn, at thesame time they apply these principles of sustainability into real life design projects.Fundamentally, the learning process, as it is developed at NORIE, involves three veryimportant ingredients: inspiration, perspiration and celebration.

Keywords: Sustainability; Teaching; Environmental Design.

P0280Teaching the Relation of Environmental Sensitivity andConceptual DesignUte PoerschkeThe Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA

This paper gives an overview of the structure, methods and outcomes of the rede-veloped course Technical Systems Integration within the accredited professional archi-tecture program at The Pennsylvania State University. The guiding principle of thecourse is to link the technical, aesthetic and social approaches of environmentally re-sponsible design in order to achieve an architecture in which the environmentallysensible elements become meaningful parts of an architectural whole, rather than ad-ditive pieces. The required course is closely linked to the fifth-year design studio,emphasizing that technical systems are not only a matter of comfort, health, or envi-ronmental responsibility, but also and mainly a matter of an individual strong designconcept and corresponding environmental strategies that support the unique design.The paper discusses different teaching formats for successful knowledge transfer ofenvironmental responsibility. Pros and cons of teaching environmentally sensitivestrategies in cooperation with the design studio will be reviewed in comparison toan unrelated course. Two student designs that successfully link environmentally sen-sitive strategies and the design concept will be presented. The main outcomes are


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intensive student involvement in issues of environmental sensitivity and the under-standing that environmental strategies must evolve out of a strong overall concept.

Keywords: Higher Education, Aesthetics of Environmental Responsibility, TeachingMethodology.

P0276Teaching and Learning the Daylighting Phenomenon inArchitecture with Physical ModelsFernando O. Ruttkay Pereira, Alexander C. Gonzalez and Veridiana AtanasioLabCon — Laboratory of Environmental Comfort, PosARQ Federal University of SantaCatarina, Florianopolis/SC, Brazil

Daylighting considerations influence the whole design process and incorporate asmany conceptual and aesthetics topics as technical ones. The designer needs to ac-quire a deep understanding of light behavior in order to have a good estimate ofthe effects caused by daylighting design decisions. This research seeks to apply amethod for teaching the daylighting phenomenon to undergraduate architecture stu-dents using a physical prototyping environment. For this, a “physical prototype” ofan internal environment is built with shoe boxes and special lenses, with viewingangle of 200◦ , for direct visualization. The aim of this workshop is to search for theintegration of daylight theory with the design practice in order to create a connectionwith the design concepts. The advantages of this workshop, besides the integrationwith the practice of designing with daylight, are the low cost and time spent dur-ing the development of the exercise. The method allows students to easily previewthe effects on daylighting distribution due to different design options, and visuallyappreciate them through the viewing lenses and/or digital photography. The work-shop has been applied in daylighting courses, with undergraduate students at theFederal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil and two Universities in Colombia. Theobtained results have shown that the practice is easily assimilated by the students,effectively helping them to understand daylighting phenomenon in architecture in avery amused and relaxed way.

Keywords: Daylighting, Teaching Method, Physical Models.


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Session 8C User-Building-Interaction and Post OccupancyEvaluation

Date/Time Saturday, 24 November 2007 / 10:45 � 12:35 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block


P0113A Post Occupancy Evaluation of a UK Sustainable School:Performance and PerceptionSteve Sharples, Rosie Parnell and Mohamed RefaeeSchool of Architecture, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom

Norfolk Community Primary School in Sheffield (UK) was built with a strong envi-ronmental ethos. In this study qualitative and quantitative post occupancy evalua-tions were carried to examine if the school was performing to a high environmentallevel, compared to benchmark figures for electricity, heating and water consumption,and what impact the environmental design was having on perceptions of the school,levels of environmental awareness, related behaviour and pedagogical approaches.The study identified that the environmental image of the school was having a posi-tive impact on some aspects of user perceptions and awareness, suggesting ways inwhich sustainable school design can become an effective resource for whole schoolcommunity learning. Most aspects of the school’s internal physical environment weresatisfactory, although problems with temperature controls and energy metering wereidentified.

Keywords: Sustainability, School, Perception, Environment.

P0224User Preferences for Routing and Seating in Response toDaylighting Design in an Art MuseumPingping Dou and Koen SteemersThe Martin Centre, Department of Architecture, University of Cambridge,Cambridge, UK

Lighting design has great influence on user’s behaviour in built environment. Day-lighting has natural, variable, and orientating privileges and requires more attention.This paper aims to explore user preferences in routing and seating in an art museum,and to discover how it is related to daylighting design in this environment. A fieldwork was conducted at the Kettle’s Yard House & Gallery in Cambridge, which is


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recognised in both architectural and environmental concerns for its intentional ma-nipulation of daylight. The author observed and tracked 114 visitors over a periodof 3 days, then summarised a preferable visiting route and 4 most highly occupiedseating positions (out of 57 in total). Following theoretical analysis, author conductedon-site monitoring of illuminance variations and polar distributions under differentsky conditions. Illuminance variations at eye level on a series of positions were stud-ied to discuss user preferences on routing. While polar distributions of luminanceat eye height were used to explore visitors’ choices in seating. The research findingsindicated that a general variable luminance environment is more appealing than aneven one. And also front-to-back luminance ratio, extracted from polar distribution,is a key factor affecting visitors’ seating choices in response to daylighting design.

Keywords: User-building-interaction, daylighting, art museum, luminance variation.

P0551Leading by Example: Post-Occupancy Evaluation Studies ofCity Council-Owned Non-Domestic Buildings in OxfordRajat GuptaOxford Institute of Sustainable Development, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford,United Kingdom

As part of ongoing climate change mitigation efforts, the author (a Senior Lecturer atOxford Brookes University) has been commissioned by Oxford City Council (Oxford,UK) to undertake post-occupancy evaluation (POE) of 30 city council-owned non-domestic buildings over five years, to assess the potential for reducing non-domesticCO2 emissions. This paper reviews the methodological approach pursued, and find-ings from the first phase of 12 POE studies undertaken by students of the MSc EnergyEfficient and Sustainable Building course run at Oxford Brookes University (Oxford,UK). The 12 buildings studied cover a whole range of OCC’s non-domestic estate:seven community centres, two modern office buildings, two leisure centres and oneold Town Hall.

The overall POE methodology involves an energy and environmental audit ofthese buildings, as well as a thermal comfort assessment of their occupants. It there-fore includes both hard and soft issues of building energy performance. Recommen-dations are then made to improve the building performance in terms of energy,environmental impact and occupant satisfaction (thermal comfort); these are oftensub-divided into no-cost, low-cost, medium-cost and high-cost measures for ease ofimplementation. Findings from these 12 POE studies shows that potentially about30% of CO2 emissions could be reduced cost-effectively using a combination of ‘no-cost’ and ‘low-cost’ measures, whilst above 50% emissions are technically-possibly.Particularly, the improvements in the building fabric would also improve the com-


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fort for occupants, highlighted as a key concern in the thermal comfort assessmentsof these buildings. In fact some of the measures proposed are being adopted in therefurbishment of these buildings.

Since such building-types represent the building stock of any city in the UK orelsewhere, these findings are generic, and may therefore provide a useful examplefor other cities in their endeavour for emission reductions. It also shows how Citycouncils can become agents of change in the efforts to mitigate the worst impacts ofclimate change.

Keywords: Post-Occupancy Evaluation, Carbon Emissions, Non-Domestic Buildings.

P0478User Interfaces for Occupant Interactions with EnvironmentalSystems in BuildingsSzucheng Chien and Ardeshir MahdaviDepartment of Building Physics and Building Ecology, Vienna University of Technology,Austria

Occupant control actions in building (i.e. user interactions with environmental sys-tems for heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting, etc.) can significantly affect both in-door climate in and environmental performance of buildings. Nonetheless, relativelyfew systematic (long-term and high-resolution) efforts have been made to observeand analyze the means and patterns of such user-system interactions with buildingsystems. Specifically, the necessary requirements for the design and testing of hard-ware and software systems for user-system interfaces have not been formulated in arigorous and reliable manner. This paper includes an exploration of the requirementsand functionalities of user interfaces for building systems in sentient buildings. Wecompare a number of commercial user-interface products for building control sys-tems. Thereby, we consider three aspects, namely control options, information types,and hardware. The outcome of this comparison is expected to serve as the startingpoint for developing a new generation of user interface models to promote higherlevels of connectivity between occupants and sentient environments.

Keywords: Sentient Buildings, User Interface, Environmental Controls.


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P0449Using Daylighting Controls in Offices? Post Occupancy Studyabout their Integration with the Electric LightingEulalia Cunill1, Rafael Serra1 and Mike Wilson2

1Architecture & Energy, School of Architecture UPC, Barcelona, Spain2LEARN, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom

It has been noted that in the opinion of experts on daylighting control systems, mostsystems were not working. A survey has been undertaken in which actually 80% outof 15 offices studied had the system switched off.

There is clearly poor integration between solar protection and daylighting con-trols. No integrated sun-tracking and daylighting control has been found successfullyoperating in an office environment. The choice of blinds and a proper use of the pho-tocell will be the main area of study. 40% of the cases studied have automated internalblinds installed operated with photocell, of which 66.6% have been switched off orchanged to manual drive. BMS linked photocell controlled lighting is used in 40% (6of all cases). The photosensors were disconnected in 50% (3 of the sample).

The experimental work of this PhD research is based in a post-occupancy officeevaluation by measuring both luminance and illuminance, around a desk position(ceiling-desk-partition-floor), colour temperature, colour reflectance and a user sur-vey completed in different workplaces. The impact of blinds was also analysed interms of type, position and internal luminance of blinds and ceiling. We found a re-lationship between luminance and colour temperature amongst different surfaces.Finally, we present some early ideas on what we should be controlling.

Keywords: Daylight Linking, Photosensors, POEs, Integration.

P0443Visions for Open Spaces in Owner-Built Housing Areas in theCity of Campinas, Brazil: Perspectives of a Greener UrbanLandscapeEvandro Z. Monteiro and Doris C. C. K. Kowaltowskia

Department of Architecture and Building, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture andUrban Design, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Caixa Postal 6021, 13083-852,Campinas, SP, Brazil.E-mail: [email protected]

This paper presents the results of a continuing study of the self-built housing phe-nomena in the region of the city of Campinas/SP, Brazil. The main goal of the studywas the development of a community action method to improve environmental com-fort and the urban landscape in owner-built residential areas, through


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increased integration of open spaces, with the introduction of a concept termed “out-side greens” and “inside greens”. This concept is seen as an alternative to green areasin cities like Campinas. Open spaces of a specific owner-built suburb were evaluatedthrough aerial photographs and morphologically characterized. From this data CAD(Computer Aided Design) based drawings were produced and rendered by hand tocreate three scenarios: 1. the current situation with its present built-up condition; 2. aprobable future development without green areas and lacking vegetation and 3, sim-ulations of a future urban condition with vegetation purposely distributed, creatingwhat might be called the ”full green” possibility or vision. These drawings becameimportant support material for the interviews held with the local population to in-vestigate their views on their community. The interviews focused on the relation ofthe population with the open spaces on their own lots, “inside greens”, and withthe public green areas, “outside greens”. The inquiry was centred on the feelingsof comfort and the urban landscape quality. The purpose of this study was primar-ily to engage the population in their own residential environment. Vegetation wasused as a theme to improve the urban landscape. In the local climate vegetation in-creases shading which in-turn directly influences comfort. The study does not enterinto quantitative questions, emphasizing qualitative perceptions and community ac-tions. The results of the study show that, importance given to vegetation in residentialneighbourhoods of self-builders is not uniform. However, although the existing openspaces have a limited influence on improved environmental comfort conditions andadd little to the image of a recommended urban landscape, the research and commu-nity action method caused an immediate identification of the inhabitants with theirpresent situation and alerted the population as to their role in improving their ownneighbourhoods.

Keywords: Open space, Self-built or Owner-built housing, Sustainability, Vegetationand Environmental comfort, Urban Landscape.


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Session P1 Poster Presentation � Mini-PapersDate/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / 13:30 � 14:00 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block

SDE3, Level 4, LT424Chair(s)


MP0329Experiences with an Innovative Energy System: Refurbishmentand Enlargement of a Rationalist Building in Italy to a SolarActive BuildingAlexanda Troi1, Assunta Napolitano1,2 and Wolfram Sparber1

1Institute for Renewable Energy, EURAC Research, Italy2Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Bergamo, Italy

This paper presents the innovative energy system of a listed building in South Ty-rol/Italy, which was refurbished to a solar active building. Design values draw amost promising picture, forecasting a reduction of CO2 emissions by 30% and of elec-tricity from the grid by more than 55% compared to a reference scenario without solarcollectors, absorption chiller and cogeneration unit. However the actual performanceremains well behind this target: monitoring of the energy flows showed that only 5%were achieved up to now. The evaluation of two optimisation scenarios, which do notrequire major intervention on hardware but refer mainly to the control of the system,illustrates that up to 26% CO2 emissions and 15% of costs can be avoided. The studythus demonstrates clearly that the control of the system plays a crucial role for itsperformance.

Keywords: Solar active building, solar assisted cooling, system control, absorptionchiller, cogeneration, monitoring, refurbishment.

MP0371Monitoring Buildings with Non-Computerized HeatingSystems: Optimization of Energy Performance by Variations inUse and ManagementErika Mata and Fabian LopezUPCO2, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona, Spain

This paper presents the development of a protocol for recording and controlling the


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performance of HVAC systems in existing buildings in order to determine the effi-ciency of the systems’ management and identify optimization possibilities.

Current HVAC monitoring methods for improving energy efficiency are usuallyapplied to modern, remote-controlled systems, but a large proportion of existing in-stallations and building stock are fitted with non-computerized systems. Moreover,the methods tend to focus on the efficiency of machines and circuit design and donot take into account other factors such as the interaction with the building’s designcharacteristics or its use and occupancy profiles.

The guidelines developed were applied to the building occupied by the School ofArchitecture of the Valles (ETSAV) near Barcelona (Spain) during the winter period2006–2007. The study shows how it was possible to significantly reduce energy con-sumption (by up to 40%) and the associated environmental impact (CO2 emissions).

Keywords: Existing Building Performance, Efficient Management, Heating SystemMonitoring.

MP0251Designing and Constructing to the PassivHaus Standard inTemperate ClimateIrena Kondratenko, Vivienne Brophy and Patxi HernandezUCD Energy Research Group, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

UCD Energy Research Group has developed guidelines for the design and construc-tion of dwellings to the PassivHaus standard appropriate to temperate maritime ar-eas of Europe. The guidelines look specifically at typical construction methods inbuilding to the PassivHaus standard, and draw conclusions regarding their applica-tion in moderate climates, based on results of sensitivity analysis of the overall energybalance

Keywords: PassivHaus, energy performance standard, temperate climate.

MP0516Renewable Energy Sources and Greek IslandsAgapi Fylaktou Cattaneo1-17 Palmer Street, Westminster, London SW1H 0AB.E-mail: [email protected]

Greece is located in the south-eastern part of Western Europe. It has a total area of131,957 square kilometres that includes 3,000 islands approximately. The country’sgeographical position, proximity to the sea and Mediterranean climate provide agreat opportunity for the extensive development of renewable energy sources (RES).


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This paper is concerned with the use of RES (concentrating on wind energy) in theidentified areas. It briefly examines islands that include Euboea and Crete togetherwith current and future developments, which are of particular importance becausethey represent a major effort in integrating national/local planning policies withina framework of sustainability and climate change. A short analysis of wind farms isconducted together with an examination of their level of integration in the variousareas, socio-economic influence and promotion of sustainable communities.

Keywords: Energy, Renewable, Islands, Wind, Farms, Greece.


MP0325Design Strategies for Environmentally Sustainable ResidentialTowers in the Cool Temperate ClimateSabina FazlicWelsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom, Supervised byDr. Wayne Forster and Dr. Mike Fedeski

The environmentally sustainable residential high-rise has recently become less of anidealist vision and more of a realist solution to the rapid growth of cities and thepollution that results from their energy-intensive design. The work of a Malaysianarchitect, Ken Yeang, has provided a tool for the reconciliation between the high-rise and sustainability in the hot, humid climate, and this paper will consider theapplication of his bioclimatic principles to the design of residential towers in the cooltemperate climate.

Keywords: Sustainability, Bioclimatic, Residential, High-Rise, Temperate Climate.

MP0359Design Considerations for Energy Efficient Housing – Past,Present and FutureDana Raydan, Eirini Tsianaka and Peter WilliamsRMJM Ltd, Cambridge, UK

The trigger behind this paper is our concern about the effect on housing design of re-cent onerous building regulations and codes in the UK, in a rush to meet governmentcommitments to reduce greenhouse emissions as committed to in the Kyoto Agree-ment. The paper compares the striking versatility of the vernacular environmentalresponse and the predominant design monotony of the contemporary environmentalresponse in housing, and looks into the reasons behind the different aesthetics. The


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fear is about the risk of further stringent constraints such as building regulations re-sulting in monotonous designs and civic realms that are devoid of inspiration andinnovation. We carry out a desktop study consisting of a parametric assessment ofkey design variables in order to reinforce the idea that there is a myriad of iterationsthat achieve energy efficiency and indoor comfort in housing which should result indiverse and inspirational design solutions, and conclude with recommendations.

Keywords: Design, energy efficiency, housing, vernacular, contemporary.

MP0419Sustain Contemporary Architecture into Climatic Condition —Case Study of Gorgan CityMansoureh Tahbaz and Shahrbanoo DjalilianSchool of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

This article is based on a field study done by the authors in order to present de-sign norms for adapt new constructions with climate [1]. The case study is done inGorgan, a small and under populated city in north part of Iran, settled in CaspianSea border in moderate and humid climate. In the following research, after findingclimate and geographical specifications of Gorgan, the climatic requirements in orderto catch thermal comfort in buildings, is known. Then to recognize the adaptability ofnew buildings to the climatic condition, different periods of building construction inGorgan city is recognized. In this research four periods of building construction wereknown. By knowing these periods, the methods which were used in order to adaptbuildings to climate condition are recognized. Also the problems of new buildings toadapt climate is illuminated. Finally a set of designing principles which is adjusted tolife style and economical situation of the people in one hand, and decrease the usageof fossil energy for heating and cooling the building in the other hand, is presented.In this article tree main principles and the guidelines to achieve them, is presented asa sample.

Keywords: Climatic Needs, Thermal Comfort, Vernacular Architecture, ContemporaryArchitecture.


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MP0278House as a Tree: An Efficient Natural Base ArchitecturalDesign for Temperature Control and Energy SavingFrancisco Javier Cardenas Munguıa1 and Gisela Mendez2

1Faculty of Architecture, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico2School of Architecture, Institute Technologic of Colima, Colima, Mexico

The house as a tree is an organic design concept that emulates the form of a tree inorder to improve energy reception, control winds and to reduce in a natural way, thetemperature and energy expenses to keep acceptable levels of comfort in the housefor the whole year. This paper present the results of temperature measurements takenin different seasons, comparing the house performance against similar places in thesurrounding areas.

Keywords: Energy saving, temperature control, natural design.

MP0156Examination and Review of Passive Solar Cooling Strategies inMiddle Eastern and North African Vernacular ArchitectureFewzi FardehebArchitect, 1015 Gayley Avenue, Suite 1242, Los Angeles, California 90024 USA

Middle Eastern Architecture represents a significant wealth of traditional technolo-gies based on climate-responsive buildings. Indigenous people have learned to copein this desert climate by developing a non-competitive relationship with the harshenvironment. This paper will examine, classify and documents the traditional tech-nologies with a special emphasis on passive cooling techniques that may be appli-cable to contemporary solutions. These techniques include solar control, convectivecooling, evaporative cooling, radiant cooling, and earth cooling.

Keywords: Vernacular Architecture, Passive Cooling.


MP0260Integration of Teaching and Research: Design Development fora Range of Autonomous BuildingsB. Sodagar1, J. C. Chilton1, B. Gilroy Scott2 and N. Lowthrop2

1University of Lincoln,


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2Hill Holt Wood Social Enterprise

This paper describes the design development of an autonomous eco- community halldeveloped through a student design competition as parts of an externally fundedresearch project between Lincoln school of Architecture and Hill Holt Wood SocialEnterprise.

Keywords: Research-Led Teaching, Architectural Education, Sustainable Architectureand Environments.

MP0174Development of Floating, Residental Buildings in “PassiveHouse” — TechnologyChristoph Buxbaum1, Albert Seiler1 and Oskar Pankratz2

1Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, Spittal an der Drau, Austria2Design AID, Haidershofen, Austria

This paper presents an ongoing research project concerning the development of hab-itable basements for floating houses build in “passive house” — technology. Highly-insulated basement systems made of solid timber boards were developed and the-oretical calculated and with regard to hygrothermal performance and the probabledurability investigated. First simulation results concerning the hygrothermal anddurability performance of the developed timber construction wall and bottom slabassemblies are presented and future work is described.

Keywords: Passive House, Floating Homes, Durability, Hygrothermal Performance.

MP0241The Potential of Earth-Air Heat Exchangers for Low EnergyCooling of BuildingsAbdullahi Ahmed, Andrew Miller and Kenneth IpSchool of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton, Brighton,United Kingdom

An Earth-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHX) is a simple subterranean cooling/heating sys-tem that utilises the stable soil temperature that is cooler and warmer than ambi-ent temperature in summer and winter respectively. The rise in ambient summertemperature is bringing about building overheating in the UK. There is increasedstandard demanded by the building regulation to increase building energy efficiencyand the use of low carbon technologies. The paper studied the potential of the earth-air heat exchanger in reducing the need for air-conditioning under UK climatic andsoil condition. The system has been evaluated using thermal modelling in TRNSYS


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simulation environment. Results show opportunity for reducing indoor temperatureusing EAHX.

Keywords: Earth-Air Heat Exchanger, Passive/Low Energy Cooling, Ground HeatSinks, Thermal Comfort.

MP0194Low-Income Housing: An Approach Through SustainableDesignDebra L. RaymontArchitectural Association, London, England

This research project aimed to examine traditional building practices in Vermont andhow they can be made more environmentally efficient and affordable as there is adeficiency of over 32,000 affordable housing units currently in Burlington, Vermont.Through the development of an efficient and affordable prototype unit design, theaim is to provide a model that may address current low-income housing needs.

Through research, analysis and simulations, a base case condition, based on tra-ditional Vermont building methods, was used as a comparison in the developmentin a highly efficient, low-energy and low-cost prototype. After multiple simulationsand alterations, a thermally efficient prototype unit emerged which was tested for itsaffordability through a series of cost analyses. Working with real-life budget infor-mation for the construction or purchasing of low-income housing, the prototype isdetermine whether or not to qualify as ‘affordable’ as well as ‘low-energy’.

Keywords: Low Energy, Affordable Housing.


MP0205Parametric Study on the Thermal Effect of Spatial form andSolar Reflectance and Heat Capacity of Buildings-Aimed at Designing a Comfortable and Less-Impact BuiltEnvironment-Hanae Ichimura, Jiang He and Akira HoyanoInterdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering,Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan

The heat island phenomenon is an urban environmental problem that is becomingincreasingly serious. One of the main causes underlying the deterioration of the ther-mal environment is the change in land cover associated with the removal of natural


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cover such as trees and the concomitant increase of buildings and pavement. In orderto design a comfortable and low-impact urban built environment, the marked influ-ence of environmental factors needs to be considered during the design phase. Thepurpose of this study is to analyze the thermal effects of the factors on the outdoorliving environment, focusing on the impact of surface materials and spatial formsemployed in urban areas on surface temperature.

Keywords: Sustainable design, building thermal characteristics, heat island,simulation.

MP0259An Empirical Study on Outdoor Thermal Environment ofResidential Developments and Street Blocks in Hong KongJoyce Tai and Stephen S. Y. LauDepartment of Architecture, University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China

The urban environment modifies microclimate in numerous ways. Researches us-ing measurement work around buildings, scale models and simulation work haveattempted to identify the processes that govern the microclimatic changes. In thisstudy, field measurements of temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity weretaken using both mini-weather stations and mobile equipment at strategic outdoorlocations of residential developments and mixed-use street blocks in inner city urbanareas in Hong Kong during the summer months (June to September) of 2006. It isconcluded that urban morphologies (building, form, fabric and configuration), andsite specifics (volumetric composition, and permeability) constitute to a user-friendlyurban environment in terms of thermal conditions. This paper considers the conse-quences of design-related variables of urban spaces and their effects on outdoor ther-mal environment in the high-rise, high-density setting of sub-tropical Hong Kong.

Keywords: Urban climate, outdoor thermal environment, residential development,mixed use street block.

MP0295Sustainable Architecture: Good Environmental Performancethat is InspirationalFlavia Melo TarmoFaculty of Architecture, The University of Sydney, Australia.E-mail: [email protected]

According to the UN’s latest report on Buildings and Climate Change [1], 30 to 40%of all global primary energy is used in buildings. Fossil fuels are the main source


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of energy used in buildings in high and middle-income countries, and biomass isthe dominant source in low-income countries. These are environmentally intensivepatterns of energy consumption and contribute to global warming. Energy -efficientbuildings have, therefore, a great potential for reduction of global warming effects.

Keywords: Climate Change, Sustainability, Sustainable Architecture, EnvironmentalPlanning, Environmental Design.


MP0409Analysis of Sustainable Buildings Strategies in Rural Areas inMexicoSilvia AriasUniversity of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico

The constructions and the houses have an important impact in the environment andthe health of the people. The environmental quality associates the comfort of the hu-man beings to the sustainable development of the natural resources. Applied to thearchitecture, this concept supposes the incorporation of new exigencies in all the con-structive process of a house, modifying customs of the developers and the users. Also,a greater effort at the time of planning the power saving and with it is due to makethe reduction of the carbon dioxide emissions.

The principal intention of the present research is the study of the social conditionsof a rural community western Mexico, with the purpose of establishing the sustain-able parameters to realize recommendations of energy savings in rural houses. Thispaper proposes an alternative of sustainable technology for energy savings in the ru-ral communities, by means of mechanisms that provides the energetic efficiency usedin the air conditioning, the artificial lighting, as well as the equipments connected inall the processes of the building: From the project, the construction, the habitabilityand the maintenance of the housing.

The propose of this study is to check those design strategies found in vernacu-lar architecture that can be used to modern constructions in order to reduce energyconsumption and establish the necessary recommendations to preserve the local ar-chitectural physiognomy.

With base to the results that are obtained along the different stages of the study,it is possible to realize an energetic audit, to propose the recommendations of envi-ronmental adequacy of the architectural spaces in search of the energy savings and


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the optimization of the institutional resources, as well as to improve the conditions ofenvironmental comfort of the users.

Keywords: Energy Savings, Renewable Energy, Vernacular Architecture.

MP0410Application of Green Buildings Technologies in theConstruction Regulations of MexicoDavid AvilaUniversity of Guadalajara

The present project analyzes the conditions of the actual construction regulations andtheir relation with the conditions of sustainability of the western zone of Mexico. Thehuman activity of production and occupation of the housing activity, has contributedimportant percentage in the problem of the global warming. The waste productionand deterioration of the natural resources force to consider technological alternativesfor the production and occupation of the sustainable buildings that incorporates lowenergy technologies and systems for the water consumption, as well for the energy ef-ficiency using the advantage of the natural lighting, natural ventilation and the treat-ment of outer areas. The analysis of the energy efficiency will be based mainly onthe conditions of sustainability, understanding that the consumption of the energyand the water is certain determined for the conditions of habitability. A sustainableconstruction can be a space completely integrated to the natural landscape and thenatural flows of an ecosystem, or can be an artificial place with a high energy perfor-mance, built with low environmental impact materials.

The primary objective is to maximize the energy efficiency, to reduce the carbondioxide emissions, the conservation of the natural resources, as well as to integratesustainable technologies and to make integral an urban planning with citizen partic-ipation in the different phases from the project.

Consequently, a series of sustainable sections was developed to be applied inthe construction regulations a of the western zone of Mexico, reason for which it isdecided to choose a specific place to exemplify the points treated in the developmentof the investigation.

The presentation includes the different analysis stages, the data processing andthe regulations proposals, which are grouped according to the “criteria of sustainabil-ity” for the sustainable urban development and the construction of sustainable build-ings, that includes: efficient of water use, use of the energy efficiency techniques, useof bioclimatic design and the treatment of solid wastes.

Keywords: Sustainable Construction, Energy Saving, Construction Regulations.


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MP0326Comparison of the Environmental Performance of DifferentConstructions at BuildingsChrisi Tompa1 and Argiro Dimoudi1,2

1Hellenic Open University, MSc “Environmental Design of Cities and Buildings”, Patra,Greece2Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, XanthiGreece

The different phases of building construction — resources extraction, material con-struction, building construction — have serious implications at the environment dueto consumption of natural resources but also due to consumption of fossil fuels dur-ing the different phases of material production and building construction. Buildingsduring construction, use and demolition phases consume up to half amount of theprimary energy consumption in the European Commission and the correspondingamount of CO2 emissions, the basic contributor gas for the greenhouse effect — per-centages and absolute values differ form country to country. The current paper willdiscuss the contribution of different buildings’ construction practices at the energyconsumption and pollutant emissions based on a comparison made of alternativeconstruction materials used at office buildings in Greece. The analysis is based on theembodied energy of the different materials and corresponding pollutant emissions.Estimations are made for the construction phase of the building envelope, work thatcorresponds at about 55–60% of the total budget of the project.

Keywords: Environmental Friendly Materials, Materials’ Assessment.

Session P2 Poster Presentation � Mini-PapersDate/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / 13:30 � 14:00 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block

SDE3, Level 4, LT424Chair(s)


MP0179An Evaluation Model of the Different Components of SolarRadiation Impinging on Vertical Surfaces in ConsolidatedUrban EnvironmentsAlejandro Mesaa, Mariela Arboit and Carlos de RosaInstituto de Ciencias Humanas, Sociales y Ambientales. (INCIHUSA CONICET),


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Laboratorio de Ambiente Humano y Vivienda (LAHV), C.C.131. (5500) Mendoza,Argentina.E-mail: [email protected]

The availability of the solar resource within the urban structure essentially dependson the morphological features of its immediate environment. The precise knowledgeof the access to the renewable climatic resource, would allow advancing on the plan-ning of urban consolidation within the framework of a more sustainable develop-ment.

Having as background the tool for calculating the areas insolated by the directcomponent of solar radiation, a graphic-computational model developed in the R+Dunit, it was attempted to advance now on the search for a method that would permitdetermining the incidence of each component of the solar radiation (direct, diffuseand reflected) in the urban context.

The graphic-computational model already operative, only takes into account theaccess to the direct component of solar radiation. In urban scenarios the diffuse andreflected components reach a significant relevance, even in clear days, but, due to thecomplexity of their features they are difficult to quantify.

The paper presents the first results of a study aimed at evaluating the solar po-tential of urban environments in Mendoza’s Metropolitan Area (MMA), defining theradiation values of each component, corresponding to different typical and represen-tative building densities in the city.

Keywords: Solar Radiation Components, Fisheye Image, Available Energy.

MP0233The Use of Computer Simulation Technique in the Calculationof Vertical Daylight Factor for Heavily Obstructed UrbanEnvironmentsBaharuddinDepartment of Architecture, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

This paper demonstrates the use of computer simulation technique as an alternativeapproach to calculate daylight performance for the provision of natural light in high-rise buildings in high-dense environments. The paper presents a validation study ofRADIANCE software and its application for the building context. The results of thisstudy show that the RADIANCE with the setting of ambient bounces -ab1 is valid tobe used to calculate VDF for heavily obstructed high-rise residential buildings. It isapplicable for more kind of buildings form and layout, and therefore, over-performedUVA method in calculating VDF values.

Keywords: Vertical Daylight Factor, Computer Simulation, Residential Buildings, HighObstruction.


88 Abstracts


MP0455Thermal Environment and Human Thermal Responses inAir-Conditioned Offices in TaiwanRuey Lung Hwang1, Tzu Pin Lin2, Pei-Wen Chen1, Boon Ting Teo3 and

Yi Shuan Lin4

1Department of Occupational Health and Safety, China Medical University, Taichung,Taiwan2Department of Leisure Planning, National Formosa University, Yulin, Taiwan3Department of Architecture, Feng-Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan

Field experiments, conducted in 29 air-conditioned offices, used survey question-naires and physical measurements to investigate workers’ subjective thermal responsesand comfort perception. A total of 650 individuals participated in the field study. Thethermal neutrality and thermal preference of subjects occurred at 25.6◦C and 24.1◦Crespectively. Responses from those subjects suggest a comfort temperature range is23.8–27.5◦C, that shifts to slightly warmer temperatures by about 0.5◦C as compar-ing to comfort zone recommended in ASHRAE standard 55. Responses from subjectsalso indicate that people in Taiwan have a leniency toward the humidity guidelinein ASHRAE standard 55, due to acclimate to the humid climate. The findings werecompared with the similar studies in hot-humid climate.

Keywords: Thermal Comfort, Air-Conditioned Offices, Field Survey.

MP0147Energy Efficient Laboratory Design — A New Approach toImprove Indoor Air Quality and Thermal ComfortFarhad Memarzadeh1, Andy Manning2 and Zheng Jiang2

1National Institution of Health, Washington DC, USA2Flomerics Inc, Marlborough, MA, USA

In this study, a novel ventilation system which introduces bench exhausts and radiantcooling panels is proposed. The radiant cooling panel system is more energy efficientin removing heat from an equipment intensive laboratory than air-based systems.The impact of this system on indoor air quality is also investigated by numerical sim-ulation: whether the operation of bench exhaust system will affect the hood contain-ment, and how efficient this system is in removing airborne chemicals in case benchtop chemical spill occurs. The results indicate that bench exhaust does not seem tohave negative impact on hood containment, and has great potential to improve air


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quality by effectively removing airborne chemicals caused by spill at the bench top.This paper results in a recommendation for a ventilation strategy including a com-bination of ceiling exhausts, bench exhausts and ceiling radiant cooling panels thatappears to give the best thermal condition and energy saving in a typical laboratorydescribed in this study.

Keywords: Numerical Simulation, Air Quality, Thermal Comfort.

MP0472Performance Assessment of Double Roofs IncorporatingRadiant Barrier SystemChi-ming Lai1, Che-ming Chiang2 and J. S. Chiou3

1Graduate Institute of Rural Planning, National Chung-Hsing University, Taiwan2Department of Architecture, National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan3Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan

Double-skin roof is known as a very effective way to reduce both the conductionand convection heat transfers from roof to the ceiling of building, on the other hand,RBS (Radiant Barrier System) is very effective in blocking the radiation heat transferbetween roof and ceiling. In this study, prototypical double roofs inspired by the con-cepts of both double-skin structure and RBS technique was specifically designed tocut down the solar heat gain from roof. The effect of energy saving was experimen-tally measured. A double roof structure, formed by a roof plate and an aluminumfoil-PP (Polypropylene) board-RC slab, can achieve good performance of heat barrierand is highly recommended.

Keywords: Double Skin, Double Roof, RBS (Radiant Barrier System).


MP0170The Effect of Shading on the Night-Time Radiant Cooling of theMaterials Used on Horizontal City SurfacesFlora BougiatiotiNational Technical University of Athens, School of Architecture,Department of Architectural Technology.E-mail: [email protected]

The aim of this paper is to quantify the effect of permanent shading on the night-timeradiant cooling of the materials, which are commonly used in urban open spacesand on the flat roofs of buildings in Greece. This analysis is based on a series of


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preliminary experimental surface temperature measurements that are conducted onsamples of building materials, shaded and exposed, placed on a flat roof. The in-tention is to evaluate the magnitude of the effect of radiant cooling on the surfacetemperatures of building materials and compare it to the already well-documentedeffect of shading throughout the summer days. This comparison can lead to a se-ries of guidelines concerning the design of urban open spaces in cities with warmMediterranean climate.

Keywords: Materials, Shading, Radiant Cooling.

MP0177An Experimental Study and Simulation of PCM in Real ClimaticConditionsRadoslav PonechalFaculty of Civil Engineering, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia

This paper give one outline, how could simulate PCM more accurate. Some experi-ments were used to verify the PCM model in simulation program Esp-r. At first, thecomponent with PCM was evaluated in climate chamber. The temperatures and theheat flow were measured on the surface of polycarbonate slab within Rubitherm RT20. Next the appropriate test room was chosen, and PCM material was applied intothe construction of ceiling. The room’s indoor climate parameters was monitored andmeasured as well as the outdoor parameters before the facade. The measured valueswere applied to refine simple computation models.

Keywords: Phase Change, Simulation.

MP0341The Albedo of the Surfaces. In-the-Field Test Procedure forBuilding Skin CharacterizationLuca Gattoni, Tiziana Poli, Riccardo Arlunno and Andrea Giovanni MaininiB.E.S.T Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy

The optical and energetic characterization of an external surface directly in contactwith the outdoor environment is fundamental to understand the behaviour of thebuilding in response to external thermal inputs (i.e. solar radiation) that can stronglyinfluence energy balance of the entire building.

Equally, it is useful to distinguish and understand all the surfaces that can befound in different urban macro-zones. This may help us to foresee how they can in-fluence the town micro-climate under particular conditions (thermal mass and heatisland).


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Hence, this paper shows an in-the-field procedure to measure optical-energeticperformances of surfaces used for building envelopes. And presents a critical analysisof the results obtained by this field approach compared with laboratory measurements.

The leading procedure starts from an ASTM standard for in-the-field measure-ment of surfaces albedo, that actually require two pyranometers and a specimen of16 m2. The aim is to propose a procedure that could be easy applied on testing ma-terials for building envelope, using only a 1 m2 specimen and a simplified testingappliance.

Keywords: Albedo of Surfaces, In the Field Measurement, Energy Savings, PassiveBehaviour of Buildings.

MP0387The Impact of Urban Vegetation on Microclimate in Hot HumidSao PauloJorg Spangenberg1,2,a, Paula Shinzato1,c, Erik Johansson1,3,d

and Denise Duarte1,b

1Laboratory of Environment and Energy Studies (LABAUT), University of Sao Paulo,Brazil.E-mail: a joerg [email protected]; [email protected] University, Weimar, Germany.E-mail: [email protected] Development & Management, Lund University, Sweden.E-mail: [email protected]

Field monitoring in a park, a square and a street canyon on a summer day in SaoPaulo, Brazil, showed that the park was up to 2K cooler than the square and thecanyon. The effect of adding shading trees to the street canyon was simulated for thesame day using the numerical model ENVI-met. The simulations showed that incor-porating street trees in the urban canyon had a limited cooling effect on the air tem-perature (up to 1.1 K), but led to a significant cooling of the street surface (up to 12 K)as well as a great reduction of the mean radiant temperature at pedestrian height (upto 24 K). Although the trees lowered the wind speed, the heat stress was mitigatedconsiderably as the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) was reduced by upto 12 K, mainly due to shading.

Keywords: Urban Vegetation, Urban Microclimate, Numerical Simulation, PedestrianComfort.


92 Abstracts

MP0338The Use of Alternative Agricultural Materials for Insulation ofResidential Properties: Results from a Performance SimulationStudySatta Panyakaew1 and Adrian Pitts1,2

1University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK2Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK

The research described in this paper aims to improve environmental sustainabilityby aiding use of agro-materials as an alternative to conventional materials for insu-lation of residential walls in Thailand. The agro-materials selected for investigationare durian peel and coconut coir particleboards with thermal conductivities of 0.054and 0.185 W/mK respectively. The typical design methodology is to combine bothmaterials with conventional walls as an external insulation for heat transfer reduc-tion and moisture control. The main part of the investigation compares the insula-tion properties of different wall types. The wall options considered are those coveredwith a layer of the selected material or a wall covered with an expanded polystyrenefoam board with thermal conductivity of 0.04 W/mK. To study the performance ofthe walls, computer simulations of heat transfer and moisture control are conducted.The simulation results show that the wall covered with durian peel particleboard iseffective at reducing heat transfer and has less potential for mould growth in the wallstructure than the wall with coconut coir particleboard covering. Durian peel particle-board appears to offer a better environmental solution to meet the needs of buildinginsulation materials.

Keywords: Insulation, Agro-Materials, Simulation, Performance.

MP0471Investigation on Thermal-Insulation Capability of Hollow BricksIncorporating Phase Change MaterialsChi-ming Lai1, Che-ming Chiang2 and C. J. Ho3

1Graduate Institute of Rural Planning, National Chung-Hsing University, Taiwan2Department of Architecture, National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan3Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan

Through experiments, this research aimed to analyze the effects on thermal character-istics of adding PCM to conventional hollow thermal-insulation bricks. Two identicaltest models, which had untreated and PCM-treated bricks respectively, had been lo-cated nearby in field. They were exposed to solar radiation at the sametime for typical clear summer days. The result showed that PCM-treated bricks hada better daytime thermal insulation effect than ordinary hollow bricks. In addition,


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PCM-treated bricks can provide more effective indoor heat preservation at night,when temperatures fall outdoors.

Keywords: Thermal Insulation, Bricks, Roof, Phase Change Material (PCM).


MP0316The Role of Courtyards in Relation to Luminous ConditionsEirini TsianakaRMJM London Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom

This work explores the environmental conditions of dwellings in central Athens,Greece in relation to their orientation towards courtyards or streets. It has been de-scribed and explained that urban geometry contributes to the microclimate determi-nation of the open space. In addition, it has been demonstrated that courtyards canreduce the energy used for cooling in the buildings. In particular, lower floor-facingcourtyards are cooler than lower floor-facing streets. The examination of daylightavailability inside the flats is considered essential for the comparison of visual com-fort of the street and courtyard sides. The narrow courtyards seem to be cooler and toreduce glare; however, do they satisfy the recommended daylight levels? Spot moni-toring of light levels and occupant views based on questionnaires are used to evaluatethe daylight levels in two typical buildings of the Amerikis and Omonias areas.

Keywords: Courtyard, Street, Daylighting, Day-Lit Space, Daylight Factor, Urban Form,Occupant Views.

MP0418Review on the study of Daylighting in Atria: Finding the Gapsin KnowledgeJulitta Yunus1, Sabarinah Sh. Ahmad2 and Azni Zain-Ahmed3

1Department of Building, Faculty of Architecture, Planning& Surveying,Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia2Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Planning& Surveying,Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia3Institute of Research, Development & Commercialisation, Universiti Teknologi MARA,Malaysia

The paper aims to find the gaps in knowledge in the study of daylighting in atriaspecifically under the tropical skies conditions. The atrium shape, roof configura-tions, building orientation, roof transmittance, internal surfaces reflectivity, glazing


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areas are the crucial elements in the daylighting design of atrium buildings. This pa-per investigates the effect of roof profile and structure upon daylight conditions inatrium buildings. This includes critical review and analysis of the findings by otherresearchers on the need of several variations in internal roof structure and distribu-tion of the internal glazing daylight levels in atrium buildings. The paper concludeswith the discussions of the overall transmission characteristics of atrium roofs wereperhaps the least understood area of atrium design under tropical skies. The reviewforms the basis for findings the gap in knowledge that is useful for authors’ furtherresearch in this area.

Keywords: Daylighting, atrium, roof obstruction, tropical skies.

MP0436Daylighting in Historical Centres: The Case of an Architect’sOffice in SevilleBenito Sanchez-Montanes Macias and Jose Maria Cabeza LainezArchitectural Design Research Group (Karma), University of Seville, Spain

Historical towns in Europe usually have as their main feature an extremely denseurban tissue. This, in turn, generates a wide variety of situations which make it dif-ficult to provide adequate light to the inside of buildings. On the other hand, thetrend for revitalization of cities often demands a change in the utilization of spacesadding even more difficulties to the case because the previous constraints and stan-dards are heavily modified. Architecture today must face this challenge as a newaim for creativity based on the idea of “design with the environment”. Basically, theachievement of the said urban renewal of old towns should not entail the creation ofa kind of enclosure where sustainability is absent as the conservationists would haveit. With this concept in mind, the complex process of building an architect’s office wasbeen launched, and though the starting situation was that of “a windowless facade”,a number of strategies have been devised to provide for sun and light in the workingand living spaces. Simulations of the project taking into account the principles of ra-diant energy transfer have been duly conducted and after some corrections the officewas completed and monitored. The procedure yields both the thermal gains and theluminous distribution of the building in order to assess the performance and comfortlevel on a seasonal basis. Therefore, we consider that the project is a valid exampleof sustainability in historical cities not merely because of the former but also due toits integration with professional practice and its attempt to address severe urban andpolitical constraints.

Keywords: Sustainability, Daylighting, Urban Retrofit.


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MP0433Lighting Features in Indian-Style Traditional ArchitectureJose Maria Cabeza LainezArchitectural Design Research Group (Karma), University of Seville, Spain

Due to the effect of impinging solar radiation, high thermal loads can be predictedin buildings in many climates of South-East Asia. The logical need to protect andventilate the facades has been known for centuries. Features such as the jalis or lat-tice work combined with deep overhangs and elements conceived to reflect excessivesunlight such as water tanks or ritual ponds have adorned Indian-style palaces andtemples since ancient times. Those features have subsequently inspired modern ar-chitects like Le Corbusier, Antonin Raymond, Benjamin Polk and Geoffrey Bawa tocite just a few. Climatic control elements were well suited to the craftsmanship of tra-ditional architecture but their use as industrial products that could be prefabricated ismore controversial. Not only has the climate changed since the origin of Indian-stylearchitecture, but also the use of glazing has increased in an alarming way and thusthe need to protect the facades is now even more demanding. If this is not properlydone the performance of air-conditioning systems would be compromised and thelifespan of the windows would result severely affected. Nonetheless, depending onthe type and reflective nature of the shading system selected, undesirable effects forventilation, comfort and especially for day-lighting tend to occur in the space that,paradoxically, we are trying to protect. In this paper, within the context of Indian civ-ilization we will present the simulation of the radiative field generated by differenttypes of solar protection and reflective surfaces, especially ponds and systems of lou-vres or brise-soleil. In the process we intend to extrapolate the procedures for ancientfabrics to some modern counterparts found in internationally acclaimed buildingsand to obtain useful design insights for future projects.

Keywords: Solar Protection, Daylighting Simulation, Tropical Architecture.

MP0304An Integral Approach to Improve Ventilation Design of DutchSchoolsWim Zeilera and Gert BoxemTechnische Universiteit Eindhoven, TU/e, The Netherlands.E-mail: [email protected]

In the last 20 years an emphasis has been on the improvement of the energy efficiencyof buildings. This has also had is effects on the design and construction of Dutchschools this has led beside better insulation and glazing, to a more compact way ofbuilding and the introduction of new components for heating and


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ventilation. In more recent years there is a growing awareness of the lacking indoorair quality in classrooms. In the Netherlands the most popular ventilation system forschools is exhaust-only ventilation with natural supply ventilation by means of airgrilles or windows combined with convector of panel heating. In a first study thegoal was to evaluate the IAQ performance of exhaust-only ventilation systems. In 5Dutch schools measurements were conducted by Loes Joosten in the heating seasonfor a period of around 7 days [1]. These measurements included: IAQ (CO2), thermalcomfort, airflow and outdoor conditions. A logbook and questionnaires obtained in-formation about use of ventilation facilities and satisfaction of users. In a next studyin 11 schools were measurements done during one day, see table 1 OGO-schools [2].In a final study another 6 schools were measured by Manuel van Bruchem during aweek [3]. All measurements were recalculated to a norm occupation of the classroomof 32 pupils.

MP0447Daylighting from Top-Lit Atrium Buildings in Kuala LumpurAhmad Ridzwan Othman1, Azni Zain-Ahmed2 and Seti Mariam Ayop3

1Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, UniversitiTeknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia2Institute of Research, Development & Commercialisation,Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia3Department of Building, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying,Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia

Many studies on daylighting from atriums in temperate regions have been reported.The atrium poses a challenge to architects designing for the hot and humid climate.Although desirable in many aspects, such as for aesthetic reasons, attractive to vis-itors, especially in shopping malls, atriums can act as a greenhouse in hot climates.However, modern methods and advanced building materials may be used to mod-ify the heating effect of the spaces within the atrium and at the same time reduce thecooling needs. Nineteen top-lit atriums were studied to investigate the impact of ther-mal comfort and daylighting on the concourse level. This paper, however, reports onthe daylighting aspect. A BABUC environmental station was used to measure all therelated environmental parameters. This equipment was used to measure the thermalcomfort levels as well as the illumination on the concourse level in each atrium build-ing studied. The thermal comfort studies are reported elsewhere. It was found that ingeneral top-lit (skylight) atrium provides more illumination than top-lit (clerestory)atriums but can be modified using shading, insulation and other passive design ap-proaches. This paper further discusses the design strategies used and their effect ondaylighting.

Keywords: Daylighting, Top-Lit Atrium, Illumination.


Abstracts 97


MP0529Economic Dwelling for the Very-Low Income Population inARID Zones and Thermal Comfort in Mexicali, MexicoRamona Romeroa, Eduardo Vazquezb, Gonzalo Bojorquezc,

Ricardo Gallegosd, Marıa Corrale and Anıbal Lunaf

Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseno, Mexicali,Mexico.E-mail: [email protected], [email protected],[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],f [email protected]

Economic dwelling is a term used in Mexico by the State organisms that promote andgrant financing for the construction of houses for the very low-income sector of thepopulation. In this work, a characterization of such dwellings in a hot arid climate(Mexicali, Mexico) is done, in order to relate the environmental and inner thermalconditions to the perception of thermal comfort. The work was carried out by surveysto the owners and direct observations of the dwelling, in terms of: physical charac-teristics, air conditioning equipment used social and economic profile of the familyand their perception of thermal comfort. The results give an up-to-date diagnostic ofthe houses in actual conditions of use that will allow the State organisms to take de-cisions as to the kind of dwelling to offer in the future, in order to lower the electricenergy consumption, and grant a better living standard.

Keywords: Economic Dwelling, Perception Thermal Comfort, Arid Zones, Mexicali.

MP0143Shade and Wind Like Elements that Promote the Socializationand the Rooting of the Community SpaceFrancisco Javier Cardenas Munguıa, Martha Eugenia Chavez Gonzalez and

Reyna Valladares AnguianoFaculty of Architecture and Design, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico

This document presents the results of an investigation of the morphology, social use,and temperature of the urban congregation spaces in a neighbourhood of the histor-ical center of Colima’s city. It is about a historical review of the social life related tothe trace and the urban landscape, supported in physical raisings of the fronts andof some contemporary estates. The current socialization was measured by using ran-dom surveys and history of life applied to the users of the spaces of congregation. The


98 Abstracts

wind and the temperature of these spaces were characterized by climatic measure-ment instruments. The past climate was inferred with the change of the morphologyand the building materials.

This research contribution is the systemic characterization of the traditional spacesof social links in Colima’s tropical city, where the socialization has been favoured insynergic conditions of: climate with shade and wind, manners of gregarious life andurban landscape morphology.

Keywords: Community Space, Morphology, Temperature, Shade.

Session DESIGN SYMPOSIUM — Hot Climate, Cool DesignDate/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / 08:45 � 10:15 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block

SDE3, Level 4, LT423Chair(s) ONG Boon Lay

Lead Speaker: Alexandros N. TOMBAZIS (Greece)Guest Speakers: Anthonio ISMAIL (Indonesia) andPoul E. KEISTENSEN (Malaysia)

DP0158Botany ClassroomC. Fong, V. Sagia and S. VujevaPhilippines

St.Francis of Assisi Primary School was taken as a hypothetical client for the designof a specialist classroom for the study of plant life. The school’s existing specialisedclassroom,which features a conservatory, was undertaken as a case study; this formedthe foundation for understanding different requirements and dynamics of conserva-tory space. The idea of using a conservatory to enhance indoor conditions during thewinter was the main area of investigation during the design process. Issues such asovershadowing, infiltration, and ventilation heat loss were tackled in the develop-ment of an enviornmental solution. The final design features the following: a south-facing narrow conservatory used to store plants and preheat ventilation air; a south-facing rooflight to add solar gains, supplement daylight levels in the back of the roomand function as a stack; thermosiphonic panels installed on the east facade to temperair in the morning hours, moveable elements such as shutters and shading devices.


Abstracts 99

DP0508Environmental Responsive Housing: A Multi Family HousingProject in the Tropical Mega CityHiroki Toyosaki1, Yuchiro Kodama2 and Yusuke Kuchii31Graduate School of Kobe Design University2Prof, Kobe Design University3Graduate School of Kobe Design University

One of he notable common features of traditional vernacular houses in East -Asia isthe space organization of a contrastive space and an intermediate space in thermalenvironment. This space organization enable adjusting a thermal intermediate spaceto control a thermal comfort suitable for various activities. People always transformthermal boundary conditions of the environment on the ground of own activities. Inhousing development in recent years, the space organization based on it’s environ-mental gap was lost and the diversity of the transformation of the boundary was alsolost further. . .

As a result, It seems that the house has been quite break of relations of a naturalenviornment and a neighborhood.

The purpose of this project is1. To study the space organization of the housing based on the effective natural

ventilation and2. To proposal the multi-family housing which harmonizes with natural environ-

ment or the neighborhood.

DP0227Understanding Climate for Energy Efficient/Sustainable DesignAnir Kumar UpadhyayA Study of Melbourne, Australia

Understanding climate is a pre-requisite for energy efficient design and also to opti-mize natural energies to create comfortable living conditions. Since climatic data isoften very technical, its use in building design gets limited. Climate classifications doprovide a general outlook of climatic condition of a place, however, a building de-signer needs more precise climate information and hence a rigorous climate analysisis necessary. This study uses climatic data of 30 years for Melbourne, obtained fromthe website of the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia. Bioclimatic chart, Building Bio-climatic chart, Mahoney tables along with wind roses have been used to understandthe climate and to formulate strategies for planning and building design. This posterillustrates options of integrating climatic consideration as an integral part in planningand building design.


100 Abstracts

DP0467Sustainable Architecture Tool for the Colombian Humid TropicE. Caro, Y. Kodama and C. HasuiColombia

The Center of Las Gaviotas is located in the plains of Orinoquia, one of the five naturalregions of Colombia.

These well drenched savannas are characterized by their poor soils, forest fires,long rainy season and short dry season through the year. Regarded to its low capacityfor economical product, they are still undeveloped.

However, by understanding savannas ground incapacity for agriculture but itsunlimited water supply and underground natural filtration of rainwater, “Las Gavio-tas” Experimental settlement develops a sustainable tool for these savannas.

Las Gaviotas has the history of his own process. This process has been relatedwith Architecture.

DP0438Observation of Heat Isand and Land use in CambridgeChen Shuo Dana RaydanRMJM Cambridge

This paper looks into the influence of land use parameters on air temperature in ur-ban areas. The spatial structure and intensity of the heat island in Cambridge, UK, aredepicted using a mobile measurement developed for this quantitative study. A mul-tiple regressions analysis of the air temperature and land use factors was developedto explore the relationsship between land use and air temperature.

This paper is based on a measurement of air temperature in Cambridge. The cor-relation between air temperatue and land use element helps explain the heat islandeffect numericaly and sheds light into the following questions:

1. Do certain (for example TREES) have a constant effect on temperature throughoutthe day?

2. How and how much do land use elements affect their surroundingtemperature?


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DP0214A Combined Computational Method for Determining NaturalVentilation Potentials in Planning ProcessTung-Shen HsieSchool of Architecture, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.

The provision of fresh air in cities is one of the main drivers for sustainability. How-ever, only limited information on natual ventilation design is available to authoritiesand practitioners at the initial stage of planning, and this is having a crucial influenceon sub-sequent developments. This work is an attempt to establish a methodologyfor the parameterisation of urban canopy layers, with special focus on neighbour-hood scale, by utilising up-to-date Geographical information Systems. It aim to adoptexisting aerodynamics models and physical methods to formulate a quantitative cor-relation between urban morphology and the performance of the miro-climate, and topresent the outcomes in the form of maps and tables through self-defined GIS compu-tation. This multi-criteria method will make mapping process swift, feasible afford-able and effective for decision-makers. The methodology adopted for this study maybe applied generally to provide data in other locations and could make a significantcontribution to evidence-based policy-making and management.

Session DESIGN SYMPOSIUM — Hot Climate, Cool DesignDate/Time Friday, 23 November 2007 / 10:45 � 12:35 hrsVenue School of Design and Environment (SDE), Block

SDE3, Level 4, LT423Chair(s) ONG Boon Lay

Design Posters Presentation (5 Mins Each)Guest Speakers: Kevin LOW (Malaysia) and YANGPow Sing (Singapore) Round Table Discussion

DP0269Modern Courtyard HousesAnir Kumar UpadhyayA Study of Melbourne, Australia

A study of modern seminal courtyard houses was carried out to identify the differ-ent ways in which the design of a house can be improved in terms of planning andprivacy.

1. Their introspective nature allows for close grouping in terrace form and hence of-fers possibility of dense urbanisation and maximum use of urban land


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2. Courtyard houses also offer possibility for people to directly relate to earth andnature

3. It provides private and safe outdoor spaces for children’s play and leisure activitieswithout affecting the privacy of others.

4. Internal spaces open up fully to the courtyard without fear of overlooking byneighbours.

5. The insertion of courtyards effectively reduces the facade distances where naturalcross ventilation becomes possible.

DP0355Climatic Dimension in Vernacular Chinese HousingJean Bouillot3 Cour des Chartreux, F21200 Beaune France.E-mail: [email protected]

It is remarkable to observe that the chinese climates of the north-east, centre-east andsouth-east provinces, obey to the same alternation of cold-dry winters, from Siberiananticyclone influence, and hot-humid summers, from Monsoon pacific ocean influ-ences, despite of the influences of latitude, sea distance and altitude.

DP0562Public “Living Room” Outdoor Comfort in Hot and HumidClimateJoyce ChanUnited Kingdom.E-mail: [email protected]

The proposed open space “living-room” is conceived as an extension of a privateliving space. As one of Asia’s most dense and developed cities, Hong Kong’s high-rise urban dwellings place constraints on activity within the home thus bringing anew relevance to the quality of open spaces in the city.

The aim of this project is to explore the possibility of environmental diversitywithin these public open spaces. A wider range of outdoor comfort can be achievedby providing a greater range of outdoor spaces offering different environments. Ineach, the sensation of experience, ranging from privacy to light, temperature, windand sound will be considered. Microclimate will be created by zoning the space inrelation to views, air-flow and exposure to sunlight. The resulting thermal transitionswill allow for a progressive adaptive approach of those circulating within the space.The design proposal will encourage use of outdoor space in a dense urban fabric inthis hot and humid climate.


Abstracts 103

DP0168Effect of Staggered Housing Layout on Internal Airflow ofHouses in MalaysiaNoor Hanita Abdul Majid1, Hokoi Shuichi2 and AbdulRazak Sapian1

1Department of Architecture, Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design,International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia2Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, KyotoUniversity,Nisshiyo-ku, kyoto, Japan

This research suggests that staggered layout as implemented in the traditional vil-lages is important to facilitate airflow and consequently improve the thermal condi-tions of internal spaces. The field data of the parameters related to thermal comfortat the Malay traditional houses and existing terrace houses are used as a basis ofcomparison on the performance of airflow at a new proposed terrace housing layout.Verification of the new proposed concept is done through airflow simulations usingCFD method. The results has shown some improvements to the airflow performancethat is foreseen to be a positive contributor to the thermal comfort and indoor airquality performance at the new proposed terrace housing concept.

DP0206Dube Light Pipe: An Innovative System of Day LightTrasmissionCarlo Baroncini, Fabrizio Chella and Paolo ZazziniD.S.S.A.R.R. Faculty of Architecture, University “G. D’Annunzio”, Pescara, Italy

• DLP-New System• Expermental Analisys• Numerical Analisys• Conclusion.

DP0553Natural Light in Restoration: Use of a Double Light Pipe in aHistorical BuildingFabrizio Chella and Emiliana GentileD.S.S.A.R.R. Faculty of Architecture, University “G. D’Annunzio”, Pescara, Italy

1. Analysis of the Relationship Between Monument and Site2. Analysis of Distribution of the Illuminance3. Experimental Reduced Scale Analysis.


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4. Integration Between the Modern Technology of Daylight Transport and the Archi-tecture of a Historical Building

5. Innovative Device of Daylight Transport(Double Light pipe)6. Experimental and Numerical Analysis to Define the New Device7. Elaboration and Application of a New Geometric Shape to Insert in the New Hy-

pogeal Space of Palace8. Innovative Analysis Procedure9. Integration Between Technical, Phisics And Historical Aspects

10. Inserting of A Efficient Device of Daylight Transport.

sun, wind & architecture - cp

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