sun powerpoint without movies
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Welcome!
Sun and Seasons
Created by the Lunar and Planetary InstituteFor Educational Use OnlyLPI is not responsible for the ways in which this powerpoint may be used or altered.
Photo from http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/bestofsoho/bestofsoho.html
![Page 2: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What are we going to cover
• Properties of the Sun• Influence on Earth:
– Gravity– Light– Solar wind
• Life cycle of the Sun• Seasons
Photo from http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/bestofsoho/bestofsoho.html
![Page 3: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Sun
• Is a star• Made of gases• Is our primary
source of energy
70% hydrogen and 28% helium
Light (radiation)
Image at http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/images/chromosphere/LimbFlareJan12_strip2.jpg
![Page 4: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
How Big is the Sun?
Activity: Let’s measure the Sun
![Page 5: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
How Big is the Sun?
About 110 times wider than Earth
Or
1.3 million times bigger than Earth
Photo from http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/bestofsoho/bestofsoho.html
![Page 6: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
How does our Sun compare to other Stars?
• Active stars range in size from supergiants to dwarfs
• Stars range from very bright (supergiants) to very dim (dwarfs)
• Stars range from very hot blue on the outside (O class) to cool red on the outside (M class)
Our Sun is in-between--yellow
Our Sun is a dwarf—medium mass
Our Sun is a medium-bright dwarf
![Page 7: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
So is our Sun an average star?• No—most stars are smaller and cooler than our
Sun BUT• Most of the bright stars we see are bigger and
hotter
![Page 8: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Rotation
At the equator, the Sun rotates once every 25.4 daysNear its poles, the Sun rotates once every 36 daysKnown as “differential rotation”
High cadence solar rotation, EIT 195Š(Dec. 10-24, 1999) Movie at http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/bestofsoho/Movies/EITdec99/EITdec99sm.mpg
![Page 9: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Sun’s Magnetic Field• Winds up due to differential rotation• Eventually forms loops and becomes tangled
Animation of how the Sun's magnetic field winds up and loops out. Movie at http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/bestofsoho/Movies/dynamo/dynamosm.mpg
![Page 10: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Inside the Sun
• Core• Radiative Zone• Convection zone
Image at http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/interior.shtml
![Page 11: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Sun’s Atmosphere
• Photosphere
• Chromosphere
• CoronaPhotosphere image: http://science.msfc.nasa.gov/ssl/pad/solar/surface.htm Chromosphere image: http://science.msfc.nasa.gov/ssl/pad/solar/chromos.htm Corona image: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=191
![Page 12: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Energy from the Sun• Nuclear chain reaction (hydrogen
forming helium)• Releases radiation (gamma rays)• The gamma ray loses energy as it
bounces around inside the Sun• It is finally released at the
photosphere, primarily as visible light
Image at http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/interior.shtml
![Page 13: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Features in the Photosphere• Sunspots
– Dark and small (but brighter than Full Moon and big as Earth)
– Cool-- temperatures only 6,200 F (Sun’s surface is 10,000 F)
– Associated with magnetic fields: one set of spots is positive, other is negative
Image at http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/gallery/top10/top10_results.html
![Page 14: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
More on Sunspots
• Our Sun has an activity cycle of 11 years
• Sunspots appear at specific latitudes on Sun– Bands of latitude move towards
equator during cycle
Images at http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/question17.html
and http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SunspotCycle.shtml
![Page 15: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Solar Events• Flares (Explosions of energy on the surface of
the Sun)• Prominences• Coronal Mass Ejections (massive clouds of
plasma ejected from the Sun)
Movie: Six months with EIT 171 (Aug. 12, 2003 - Feb. 9, 2004) http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/bestofsoho/Movies/171/EIT171sm.mpg
![Page 16: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Solar Wind• Blows charged particles and magnetic fields away from the
Sun• Charged particles captured by Earth’s magnetic field• Create Auroras or Northern and Southern Lights
Image at http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/the_key.shtml
![Page 17: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Auroras• Electrons from solar wind are captured by the Earth’s magnetic field• Interact with atoms in our atmosphere: oxygen and nitrogen make red and
green; nitrogen can also make violet• Northern lights are Aurora Borealis, while southern are Aurora Australis
Animation of solar wind impacting the magnetosphere and creating aurora http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/bestofsoho/Movies/animation/Solarwind.mpg
![Page 18: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Coronal Mass Ejection
The eruption of a huge bubble of hot gas from the Sun
This series of images of coronal mass ejections taken with LASCO C3 (May 1-31, 1997) at http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/bestofsoho/Movies/C3May97/C3May97sm.mpg
![Page 19: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
CME’s effects on Earth• Can damage satellites• Very dangerous to astronauts• Power problems
Animation of a CME leaving the Sun, slamming into our magnetosphere. http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/bestofsoho/Movies/recon/reconsm.mpg
![Page 20: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Activities• Let’s go observe the Sun• Sunspot graphing
![Page 21: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Influences on Earth
• Gravity• Light (Radiation)• Solar Wind (already
discussed)
![Page 22: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Gravity
• Orbits– The Sun’s powerful gravity
keeps the planets in orbit
![Page 23: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Radiation• Our Sun (and all active stars) emits radiation
– Radio, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray and even some gamma rays
– Most of the sunlight is yellow-green visible light or close to it
The Sun at X-ray wavelengths
Image and info at http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/teachers/gammaraybursts/imagine/page18.html andhttp://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/solar_system_level2/sun.html
.
![Page 24: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Activities on Sunlight• UV Man (or woman, or dog, bug, etc.)• Observations of infrared light using filters and
cell phones
![Page 25: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Sun’s Radiation at Earth• The Earth’s atmosphere filters out some
frequencies– Ozone layer protects us from some ultra-violet, and
most x-rays and gamma rays– Water and oxygen absorb some radio waves– Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone absorbs
some infrared
Electromagnetic spectrum http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/ir_tutorial/what_is_ir.html .
![Page 26: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Sunlight is absorbed by EarthLet’s test what happens to the light.
Activity Time!!
![Page 27: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Sunlight is absorbed by Earth• The Sun does NOT send “heat rays” into
space. Some of its light is infrared, but that is not the same thing as heat.
• The Sun’s light is absorbed by Earth (clouds, plants, oceans, rock…)
• By absorbing the light, we are transforming it into heat energy
![Page 28: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Sun as a Source of Energy• Light from the Sun is absorbed by the Earth,
unevenly to:– drive wind bands – which drive surface currents– drive deep ocean currents– drive water cycle – drive weather
NASA image at http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=107 Credit: NASA GSFC Water and Energy Cycle http://www.nasa.gov/centers/jpl/news/grace-20061212.html
![Page 29: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Sun as a Source of Energy• Plants need light for photosynthesis• Without its heat, the only inhabitable areas on
Earth would be near volcanic vents
Images from http://nasadaacs.eos.nasa.gov/articles/2005/2005_rainforest.html and http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/TPF/tpf_book/gallery/4-2a.html
![Page 30: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Young stars
form in nebulaefrom Small Magellanic
Cloud
Image at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/04/image/a/results/50/
![Page 31: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Star-forming region in the Large Magellanic Cloud: http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2008/31/image/a/results/50/
![Page 32: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Orion image at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2006/01/image/a/results/50/
![Page 33: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Our Sun is a Regular/ Small Star
Image at http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/20011210insidesun.html
![Page 34: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
In a few Billion years… Red Giant
Image at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1997/26/image/a/
![Page 35: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Our Sun’s Habitable ZoneBillions of years ago, things may
have been different– The Sun was cooler (by up to
30%!)– Earth’s atmosphere was
different (thicker, carbon dioxide)
• Conditions will be different in the future– By many accounts, increases
in the Sun’s temperature will make Earth uninhabitable in 1 billion years or less
– These changes will also affect other planets… Mars?
Animation at http://www.nasa.gov/97994main_BHabitableZone.MPG
![Page 36: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
By 5 billion years… White Dwarf
Image at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/nebula/planetary/1998/39/results/50/
![Page 37: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Image at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/nebula/planetary/2000/28/image/a/format/web_print/results/50/
![Page 38: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Image at http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/nebula/planetary/2004/27/image/a/format/large_web/results/50/
![Page 39: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Massive Stars are different
Image from http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/nebula/emission/1997/33/results/50/
![Page 40: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Betelgeuse
Image from http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/star/massive%20star/1996/04/image/a/results/50/
![Page 41: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Supernova—Massive Star Explodes
Images at
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/star/supernova/2004/09/results/50/ http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/nebula/supernova-remnant/2005/37/results/50/
http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2009/casa/
![Page 42: Sun Powerpoint without Movies](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051303/58a2e60e1a28ab8b3b8b8cb5/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Done with the Sun• Time for Seasons!