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Social Research Design

(AERS 282)Nelita M. Lalican

Associate ProfessorASC-CA

Tuesday, April 17, 12


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Formulating a Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework The use of a review of literature in

organizing a theoretical/conceptual

framework Meaning of empirical analysis



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Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework dwells on theories thatrepresent the results of several other studies on howphenomena occur.

The theoretical framework of the study is a structurethat can hold or support a theory of a research work.

It presents the theory which explains why the problemunder study exists.

It helps the researcher see clearly the variables of thestudy while providing him with a framework for dataanalysis.



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It is considered essential in preparing a researchproposal using descriptive and experimentalmethods.

It is also said to be the researchers lens, as itprovides a vantage point, a perspective, throughwhich the researcher views the problem.

It is able to sharpen focus and consequentlyincrease clarity to the problem at hand.

It provides a basis for including and excludingliterature and research that is actually related to

the inquiry by identifying the variables of greatestinterest and concern.Tuesday, April 17, 12


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After formulating the theoreticalframework, the researcher has todevelop the conceptual framework of

the study.

A concept is an image or symbolicrepresentation of an abstract idea.

While the theoretical framework is thetheory on which the study is based,the conceptual framework is the

operationalization of the theory.Tuesday, April 17, 12


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Conceptual Framework

Presents specific and well-definedconcepts, which are called constructs.

Presents the relationships between the

specific concepts that may be studied. Its function is similar with theoretical

framework (TF) because the constructs

used are derived from the abstractconcepts of TF.



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Concepts

Building blocks of theory

Mental construction of reality and notreality itself

Exist as symbols of empiricalphenomena



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Functions of concept

Foundation of communication

Provide scientists a perfective

Allow scientist to classify andgeneralize

Serve as components of theories



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A conceptual framework is theresearchers idea on how the researchproblem will have to be investigated. Itdescribes the relationship betweenspecific variables identified in the

research.



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The conceptual framework embodiesthe specific direction by which thestudy will have to be undertaken

based on the researchers ownposition on the problem. It may be anadaptation of a model used in a

previous study, with modifications tosuit the inquiry. Aside from showingthe direction of the study, the

researcher can show the relationshipsTuesday, April 17, 12


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How to develop the theoreticalframework

1. Examine your thesis or field studytitle or topic and research problem.

Example:

Farmers conception on municipalenterprise development in Samal Bataan,2010.



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2Brainstorm on what you consider to be thekey variables in your research. Answer thequestion: What factors contribute to the

presumed ef

ect (dependent variable)? Examples : What are the determinants of

business establishment sustainability in themunicipality?

What factors influence the adoption of zerobudget natural farming?

What are the possible municipal enterprises

that can be fdeveloped?Tuesday, April 17, 12


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3. List the constructs and variables thatmight be relevant to your study. Group

variables into independent anddependent. In our example thesis topicabove, these would be:

Dependent variable: Farmers conception

of municipal enterpriseIndependent: Farmers sources of

information, perceived credibility ofsource, technology, capital and market.



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Recommended procedure forthe conceptual framework

1. Cite your conceptual framework orparadigm;

2. Identify your variables;



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3. Point out the dependent and interveningvariables;

4.Show the direction of the study.



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Example



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Empirical Analysis

The word empirical means informationgained by experience, observation, orexperiment. The central theme in

scientific method is that all evidencemust be empirical which means it isbased on evidence. In scientific methodthe word empirical refers to the use ofworking hypothesis that can be testedusing

observation and experiment.



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OBJECTIVES OF THE EMPIRICALRESEARCH

Go beyond simply reportingobservations

Promote environment for improvedunderstanding

Combine extensive research withdetailed case study

Prove relevance of theory by workingin a real world environment (context)



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REASONS FOR USING EMPIRICAL RESEARCHMETHODS

Traditional or superstitionalknowledge has been trusted for toolong

Empirical Research methods helpintegrating research and practice

Educational process or Instructional

science needs to progress


ADVANTAGES OF EMPIRICAL


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ADVANTAGES OF EMPIRICALMETHODS

Understand and respond more appropriatelyto dynamics of situations

Provide respect to contextual diferences Help to build upon what is already known

Provide opportunity to meet standards ofprofessional research

In a real case scenario, the collection ofevidence to prove or counter any theoryinvolve planned research designs in order to

collect empirical data.Tuesday, April 17, 12

ADVANTAGES OF EMPIRICAL


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ADVANTAGES OF EMPIRICALMETHODS

Various statistical formulas suchuncertainty coecient, regression, t-

test, chi-square and diferent types ofANOVA (analysis of variance) have beenextensively used to form logical and

valid conclusion. However, it isimportant to remember that any ofthese statistical formulas dont produceproof and can only support a

hypothesis, reject it, or do neither.Tuesday, April 17, 12

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