summer institute 2013 power point #2 new jersey’s human geography the geography of new jersey...

SUMMER INSTITUTE 2013

POWER POINT #2

NEW JERSEY’S HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW JERSEY

ROWAN UNIVERSITY

WHAT IS HUMAN GEOGRAPHY ?

CULTURE RACE POLITICS

ECONOMICS

HUMAN GEOGRAPH

Y

POPULATION

ETHNICITY HISTORY ECOLOGY

Human geography can be thought of as the application of a spatial perspective to the study of humans, our ways, and the footprint we leave

on the planet.

Human geography explores the ways in which we as a species differ from one another, and how we are the same. Despite its brief tenure within the span of human history, New Jersey is an excellent laboratory in which to study our differences – racially, culturally, economically – and how taken

collectively they can go far in explaining the fabric of life both today and in the past.

Strand History, Culture & Perspectives

CPI Evaluate the impact of voluntary & involuntary immigration on America’s growth as a nation.

Unit Human Geography

Topic New Jersey’s Changing Demographics

DEMOGRAPHY & POPULATION

The study of human population is an excellent place to start human geography !

World population has exploded since 1950

America reflects that trend – to a point

New Jersey as a colonial state has mirrored the U.S. graph

What are the two ways the population of a state like NJ can grow?

U.S. Population Growth 1790-2010

Totally cool animation of life expectancy &

income!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbkSRLYSojo




Topic New Jersey’s Changing Demographics

NEW JERSEY & THE DMT

The Demographic Transition Model explains how a population will grow over time – how does it apply to New Jersey?

NEW JERSEY POPULATION

Pop. % Gain

1790 184,139

1800 211,149 14.7%

1810 245,562 16.3%

1820 277,575 13.0%

1830 320,823 15.6%

1840 373,306 16.4%

1850 489,555 31.1%

1860 672,035 37.3%

1870 906,096 34.8%

1880 1,131,116 24.8%

1890 1,444,933 27.7%

1900 1,883,669 30.4%

1910 2,537,167 34.7%

1920 3,155,900 24.4%

1930 4,041,334 28.1%

1940 4,160,165 2.9%

1950 4,835,329 16.2%

1960 6,066,782 25.5%

1970 7,168,164 18.2%

1980 7,364,823 2.7%

1990 7,730,188 5.0%

2000 8,414,350 8.9%

2010 8,791,894 4.5%

DMT Stage

Explanation Time Periods

What Was Happening in New Jersey?

1 High Birth & Death Rates

1790-1840 Agricultural lifestyle – need boysSmallpox, TB – Hi child mortality

2 Death Rates Fall, Birth Rates High

1840-19301930-19451945-1970

Immunization & Immigration !Great Depression & WWIIBaby Boomers – only Dad works

3 Birth Rates Fall 1970-1990 Empowerment of women; women marry later, fewer children

4 Low Birth & Death Rates

1990-2010 Euro-NJ averaging 2 or fewer kidsLatino/Asian higher fertility rates

Strand Geography, People & the Environment

CPI Describe migration and settlement patterns of Native American groups


Topic New Jersey Prior to European Settlement

AMERICA IN 1491

Still a land of forests – but not unbroken forest anymore !

Native American population in America may have numbered 25 million or more

Lenape tribes had settled in New Jersey as much as 3,000 years before

Native Americans practiced large scale agriculture, including slash & burn

“Three Sisters” (corn, beans & squash) were grown throughout the area


CPI Determine the impact of European colonization on Native American populations, including the Lenni Lenape of New Jersey


Topic New Jersey’s Native American Heritage

THE FIRST NEW JERSEYANS

Called themselves the Lenni Lenape (“the true people”), but Europeans dubbed them the Delaware Indians

Marked the last time New Jersey had a racially homogeneous population

Three major groups occupied all of New Jersey (which they called Scheyechbi, or “land along the water”) as well as parts of three neighboring states

By the 1800s what was left of the Lenape/Delaware Tribe had been scattered across the American Plains

Chief Oratam,

sachem of the

Hackensack Lenape

Lenape Indians cache including weapons, tools, clay cooking vessels & woven

cattail mats.




Topic New Jersey’s African American Population

FROM AFRICA TO NEW JERSEY

In 2010 New Jersey had about 1.2 million African American residents, slightly less than 14% of its total population

Blacks are unique amongst Americans in that their migration to this land was involuntary

New Jersey was slow to embrace the principles of emancipation

It did play a crucial role in funneling freed

slaves northward via the Underground Railroad

By the 20th century a different sort of motivation brought many thousands to New Jersey from Southern cities – economic opportunity

Evidence of the Underground Railroad near Swedesboro, New

Jersey


CPI Summarize reasons why various groups migrated to New Jersey


Topic New Jersey’s History of European Immigration

THE FIRST WAVE

From 1850 to 1950 millions of European immigrants arrived on America’s shores

In 1892 Ellis Island, just beyond the Statue of Liberty, opened as a processing center for immigrants - of the 12-17 million hopeful souls who passed through it over the next 60+ years, two-thirds first set foot on the American mainland at the CRRNJ Terminal in Jersey City, NJ

1850 1880 1900 1930 1960

GermanyIreland *

England

Poland **Russia **Italy

* response to Irish Potato Famine of 1845-52 ** mostly Eastern European Jews

Summary of Major European Immigration to U.S.

Strand Civics, Government & Human Rights

CPI Explain how and why it is important that people from diverse cultures collaborate to find solutions to challenges


Topic Current Immigration Trends in New Jersey

NEW JERSEY AS A MELTING POT

The past 50 years have seen a shift from European to Latin American migrants

In 2009 India provided more (legal) immigrants to NJ than any other country !

Most minority groups tend to cluster in urban areas

New Jersey ranks 5th nationally with some 550,000 “illegals” in 2010 – about 6% of New Jersey’s population

Are these people providing a foundation for our economy or undermining it?


CPI Learn about and respect other cultures


Topic New Jersey’s Cultural Diversity

A STATE OF MANY TONGUES

Speaking a language other than English at home is 50% more common in New Jersey than nationally

In New Jersey, non-English-speakers are more likely to be speaking something other than Spanish than is true nationwide

Certain towns in Bergen County have the highest percentage of Korean residents anywhere in

America. It is not uncommon to see street signs written in Korean.

Languages such as Italian, Portuguese, Korean, Hindi & Russian are all spoken more frequently in New Jersey than in the U.S. overall

Bergen County is spearheading the New Jersey World Language Catalog, an effort to bring books written in a variety of languages into our libraries


CPI Use historical maps to determine what led to the exploration of new water and land routes


Topic Beginnings of a transportation network in New Jersey

INDIAN TRAILS AND NEW JERSEY’S FIRST TURNPIKES

Lenape had carved out a system of trails across New Jersey to facilitate trade, seasonal movements, and access to coastal fishing grounds

Europeans quickly realized the Lenape had done the hard work in laying out their first network of roads !

Trials like the Minisink Path (which extended all the way to Sandy Hook) became blueprints for wagon turnpikes

First turnpikes were rugged, privately-owned, and then (as now) charged a toll to travel !

Strand Economics, Innovation & Technology

CPI Describe how the development of different transportation systems impacted the economy of New Jersey


Topic Connecting New York City and Pennsylvania

CROSSING THE STATE IN THE 18TH & 19TH CENTURIES

Since Colonial times people have had the need & desire to cross New Jersey

Stagecoach for personal travel

Morris Canal (North Jersey) and Delaware & Raritan Canal (Central) were built between 1820-1840

Primary job was to carry coal from PA to New York City area

Barges drawn by mules eventually replaced by ships powered by steam

(Top) Stagecoach north of Trenton, NJ, early 1800s

(Left) New Jersey’s great 19th century canals – the Morris and the Delaware Raritan

Railway and Canal operate side by side in turn-of-the-century New Jersey. A passenger ferry on the Morris Canal unloads at Landing, NJ, on the shores of Lake Hopatcong. The

Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad Station sits to one side of the canal, the towpath to the other.




Topic Fueling the Industrial Revolution and Opening Up the Shore

NEW JERSEY’S RAILROADS

Between 1850 and 1950 railroads were the first and most important form of high speed transportation

The Central Railroad of New Jersey was critical to the development of urban areas as well as the shore

Took over the transport of coal from Pennsylvania to the NYC metro area

Provided easy access for the first time to shore resorts like Atlantic City

Gave birth to suburbia in NJ !

Jersey Central running through coal regions of PA’s Lehigh Valley enroute to Jersey City hub


CPI Explain how technological developments revolutionized land & water transportation in New Jersey


Topic New Jersey the Site of the 20th Century’s 2nd Greatest Disaster

A DARK DAY OVER LAKEHURST

Most famous disaster in New Jersey history - journey of the Hindenburg began in Frankfurt, Germany on May 3, 1937

Bad weather delayed the landing of the 800+ foot long dirigible at the Naval Air Station at Lakehurst, in Ocean County, until just after 7pm on May 6

The cause of the initial spark is still unknown, but in less than 40 seconds the Hindenburg was completely consumed … 35 of 97 passengers & crew were killed, along with one member of the ground crew

The famous newsreel footage

The great age of airship travel ended that day, and the incident served as a neat postscript to our relationship with Germany, with whom we would soon be at war

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F54rqDh2mWA




Topic Interstate Trucking and the Flight of NJ Farmers

THE RAILROADS ARE SUPERSEDED BY TRUCKS

At first trucks and the railroads worked together to transport materials

By 1950s trucking was established as the most efficient & effective means of transporting goods

Opened up new markets as the highway system expanded

Allowed for produce from other states (and eventually countries) to compete successfully with “locally grown”

Many NJ farmers sold their land to developers as a result

Massive complexes of “intermodal containers”, brought ashore at New Jersey’s ports, await

transport by truck via the New Jersey Turnpike




Topic The Automobile Defines New Jersey and Suburbia

AGE OF THE AUTOMOBILE

The story of New Jersey is the story of transportation !

Automobiles changed life more than any other 20th century invention

NJ’s population soared as city workers could live in New Jersey suburbs

Ushered in the era of the strip mall and “big box” stores

Gave birth to the “Jersey Shore” and allowed the casino industry to flourish

Led to the rapid loss of open space (15,000 ac/year), congestion & pollution

Grand opening of the Holland Tunnel in 1927

(right); Holland tunnel

traffic today (below)


CPI Determine how local and state communities have changed over time, and explain the reasons for changes


Topic Changes in the Patterns of Settlement and in Lifestyles

SUBURBIA AND THE AMERICAN DREAM

The exodus of city workers across the Hudson (and to a lesser extent Delaware) River nearly a hundred years ago can be said to have begun the American phenomenon of suburban sprawl

In fact it was the 3rd in a four-act drama that spans the existence of America

Cities were cramped and polluted; the suburbs offered space and privacy … suburbs (and extended exurbs) continue to deliver on the promise of a touch of country life and relief from urban congestion

Unintended consequences: reliance on the automobile, pollution, loss of open space & habitats, depression of urban areas, alienation from neighbors & communities

THE CITY

JOBS PEOPLE

1780-1860

JOBS

PEOPLE

1860-1920

PEOPLE JOBS

JOBS

PEOPLE

1970-2011

1920-1970


CPI Describe the role and relationship among households, businesses, and laborers within the economic system


Topic The Beginnings of New Jersey’s Economy

THE COLONIAL AND PRE-COLONIAL ECONOMY

How many towns in New Jersey have the word “mill” in their name? Not a coincidence !

The mill allowed for the production of food, clothing, and more – settlements sprang up around them

Colonial period and beyond was a time for farmers, growing wheat, corn, fruits & vegetables

New Jersey was an important part of the “breadbasket” of Colonial America


CPI Compare and contrast characteristics of regions based on culture, economics and politics to understand the concept of regionalism


Topic Resource Extraction in North and South Jersey

REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE

Iron mining was important to North & South Jersey

Higher quality ore was mined deep beneath the Highlands; lower quality “bog iron” was found along the shallow streams of the Pine Barrens

The Raritan Formation provided excellent clay to make pottery & bricks (Lenox China in Trenton)

Sandy soils of the Pines provided raw material for glass blowing

Entrance to the Hibernia Mine near Rockaway, NJ


CPI Evaluate the impact of ideas, inventions, and other contributions of prominent figures who lived in NJ


Topic New Jersey and the Industrial Revolution

THE WIZARD OF MENLO PARK

The Industrial Revolution was driven by innovation – creation of new technologies (in fact “technology” took on its modern meaning at this time)

Thomas Edison personified this spirit of innovation and purposeful scientific advance

Not a native of NJ but spent his entire working life here

Not only credited with some of the most important inventions in history (including harnessing the power of electricity), Edison created the first research & development facility at Menlo Park in Edison Twp.


CPI Determine the role of science and technology in creating the information age


Topic New Jersey in the Post-Industrial World

ENTER THE INFORMATION AGE

The great Age of Manufacturing was over by the 1980s, swept away by another revolution in the way New Jersey and America did business

Called the Information Age, it can be understood as a shift from “making things to providing things”

Also signified by the movement of offices to the suburbs (NJ!) and an emphasis on white-collar positions

New Jersey has been at the forefront of this Technological Revolution

The once proud Roebling factory outside Trenton is now derelict, awaiting listing as a Superfund site.


CPI Explain how creativity and innovation resulted in scientific achievement and invention


Topic New Jersey’s Prominent Post-Industrial Leaders

TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND “PHARMING” IN NEW JERSEY

AT&T almost singlehandedly took New Jersey into the Information Age in the 1970s & 1980s

Dominated the telecommunications field and transformed the way business was done in North Jersey

Some of the original German chemists who pioneered the large-scale manufacturing of drugs in the U.S. settled in New Jersey, most noteworthy being George Merck

New Jersey is now an international center for pharmaceutical research & development


CPI Analyze how technological innovations affected the status and social class of different groups of people, and explain the outcomes


Topic New Jersey’s Changing Workforce

BLUE COLLAR TO WHITE COLLAR

The geography of the workplace changed in New Jersey !

As businesses shifted from the production of good to the production of ideas, a new workforce emerged

Ratio of men to women in workplace has shifted from 80/20 to 50/50 since WWII

Ideas, innovation and experience make younger & older employees valuable

Low wage jobs move from city factories to suburban office spaces


CPI Evaluate the impact of policy decisions made at the state level


Topic Casino Gambling in New Jersey

DID THE GAMBLE PAY OFF ?

35 years after New Jersey residents voted to legalize casino gambling, serious questions remain about its economic impact on the city and the state

Casinos generate revenue (almost $300 million each month) and create jobs (some 40,000), but how much of that revenue is spent revitalizing Atlantic City outside the casinos ?

The number of restaurants and entertainment venues in AC outside the casinos has actually declined

Atlantic City faces new challenges as it enters its 5th decade of casino gambling

Patrons line up to enter Resorts International soon after its opening in 1978


CPI What factors impacted emigration, settlement patterns & regional identities of the colonies


Topic European Powers Stake Their Claims for New Jersey

THE DUTCH, SWEDES & ENGLISH

By early 1600s this land was valuable because of the access it provided to the fur trade and proximity of 2 major rivers

The Dutch established the first “cities” in NJ and had established a power base in North Jersey by 1650

The Swedes independently settled parts of South Jersey along the Delaware, but New Sweden was annexed by the Dutch in 1655

In 1664 the English captured Fort Amsterdam (in Manhattan) and by 1670s had wrested control of the area from the Dutch

This map dates to the mid-1600s. The area in yellow, which includes New Jersey, is designated as New

Netherland.


CPI Explain how key events led to the creation of the state of New Jersey


Topic Lord Carteret and East/West NJ

A STATE DIVIDED CANNOT STAND

After ousting the Dutch, King James awarded the region between the Hudson & Delaware Rivers to a British nobleman named George Carteret

Carteret hailed from the Island of Jersey, hence the area became known as the Province of New Jersey

Divided into East & West Jersey in 1674 – Carteret controlled East (NE) while the Quakers gained control over West (SW)

Although the two halves were merged into the Royal Colony of New Jersey in 1702

Sir George Carteret


CPI Use historical maps to determine what led to the exploration of new water and land routes


Topic Two Major Rivers and Border Skirmishes

THE BORDER WAR WITH NEW YORK

N-S lines were not the only geographic boundaries being disputed in 17th & 18th century New Jersey

The governor of New York coveted all the fertile land between the Delaware and the Hudson

Earliest border between the states was north of its current location and gave NJ a sliver of hotly contested land that New York badly wanted back

The line was anchored in the west by a branch of the Delaware described on a 1654 Dutch map made by a man named Visher – a branch which unfortunately did not exist in the real world

NJ & NY residents fought – sometimes to the death – over this sliver of land until a new map was issued in 1769

East & West

Jersey, circa 1700


CPI Explain why New Jersey’s location played an integral role in the American Revolution


Topic Critical Positioning Between New York and Philadelphia

THE CROSSROADS OF THE REVOLUTION

The war that changed New Jersey from a British colony to a state in an independent nation was fought to a large degree on New Jersey soil

Called the Crossroads of the American Revolution because of its position between British-occupied New York City and (mostly) patriot-held Philadelphia

Gave New Jersey the distinction of having the most battles fought within its borders – many among the most famous and pivotal of the war


CPI Determine the significance of New Jersey’s role in the American Revolution


Topic Key Battles of the Revolution Fought in New Jersey

BATTLEFIELD HIGHLIGHTS

On Christmas Day, 1776, Washington made his famous crossing of the Delaware, routing Hessian troops in Trenton in what is considered the turning point of the war

Victory at the Battle of Princeton in 1777 had the British on the run for New York – their occupation of New Jersey was over

Another decisive victory for Gen. Washington’s Continental Army at Monmouth in 1778 forced a British retreat to NYC

In 1780, a final attempt to destroy the Continental Army on New Jersey soil was thwarted at the Battle of Springfield, last major northern engagement of the war

Check out the map that allowed Washington to triumph at the Battle of

Princeton

http://www.history.com/videos/how-to-get-into-princeton%23how-to-get-into-princeton


CPI Explain the impact of trans-Atlantic slavery on New Jersey


Topic New Jersey and the Issue of Slavery Leading up to the Civil War

NEW JERSEY’S AMBIVALENT ATTITUDE TOWARDS SLAVERY

New Jersey’s role in our nation’s greatest conflict was significant – and contradictory

Despite the presence of many abolitionist Quakers in South & West Jersey, the state was very slow to eradicate slavery before the Civil War

Key was the rural nature of much of Central & South Jersey – identified more with southern than northern way of life

New Jersey at first refused to sign the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery, yet it was a vital cog in the Underground Railroad

NJ twice voted against Abraham Lincoln

President Lincoln in Gen. McClellan’s tent at Antietam


CPI Explain the growing resistance to slavery and New Jersey’s role in the Underground Railroad


Topic New Jersey Role in the Underground Railroad & the Civil War

A SAFE HAVEN; A SUPPLIER TO THE MILITARY

New Jersey was at the heart of the great eastern branch of the Underground Railroad, helping thousands to freedom in the years before the war

New Brunswick was the only NJ town through which all parts of the branch passed

About 90,000 men from New Jersey served in the Union Army – 6,000 were killed

The mills & factories of North Jersey provided much of the Union’s weaponry and machinery


CPI Explain how famous historical characters from NJ contributed to the American national heritage


Topic Important Figures in Political & Military History From New Jersey

PRESIDENTS, HEROES & VILLIANS

The bravery of Mary Hays (and women like her) at the Battle of Monmouth gave rise to the legend of Molly Pitcher

Gen. George McClellan was 1st Commander of Army of Potomac and later was elected governor of New Jersey

President Grover Cleveland was born in New Jersey; Woodrow Wilson had served as its governor

Frank Hague (to the right of FDR), a Democrat from Jersey City, was the most powerful – and corrupt – urban politician in New Jersey and America during the early to mid-1900s


CPI Compare and contrast characteristics of regions based on culture, economics & politics to understand the concept of regionalism


Topic Regional Differences in New Jersey

NORTH JERSEY, SOUTH JERSEY, AND THE SHORE

Of New Jersey towns with more than 1,000 people, the 32 most affluent are all found north of Trenton

Urban areas tend to vote Democratic while suburban residents lean Republican

Regionalism is often expressed by loyalty to a certain sports team or set of teams, as the map of Phillies & Yankees fans shows !

The Shore has its own culture, mixing seasonality, other Mid-Atlantic influences, and year-round residents


CPI Learn about and respect other cultures


Topic New Jersey’s Cultural Diversity

NEW JERSEY IS A MELTING POT

Cultural geography refers to the way certain sets of likes & dislikes, customs, and beliefs are associated with groups of people living in certain places

How do we compartmentalize a population in a way that reveals something about their cultural practices ?

In New Jersey, as in many parts of the world, your family’s “heritage”, most likely the country of origin, is perhaps the best indicator of cultural beliefs and practices

Italian was the most prevalent ethnicity in New Jersey in 2000 at over 17% of the population

ITALIAN

IRISH

AFRICAN AM.

GERMAN

POLISH

TOP 5 ETHNICITIES

IN NEW JERSEY AS OF 2000


CPI Evaluate the impact of ideas, inventions, and other contributions of prominent figures who lived in NJ


Topic New Jersey’s Pop Giants

FROM THE “CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD” TO “THE BOSS” TO SNOOKI

Frank Sinatra was “found” then reinvented in Atlantic City in the 1940s & 50s

Bruce Springsteen talked of “Highway 9” and immortalized the gritty reality of North Jersey’s beaches, boardwalk and backstreets

Snooki & Rutgers make “The Ridiculist List”

Bon Jovi, whose 1988 album was titled New Jersey, did much to foster and further New Jersey’s stereotypical “big hair” image in the 80s

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iS2SFKcJtQ4


CPI Relate advances in science and technology to environmental concerns, and actions taken to address them


Topic Demands on New Jersey’s Environment Change Over Time

NEW TECHNOLOGIES, NEW ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES

New Jersey’s forests and waters have been exploited for hundreds of years

The original energy source was wood – to build houses and ships, but also to burn for charcoal

The Industrial Revolution marked a shift to the burning of fossil fuels

Deforestation was still needed to clear space for farms, then homes, roads and commercial zones

Acknowledgement in the 1960s & 70s of the damage being done to our environment sparked the formation of state environmental agencies


CPI Explain how rules and laws created by state government promote the common good


Topic Preserving Open Space in New Jersey

KEY PRESERVATION INITIATIVES

NJ Pinelands Commission (1978) uses a combination of scientifically based zoning, land use planning and legislation to preserve the unique nature of the Pine Barrens

NJ Highlands Council (2004) applies similar principles to protect water & ecological resources of the Highlands

The State Agricultural Development Committee has used a “transfer of development rights” program to preserve some 300,000 acres of farmland in NJ since the 1980s

The Department of Environmental Protection has preserved 640,000 acres of open space statewide through its Green Acres land acquisition program

Smart Growth may be the best answer for New Jersey’s future


CPI Describe how human interaction impacts the environment in New Jersey


Topic Human Impact at The Shore

A HOST OF PROBLEMS

The allure of the Jersey Shore brings people, and with them the issues of overuse and abuse

Barrier islands are ideal habitat for wildlife, not for people, yet we cram onto them by the tens of thousands

Wetlands are incredibly productive ecosystems, but also incredibly fragile

Pumping freshwater for shore towns has lowered the water table and allowed salt water intrusion to occur

Ocean dumping, offshore dumping and litter created by users present a daunting task to those who seek to keep our beaches and waters clean

BONUS MATERIAL:

GREAT DISCOVERIES IN SCIENCE !

Did you know that the first evidence for the existence of the Big Bang was discovered in New Jersey?

In 1964 Arno Penzias & Robert Wilson were using the Bell Labs (AT&T) dish in Holmdel to test radio signals when they picked up a background hiss they could not explain. It turned out to be “noise” left over from the creation of the universe more than 13 billion years ago!

summer institute 2013 power point #2 new jersey’s human geography the geography of new jersey...

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