summer 2001 notes june 13 june 15 june 18 june 20 july 2 fall 2001 lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 –...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Summer 2001 Notes
June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2
Fall 2001 Lectures
9/289/2810/110/310/5 – 10/8
![Page 2: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2+
[Co(H2O)6]2+
![Page 3: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Hydrolysis by complex ions
![Page 4: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
+ H2O(l)
+ H3O+
![Page 5: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
+ H2O(l)
+ H3O+
acidConjugatebase
![Page 6: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Fe(H2O)63+(aq) + H2O(l)
H3O+(aq) + Fe(H2O)5OH2+(aq)
![Page 7: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Fe(H2O)63+(aq) + H2O(l)
H3O+(aq) + Fe(H2O)5OH2+(aq)
Ka =[H3O+][Fe(H2O)5OH2+]
[Fe(H2O)63+]
= 7.7 x 10-3
![Page 8: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Fe(H2O)63+(aq) + H2O(l)
H3O+(aq) + Fe(H2O)5OH2+(aq)
Ka =[H3O+][Fe(H2O)5OH2+]
[Fe(H2O)63+]
= 7.7 x 10-3
pH of 0.10 M Fe(H2O)63+
![Page 9: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
pH of 0.10 M Fe(H2O)63+
[Fe(H2O)63+] [H3O+] [Fe(H2O)5OH2+]
Startchangeequil.
0.10 0 0
![Page 10: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
pH of 0.10 M Fe(H2O)63+
[Fe(H2O)63+] [H3O+] [Fe(H2O)5OH2+]
Startchangeequil.
0.10 0 0
-x +x +x
![Page 11: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
pH of 0.10 M Fe(H2O)63+
[Fe(H2O)63+] [H3O+] [Fe(H2O)5OH2+]
Startchangeequil.
0.10 0 0
-x +x +x0.10 - x x x
![Page 12: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
pH of 0.10 M Fe(H2O)63+
[Fe(H2O)63+] [H3O+] [Fe(H2O)5OH2+]
Startchangeequil.
0.10 0 0
-x +x +x0.10 - x x x
Ka =(x)(x)
(0.10 - x)= 7.7 x 10-3
![Page 13: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Ka =(x)(x)
(0.10 - x)= 7.7 x 10-3
pH of 0.10 M Fe(H2O)63+
![Page 14: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Ka =(x)(x)
(0.10 - x)= 7.7 x 10-3
pH of 0.10 M Fe(H2O)63+
x2 = (7.7 x 10-3)(0.10 - x)
![Page 15: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Ka =(x)(x)
(0.10 - x)= 7.7 x 10-3
pH of 0.10 M Fe(H2O)63+
x2 = (7.7 x 10-3)(0.10 - x)
x2 + (7.7 x 10-3)x - 7.7 x 10-4 = 0
![Page 16: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Ka =(x)(x)
(0.10 - x)= 7.7 x 10-3
pH of 0.10 M Fe(H2O)63+
x2 = (7.7 x 10-3)(0.10 - x)
x2 + (7.7 x 10-3)x - 7.7 x 10-4 = 0
x = 0.024
![Page 17: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Ka =(x)(x)
(0.10 - x)= 7.7 x 10-3
pH of 0.10 M Fe(H2O)63+
x2 = (7.7 x 10-3)(0.10 - x)
x2 + (7.7 x 10-3)x - 7.7 x 10-4 = 0
x = 0.024 pH = 1.6
![Page 18: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Symmetry
![Page 19: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Symmetry
Molecular symmetry
BF3
![Page 20: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Symmetry
Molecular symmetry
BF3 BFF
F
![Page 21: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Symmetry
Molecular symmetry
BF3 BFF
F
BFF
F
![Page 22: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Symmetry
Molecular symmetry
BF3
BFF
F
Rotate 120o around an axis through B tothe plane of the screen.
![Page 23: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Symmetry
Molecular symmetry
BF3
Rotate 120o
BFF
F
BFF
F
![Page 24: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Symmetry
BF3
Rotate 120o
BFF
F
BFF
F
Since the fluorines are all identical,
we cannot tell the two molecules apart.
=
![Page 25: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Symmetry
BFF
F
BFF
F
Since the fluorines are all identical,
we cannot tell the two molecules apart.
=
Rotate 120o Rotate 120o
![Page 26: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Symmetry
BFF
F
Since the fluorines are all identical,
we cannot tell the two molecules apart.
=
Rotate 120o Rotate 120o
BFF
F
BFF
F
=
![Page 27: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Symmetry
BF3
Rotate 120o
BFF
F
BFF
F
=
This is a 3-fold axis of symmetry.
A third 120o rotation brings themolecule back to the starting position.
![Page 28: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Symmetry
BF3
BFF
F
Rotate 180o around the B - F axis.
![Page 29: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Symmetry
BF3
Rotate 180o around the B - F axis.
BFF
F
BFF
F
![Page 30: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Symmetry
BF3
Rotate 180o around the B - F axis.
BFF
F
BFF
F=
A second 180o rotation gives theoriginal molecule.
![Page 31: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Symmetry
BF3
Rotate 180o around the B - F axis.
BFF
F
BFF
F
This is a 2-fold symmetry axis
=
![Page 32: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Symmetry
BF3
BFF
F
BF3 has 3 2-fold symmetry axes.
![Page 33: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Symmetry
BF3
BFF
F
B
F
mirror
![Page 34: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Symmetry
BF3
BFF
F
B
F
Mirror plane of symmetry
BFF
F
=
![Page 35: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Symmetry
BF3
BFF
F
B
F
BF3 has 3 mirror planes of symmetryalong the B-F bonds.
BFF
F
=
![Page 36: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
There is a mirror plane in the plane ofthe molecule.
![Page 38: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
BFF
F
1 3-fold axis normal to plane3 2-fold axes along B - F bonds3 mirror planes along bonds1 mirror plane in molecular plane
![Page 39: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
2+
![Page 40: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
2+
4-fold rotation axis
![Page 41: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
2+
4-fold rotation axis = 4 90o operations toget back to original configuration.
![Page 42: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
2+
4-fold rotation axis = 4 90o operations toget back to original configuration.
The octahedralcomplex willhave 3 4-foldaxes.
![Page 43: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
2+
Mirror planes?
![Page 44: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
2+
Mirror planes?
Co
OO
O O
![Page 45: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
2+
Mirror planes?
Co
OO
O O
3 mirror planes with Co and 4 H2O’s.
![Page 46: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
2+
Mirror planes?
Co
OO
O O
![Page 47: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
2+
Mirror planes?
Co
OO
O O
![Page 48: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
2+
Any otherrotation axes?
![Page 49: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
2+
Any otherrotation axes?
![Page 50: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
2+
Any otherrotation axes?
Octahedral complexes have 3-fold axes.
![Page 51: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
2+
Any othersymmetry elements?
![Page 52: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
2+
Any othersymmetry elements?
Inversion center
![Page 53: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
2+
Any othersymmetry elements?
Inversion centerThe Co is the inversion center.
![Page 54: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
2+
Any othersymmetry elements?
Inversion center
The Co is the inversion center. At any pointwhere there is a ligand, there is a ligand thesame distance in the opposite direction.
![Page 55: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Tetrahedron
![Page 56: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Tetrahedron
PerchlorateClO4
-
![Page 57: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Tetrahedron PerchlorateClO4
-
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4 =
2-fold
![Page 58: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Tetrahedron PerchlorateClO4
-
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4 =
Mirror plane
![Page 59: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Tetrahedron PerchlorateClO4
-
1
2
3
41
2
3
4 =
3-fold axis Cl-O3
![Page 60: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Tetrahedron PerchlorateClO4
-
1
2
3
4
4 3-fold rotations
3 2-fold rotations
3 mirror planes
+ others
![Page 61: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
octahemioctahedron
![Page 62: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
octahemioctahedron
4-fold rotation axes
![Page 63: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
octahemioctahedron
4-fold rotation axes
This is not a 3-fold
![Page 64: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
octahemioctahedron
4-fold rotation axes
This is not a 3-fold
![Page 65: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
octahemioctahedron
4-fold rotation axes
This is not a 3-fold
![Page 66: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
octahemioctahedron
4-fold rotation axes
This is not a 3-fold
a b The points a and b arerelated.
![Page 67: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
octahemioctahedron
4-fold rotation axes
ab
The combination of 120o
rotation and a mirrorleads to a new symmetryelement
![Page 68: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
octahemioctahedron
4-fold rotation axes
a b
The combination of 120o
rotation and a mirrorleads to a new symmetryElement - S3
![Page 69: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Symmetry elements to look for-
rotations
mirrors
inversions
![Page 70: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
![Page 71: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Crystals and solid-state structure
![Page 72: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Crystals and solid-state structure
octahedron
![Page 73: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Crystals and solid-state structure
![Page 74: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Crystals and solid-state structure
Tetrahedralcoordination
![Page 75: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Crystals and solid-state structure
Tetrahedralcoordination
C - C = 1.544 Å
![Page 76: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Å = ångström = 10-10 m
![Page 77: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Å = ångström = 10-10 m
The ångström is a useful unit when
describing bonding distances.
![Page 78: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Symmetry of a tetrahedron
![Page 79: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Tetrahedrons and cubes have 3-fold
axes of symmetry
![Page 80: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Graphite Crystal
![Page 81: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Graphite Structure
![Page 82: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Graphite Structure
Hexagonal bondarray leads tohexagonal crystal
![Page 83: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Graphite Structure
Bonds - strong attraction
![Page 84: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Graphite Structure
Bonds - strong attraction
van der Waal’s forces- weak attraction
![Page 85: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Hard structure - bondsare 3-dimensional
Soft structure - bonds are in twodimensions
![Page 86: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Hard structure - bondsare 3-dimensional
Soft structure - bonds are in twodimensions
van der Waal’s forceseasy to break
![Page 87: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
BuckyBall a fullerene
C60
Individual moleculeof carbon atoms
OFB page 79crystals.
![Page 88: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
BuckyBall a fullerene
C60
![Page 89: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
![Page 90: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
NaCl
![Page 91: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
NaCl
![Page 92: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
![Page 93: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
![Page 94: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
![Page 95: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
SiO2
![Page 96: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
SiO2
![Page 97: Summer 2001 Notes June 13 June 15 June 18 June 20 July 2 Fall 2001 Lectures 9/28 10/1 10/3 10/5 – 10/8](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf921a28abf838c8efd3/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)