Summary Report on NNI Grand Challenge Workshop on NanoMaterialsRobert Hull, University of Virginia Lance Haworth, National Science Foundation Workshop Co-ChairsWORKSHOP GOALS:

To define a Grand Challenge in the broad field of nanomaterials for the next five year implementation of the National Nanotechnology Initiative.The Grand Challenge should be of sufficiently broad scope and vision that it can inspire the scientific community, federal government and general public, form a major plank of the NNI, and warrant major funding over the next decade

NNI Grand Challenge Workshop on Nanomaterials, Arlington, Virginia 11-13 June 2003WedsAm Opening Plenary SessionOverview of the National Nanotechnology Initiative (Sharon Hays, OSTP)The Promise and Challenges of Nanotechnology (David Swain, Boeing)Nanoimprint and Guided Self-Assembly (Stephen Chou, Princeton)Natures Routes to Grow and Assemble Materials (Angela Belcher, MIT)Beyond Classical (Binary Logic) Materials (Paul Alivisatos , Berkeley)Computational Materials Science at the Nanoscale (Peter Voorhees, Northwestern)The Brave New World of Buckytubes (Richard Smalley, Rice) Weds Pm First Breakout SessionsSession 1: Beyond Conventional LithographySession 2: Beyond Equilibrium MaterialsSession 3: Beyond Classical (Binary Logic) MaterialsSession 4: Virtual MaterialsSession 5: Whats New at the NanoscaleWeds eve: Discussion- Preliminary Identification of the Nanomaterials Grand Challenge and its Flagship Components

Thurs Am Definition and Convening of Second Breakout Sessions Session 1: Information TechnologiesSession 2: Health and Medical TechnologiesSession 3: Energy TechnologiesSession 4: Civil Infrastructure and Transportation

Thurs Pm Reports, Discussions, Conclusions

Fri Preliminary Report Writing

Old Nanomaterials Grand ChallengeNanomaterials by DesignNew properties from dominance of surface areaSynthesis techniques: self-assembly, templating etc; scalingNew nanoscale analytical toolsMolecular modeling, multiple length scalesBulk nanostructured materials: networks, compactionImprovement in properties: harder, stronger, more reliable, safer (10x stronger than steel, 10x lighter than paper)Adaptive, self repairing, smart materialsEnvironmentally benignMedical applications (e.g. drug delivery)

Proposed New NanoMaterials Grand ChallengeNanoFoundries: Development of Techniques, Methods and Instruments for the Fabrication of Nanoscaled Materials and Systems that Enable Economically Viable Applications of Broad Benefit to Industry, Technology, the Economy, the Environment, Health, and Society

Potential Routes to Commercial NanoManufacturing - I

Low material volume, high precision systems- E.g. engineered vol. in micro-electronic circuit (>108 components) is c. 1 mm3- Basic material cost not a key issue- Fundamental needs Increasing demands on lithographic precision, cost; Development of new materials technologies

Nanostructured functional coatings- E.g. 1 m thick coating on an airplane wing requires volume of c. 1 cm3- Challenges in uniform coating of complex surfaces- Fundamental needs self interrogation / repair for failure; sensing; internal communications; application methods

UVa-AFOSR MURI on Multi-Functional Aerospace Coatings

Potential Routes to Commercial NanoManufacturing - II

Internally structured / nanocomposite systems- Porous materials, e.g. aerogel, internal surface areas of 1000 m2 per g air or intercalate. - Unique thermal, electrical, acoustic, dielectric.properties- More generally, nanocomposite materials can greatly enhance properties (e.g. strength) with small fraction of filler.- Still requires significant volumes of minority phase material(s); optimize properties per volume required: simulation, understanding. Scaling of synthesis methods- Key to multiple macroscopic applications (mechanical components, transportation, civil infrastructure,environmental etc.)- Just make more!

http://eande.lbl.gov/ECS/Aerogels/saphoto.htm

Discovery of new materials and properties, and invention of new techniques and instruments New techniques for synthesizing and refining nano-materials in large quantities. New methods for self-assembly of materials, based upon both biological and non-biological methods. Controlled hierarchical structures with multiple length scales down to the nano-scale Materials, methods, and instruments for harnessing sub-atomic properties e.g. electron spin and quantum interactions. Improved instruments and techniques for structuring and patterning materials at ever-increasing levels of precision.The ability to measure 3D structure, properties, and chemistry of materials down to the atomic scale a nano-GPS.The development of computational methods, algorithms, and systems both classical and quantum to enable realistic simulation over all relevant length and time-scales.The interface between nanomaterials and biological systems enabling widespread improvements in human health. Fault tolerance how perfect do nanoscaled systems need to be to attain desired functionality and how perfect do the fundamental laws of nature allow such systems to be. The development of internal sensing methods for assembling or operating systems to optimize synthesis, evolution or adaption.Elements of Implementing the Grand Challenge

Discovery of new materials and properties, and invention of new techniques and instrumentsEigler et al, IBM

If the aircraft industry had evolved at the same rate as the microelectronics industry in the last 25 years, a Boeing 777 today would cost $500, and circle the globe in 20 minutes on 5 gallons of fuel.Molecular Electronics H. Park (Harvard)New techniques for synthesizing and refining nano-materials in large quantities.

Viral Mediated Assembly of Nanowires and Ordered QD Arrays Belcher group, MIT. Science 296, 892 (2002); Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 100, 6946 (2003).New methods for self-assembly of materials, based upon both biological and non-biological methods

Hierarchical Assembly of Semiconductor Nanostrutures J.Gray, S. Atha, and R. Hull, University of Virginia J. Floro, Sandia National Laboratories0.5 mQuantum Dot MoleculesPeapod Fullerenes D. Luzzi et al, U. Penn. E.g. Chem Phys. Lett. 315, 31; 321, 169Controlled hierarchical structures with multiple length scales down to the nano-scale

Van Dijken, Jiang and Parkin Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 775 (2003)Three terminal magnetic tunnel transistorGaAs(001)/5 nm Co70Fe30/4 nm Cu/5 nm Ni81Fe19/ 1.8 nm Al2O3/30 nm AuQuantum ComputingNMR Based Algorithmswww.qubit.org (U.Oxford)Materials, methods, and instruments for harnessing sub-atomic properties e.g. electron spin and quantum interactionsIon Trap Quantum Computing

32 nm Co film Improved instruments and techniques for structuring and patterning materials at ever-increasing levels of precision

The ability to measure 3D structure, properties, and chemistry of materials down to the atomic scale a nano-GPS.3D TomographicTechniques

New nanoscale alloys; W. Jesser, UVaFormation of Metallic Glasses, J. Poon, G. Shiflet, UVaDevelopment of computational methods, algorithms, and systems to enable realistic simulation over all relevant length and time-scales.

The interface between nanomaterials and biological systems enabling widespread improvements in human health.Courtesy of Dr. Mark Humyan, Doheny Eye Institute / USCArgonne National Laboratories

K. Thrmer, E.D. Williams, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 186102 (2001)Fault tolerance how perfect do nanoscaled systems need to be to attain desired functionality and how perfect can they be

The development of internal sensing methods for assembling or operating systems to optimize synthesis, evolution or adaption

Major Fields of Impact Include:

Electronics / ComputationCommunicationsData storageEnergy storage / transmission / generationHealth careTransportationCivil infrastructure,Military applications, national securityEnvironment.

Major advances in effective, minimally invasive personalized health care. Prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. E.g. major advances in enabling in repairing sight, paralysis, and local diagnosis of cancers.New generations of computers with petaflop speed and ultra-low power consumption that boot up instantly. Current top-down chip manufacturing may integrate with bottom-up molecular assembly to enable new paradigms for electronics and communications. Quantum computing: new fields of calc.Increasing chemical catalytic efficiency coupled with new materials for power storage, conversion and generation can reduce worldwide energy consumption by 20%. New sensors based will perform process monitoring, waste reduction, and real-time analysis to ensure energy efficiency in manufacturingSafety and reliability of transportation systems trains, planes, ships and automobiles and civil infrastructure buildings, bridges, and roads will be significantly enhanced through the use of embedded nanosensors, smart nanostructured materials, and self-diagnosing and self-correcting materials systems.

Education and Societal OutreachHow do these advances affect education at all levels - K-12, undergraduate, graduate, and beyond?How can we use nanoscience to educate and inspire society to be technologically literate? How can we encourage medical professionals to avail themselves of the latest advances in nanotechnology? How can we encourage educational institutions to value and reward interdisciplinarity? How can we perform high-risk, high-cost research that will also benefit societies, or portions of societies, that cannot afford it?

Add organizing committee.Characterization of the liquid crystalline suspensions of A7 phage-ZnS nanocrystals (A7-ZnS) and cast film. (A) POM image of a smectic suspension of A7-ZnS at a concentration of 127 mg/ml. (B) A DIC filter brought out dark and bright periodic stripes (~1 m) that show construc- tive and destructive interference patterns generated from parallel aligned smectic layers in the A7-ZnS suspension. (C) The characteristic fingerprint texture of the cholesteric phase of an A7-ZnS suspension (76 mg/ml). (D) AFM micrograph of a cast film from an A7-ZnS suspension (~30 mg/ml) showing close-packed structures of the A7 phage particles.