Summary Report on NNI Grand Challenge Workshop on NanoMaterials

Robert Hull, University of Virginia

Lance Haworth, National Science Foundation

Workshop Co-Chairs

WORKSHOP GOALS:

To define a “Grand Challenge” in the broad field of nanomaterials for the next five year implementation of the National Nanotechnology Initiative.

The Grand Challenge should be of sufficiently broad scope and vision that it can inspire the scientific community, federal government and general public, form a major plank of the NNI, and warrant major funding over the next decade

 NNI Grand Challenge Workshop on Nanomaterials, Arlington, Virginia 11-13 June 2003

Weds Am Opening Plenary Session

Overview of the National Nanotechnology Initiative (Sharon Hays, OSTP)

The Promise and Challenges of Nanotechnology (David Swain, Boeing)

Nanoimprint and Guided Self-Assembly (Stephen Chou, Princeton)

Natures Routes to Grow and Assemble Materials (Angela Belcher, MIT)

Beyond Classical (Binary Logic) Materials (Paul Alivisatos , Berkeley)

Computational Materials Science at the Nanoscale (Peter Voorhees, Northwestern)

The Brave New World of Buckytubes (Richard Smalley, Rice)

Weds Pm First Breakout Sessions

Session 1: Beyond Conventional Lithography

Session 2: Beyond Equilibrium Materials

Session 3: Beyond Classical (Binary Logic) Materials

Session 4: Virtual Materials

Session 5: What’s New at the Nanoscale

Weds eve: Discussion- Preliminary Identification of the Nanomaterials Grand Challenge and its Flagship Components

 Thurs Am Definition and Convening of Second Breakout Sessions

Session 1: Information Technologies

Session 2: Health and Medical Technologies

Session 3: Energy Technologies

Session 4: Civil Infrastructure and Transportation

Thurs Pm Reports, Discussions, Conclusions

Fri Preliminary Report Writing

Old Nanomaterials Grand Challenge

• “Nanomaterials by Design”– New properties from dominance of surface area

– Synthesis techniques: self-assembly, templating etc; scaling

– New nanoscale analytical tools

– Molecular modeling, multiple length scales

– “Bulk” nanostructured materials: networks, compaction…

– Improvement in properties: harder, stronger, more reliable, safer (“10x stronger than steel, 10x lighter than paper…”)

– Adaptive, self repairing, “smart materials”

– Environmentally benign

– Medical applications (e.g. drug delivery)

Proposed New NanoMaterials Grand Challenge

NanoFoundries: Development of Techniques, Methods and Instruments for the Fabrication of Nanoscaled Materials and Systems that Enable Economically Viable Applications of Broad Benefit to Industry, Technology, the Economy, the Environment, Health, and Society

Potential Routes to Commercial NanoManufacturing - ILow material volume, high precision systems

- E.g. engineered vol. in micro-electronic circuit (>108 components) is c. 1 mm3

- Basic material cost not a key issue

- Fundamental needs – Increasing demands on lithographic precision, cost; Development of new materials technologies

Nanostructured functional coatings

- E.g. 1 m thick coating on an airplane wing requires volume of c. 1 cm3

- Challenges in uniform coating of complex surfaces

- Fundamental needs – self interrogation / repair for failure; sensing; internal communications; application methods

AA2024

substrate

UVa-AFOSR MURI on “Multi-Functional Aerospace Coatings”

Potential Routes to Commercial NanoManufacturing - IIInternally structured / nanocomposite systems

- Porous materials, e.g. aerogel, internal surface areas of 1000 m2 per g – air or intercalate.

- Unique thermal, electrical, acoustic, dielectric….properties

- More generally, nanocomposite materials can greatly enhance properties (e.g. strength) with small fraction of “filler”.

- Still requires significant volumes of minority phase material(s); optimize properties per volume required: simulation, understanding.

Scaling of synthesis methods

- Key to multiple macroscopic applications (mechanical components, transportation, civil infrastructure,environmental etc.)

- Just make more!

http://eande.lbl.gov/ECS/Aerogels/saphoto.htm

•  Discovery of new materials and properties, and invention of new techniques and instruments

• New techniques for synthesizing and refining nano-materials in large quantities.

• New methods for self-assembly of materials, based upon both biological and non-biological methods.

• Controlled hierarchical structures with multiple length scales down to the nano-scale

• Materials, methods, and instruments for harnessing sub-atomic properties e.g. electron spin and quantum interactions.

• Improved instruments and techniques for structuring and patterning materials at ever-increasing levels of precision.

•The ability to measure 3D structure, properties, and chemistry of materials down to the atomic scale – a “nano-GPS”.

•The development of computational methods, algorithms, and systems – both classical and quantum – to enable realistic simulation over all relevant length and time-scales.

•The interface between nanomaterials and biological systems – enabling widespread improvements in human health.

•Fault tolerance –how perfect do nanoscaled systems need to be to attain desired functionality – and how perfect do the fundamental laws of nature allow such systems to be.

• The development of internal sensing methods for assembling or operating systems to optimize synthesis, evolution or adaption.

Elements of Implementing the Grand Challenge

(n,m) = (5,5) metal

(n,m) = (9,0) semimetal

(n,m) = (10,0) semiconductor

Discovery of new materials and properties, and invention of new techniques and instruments

Eigler et al, IBM

If the aircraft industry had evolved at the same rate as the microelectronics industry in the last 25 years, a Boeing 777 today would cost $500, and circle the globe in 20 minutes on 5 gallons of fuel.

Molecular Electronics H. Park (Harvard)

New techniques for synthesizing and refining nano-materials in large quantities.

Viral Mediated Assembly of Nanowires and Ordered QD Arrays Belcher group, MIT. Science 296, 892 (2002); Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 100, 6946 (2003).

ZnS Nanowires Zn map

New methods for self-assembly of materials, based upon both biological and non-biological methods

Hierarchical Assembly of Semiconductor Nanostrutures

J.Gray, S. Atha, and R. Hull,

University of Virginia J. Floro, Sandia

National Laboratories

1 m

0.5 m

Quantum Dot Molecules

Peapod Fullerenes D. Luzzi et al, U. Penn.

E.g. Chem Phys. Lett. 315, 31; 321, 169

Controlled hierarchical structures with multiple length scales down to the nano-scale

E

I E

A

I C

GaAs Collector

TunnelBarrier

Spin Valve Base

Non-magneti

c Emitter

Van Dijken, Jiang and Parkin Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 775 (2003)

Three terminal magnetic tunnel transistorGaAs(001)/5 nm Co70Fe30/4 nm Cu/5 nm Ni81Fe19/ 1.8 nm Al2O3/30 nm Au

Quantum Computing

NMR Based Algorithmswww.qubit.org (U.Oxford)

Materials, methods, and instruments for harnessing sub-atomic properties e.g. electron spin and quantum interactions

Ion Trap Quantum Computing

CdS Nanowires

STM Atomic Manipulation Eigler group, IBM Almaden

Viral Assembly Mao, Belcher et.al. e.g. Proc.

Nat. Acad. Sci. 100, 6946.

Nano-Imprinting Chou group,

Princeton JVST B16, 3825 (1998)

32 nm Co film

Improved instruments and techniques for structuring and patterning materials at ever-increasing levels of precision

Meters

5 m

FIB-Based Tomography

The ability to measure 3D structure, properties, and chemistry of materials down to the atomic scale – a “nano-GPS”.

3D TomographicTechniques

Tew et al.. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 9852

self organizationrigid rod

flexiblecoil

Wave function for a GaAs dot; (A. Franceschetti and A. Zunger)

T

1/rat % Sn

Bi-Sn

New nanoscale alloys; W. Jesser, UVa

Formation of Metallic Glasses, J. Poon, G. Shiflet, UVa

Development of computational methods, algorithms, and systems to enable realistic simulation over all relevant length and time-scales.

Artificial retina with nanocrystalline diamond

The interface between nanomaterials and biological systems – enabling widespread improvements in human health.

Courtesy of Dr. Mark Humyan, Doheny Eye Institute / USC

Argonne National Laboratories

K. Thürmer, E.D. Williams, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 186102 (2001)

Fault tolerance – how perfect do nanoscaled systems need to be to attain desired functionality – and how perfect can they be

The development of internal sensing methods for assembling or operating systems to optimize synthesis, evolution or adaption

• Major Fields of Impact Include:– Electronics / Computation– Communications– Data storage– Energy storage / transmission / generation– Health care– Transportation– Civil infrastructure,– Military applications, national security– Environment.

• Major advances in effective, minimally invasive personalized health care. Prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. E.g. major advances in enabling in repairing sight, paralysis, and local diagnosis of cancers.

• New generations of computers with petaflop speed and ultra-low power consumption that boot up instantly. Current ‘top-down’ chip manufacturing may integrate with ‘bottom-up’ molecular assembly to enable new paradigms for electronics and communications. Quantum computing: new fields of calc.

• Increasing chemical catalytic efficiency coupled with new materials for power storage, conversion and generation can reduce worldwide energy consumption by 20%. New sensors based will perform process monitoring, waste reduction, and real-time analysis to ensure energy efficiency in manufacturing

• Safety and reliability of transportation systems – trains, planes, ships and automobiles – and civil infrastructure – buildings, bridges, and roads – will be significantly enhanced through the use of embedded nanosensors, smart nanostructured materials, and self-diagnosing and self-correcting materials systems.

Education and Societal Outreach

• How do these advances affect education at all levels - K-12, undergraduate, graduate, and beyond?

• How can we use nanoscience to educate and inspire society to be technologically literate?

• How can we encourage medical professionals to avail themselves of the latest advances in nanotechnology?

• How can we encourage educational institutions to value and reward interdisciplinarity?

• How can we perform high-risk, high-cost research that will also benefit societies, or portions of societies, that cannot afford it?