summary of sustainability work of the brook byers ... · design attributes only single family...

Summary of Sustainability Work of the

Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems

Junchen Yan, Thomas Igou, Osvaldo Broesicke,

Yongsheng Chen, John C. Crittenden

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Georgia Institute of Technology

Aug 9th, 2018

Roadmap to Develop Sustainable Cities

• We need to recreate the anthroposphere to exist within the means of nature

• Use resources that nature provides

• Generate waste that nature can assimilate without overwhelming natural cycles

• Must examine interactions between the environmental, engineered, social and

economic systems.

• Research Directions:

Infrastructure Ecology

Sustainability Toolbox

Ecosystem Services

Life Cycle Assessment

Models

Predict consumer behavior and demand for

sustainable infrastructure

Optimize technology choice depending on

community structure and climate

Identify network mechanisms of

interdependent infrastructures

Sustainable

Systems

Analysis

Social Decision Making

Predicting the Demand for

Urban Infrastructure

Identifying Sustainable &

Resilient Alternatives

Evaluate the Sustainability & Resilience Performance

Build the Infrastructure

& Assess Actual

Performance

2

3

Our Work on Sustainable Systems Analysis

Infrastructure Ecology views the city as an ecosystem and integrates the urban infrastructure as a system of systems.

This allows us to alter and reorganize energy and resource flows and consider the potential synergistic effects arising from

infrastructure symbiosis. [1]

– Improve diversity of infrastructure, and improve energy and material flow to mimic real ecosystems.

Interconnectedness within the urban infrastructure system (UIS) and the

interrelation of the UIS with natural environmental systems and socio-

economic systems.

12 Principles of Infrastructure Ecology

4

Our Work on Sustainable Systems Analysis

Work in progress

Used Topic Modeling to analyze 12,526

abstracts

• Identified 30 topics

– Research Themes (23/30)

– Sustainability Tools (7/30)

• Toolbox covers:

– Solution development

– System evaluation

– Decision making

Sustainability Toolbox [2]

Source: Lu et al. (In Progress)

Land use and ecosystem services in Atlanta [3]

Carbon storage (108 tons)

1985 1992 1999 2005 2012

0

1

2

3

4

Water yield (1010

m3)

1985 1992 1999 2005 2012

0.0

.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Nitrogen export (106 kg)

1985 1992 1999 2005 2012

0

2

4

6

8

10

Phosphorus export (106

kg)

1985 1992 1999 2005 2012

0.0

.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Sediment export (105

tons)

1985 1992 1999 2005 2012

0

2

4

6

8

10

Habitat quality index (107)

1985 1992 1999 2005 2012

0.0

.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Recreation opportunity index (106)

1985 1992 1999 2005 2012

0

2

4

6

8

10

Food supply (1011

kcal)

1985 1992 1999 2005 2012

0.0

.2

.4

.6

.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

• Forest and wetland had the greatest proportion of decreases, which were

42% and 34%, respectively.

• From 1985 to 2012, the forest accounted for the largest proportion in

Atlanta.

• Low and high intensity developed land increased most, by 157% and

394%, respectively.

Indicators Change rates

Carbon storage －23%

Water yield －22%

Nitrogen export ＋28%

Phosphorus export ＋49%

Sediment export ＋17%

Habitat quality index －27%

Recreation opportunity －35%

Food supply －36%

Our Work On Sustainable Systems Analysis

5


6

3,258 Person Per Square Mile1.07 metric ton per capita per year

Structural Fractal Dimension = 2.80

1,378 Person Per Square Mile1.52 metric ton per capita per year

Structural Fractal Dimension = 3.36

The geometric form of road networks is similar between Washington DC and Atlanta. The difference in the hierarchy of transportation networks accounts for 30% of density difference and 20% of carbon difference between Washington DC and Atlanta.

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0

Carb

on

Pe

r C

ap

ita

(Me

tric

to

nn

es

20

05

)

Structural Fractal Dimension

2 miles

42% More Water For Transportation!

The Impact of the Hierarchy of Transportation Network On Carbon Emissions

from Land Development and Transportation

7

Our Work On Sustainable Energy Systems Analysis

Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power combined with Renewable Generation and Energy Storage [4,5]

The big goal of this research is to develop a tool that can evaluate the social, environmental and economic impact of theproposed power system via several sustainability metrics.

8


Parametric Life Cycle

Assessment [6]

Combined Cooling Heating Power Energy Demand• Electricity• Hot water• Heating• Cooling

Parameterization

Result Interpretation and Decision Support

ElectricityStorage

Electricity

Thermal Storage

Hot Water Cold Water

Environmental, Social and Economic Life Cycle Impact Assessment

Life Cycle Inventory

Water Energy CO2 CO CH4 N2O NO NO2 SO2 NOX NH3 VOC PM2.5 PM10 (Variety of Chemicals from batteries)

TechnologiesCCHP Generation• Microturbines• Reciprocating Engines• Sterling Engine• Fuel Cells• Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Renewables• Solar• Wind

Electricity Storage• Solid State Batteries• Flow Batteries• Flywheels• Compressed Air Energy

Storage• Hydrogen• Pumped Hydro-power

storage• Thermal• Hydraulic Rock Storage• Electric Cars

Thermal Storage• Heat stored as sensible heat• Heat stored as latent heat• Heat stored as chemical energy

Centralized Heat and Powersupply backup

• Electricity from central grid• Hot water from furnace

feedback

Options

Energy Demand ScenariosClimate Change Heating Degree Days Cooling Degree DaysBuilding Types Building OrientationsBuilding Energy Loss Rate and Efficiency

Energy Supply ScenariosLocation Resource Limitations Operational ModeEfficiency Heat to Power Ratio PolicySubsidy Net metering Resource PriceLife time Degradation Weather PatternFuel Consumption Pattern

Energy Backup ScenariosResource Price Type of Centralized Power PlantFurnace Type Electricity Price Water HeaterPolicy Carbon Cost Efficiency

Socialan

dPo

liticalDecisio

n&

Plan

nin

g

9


Big Data for Social Decision and Urban Complexity Modeling [7]

Collect Analyze ModelingSocial MediaBlogsTwitterNewsProduct Reviews

Enrich and prepare social media content with metadata

Agent-based urban model and visualization

Topic Modeling

• Demand reduced by harvesting rainwater and reclaiming greywater.

• LID techniques can reduce centralized water use for non-potable uses by up to 65% in Atlanta.

• LID and greywater reclamation can reduce centralized water demand by up to 84% for non-potable uses in Atlanta.

A

Water

SuppyWastewater

Treatment

Stormwater

Management

Rainwater

Harvesting

Low Impact

Development

10

Our Work On Sustainable Systems Modeling

Decentralized Water Systems [13-15]

Greywater

Reclamation

11

Agent-Based Modeling: Simulating Adoption Rate for More Sustainable Urban Development [8]


Principal Agents: Prospective

Homebuyer, Homeowners, Developers,

Government

Impact fee for Low Impact Development

non-compliance penalty:

• $13,000 per unit for single-family

house

• $1,500 per unit for apartment home

Implemented Policy Tool

After 30 years:

• 40% reduction in potable water demand

from centralized plant in MSD as compared

to BAU

• 36% increase in net property tax revenue

generation in MSD as compared to BAU

Policy Implementation Effect

65%

35%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30Year

Percentage of households as compared to total households after30 yearsPercentage of households in single-family houses as compared tototal households after 30 yearsPercentage of households in apartments as compared to totalhouseholds after 30 years

41%

59%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30Year

Business As Usual

(BAU)

More Sustainable Development

(MSD)

12


Latent-Class Model for Choice Simulation [7]

Conventional sprawling community Smart growth neighborhood

Design

Attributes

Only single family houses on large lots.

No sidewalks.

A few miles to shopping, restaurants, a

library, and a school and you have to drive to

most.

Public transportation is distant or unavailable.

A mix of housing choice.

Sidewalks are provided.

A few blocks to shopping, restaurants, a library, and a school and you can either walk or

drive

Public transportation, is nearby.

A few blocks to parks, playground, and recreational area you can either walk or drive.

Commute time to work is less than 20 minutes.

Add more desirable attributes (red color in the above table)

Use community preference survey data (National Association of Realtors) to calibrate decision-making equations in an agent-based model

13


Urban Farming: Hydroponic systems modeling [10,11]

Work in progress

• Global agriculture is supported by unsustainable, largely unidirectional flows of water, fertilizer and energy

• Recovery of nutrients, water and energy is feasible from primary domestic wastewater by integration of membrane filtration and granular

activated carbon with high-rate anaerobic treatment (below)

• Anaerobically treated domestic wastewater provides an excellent feedstock for hydroponic agriculture as solids are completely removed,

energy is produced (biogas), and micro- and macronutrients (fertilizers) are retained

Pilot-scale performances [11]

En

erg

y p

ote

nti

al

(kW

h/m

3)

Energy-Positive:

Max: +0.287 kWh m-3

Min: +0.193 kWh m-3

CAS: –0.450 kWh m-3

• High COD removal (94%)

COD <25 mg/L

BOD5 <10 mg/L

• 54-59% of COD converted to CH4 0.42 kWh m-3

• Low biosolids production

0.051 gVSS gCODR-1

• Complete solids removal

>99% TSS & VSS removal

• HRT: 4.6 6.8 hours

14


Urban Farming: Aquaponic systems modeling [9]

Work in progress

• Symbiotic aquaculture and hydroponic cultivation in closed, recirculating system

• Combining techniques improves productivity and nutrient utilization efficiency

• Currently developing a model to simulate water quality, food productivity, energy demand and appropriate implementation scales in cities (in progress, below)

• Model is based on experimental greenhouse at GT Structures Laboratory (right)

Fish Tanks Bioreactor Grow Beds

Calculate emissions (CO2 and NOX), water consumption, and potential

cost savings for energy production within each building and Metro Atlanta

Model electrical and thermal

load to meet demand for

each building type

Model electrical

output from alt

energy sources

Model thermal &

electrical output

from CCHP system

Model energy

demand for 5

building types

Three studies

1. Water, air emissions, and cost impacts of air-cooled microturbines for combined cooling, heating and power systems: A case study in the Atlanta region

2. Impact of land use & technology policies on water demand and emissions of a rapidly growing urban region

3.heating and power systems

Decentralized Energy Generation [4,5]

15


By 2030, implementation of CCHP in all new and existing residential and commercial buildings could reduce CO2 emissions by ~0.016 Gt, NOX emissions by ~24 kt, and decrease water-for-energy consumption by 315 MGD per year for the Metro Atlanta region with More Compact Development [5]

CO2 (106 tonnes) NOX (103 tonnes) Water Consumption (mgd )

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

No

CCHP

CCHP CCHP

w/ netmet

2005 level

-90%-63%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

No CCHP CCHP CCHP

w/ netmet

2005 level

-50%

-8%

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

No

CCHP

CCHP CCHP w/

netmet

2005 level

-74% -93%

16

Decentralized Energy Generation [4,5]


17


Optimize building composition with infrastructure demands

• Analyzing how different combined cooling, heating, and

power (CCHP) systems can match thermal and electric

demands

• Analyzing the demands of 15 reference building types

within 16 different climate zones, analyzed by the

Department of Energy.

18


• Urban infrastructure systems can be represented by a multilayer network

• Can be studied by tensor representation

• Limits the loss of interaction data of monolayer network representation, which requires one common currency

Multilayer Network Analysis of Infrastructure Systems

Figure taken from Derrible, S., (2017) [12]

19

References

1. Pandit, A., Minné, E.A., Li, F., Brown, H., Jeong, H., James, J.A.C., Newell, J.P., Weissburg, M., Chang, M.E., Xu, M., Yang, P., Wang, R., Thomas, V.M., Yu, X., Lu, Z., Crittenden, J.C., 2015. Infrastructure ecology: An evolving paradigm for sustainable urban development. J. Clean. Prod. 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.010

2. Lu, Z., Broesicke, O., Xu, M., Newell, J., Keoleian, G., Derrible, S., Mihelcic, J., Schwegler, B., Zhou, T., Chang, M., Crittenden, J., In Progress. Synthesis and Evaluation of Sustainability Toolbox for Managing Complex Human-Nature Systems

3. Sun, X., Crittenden, J. C., Li, F., Lu, Z. & Dou, X. Urban expansion simulation and the spatio-temporal changes of ecosystem services, a case study in Atlanta Metropolitan area, USA. Sci. Total Environ. 622–623, 974–987 (2018).

4. James, J.-A., Thomas, V.M., Pandit, A., Li, D., Crittenden, J.C., 2016. Water, Air Emissions, and Cost Impacts of Air-Cooled Microturbines for Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems: A Case Study in the Atlanta Region. Engineering 2, 470–480. doi:10.1016/J.ENG.2016.04.008

5. James, J.-A., Sung, S., Jeong, H., Broesicke, O.A., French, S.P., Li, D., Crittenden, J.C., n.d. Impacts of Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems and Rainwater Harvesting on Water Demand, Carbon Dioxide and NOx Emissions for Atlanta. Environ. Sci. Technol. In Review.

6. Lee, D. Parametric Approach to Life cycle Assessment. (Georgia Institute of Technology, 2016).7. Lu, Z., Southworth, F., Crittenden, J. C. & Dunhum-Jones, E. Market potential for smart growth neighbourhoods in the USA: A

latent class analysis on heterogeneous preference and choice. Urban Stud. 52, 3001–3017 (2015).8. Lu, Z., Noonan, D., Crittenden, J.C., Jeong, H., Wang, D., 2013. Use of impact fees to incentivize low-impact development and promote compact

growth. Environ. Sci. Technol. 47, 10744–10752. doi:10.1021/es304924w9. Debrota, K. H. Mechanistic Modeling of an Aquaponic Controlled Environment Agriculture System: Nutrient and Water Dynamics, Harvest

Productivity, and Waste Treatment (2017).10. Chen, Y., Crittenden, J. C., Igou, T. K., and Broesicke, O. A. Use of Domestic Wastewater for Food Production International Conference on Resource

Sustainability, June 27-29 (2018), Beijing, CN.11. Shin, C. and Bae, J. Current Status of the Pilot-Scale Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor Treatments of Domestic Wastewaters: A Critical Review

Bioresource Technology 247, (2018): 1038–1046. doi:10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2017.09.002,

12. Derrible, S. Complexity in future cities: the rise of networked infrastructure. Int. J. Urban Sci. 21, 68–86 (2017).

20

References

13. Jeong, H., Minne, E., Crittenden, J.C., 2015. Life cycle assessment of the City of Atlanta, Georgia’s centralized water system. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 20, 880–891. doi:10.1007/s11367-015-0874-y

14. Jeong, H., Broesicke, O.A., Drew, B., Li, D., Crittenden, J.C., 2016. Life cycle assessment of low impact development technologiescombined with conventional centralized water systems for the City of Atlanta, Georgia. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 10. doi:10.1007/s11783-016-0851-0

15. Jeong, H., Broesicke, O.A., Drew, B., Crittenden, J.C., 2017. Life cycle assessment of small-scale greywater reclamation systems combined with conventional centralized water systems for the City of Atlanta, Georgia. J. Clean. Prod. (In Review).

16. Crittenden, J.C., Lu, Z., Pandit, A., 2015. Water for everything and the transformative technologies to improve water sustainability, in: National Water Research Institute: Clarke Prize Lecture. Huntington Beach, CA, pp. 1–23.

21

Supplementary Slides

Potential CO2 And NOX Impacts Of CCHP In Atlanta

By 2030, implementation of CHP in all residential and commercial and buildings will reduce the CO 2

and NOX emissions in the Metro Atlanta region. [6]

w/CCHPs in existing (2005) and new buildings

BAU – CO2 MCG – CO2 BAU – NOX MCG – NOX

Base Year (2005)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

NoCCHP CCHP CCHP

w/ netmet

CO

2E

mis

sions

(10

6to

nnes

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

NoCCHP CCHP CCHP

w/ netmet

NO

XE

mis

sions

(10

3to

nnes

)

50%

90%

22

Potential Water-for-energy Impacts Of CCHP In Atlanta

By 2030, implementation of CCHP in all residential and commercial and buildings will reduce water consumption in the Metro Atlanta region. [6]

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

No CCHP CCHP CCHP w/

netmet

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n (

10

6g

al p

er d

ay)

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

No CCHP CCHP CCHP w/

netmet

Wit

hd

raw

als

(10

6g

al p

er d

ay) w/CCHPs in existing (2005) and new buildings

MCGBAU Base Year (2005)

93%

23

Examples of Emergent Properties: Power Laws

Source: Bettencourt 2013

Infrastructure Measures: Road

miles: Exponent=.85

Doubling

Urban

Populaion

Results in 1.8

times

Roadway50% Reduction

of roadway for

10M people as

compare to

100K people.

24


Urban Agriculture [8,16]

Urban Agriculture (Aquaponics,

Urban Farming, Greenhouse Farm)

Stormwater Management

with Low-Impact Development

More Concentrated Wastewater

Sou

rce of Fertilizer Harvested Rainwater

Stormwater treated through LID

Heat and Energy

Fertilizer for Farms, Food for Aquaponics

Heat

Na

tura

l Ga

s from

An

aero

bic D

igestio

n

Natural Gas from Compost

CO2 Injection

Natural Gas from Landfill

Combined Carbon Capture, Cooling, Heating and Power (Air-cooled microturbines)

On-site Energy and Nutrient Recovery

Local Composting

Landfill

Heat and Energy

Water

Fertilizer

Natural Gas

CO2

LEGEND

Close the loop in urban infrastructure systems

Urban system as a Circular Economy

Developing model for aquaponics productivity

25

Life Cycle Assessments On Decentralized Energy

Generation (DG)

Quantifying the impacts for DG as a result of generation and storage technologies as well as policy.

26

Multidisciplinary Decision Optimization

• Looking to identify the optimum combinations of technologies for given objectives

• Identify interactions among Water-Energy-Transportation infrastructures

• Develop the Pareto space– Visualization of optimum

combinations

Sample of alternative technologies and developmental strategies that may interact with centralized infrastructure

27

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