Summarize of chapter 2

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Organizations are subsystems

Organizational environments :

Community environment:

Physical location Population Education Average income.

Economic environment:

Market factors competition.

Political environment:

State Local government

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Systems are described as either:

Open: Free information (Art department)

Closed: restricted access to information (defense department)

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Virtual organization: parts of the organization in different physical locations (uses computer networks and communicational technology).

Advantages of a virtual organization :

Reduced costs Rapid response Flexibility.

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Context-level data flow diagram (DFD) :

Tools for: showing data, overview of environment sittings.

Interrelated Interdependent

Context -level DFD symbols are:

Entity ( person , group , department ) Process ( represent the entire system ) Data flow ( information that passes to and from the process , Noun )

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Entity relationship diagram (ER diagram):

Helps the analyst understand the system.

Types of Relationships:

Many to many One to one. One to many.

Steps used to create E-R diagrams:

List the entities. Choose key entities to narrow the scope of the problem. Identify the primary key. Confirm the results.

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The three levels of managerial control are:

Operations management. Middle management Strategic management.

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Operations Management

Make decisions using predetermined rules. Oversee the operating details. Dependent on internal information.

Middle Management

Make short-term planning Decisions may be partly operational and partly strategic. Decisions are dependent on internal information (historical)

Strategic Management

Look outward to the future Guide middle and operations managers. Define the organization as a whole. Make one-time decisions

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Each of the three levels of managements has:

Leadership style Different organization structure. Organization culture Technological considerations.

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