sulphur purification-siddha method

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Research Article PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GANDHAGAM BEFORE AND AFTER PURIFICATION *RAJALAKSHMI P ** ABEETHA M AND *** DEVANATHAN R *API, **JRF, ***APII Carism, Sastra University, Thanjavur Received: 15 Jun 2010, Revised and Accepted: 16 July 2010 ABSTRACT Sulphur, commonly referred as Gandhagam in Siddha literature, has a wide range of therapeutic efficacy. It is used in the preparations like Rasayanam, Pills, Mezhugu and Bhasmas and Chenduram as a major / one of the ingredients. Before its usage as a medicine raw Sulphur is subjected to purification methods in order to remove the impurities as well as to increase the potency of the medicine as per the Siddha literature. In the present study, Purification of Sulphur, with milk as a detoxifying agent for thirty times was done. The percentage of Sulphur before (I sulphur), during the process ( II sulphur) and after purification(III sulphur) were analyzed. The heavy metal analysis was done to trace the presence of Lead and Mercury during the process. As milk was used as purifying agent the levels of calcium and phosphorus were also estimated. An attempt was made to prove efficacy of milk in removing the impurities of Gandhakam and estimation of purified Gandhakam was done with the help of modern techniques like physico‐ chemical analysis and heavy metal analysis. Keywords: Physiochemical analysis, Sulphur INTRODUCTION Sulphur is a crystalline, non‐metal used in the preparations like Rasayanam, Pills, Mezhugu, Parmam and in Chenduram as a major / one of the ingredients in Siddha therapeutics. The name kandagam refers “odour” in Tamil literature. It possess bitter and Astringent tastes. Traditionally Sulphur is known with other names like Gandagam, Kaarizhai Natham, Parai natham, Parai Veerayam, Atheetha prakasam, Beejam, Selvi vindhu, Sakthi, Sakthi peesam, Chenduraa thrrathi, Theviuram, Natham, Narram, Parai natham, Ponnvarni, Rasa ssronitham. In Siddha system sixty four types of poisons are mentioned for therapeutic purpose. Pirappu kandagam, Vaipu kandagam, Kozhi thalai kandagam, VanaKendhi vaipu, are some of the varieties. Pirappu kandagam, is the naturally occuring sulphur from which remaining were prepared by subjecting it to purification. Kozhi thalai kandagam, name itself suggests that it resembles red color of the crown of Cock. Based on the color Sulphur is four types 1. White sulphur is used to cure all diseases. 2. Parrot nose red colour Kandhagam is used for calcinations of nine metals. 3. Golden color Kandagam resembles the colour of Gooseberry, easily reacts with Mercury to form Kajjali, is used in therapeutics. 4. Black Kandagam similar with the Crow black colour is a rare variety used as a rejuvenator. In nature, both plant and animal origin substances contain Sulphur in a permisiable quantity such as leafy vegetables, egg, meat, garlic etc. Reactivity An easy bond making with the metallic ions i.e the reactivity of suphur, makes it unique to act as a precursor in the preparation of chenduram. Mode of action Sulphur is a laxative, it enhances bile juice secretion, alterative, antiseptic and diaphoretic. It is excreted through duct glands like sweat, urine, mammary glands. It enhances secretions of skin, bronchioles and rectum. Therapeutic uses Sulphur is mainly used therapeutically in Eighteen types of Leucoderma, Flatulence, Hepatomegaly, Ascites, Gastric ulcer, Eye diseases, Poisonous bites, chronic veneral diseases, Rheumatic fever, Diarrohea and respiratory symptoms. Dose: 650 mg‐‐1.9 g medicine; For Laxative purpose‐ 4.2 g ‐ 12.6 g MATERIALS AND METHODS Common herbal decoctions used for the purification of the Sulphur as per Siddha literature are aqueous extract of Tamarindus indicus, Sour rice water, Sour butter milk, Mushroom juice, cow’s milk and stem juice of Musa paradisiaca. The paste of Lawsonia innermis mixed with curd is also used for purification of sulphur. Purification with the cow’s milk is taken for the present study. Method Stage wise purification method with the photographs was mentioned below: Quantity sufficient of butter was taken melted. Then 250 g of sulphur was taken and melted at a temperature of 60‐70 0 C. The above melted sulphur is poured into a earthen container containing cow’s milk. The Sulphur pored into the milk is allowed it to cool on its own. The above process is repeated for thirty times by taking the fresh milk each time. The purified Sulphur after cooling is filtered and washed with the normal water. An amount of 12 gms of Sulphur before, middle and after the purification process were collected for the chemical analysis. ( i.e I stage before purification (raw material), 15 th stage i.e during the process and 30 th stage i.e after purific The collected samples were subjected to the following investigations like Estimation of Sulphur Estimation of Calcium Estimation of Phosphorous Results Physicochemical analysis Results are given in Table 1 International Journal of CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH ISSN- 0975-1491 Vol 2, Issue 4, 2010

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this paper gives an vivid explanation of purifying sulphur for medicinal purpose. physico-chemical analysis report shows the efficacy of the purified sulphur.

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Page 1: sulphur purification-siddha method

Research Article 

PHYSICO­CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GANDHAGAM BEFORE AND AFTER PURIFICATION  

*RAJALAKSHMI P   **ABEETHA M AND ***DEVANATHAN R  

*API, **JRF, ***APII Carism, Sastra University, Thanjavur 

Received: 15 Jun 2010, Revised and Accepted: 16 July 2010 

ABSTRACT 

Sulphur,  commonly  referred  as  Gandhagam  in  Siddha  literature,  has  a  wide  range  of  therapeutic  efficacy.  It  is  used  in  the  preparations  like Rasayanam, Pills, Mezhugu and Bhasmas and Chenduram as a major / one of the ingredients. Before its usage as a medicine raw Sulphur is subjected to purification methods in order to remove the impurities as well as to increase the potency of the medicine as per the Siddha literature. 

In  the  present  study,  Purification  of  Sulphur,  with milk  as  a  detoxifying  agent  for  thirty  times was  done.  The  percentage  of  Sulphur    before  (I sulphur),  during  the  process  (  II  sulphur)    and  after  purification(III  sulphur)  were  analyzed.  The  heavy  metal  analysis  was  done  to  trace  the presence of Lead and Mercury during the process. As milk was used as purifying agent the levels of calcium and phosphorus were also estimated.  An attempt was made to prove efficacy of milk in removing the impurities of Gandhakam and estimation of purified Gandhakam was done with the help of modern techniques like physico‐ chemical analysis and heavy metal analysis. 

Keywords: Physiochemical analysis, Sulphur 

 

INTRODUCTION 

Sulphur  is  a  crystalline,  non‐metal  used  in  the  preparations  like Rasayanam, Pills, Mezhugu, Parmam and in Chenduram as a major / one of  the  ingredients  in Siddha therapeutics. The name kandagam refers  “odour”  in  Tamil  literature.  It  possess  bitter  and  Astringent tastes.  Traditionally  Sulphur  is  known  with  other  names  like Gandagam,  Kaarizhai  Natham,  Parai  natham,  Parai  Veerayam, Atheetha  prakasam,  Beejam,  Selvi  vindhu,  Sakthi,  Sakthi  peesam, Chenduraa  thrrathi,  Theviuram,  Natham,  Narram,  Parai  natham, Ponnvarni, Rasa ssronitham. 

In  Siddha  system  sixty  four  types  of  poisons  are  mentioned  for therapeutic  purpose.  Pirappu  kandagam,  Vaipu  kandagam,  Kozhi thalai  kandagam,  VanaKendhi  vaipu,  are  some  of  the  varieties. Pirappu  kandagam,  is  the  naturally  occuring  sulphur  from  which remaining  were  prepared  by  subjecting  it  to  purification.  Kozhi thalai kandagam, name itself suggests that it resembles red color of the crown of Cock. Based on the color Sulphur is four types 

1. White sulphur is used to cure all diseases.  

2. Parrot nose red colour Kandhagam is used for calcinations of nine metals.  

3. Golden color Kandagam resembles the colour of Gooseberry, easily reacts with Mercury to form Kajjali, is used in therapeutics.  

4. Black Kandagam similar with the Crow black colour is a rare variety used as a rejuvenator.    

In nature, both plant and animal origin substances contain Sulphur in a permisiable quantity such as  leafy vegetables, egg, meat,  garlic etc.  

Reactivity 

An  easy  bond  making  with  the  metallic  ions  i.e    the  reactivity  of suphur, makes it unique to act as a precursor in the preparation of chenduram.   

Mode of action 

Sulphur  is  a  laxative,  it  enhances  bile  juice  secretion,  alterative, antiseptic  and  diaphoretic.  It  is  excreted  through  duct  glands  like sweat,  urine,  mammary  glands.  It  enhances  secretions  of  skin, bronchioles and rectum. 

Therapeutic uses 

Sulphur  is  mainly  used  therapeutically  in  Eighteen  types  of Leucoderma,  Flatulence,  Hepatomegaly,  Ascites,  Gastric  ulcer,  Eye 

diseases, Poisonous bites, chronic veneral diseases, Rheumatic fever, Diarrohea and respiratory symptoms. 

Dose: 

650 mg‐‐1.9 g medicine;   

For Laxative purpose‐ 4.2 g ‐ 12.6 g 

MATERIALS AND METHODS 

Common herbal decoctions used for the purification of  the Sulphur as per Siddha  literature are aqueous extract of Tamarindus  indicus, Sour  rice water,  Sour butter milk, Mushroom  juice,  cow’s milk  and stem  juice  of  Musa  paradisiaca.  The  paste  of  Lawsonia  innermis mixed with curd is also used for purification of sulphur. Purification with the cow’s milk is taken for the present study.  

Method 

Stage  wise  purification  method  with  the  photographs  was mentioned below: 

Quantity sufficient of butter was taken melted. Then 250 g of sulphur was  taken  and  melted  at  a  temperature  of  60‐700C.  The  above melted sulphur  is poured into a earthen container containing cow’s milk. The Sulphur pored into the milk is allowed it to cool on its own. 

The  above  process  is  repeated  for  thirty  times  by  taking  the  fresh milk each time.  

The  purified  Sulphur  after  cooling  is  filtered  and washed with  the normal water. 

An  amount  of  12  gms  of  Sulphur  before,  middle  and  after  the purification process were  collected  for  the chemical analysis.  (  i.e  I stage  before  purification  (raw  material),  15th  stage  i.e  during  the process and 30th stage i.e after purific 

The collected samples were subjected to the following investigations like  

• Estimation of Sulphur 

• Estimation of Calcium 

Estimation of Phosphorous  

Results 

Physico­chemical analysis 

Results are given in Table 1 

International Journal of CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH

ISSN- 0975-1491 Vol 2, Issue 4, 2010

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Rajalakshmi et al. Int J Curr Pharm Res, Vol 2, Issue 4, 32­35

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Physical changes observed during purification process 

The colour of the sulphur before purification was bright yellow and shiny in nature. During the process  it  losses  its  luster, softness and become  easily  fragile.  Finally,  pale  yellow  coloured  substance  with brittle nature was observed at the end of the process.   

The  criteria  by  which  the  sulphur  is  purified  is  decided  by  the disappearance  of  its  smell  during  the  process  of  purification.  The raw  sulphur  will  have  a  foul  smell  which  will  be  lost  during  the processing with butter and milk, is an important parameter followed by the traditional siddha practitioners.  

It  had  an  irritable  taste during  the  I  stage  of process where as  the final  processed  sulphur  was  tasteless.  Obtaining  a  tastelessness substance  finally after  the purification  is also an  important marker considered  by  traditional  Siddha  practitioners  during  the purification of  sulphur. With  the advanced technologies the  sulphur was further investigated to check the validation of sulphur’s purity. 

Chemical investigations 

Quantification of Sulphur 

The above results denote the purity of sulphur at every stage as well as  a  steady  increase  of  purification  in  the  amount  of  sulphur.

•  

 

Fig. 1: Butter

 Fig. 2: Melting Sulphur 

 

Fig. 3: Pouring melted Sulphur

 Fig. 4: Solidified Sulphur 

  

 

Table 1:  Physico­chemical analysis 

Percentage of  Elements 

ISulphur (before purification)  

IISulphur (duringthe process 

III Sulphur (after purification 

I Milk   II Milk  III Milk 

Sulphur %   39.132   46.0201   86.5871  1.8600  3.8937   4.2136 Calcium   140   140   120   160   140   100  Phosphorous   0.1453  0.1828  0.2260  0.1445  0.1943  0.2383 Mercury   0.082   0.0086  0.0094  0.0084  0.0066   0.0058  Lead   0.1157   0.3912   0.4235  0.4209  0.5741   0.3378 

 

   

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 Graph 1­10 

  

Estimation of heavy metals 

Mostly,  heavy  metals  are  considered  to  be  the  impurities  of  drug which may  inhibit  the efficiency of  the drug. Safety of  the drug can be validated by estimating the heavy metals  like mercury and lead. The heavy metals present in sulphur were estimated with the help of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.  

Estimation of calcium 

As  milk  is  taken  as  a  purifying  agent  and  is  rich  in  calcium  the estimation  of  Calcium  was  under  taken.  Generally,  calcium  is  a reducing agent, used for reducing metals. In this study calcium plays a significant role as a reducing agent. 

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A loss in quantity of calcium was observed (by flame photometry) at the  final  stage  of  purification.  It  decreased  from  160  ppm  to  100 ppm in milk used for detoxification process. It may be attributed to the chelating activity of calcium during the purification process. The levels  of  calcium  in purified  sulphur were also  less  as  compared  to that of the initial sulphur which shows the purity of sulphur. 

Estimation of Phosphorous 

Phosphorous  is  another  active  ingredient  of  milk.  Levels  of phosphorous were  studied  using  titrametric  analysis.  It was  found that phosphorous level has steadily increased from 0.145 % ‐ 0.226 %  in  sulphur.  During  purification  process,  phosphorous  levels increased  both  in  milk  and  sulphur.  Even  though,  it  doesn’t  have detoxifying property as  such  that of  calcium  it helps as an additive nutrient for the processed sulphur. 

Thus,  phosphorous  provides  to  be  a  supplement  during  the purification of sulphur. 

CONCLUSION 

In the present study the detoxification of Sulphur with the milk was done to remove the toxic substances and also enable it to use safely in  therapeutics.  During  the  purification  process  the  purity percentage  of  Sulphur  was  found  increased.  The  milk  as  a detoxifying agent was successful  in removing toxic agents from  the processed drug thus enhancing the potency of the drug.  

As  milk  is  taken  for  the  study  which  is  rich  in  calcium  and phosphorus  the  impact  of milk  constituents  on  sulphur  during  the process  was  studied  and  they  also  observed  in  permissiable amounts  after  the  purification.  Disappearance  of  Foul  smell  of Sulphur which was observed  initially and  increased tendency of  its fragile  nature were  also  an  important  parameters    to  confirm  that Gandhaka was purified  as per Siddha literature. 

The chemical analysis of the stage wise samples of Sulphur as well as milk  showed  an  increasing  percentage  of  sulphur,  decreasing percentage  of  Mercury  and  Lead    finally,  with  in  permissible quantity  after  the  purification.  The  Food  and  Drug  Administration (FDA)  has  set  a  maximum  permissible  level  of  1  part  of  methyl mercury in a million parts (1 ppm). The mercury content during the 

initial  stage  of  purification was 0.082 ppm which was  significantly reduced to 0.00942 ppm during the final purification.  

During purification of sulphur  levels of lead steadily increased from 0.1157  ppm  to  0.4225  ppm.  Yet  the  values  were  well  within  the safety limits as prescribed by FDA. (10 ppm). From the above we can conclude that milk which is used as detoxifying agent as per Siddha literature was able  to  get  rid  of  the  impurities  if    remains also are with in the permissiable quantity. 

 As  sulphur  occurs  in  the  natural  form  combined  with  the  other metals  it  is  subjected  to purification  to get rid of  the  impurities.  In the  present  study  purification  was  undertaken with  the  milk  as  a detoxifying agent one can conclude with the above that milk which is used  as  a  detoxigying  agent  is  suitable  for  the  purification  of Gandhakam to get rid of the impurities. 

REFERENCES 

1. Thyagaraja  Mudaliyar,  GunapadamThaathu  Jeeva  vaguppu, IIIrd Edn, Indian Medical Association, 1981. 

2. Jeyaraj, Siddha Toxicology, Ist Ed. Department of Indian System of Medicine and Homeopathy, 1999. 

3. Kuppusamy Mudaliyar, Siddha Vaithiya thiratu.Van Cromphaut SJ, Dewerchin M, Hoenderop JG, Stockmans I, Van Herck E, Kato S,  Bindels  RJ,  Colle  D  Carmeliet  P,  Bouillon  R,  Carmeliet  G Duodenal  calcium  absorption  in  vitamin  D  receptor‐knockout mice: functional and molecular aspects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Nov 6;98(23):13324‐9. 

4. Sang  Hyun  Kim  and  Raghubir  P.  Sharma  Mercury‐induced apoptosis  and  necrosis  in  murine  macrophages:  role  of calcium‐induced  reactive  oxygen  species  and  p38  mitogen‐activated  protein  kinase  signaling  Toxicology  and  Applied Pharmacology Volume 196, Issue 1, 1 April 2004, 47‐57. 

5. Title  21—Food  and  Drugs  Chapter  I—Food  and  Drug Administration  Department  of  Health  and  Human  Services Subchapter  D—Drugs  for  Human  Use  Code  of  federal regulations.  United  States  Food  and  Drug  Administration. Retrieved on 1 May 2007.  

6. Preventing Lead Exposure in Young Children: A Housing‐Based Approach  to  Primary  Prevention  of  Lead  Poisoning  (2004)  – Recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention, 20.