sudhish sir class
TRANSCRIPT
HEALTHY SOILS FOR A HEALTHY LIFE
Sudhis Kumar. KAssistant Director –SS-NC
Department of Soil Survey & Soil Conservation
Topics
• Soil pollution • soil quality monitoring • soil health card• Remote sensing and GIS• Soil Based Plant Nutrient Information System• Quality of irrigation water
Soil
The unconsolidated mineral or organic material on the immediate surface of
the Earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of plants.
Soil Formation
Young soil Developed soil
Soil Survey
• Soil survey is the study and mapping of soils in their natural environment
• It is the systematic examination, description, classification and mapping of soils in an area
SOIL SURVEY
A soil survey describes the characteristics of the soils,classifies them, plots the boundaries of the soils on anappropriate base map, and makes predictions about the behavior of soils.
Thus soil survey provide basic information on soils for planning developmental programmes.
KINDS OF SOIL SURVEYS
1. Detailed soil surveyLow intensity detailed soil surveyHigh intensity detailed soil survey
2. Reconnaissance soil survey
3. Detailed-Reconnaissance soil survey
Field survey and mapping (Detailed soil survey)
Identification and location of survey area on soil and cadastral maps,
Traverse the area and identify correctly the field plots and subplots by starting from a known point present both on map and field,
Selection and location of transects,
Study and classification of profiles,
Preparation of preliminary soil mapping legend,
Topography has a major role in soil development
Survey and mapping
Identification of soil series –have same differentiating characters and horizons
Identification of dominant phases for each series,surface texture, gravelly/stony/rocky, slope, depth, erosion, calcareousness, salinity, Surface crusting, etc.,
Entisols
Mollisols
Alfisols Spodosols
Ultisols
Inceptisols
Histosols Vertisols
Soil variability
Oxisols Aridisols Gelisols Andisols
Soil Pollution
Soil, and pollution
POLLUTION- An undesirable change in the physical chemical or biological
characteristics of air, water or soil.
SOIL POLLUTION- The undesirable change in physical, chemical and biological
characteristics of soil, which are harmful for all living beings.
KINDS OF SOIL POLLUTION-
1) Agricultural pesticides
2) Disposal of solid wastes on land
3) Mining activities
4) Biological agents
5) Radioactive pollutants
6) Heavy metal pollutants
Agricultural practices-
The use of indiscriminate use of inorganic nutrients
for a long time gradually declines the soil fertility.
The intensive inappropriate tillage practices lowers
the capability of soil.
Disposal of solids wastes on land
The solid wastes are mostly generated from industrial, domestic and urban and agricultural sources.
The solid wastes generated in indian cities mainly contains sludge, glass materials, metallic cans, fibres, waste paper, packing materials, leather.
Mining activities-
The top layer of soil is generally damaged or destroyed during both shaft and strip mining practices.
The uncontrolled mine fires may also destroy the productivity of the areas near mines.
Biological agents-
The major sources of biological agents causing soil pollution are human excreta, animal and bird excreta, muncipal wastes, faulty sanitation.
The industrial parasites are among the most threatening biological agents.
Radioactive pollutants-
Huge amounts of radio-active substances result from nuclear device explosion, nuclear testing laborateries, nuclear power plants and weapons.
All these are responsible for enhancing soil pollution.
Heavy metal pollutants
• Heavy metals in soil are basically due to industrial discharges.
• Certain heavy metals eg. Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd and Pb are also present in significant levels in sewage sludge and reach the soil where they become part of life cycle and affects adversely.
DON’T USE EXCESS CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
DON’T USE EXCESS CHEMICAL PESTICIDE
Effects of soil pollution
1. Soil fertility is adversely affected if pesticide remain in soil for longer period.
2. Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticide chemicals does not allow microbial flora and fauna in soil to flourish.
3. Excessive use of nitrogen and phosphatic fertilizer makes the soil deficient in other micronutrients like Zn, Cu etc. and causes nutrition imbalance.
4. Pesticides like DDT, dieldrin etc. are known to seep gradually through soil into ground water and thus contaminate public drinking water supplies.
5. People in contact with pesticides are extremely prone to get poisoned.
6. Some of the industrial wastes are extremely toxic for organisms.
7. Solid urban wastes and industrial wastes produce foul and offensive odour.
8. Heavy metals and other toxic substances can destroy benefecial microorganisms of the soil.
9. Radioactive pollutants can cause a number of undesirable disease of digestive system if they enter our body through food chain.
Control of soil pollution-
1. Adoption of sustainable agriculture having organic farming and use of biofertilizers, biointegrated pest management and proper water management, composting etc.
2. Adoption of suitable and proper industrial and urban wastes management.
3. Adequate controlled use of heavy metal and toxic substances.
4. Non-biodegradable wastes can be recycled and used again
5. Biomedical wastes should be carefully disposed off
so that it does not create any health hazard.
SOIL HEALTH CARD
Soil Mapping Using
Remote Sensing Techniques
• Remote Sensing:– The art and science of obtaining information
about an object without physically contact between the object and sensor
– The processes of collecting information about Earth surfaces and phenomena using sensors not in physical contact with the surfaces and phenomena of interest.
– There is a medium of transmission involved i.e. Earth’s Atmosphere.
Remote Sensing
Energy Source or Illumination (A)
Radiation and the Atmosphere (B)
Interaction with the Target (C)
Recording of Energy by the Sensor (D)
Transmission, Reception, and Processing (E)
Interpretation and Analysis (F)
Application (G) Source: Canadian Centre for Remote Sensing
Remote Sensing Process Components
Types of REMOTE SENSINGActive Remote SensingPassive Remote Sensing
• Agriculture• Forestry• Geology• Hydrology• Sea Ice• Land Cover & Land Use• Mapping• Oceans & Coastal Monitoring
Area:APPLICATION:
Source: Jensen (2000)
Application Domain
Urbanization & Transportation◦ Updating road maps◦ Asphalt conditions◦ Wetland delineation
Agriculture◦ Crop health analysis◦ Precision agriculture◦ Compliance mapping◦ Yield estimation
Natural Resource Management◦ Habitat analysis◦ Environmental assessment◦ Pest/disease outbreaks◦ Impervious surface mapping◦ Lake monitoring◦ Hydrology◦ Landuse - Landcover monitoring◦ Mineral province◦ Geomorphology
Applications of remote sensing and GIS
Agriculture
• Crop acreage estimation
• Crop modeling for yield &
production forecast / estimation
• Crop & Orchard monitoring
Scope
• Timely availability of crop
statistics for decision making &
planning
• Crop growth monitoring
• Soil status monitoring
• Regular reports regarding total
area under cultivation
Benefits
Banana Plantation – Muhammad Pur (Ghotki)
FFC Goth Macchi Mar 05, 2006, RecoveryJan 12, 2006, DamageDec 16, 2005, Pre-Frost
Forestry
• Satellite image based forest
resource mapping and updation
• Forest change detection
• Forest resource inventory
• GIS database development
Scope
• Availability of baseline information
• Planning for aforestation strategies
• Futuristic resource planning
• Sustainability of environment
• Wild life conservation & development
for recreation purpose
Benefits Sarhad Reserve Forest (Ghotki)
NausharoFiroz
Landuse / Landcover Mapping
• Monitoring dynamic changes
• Urban/Rural infrastructure
• Waterlogging & salinity
Scope
• Assessment of spatial distribution of
land resources
• Infrastructure monitoring
• Availability of usable land
• Future planning for better land
management for socio-economic
development
Benefits
• Use of Remote Sensing and GIS technology in these areas of sustainable agricultural management.
•
Cropping System Analysis
Cropping system map generated through integrated use of temporal digital satellite data and GIS
Urban & Regional Planning
• Mapping & updation of
city/town maps
• Urban sprawl monitoring
• Town planning
• Facility management
• GIS database development
Scope
• Better decision support, planning
& management
• Rapid information updation
• Infrastructure development
monitoring
• Spatial information analysis
Benefits
What is GIS?
• GIS = Geographic Information System– Links databases and maps– Manages information about places– Helps answer questions such as:
• Where is it?• What else is nearby?• Where is the highest concentration of ‘X’?• Where can I find things with characteristic ‘Y’?• Where is the closest ‘Z’ to my location?
• Geographic Information System• A GIS is a computer system capable of capturing,
storing, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced information; that is, data identified according to location.
• Practitioners also define a GIS as including the procedures, operating personnel, and spatial data that go into the system.
What is a GIS?
• A GIS makes it possible to link, or integrate, information that is difficult to associate through any other means.
• Thus, a GIS can use combinations of mapped variables to build and analyze new variables.
• GIS is most useful when used to perform data analysis
Why Does GIS Matter?
“Almost everything that happens, happens somewhere. Knowing where something happens is critically important.”
Longley et al. (2001, 6)
Because location is so important, it is an issue in many of the problems
• the real world has a lot of spatial data– manipulation, analysis and modeling can be effective
and efficiently carried out with a GIS• the neighborhood of the intended purchase of house• the route for fire-fighting vehicles to the fire area• location of historical sites to visit• the earth surface for purposes of army
• the earth surface is a limited resource• rational decisions on space utilization• fast and quality information in decision making
THE NEED FOR GIS
complexity of management– due to the need to combine and process many
sets of data, in addition to judge as many as possible, situation that might happen.
intense competition– the need to use technology in making decisions
and strategy in the world of intense competition.
... THE NEED FOR GIS
GIS
USES
VARIOUS DATASOURCES
VARIOUS DATAFORMATS
AND
MAPS IMAGE DIGITALPRODUCTS GPS TEXT
DATATABULAR
DATA
MAPS
DATABASE
REPORTS
1
2
4 43
Basic functions of GIS
•Data Acquisition and prepossessing•Database Management and Retrieval•Spatial Measurement and Analysis•Graphic output and Visualization
• Maximize the efficiency of planning and decision making
• Provide efficient means for data distribution and handling
• Elimination of redundant data base - minimize duplication
• Capacity to integrate information from many sources
• Complex analysis/query involving geographical referenced data to generate
GIS OBJECTIVES
Geospatial data are better maintained in a standard format.
Revision and updating are easier.Geospatial data and information are easier to search,
analysis and represent.More value added product.Geospatial data can be shared and exchanged freely.Productivity of the staff improved and more efficient.Time and money are saved.Better decision can be made.
Facilities Management: Locating underground pipes & cables, planning facility maintenance,
telecommunication network services Environmental and Natural Resources Management:
Environmental impact analysis, disaster management and mitigation Street Network: Locating houses and streets, car navigation, transportation planning Planning and Engineering: Urban planning, regional planning, development of public facilities Land Information: Taxation, zoning of land use, land acquisition
Area: GIS Application:
Courses conducted at the Directorate of Soil Survey and Soil Conservation
• Basics of Remote sensing and GIS & Global Navigation System
• Applications of RS & GIS for Natural Resources
• Applications of Microwave Remote Sensing for Natural Resource
Management
• Contact Number 0471 2339800
Irrigation water quality
Water UsesUse Typical quality parameters
Public Water Supply Turbidity, TDS, inorganic and organic compounds, microbes
Water contact recreation Turbidity, bacteria, toxic compounds
Fish propagation and wildlife DO, chlorinated organic compounds
Industrial water supply Suspended and dissolved constituents
Agricultural water supply Sodium, TDS
Shellfish harvesting DO, bacteria
Basic Water Quality Parameters
• pH• Specific conductance (EC)• Salinity• Total dissolved solids (TDS)• Turbidity • Dissolved oxygen (DO)• Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)• Temperature
pH
• Measures hydrogen ion concentration
• Negative log of hydrogen ion concentration
• Ranges from 0 to 14 std. units • pH
– 7 neutral– 0 - 7 acidic – 7 - 14 alkaline
Thanks to Phil Brown
Solubility of Specific IonsBased on Water pH
Toxic metals less available in water at pH 6 to 8.
Conductivity
• Measures electric conductivity (EC) of water
• Higher value means water is a better electrical conductor
• Increases when more salt (e.g., sodium chloride) is dissolved in water
• Indirect measure of salinity• Units are μmhos/cm at 25o
C or μsiemens/cm
Thanks to Phil Brown
Salinity
• Classification of Ground Water• Composition Based on Total Dissolved
Solids Content
Salts in Sea Water
Type of Water Dissolved salt content (mg/l)
Fresh water < 1,000 mg/l
Brackish water 1,000 - 3,000 mg/l
Moderatly saline water
3,000 - 10,000 mg/l
Highly saline water 10,000 - 35,000 mg/l
Sea water > 35,000 mg/l
Salinity and irrigation
• Low salinity water – used for most crops
• Medium salinity water – used with moderate amount of leaching (potatoes, corn,
wheat, oats, and alfalfa) • High salinity water – Cannot be used on soils having restricted drainage.
• Very high salinity water – Can be used only on certain crops only if special
practices are followed
Designated-Best-Use Class of water Criteria
Drinking Water Source without conventional treatment but after disinfection
A
Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less
pH between 6.5 and 8.5
Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 2mg/l or less
Outdoor bathing (Organised) B
Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 3mg/l or less
Drinking water source after conventional treatment and disinfection
C
Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 5000 or less pH between 6 to 9 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more
Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 3mg/l or less
Propagation of Wild life and Fisheries D
pH between 6.5 to 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more
Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less
Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, Controlled Waste disposal E
pH betwwn 6.0 to 8.5
Electrical Conductivity at 25°C micro mhos/cm Max.2250
Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26
Boron Max. 2mg/l
Below-E Not Meeting A, B, C, D & E Criteria
Standards fixed by Central Pollution Control Board
• Soil Based Plant Nutrient Information System
