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Sudden infant death syndrome Done by : Zainab Al-Baher

Outlines What is SIDS ?Causes of SIDS ?!What are the risk factors ?Prevention Studies

Definition Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden, unexplained death of an infant younger than one year old.

Some people call SIDS "crib death" because many babies who die of SIDS are found in their cribs.

SIDS is the leading cause of death in children between one month and one year old.

Most SIDS deaths occur when babies are between two months and four months old

6000-7000 babies die of SIDS every year in the USCont..Infant development

A leading hypothesis is that SIDS may reflect a delay or abnormality in the development of nerve cells within the brain that are critical to normal heart and lung function.

Research examinations of the brainstems of infants who died with a diagnosis of SIDS have revealed a developmental delay in the formation and function of several serotonin-binding nerve cell pathways within the brain. Cont.These pathways are thought to be crucial to regulating breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure responses during awakening from sleep

Symptoms Almost all SIDS deaths happen without any warning or symptoms

Death occurs when the infant is thought to be sleeping.

Causes of SIDS ?!A combination of physical and sleep environmental factors can make an infant more vulnerable to SIDS. These factors may vary from child to child.

Brain abnormalitiesPhysical factors associated with SIDS include:: Some infants are born with problems that make them more likely to die of SIDS. In many of these babies, the portion of the brain that controls breathing and arousal from sleep doesn't work properly.

8Cont. Low birth weight

Respiratory infection: Premature birth or being part of a multiple birth increases the likelihood that a baby's brain hasn't matured completely, so he or she has less control over such automatic processes as breathing and heart rate.

:Many infants who died of SIDS had recently had a cold, which may contribute to breathing problems

9Sleep environmental factorsSleeping on the stomach or side. Babies who are placed on their stomachs or sides to sleep may have more difficulty breathing than those placed on their backs.

Sleeping on a soft surface. Lying face down on a fluffy comforter or a waterbed can block an infant's airway. Draping a blanket over a baby's head also is risky.

Sleeping with parents. While the risk of SIDS is lowered if an infant sleeps in the same room as his or her parents, the risk increases if the baby sleeps in the same bed partly because there are more soft surfaces to impair breathing.

Risk factorsAlthough sudden infant death syndrome can strike any infant, researchers have identified several factors that may increase a baby's risk. They include:

Sex..Age.Race.Family history

Boys are more likely to die of SIDS Infants are most vulnerable during the second and third months of life. For reasons that aren't well-understood, black, American Indian or Eskimo infants are more likely to develop SIDS.. Babies who've had siblings or cousins die of SIDS are at higher risk of SIDS.

13Cont.Secondhand smoke. Being premature..

Babies who live with smokers have a higher risk of SIDS. Both being born early and having low birth weight increase your baby's chances of SIDS

14Maternal factorsDuring pregnancy, the risk of SIDS is also affected by the mother, especially if she:

Is younger than 20Smokes cigarettesUses drugs or alcoholHas inadequate prenatal care

Prevention There's no guaranteed way to prevent SIDS, but you can help your baby sleep more safely by following these tips:

Place your baby on their back to sleep, in a cot in the room with you. Don't smoke during pregnancy or let anyone smoke in the same room as your baby. Don't share a bed with your baby if you or your partner smoke or take drugs, or if youhave been drinking alcohol. Never sleep with your baby on a sofa or armchair.

Cont.Don't let your baby get too hot or too cold. Keep your babys head uncovered. Their blanket should be tucked in no higher than their shoulders. Place your baby in the "feet to foot" position (with their feet touching the end of the cot or pram). If possible, breastfeed your baby.

Studies in SIDSAlcoholas a risk factor forsudden infant death syndrome(SIDS)

(University of California, San Diego2011)The AimTo test whetheralcoholis a risk factor forsudden infant death syndrome(SIDS)Cont.Participant : All SIDS cases (n = 129,090) and otherinfantdeaths (n = 295,151) from 1973-2006; all persons involved in late-nightalcohol-related crashes (n = 135,946) from 1994-2008.

Measurement : Three measures were used the expected number of deaths on New Year versus the observed number (expected values were determined using a locally weighted scatterplot smoothing polynomial) the average number of weekend deaths versus the average number of weekday deathsand the SIDSdeathrate for children ofalcohol-consuming versus non-alcohol-consuming mothers Result These measures indicate that the largest spikes inalcoholconsumption and in SIDS (33%) occur on New Yearalcoholconsumption and SIDS increase significantly on weekendsand children ofalcohol-consuming mothers are much more likely to die from SIDS than are children of non-alcohol-consuming mothers.Sleepenvironment risk factors forsudden infant death syndrome: the GermanSudden Infant Death Syndrome Study.

Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Mnster20009)OBJECTIVE:Our goal was to investigate the risk factors forsudden infant death syndromein the infants'sleepenvironment for a population in which few infantssleepprone as a result of education campaignsMethodthis was a population-basedsudden infant death syndromecase-control study over 3 years (1998-2001) in GermanResult There were 333sudden infant death syndromecases and 998 matched control Although only 4.1% of the infants were placed prone to sleep, those infants were at a high risk ofsudden infant death syndrome. Those who were unaccustomed tosleepingprone were at very high risk, as were those who turned to prone. Bed sharing (especially for infants younger than 13 weeks); duvets;sleepingprone on a sheepskin;sleepingin the house of a friend or a relative (compared withsleepingin the parental home)sleepingin the living room (compared withsleepingin the parental bedroom) increased the risk forsudden infant death syndrome; pacifier use during the lastsleepwas associated with a significantly reduced risk of sudden infant death syndrome

Breastfeeding and reduced risk of sudden infant death syndrome: a meta-analysis

(Department of Family Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine,2011).

OBJECTIVE: To perform a meta-analysis to measure the association between breastfeeding and SIDS.

METHODS: We identified 288 studies with data on breastfeeding and SIDS through a Medline search (1966-2009), review articles, and meta-analyses. Twenty-four original case-control studies were identified that provided data on the relationship between breastfeeding and SIDS risk. Two teams of 2 reviewers evaluated study quality according to preset criteria; 6 studies were excluded, which resulted in 18 studies for analysis. Univariable and multivariable odds ratios were extracted. A summary odds ratio (SOR) was calculated for the odds ratios by using the fixed-effect and random-effect inverse-variance methods of meta-analysis. The Breslow-Day test for heterogeneity was performed

RESULTS: For infants who received any amount of breast milk for any duration, the univariable SOR was 0.40 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.35-0.44), and the multivariable SOR was 0.55 (95% CI: 0.44-0.69). For any breastfeeding at 2 months of age or older, the univariable SOR was 0.38 (95% CI: 0.27-0.54). The univariable SOR for exclusive breastfeeding of any duration was 0.27 (95% CI: 0.24-0.31).

CONCLUSIONS: Breastfeeding is protective against SIDS, and this effect is stronger when breastfeeding is exclusive. The recommendation to breastfeed infants should be included with other SIDS risk-reduction messages to both reduce the risk of SIDS and promote breastfeeding for its many other infant and maternal health benefits.

References http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sudden-infant-death-syndrome/basics/prevention/con-20020269http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/suddeninfantdeathsyndrome.htmlhttp://www.abc.net.au/parenting/parenting_in_pictures/safe_sleeping.htmhttp://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezp.uod.edu.sa/pubmed/19336376http://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezp.uod.edu.sa/pubmed/21059188

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