success stories of ipm

NCIPM

www.ncipm.org.in

Success Stories of

Integrated Pest Management in India

ICAR–National Research Centre for Integrated Pest ManagementNew Delhi – 110 012

S. VENNILAAJANTA BIRAHVIKAS KANWARC. CHATTOPADHYAY

Farmers’ needs

Pest forecasting

Pest (including

pathogen, weed, etc.)

identification (diagnostics)…

at border, during

crop surveillance

Pest surveillance,

monitoring

Modern-day need is

E-pest surveillance

at National / Global level

IPM begins pre-border

(avoidance)

Dissemination of

expert information

on pest management

for quick action to

solution

ICAR - NCIPM

Success Stories of

Integrated Pest Management in India

S. VENNILAAJANTA BIRAHVIKAS KANWAR

C. CHATTOPADHYAY

ICAR–National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management New Delhi – 110 012

www.ncipm.org.in

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Success Stories of IPM

Disclaimer: The authenticity of the facts and figures furnished rests solely on the authors of the individualchapters,andtheeditorsdonotnecessarilyholdanyobligationswhatsoeverarises,ifany.

Editors : S.Vennila AjantaBirah VikasKanwar C. Chattopadhyay

Technical Support : NeelamMehta

Photography : Satendra

Citation : VennilaS.,BirahAjanta,KanwarVikasandChattopadhyayC.2016. SuccessStoriesofIntegratedPestManagementinIndia, ICAR-NationalResearchCentreforIntegratedPestManagement, NewDelhi110012India.xii+78p.

Published by : Director ICAR-NationalResearchCentreforIntegratedPestManagement, LBSBuilding,PusaCampus,NewDelhi110012,India

Telephone No. : 91-11-25843935 Fax No. : 91-11-25841472 Email : [email protected] Website : http://www.ncipm.org.in

PrintedbyNationalPrinters,B-56,NarainaIndl.Area,Phase-II,NewDelhi-110028.Tel.:011-42138030

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ICAR - NCIPM

Indiahasmovedfromscarcityandtechnologicalfatiguetotechnologicalresurgenceandself-relianceinsecuringfoodthroughtherouteofintensiveagriculturebyuseofchemicalfertilizers andpesticides apart from thegenes that provided thegreen revolution.Whilereapingthebenefitsofagriculturalintensification,Indiaiswitnessingsignsofitsill-effectsthatareseverely threateningsustainabilityandsafetyofhumanhealthandenvironment.Nowthequestionisdowehaveenoughfood,feedandfuelforthefuture?Todaywearefacedwithchallengesofclimatevariability,decliningstateofnaturalresources,inputuseinefficiencies,changingscenarioofbiotic,abioticstresses,cropandpost-harvest lossesanddifficultieswithaccesstomarket.Thus, totriggerhopeamongthegrowers, there isneed to make farming attractive through improvements in sustainability indices so thatwhilemaximizingprofitswedonotlosesightofminimizingrisks,safeguardingwhatsoeverisproduced.

I am extremely pleased to see that ICAR-National Research Centre for Integrated PestManagementisbringingoutacompilationofSuccessStoriesofIntegratedPestManagementwithdetailedinsightsintothestrategiesdevelopedbyNCIPMfordifferentcropssuitedtovariedagro-climaticlocations.ThispublicationisnotonlyatechnicalprimerbutawaytounderstandhowtoimplementIPMinthefield.Itisapublicationon‘dohow’whichwouldbeanadditiontoknowledgeaboutIPM.ItwouldbeofgreathelptoallthestakeholdersofIPMincludingresearchers,policymakers,literatecommunityincludingstudentsandfieldfunctionaries.Ifeelthisworkwillbeastimulanttotheagriculturalcommunityforpracticalinformationandtipsforplanning,executionandevaluationofIPM.Allthechapterswrittenin this book are based on the work pioneered by NCIPM, and are technically sound. Icongratulate thescientistsofNCIPMfor theiruntiringefforts. Iwish themall thebest fortheirfutureendeavoursofIPM,andhopethatthispublicationwillbeoneofthemostusefulcontributionsintheareaofcropprotection.

(Jeet Singh Sandhu) DeputyDirectorGeneral(CropSciences)

ICAR,KrishiBhavan NewDelhi110001

Foreword

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Agriculture holds a pivotal role in promoting food and nutritional security of people,supportinglivelihoodsoffarmersandensuringsustainabledevelopmentofnationslike

India.Agriculturetodayisincreasinglyaffectedbydegradationandover-exploitationofnaturalresources,increasedfrequencyofextremeweathereventsinfluencedbyclimatechangeandexcessiveapplicationofsynthetic inputsonfarmsincludinginjudicioususeofpesticideorevenuseofbannedorspuriousones.UndersuchasituationIntegratedPestManagement(IPM)offersanalternativethatissaferforhumanandenvironmentalhealth.

IPM isanecosystemapproach tocropprotectionandproduction thatcombinesdifferentmanagementstrategiesandpracticestogrowhealthycropsandminimizetheuseofpesticides.IPMencompassesaseriesofpestmanagementevaluations,decisionsandcontrolmethodstoreducepestpopulationstolevelswherepestscannotcausesignificanteconomicloss.IPMstrategyincludestheuseofpest-resistantcropvarieties,modificationofagronomicpractices,biologicalcontrol,otherinnovativeapproaches,need-basedandjudicioususeofchemicalpesticidestoreducepestincidence.

OneofthegreatestlimitationsinsuccessfulspreadofIPMisthelackofadequateawarenessamongfarmers,andoftena lackof trustandconfidenceaboutthetechnologyamongtheimplementers.Besides, thetimelyavailabilityofcritical inputs, likeseedsandgoodqualitybiocontrolagentsaswellasdifferentbiopesticidesiscritical.UndersuchasituationvalidationofIPMstrategiesinfarmers’fields,involvingthemwillhelpinstillfaithandconfidenceinthetechnologypromptingtheiradoptionreadily.ThewholeheartedadoptionandinternalizationofIPMforcropmanagementwouldalsoneedhand-holdingandtechnologybackstoppingtillfarmersdevelopenoughconfidence.

During25yearsofitsexistencescientistsofICAR-NCIPMhavestrivedhardtodevelopIPMforanumberofcroppingsystemswhichtheysuccessfullyvalidatedinfarmers’fields.Throughtheiringeniouseffortsandacumen,scientistshavebeenabletoconvincefarmersaboutthebenefitsofIPMwhiledemonstratingthetechnologiesintheirfarmsandinvolvingthemintheirendeavoursanddecisionmaking.

IamgladthatsomeofthesuccessstoriesonIPMsynthesizedandvalidatedbythescientistsofICAR-NCIPMhaveformedapartofthiscompilation.Iamalsoconfidentthatmanymoresuchtechnologiesthathavebeendemonstrated,perfectedorvalidatedinpilotscaleswillbeupscaledandtranslatedintosuccessstoriesinfuture.

(P. K. Chakrabarty) AssistantDirectorGeneral

(PlantProtection&Biosafety) ICAR,KrishiBhavan NewDelhi110001

Foreword

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Integrated PestManagement (IPM) is a component of integrated cropmanagement thatharnessesthepracticesofcropproductioninaholisticmanner.Atfirstinstance,IPMaimstopreventthebuildupofharmfulorganisms(insect-pests,mites,nematodes,vertebratepests,microbialpathogensviz.,fungi,bacteriaandviruses),andcropdamagefromreachingpeststatusbyutilizingacombinationofsuitablemethodssuchastheuseofresistantcultivars,exploitationofnaturalenemies,augmentationofappliedbiologicalcontrol,modificationofculturalpractices,employingmechanical,physicalmethodsandneed-basedlegislationsinanecologicallycompatible,economicallyviable,environmentallysoundandpragmaticallyfeasiblemanner.Secondly,chemicalpesticidesareusedonlyaftermonitoringpestsfollowingestablishedguidelinesasacurativeactionagainstthetargetorganism(s)whereintoxicantsarechosenjudiciouslytominimizehazardstocrops,humanhealthandtheenvironment.Appliedsystemsresearchatecosystemlevelaccountingforinteractionsofimportantsystemvariablesviz., crop,pests,naturalenemies,croppingpracticesandpatternsisanecessitytoimprovedecisionmakingonprofitableandsustainable IPM in theeraof information technologyandprecisionfarminghasbeenthewayinIndiaeversinceIPMhasbeenadoptedasaNationalpolicysince1985.

The ICAR-National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management (NCIPM) has beenvalidatingandrefiningIPMstrategiesandpracticessinceitsbirthin1988,withthemissionofmaximizingcropyields throughminimizationof yield lossesdue topestsacrossmajoragriculturalandhorticulturalcropsintunewiththeemergingproblemsacrossgeographicallocationsofthecountry.Assimilationofknowledgebaseonpests,plantprotectionpractices,productsandpersonnelofthecountry,linkingpublic(institutesofIndianCouncilofAgriculturalResearch, State Agricultural Universities, Krishi Vigyan Kendras and State Department ofAgriculture)andprivate institutions(non-governmentalorganisationsandindustries) foraneffectivelarge-scaleIPMimplementationfortifiedthroughtrainings-cum-consultancieshavebeeninvogueforanefficientandimprovedcropprotectionacrossthecountry.NCIPMenvisages larger role inmaking IPMmoreeffective throughhigher levelsof integrationofmultidisciplinary technologies including information and communication technology (ICT),andofstakeholdersbymeansof improvedresearch,education,trainingandextensionforanenhancedcropandecologicalhealth,andsustainableagriculturalgrowth.Achievementsmade by the Centre over the past 25 years have been through successive experiencesgained through the farmer participatory implementation of IPM at farm fields. Pre-seasonpestmanagement practices, guidance in selection of crops and cultivars suited to soils,timelyplanting,continuousmonitoringofcrophealthandpeststatus,conservationpracticesfornativenaturalenemies,useof timelyandquality inputsofbio-rationals integratedwithlocation-specificcropproductionpractices formed thebasisof IPM.Real timepest-statusbasedmanagementadvisoriesincludingtherightselectionofsyntheticpesticidesataccuratedosagesappliedusingappropriateappliancesandmethodsuccessfullydemonstratedtheIPMstrategywithincreasednetreturnsaccruedtothefarmers.

Preface

viii


Thepublication of successful technologies of IPM for various field and (rice andpulses),commercial(cottonandoilseeds),vegetable(cauliflowerandcabbage)andfruit(kinnowandkhasimandarins)crops,developmentoflighttrapsandimplementationofarea-wideICT-basede-pestsurveillance,andadvisoriesthroughshortmessageservicestofarmerswiththeneedfulcreationofIPMawarenesshasbeentheresultofhardworkbyscientists,technical,administrativeand supporting staff ofNCIPMalongwithmany other researchers and field functionariesengagedinthefieldofplantprotectionacrossthecountry.Atthispoint,Itakeprivilegetosalutetheguidance,supportandencouragementfromICARHeadquarters[ledbyDirectorGenerals Dr.RSParoda,Dr.MangalaRaiandDr.SAyyappan],DeputyDirectorGenerals,AssistantDirector Generals (Plant Protection), Hon’ble members of Quinquennial Review Teams,Research Advisory Committees, Institute Management Committees, funding agencies,leadershipofformerDirectorsofICAR-NCIPMandallthecollaboratorsthattheCentrereceivedtoscriptthesesuccesses.WhileIappreciatethesuccessfuljourneyofICAR-NCIPMovertimeandspace,itisexpectedthatthispublicationwouldserveasalandmarkforfurtheringthecauseofIPMincropsinthecomingdays.

(C. Chattopadhyay) Director,ICAR-NCIPM NewDelhi110012

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Editorsandauthorsofall theelevenchaptersof"SuccessStoriesof IntegratedPestManagement in India" thankfully acknowledge the sincere and active participation

of individual aswell as teamof researchers, extensionpersonnel and farmers acrossthecountryfortheeffectiveimplementationofIPMatfieldlevel.Theadministrativeandtechnicalsupportrenderedbyco-optedcentersincludingtheDepartmentofAgricultureacrosscropsandStatesdeservegratefulappreciation.Muchof thesuccessesof IPMquotedinthisbookhavebeentheresultofthefinancialimpetusprovidedbytheMinistryofAgricultureandFarmers’Welfarethroughvariousschemesandprogrammesforwhich ICAR-NCIPMremainshighlythankful.Theinterestshownbytheplanners,policymakers,and practitioners of IPM, and the assistance of field staff engaged for pest observationstogetherelevated the levelof IPMvalidationsanddemonstrationsacross thecountry.Weextendourdeepappreciations forDr.S.Ayyappan,Secretary,DARE&DG, ICAR,Dr. J. S. Sandhu, DDG (CS), ICAR and Dr. P. K. Chakrabarty, ADG (PP&BS), ICARfor their constant guidance and encouragement. Commendations are all due for thestewardshipprovidedbytheerstwhileresearchmanagersviz.,Drs.B.L.Jalali,S.N.Puri,AmerikaSinghandO.M.BambawaleofICAR-NCIPM.ResourcepersonsofICAR,SAUs,KVKs, SDAs and suppliers of IPM inputs (biocontrol laboratories, seed, fertilizer andpesticide industries) and non-governmental organizations, who have played the roleof IPMpromotionmeritourprofoundthankfulness.Weexpressourgratitudetoall theadministrative, technical and supporting personnel besides the research associates,senior research fellowsandskilledprofessionalsofNCIPMandassociated institutionswho joined hands in various programmes for the cause of plant protection in theselectedagricultural andhorticultural crops including trainingsandexhibitionsof IPMheld then and now. We are also thankful for the timely help and technical supportrendered byDr V. K. Bharti,Mrs.NeelamMehta,Mr. Satendra,Ms. KanchanSharma andMr.AmitKumarforpreparationofthispublication.Design,typesettingandprinting donebyNationalPrinters,Naraina,NewDelhiaregratefullyacknowledged.

Editors and Authors

Acknowledgements

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AbbreviationsAAU AssamAgriculturalUniversityADO AgricultureDevelopmentOfficerAICRP AllIndiaCoordinatedResearchProjectALS AlternariaLeafSpotARS AgriculturalResearchStationASP.NET ActiveServerPagesin.NETframeworkBAU BirsaAgriculturalUniversityBHU BanarasHinduUniversityBLB BacterialLeafBlightBPH BrownPlantHopperCCRI CentralCitrusResearchInstituteCCSHAU ChaudharyCharanSinghHaryanaAgriculturalUniversitycfu ColonyFormingUnitsCICR CentralInstituteforCottonResearchCIPHET CentralInstituteofPost-HarvestEngineeringandTechnologyCIPMC CentralIntegratedPestManagementCentreCRIDA CentralResearchInstituteforDrylandAgricultureCROPSAP CropPestSurveillanceandAdvisoryProjectCRSV CitrusringspotvirusCTV CitrusTristezavirusDAC DepartmentofAgricultureandCooperationDAP DiAmmoniumPhosphateDAS DaysAfterSowingDAT DaysAfterTransplantingDDVP DichlorovinylDimethylPhosphateDGR DirectorateofGroundnutResearchDVD DigitalVersatileDiscEIQ EnvironmentalImpactQuotientEPA EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyETL EconomicThresholdLevelFDL FullyDamagedLeavesFFS FarmerFieldSchoolsFNP FieldNematodePopulationFPT Farmers’ParticipatoryTrainingFYM FarmYardManureGIS GeographicInformationSystemGPS GlobalPositioningSystemHortiSAP HorticultureSurveillanceandAdvisoryProjectIARI IndianAgriculturalResearchInstituteICAR IndianCouncilofAgriculturalResearchICM IntegratedCropManagementICT InformationandCommunicationTechnologyIIPR IndianInstituteofPulsesResearchINM IntegratedNutrientManagementINR Indian Rupees

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IPM IntegratedPestManagementIPR IntellectualPropertyRightsISAP IndianSocietyofAgribusinessProfessionalsIST IndiaStandardTimeITK IndigenousTechnicalKnowledgeJNKVV JawaharlalNehruKrishiVishwaVidyalayaKVK Krishi Vigyan KendrasLLS Late Leaf SpotMAU MarathwadaAgriculturalUniversityMRL MaximumResidueLevelNAA NaphthaleneAceticAcidNCIPM NationalResearchCentreforIntegratedPestManagementNCR NationalCapitalRegionNFSM NationalFoodSecurityMissionNICRA NationalInnovationsonClimateResilientAgricultureNIPM NonIntegratedPestManagementNISPM NationalInformationSystemforPestManagementNPK Nitrogen,PhosphorousandPotassiumNSKE NeemSeedKernelExtractOPMAS On-LinePestMonitoringandAdvisoryServicesPAU PunjabAgriculturalUniversityPCT PatentCooperationTreatyPMU PestMonitoringUnitPSB PhosphateSolubilizingBacteriaPSND PeanutStemNecrosisDiseaseRHC RedHairyCaterpillarRKN RootKnotNematodeRKVY Rashtriya Krishi Vikas YojanaRRS RegionalResearchStationRTPD RealTimePestDynamicsSKNAU SriKaranNarendraAgricultureUniversitySKRAU SwamiKeshwanandRajasthanAgriculturalUniversitySMD SterilityMosaicDiseaseSMS ShortMessageServiceSMW StandardMeteorologicalWeekSQL StructuredQueryLanguageSRI SystemofRiceIntensificationSSP SingleSuperPhosphateTAP TechnicalAssistanceProgrammeUAHS UniversityofAgriculturalandHorticulturalSciencesUAS UniversityofAgriculturalSciencesUHAS UniversityofHealthandAlliedSciencesURL UniformResourceLocatorWBPH WhiteBackedPlantHopperXML ExtensibleMarkupLanguageYSB YellowStemBorerZARS ZonalAgriculturalResearchStationZREAC ZonalResearchandExtensionAdvisoryCommittee

ICAR - NCIPM

Contents

ForeworD iii

PreFace vii

ackNowleDgemeNts ix

abbreviatioNs xi

1. iNtegrateD Pest maNagemeNt iN cottoN at ashta villageoP sharma, ks murthy, sN Puri, rc lavekar and cD mayee

1

2. iPm For croP health care iN bt cottoNrk tanwar, ajanta birah, om bambawale, kamal saini and P Jeyakumar

6

3. valiDatioN oF iPm iN basmati ricerk tanwar, Dk garg, mD Jeswani, sP singh, oP sharma and vikas kanwar

12

4. iPm For traDitioNal ricemukesh sehgal, h ravindra, Y somasekhara, Ng ravichandra, bc bora, bN chaudhary, b bhagwati and rk Jain

18

5. iNteNsive aPPlicatioN oF iPm For ProDuctioN oF Pulse croPsoP sharma, s Yelshetty, v rajappa, rg teggelli, s vennila, Jb gopali , s bhagat, Nr Patange, N singh, bv bhede, sD bantewad, ak bhowmick, P laxmi reddy, sk singh, m kadam, cP srivastava, ss surin, shankar kr. singh, sunil kumar, bs reddy and Dm mannur

23

6. iPm For grouNDNut aND mustarDsk singh, ms Yadav, saroj singh, Nasim ahmad and Pv verma

37

7. DeveloPmeNt aND valiDatioN oF iPm For cauliFlower aND cabbageDb ahuja, swaroop singh, hr sardana, Pratibha sharma, saroj singh, sk singh, mN bhat and rv singh

44

8. iPm iN kiNNow aND khasi maNDariNsDb ahuja, N sabir, Jitender singh, Purshotam arora, Jitender arora, cN rao, ak Das, ms ladaniya, bs bairwa, shikha Deka and usha rani ahuja

49

9. light traP moDels For use iN iPmsk singh

53

10. iNFormatioN aND commuNicatioN techNologY baseD Pest surveillaNce aND aDvisorY For iPms vennila, N singh, rk tanwar, oP sharma and Db ahuja

59

11. awareNess oN iPm: keY to successmukesh sehgal and ajanta birah

76

1

IntegrAted Pest MAnAgeMent

In Cotton At AshtA vIllAge

oP sharma1, ks murthy1, sN Puri1, rc lavekar2 and cD mayee3

1icar: National research centre for integrated Pest management, New Delhi2cotton research station, Nanded, maharashtra3marathwada agricultural university, Parbhani, maharashtra

INtRoduCtIoN

Cotton isakeycashcrophavingdirectbearingon socio-economic structure of farmers of

Marathwada region of Maharashtra. It continuesto suffer heavily from a complex of insect-pestsanddiseases,which affect the crop fromseedlingto harvest stage. The losses due to pests amountto 50-60% resulting in substantial yield reduction.Attaining theprojecteddemandof24millionbalesofcottonbytheendof2020willbeadauntingtaskdespitetheintensivecroppingandpestmanagementsystems that are currently available. Calendar-basedapplicationofchemicalinsecticidesandtheirinjudicioususewas theprime strategy tomanagethe various pests during 1980s. Though the cropoccupied only 5% arable land, it consumed 54%of the totalchemicalpesticidesbefore introductionof transgeniccotton in2002.Thealteredcroppingsystems, multiplicity of non-descript cultivars,imbalanced fertilizer use, and intensive cultivationhave aggravated the problems of pests andenvironmentalhazards.IPMstrategieshadbecomeimperative to sustain productivity of cotton in anecofriendly manner. A bio-intensive IPM modulewithmuchrelianceonconservationandpromotionof naturally occurring bioagents, biopesticidesandbotanicals as tools for sustainable productionof cotton was validated over 200 hectares underfarmers’ field conditions at Ashta village locatedin Nanded district of Maharashtra State (MS), apredominantlyrainfedcottonbelt.

ASHtA – tHe IPM VIllAge

Ashta islocatedinthetribalbeltofKinwattehsilofNandeddistrict(MarathwadaregionofMaharashtra)ontheborderofdistrictsofAdilabad(AndhraPradesh)and Yavatmal (Maharashtra). Major crops such ascotton intercropped with pigeonpea, blackgram,

jowar, groundnut, maize, soybean and chickpeacoveredthetotalarable landof935ha.Thesoil islightblackalluvial.

ReASoNS foR tHe SeleCtIoN of ASHtA

Ashta was selected for implementing sustainablecottonIPMstrategyonavillagebasisfortworeasons:

i) Itwasrepresentativeofrainfedcottongrowingconditions of 11 districts of Maharashtra andfourdistrictsofAndhraPradesh.

ii) The village had experienced a large-scaleepizootic of Helicoverpa armigera in 1997-98seasonand faceda totalcrop failure,and thefarmershaddecided toshift toothercrops inthesubsequentyear.

Scenario of cotton production practices

Thevillagewasfoundtobevulnerabletorecurrentpestattacksduetothefollowingreasons:

• Multiplicity of cotton cultivars:Farmersweregrowing 8-10 varieties/hybrids of cotton as ariskcover.

• Staggered sowing: The sowing operationspreadfromMayendtoearlyJuly.Asaresult,the vulnerable stages of the crop (buds andbolls)wereavailableforalongerduration.

• Imbalance in use of fertilizers:Excessiveuseofnitrogenfertilizerresultedinhighervegetativegrowthwhichattractedmorepests.

• Continuous availability of Helicoverpa hosts in the cropping system: Pigeonpeaandchickpeagrown in the cotton-based cropping systemprovidedforsustenanceofthepestcycles.

• Sanitation: Cotton stalks after the seedcotton harvest were not removed from the

2


field immediately, which provided niche forcontinuationofthepinkbollwormpopulation.

• Ratooning: Somefarmerspractisedratooningof cotton.

Scenario of cotton protection practices

Among the insecticides, monocrotophos (17.35%)was the most widely used by Ashta farmersfollowed by endosulfan (12.26%), dimethoate(10.8%), cypermethrin (9.95%) and fenvalerate(7.35%) were widely used amongst the chemicalpesticides. Among the combinations of pesticidesused,endosulfan+dimethoaterankedfirstandwasadoptedby56.5%of the farmers.Cypermethrin+monocrotophos or monocrotophos + dimethoatecombinationwasusedby13.5%farmers.Methomyl+Neemarkaccountedfor23.66%adoption.Allthesestreamsofpracticescoupledwiththepredisposingecological factors contributed to the pestproblems,particularlybollwormsandgreymildew. The seed cotton yield ranged from a minimumof 0.75 q/ha to a maximum of 3.75 q/ha with anaverage of 2.20 q/ha despite heavy dependence of the farmers on the use of chemical pesticides.Thus,thevillageofferedamplechallengeandscopeforimplementationoftheIPMapproach.

CRedIt AVAIlAbIlIty foR fARMeRS

Intheabsenceofanyinstitutionalcreditfacility,thefarmershadtodependonthelocalmoneylenders(mostly the pesticide dealers) who became theirlocaladvisorsfortheselectionofchemicalpesticidestakenoncredit.Cottonbeingthesolecashcropofthearea,thefarmerswerereluctanttotakeanyrisk,andsolelydependedonchemicalpesticidesforthemanagementofpestproblems.

deVeloPMeNt ANd VAlIdAtIoN of tHe IPM Module

Existing literature and the work carried out byvarious ICAR institutesaswellasSAUson rainfedcotton pest management formed foundation toformulateIPMmodulesfortheirfieldtestingduring1995. Since the Marathwada region was wellsuitedfortestingoftechnologytheco-operationofMarathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani wassought.ItwasdecidedtocarryoutexperimentationatAgriculturalCollege,NandedincollaborationwithCottonResearchStation,MAU,Nanded. Four IPMmodules were synthesized viz., bio-intensive, bio-control + insecticides, biocontrol + intercrop andchemicalmodules.

Thehigherseedcottonyieldobtainedinbio-intensive+ insecticide module signifying higher populationof predators and parasitoids in 1996 indicatedpromise for an eco-friendly pest managementapproach. Consequently, the trial was repeatedfor thesecondyear(1997) in thesameareaalongwith its implementation onpilot scale in 5 ha of aprogressivefarmer’sfieldatvillageBaradlocatedinNanded(MS)district.During1997the(bio-control+intercrop)moduleprovedveryeffectiveinmanagingnot only aphids but also jassids, thrips and whiteflies.

CoMPoNeNtS of tHe bIo-INteNSIVe Module

As per feedbacks and observations made duringthree years (1995-1997) of validation, a numberof modifications were made in the module. Thesuccessfully tested module comprised use ofbioagents, biopesticides and botanicals based onscoutingandconstantmonitoringofpestsandtheireconomic threshold levels (ETL) with introductionof suitable crop management practices. Themanagementpracticesadoptedinthebio-intensivemodulewere:

• Massmotivationoffarmersforlarge-scalefieldsanitation.

• Uniform sowing windows using certified aciddelinted seeds of single hybrid (NHH-44)and a variety (Renuka) in the entire village.Synchronizedsowingwascompletedwithinaweekintheentirevillage,soonaftertheonsetofmonsoonrains,whichusuallycoincidewithlastweekofJune.

• [email protected]./kgof seed.

• Useofrecommendedspacingof90cmx60cmand60cmx30cm,respectivelyforthehybridandthevariety.Plantingofmaizeasbordercropinterspersedwithcowpeatoprovidesubstratefor buildup of coccinellid (lady bird beetles)predatorsandtheirmigrationtocotton.

• A row of Setaria was planted between every 9or10rowsofcottontoenhancetheactivityofpredatorybirdsbyservingasfoodsourceandactingasliveperch.

• Trichogramma chilonis @ 1,50,000/ha wasreleased in cotton fields when 2-8 adult moths of H. armigera per pheromone trap were captured continuously for 3-4 days in aweek.

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• Neemseedkernelextract(NSKE)5%(w/v)wassprayedaweekafterreleaseofT. chilonis.

• ApplicationofHaNPV@250LE/hawasmadebasedontheETLofH. armigera.

• Low incidence of diseases did not warrantmanagementatthewholevillagelevel.However,in somepockets, the crop at the first pickingin the later stagewas foundseverelyaffectedwith grey mildew (Ramularia areola). Such asituation in 1999-2000 season was managedwitheithercarbendazimorwettablesulphur.

AcomparisonofIPMinterventionswithmainstreampractices as adopted by farmers in the adjoiningvillageMurli (referredasnon-IPM)werealso takenup.

SCoutINg ANd MoNItoRINg foR CRoP PRoteCtIoN deCISIoNS

Regular field scouting formed a vital componentof the pest management as it provided reliableinformation on the time when pest reached theeconomic threshold level. Management measureswereappliedwhenpestpopulationreachedETL.

fARMeR fIeld SCHoolS (ffS) APPRoACH to IPM IMPleMeNtAtIoN

Scientists and farmers collaborated as partners in farmer participatory trials for IPM development.In order to have continuous interactions, farmersfield school mode was adopted to seek solutionsto the identified constraints. To enable developconfidence in the farming community to abandoncalendar-based preventive schedule and maketheirowndecisionsbasedon farm-specificneeds,considerable understanding of agro-ecologicalprocesses, particularly the role of natural enemieswas developed. They were trained in specificskills like identification and differentiation betweenbeneficialandharmfulinsects,methodsofscoutinganduseofpheromonetraps.

There were no standard recommendations orpackageofpracticesbutuseof inputswereneed-based. In the FFS, farmers were encouraged tocollect pest/disease data and undertake actionaccordingly. Farmers became active learners andindependentdecisionmakers through theprocess of learning by doing. Early harvest and stalk destruction were promoted as the most effective cultural and mechanical practices for managingpinkbollwormoncommunitybasis.Thesepracticesreduced thehabitatand foodavailable to thepink

bollworm, Helicoverpa bollworm and Spodoptera litura.

IMPACt of ASHtA IPM

Insect pest and disease scenario

Priorto1998theemergingseedlingssufferedattackbymillipedes under conditions of heavymonsoonrains.Seedtreatmentwith imidaclopridsince1998providedanumbrellaofprotectioninIPMfieldswhilein the adjoining non-IPMMurli village, the farmershadtoresowthecropowingtoreducedplantstandcausedbyseedlingmortalityduetomillipedes.Theseeddecayaswellasseedlingmortalitycauseddueto Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp.,Colletotrichum gossypii,Chaetomiumspp.,Fusariumspp.,Pythium spp., Rhizopus spp., Macrophomina phaseolina,Rhizoctonia bataticola,R. solani,Sclerotium rolfsii,and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum were noticed at moderate levels in the non-IPMvillage. However, these were only in traces atAshta and appeared to have been taken care ofbythefieldsanitationmeasuresfollowedandacid-delinting of seeds. The crop though was affectedby a number of foliar diseases viz., Alternaria macrospora, Myrothecium roridum, Cercospora gossypina and Colletotrichum gossypii,thediseasedevelopment was restricted to early stage dueto unfavourable microclimate resulting from anadopted crop architecture.Most of foliar diseasesdependentonfreewaterorhighhumiditycouldnotprevail thereduetofreeairflowprovidedbywiderspacingbetweentherowsandplants.Greymildewdidappearinsevereformatbolldehiscencestagewhich warranted fungicidal (wettable sulphur orcarbendazim)applicationin1999.Duetoheavyrainscropsufferedtosomeextentheavilyduetobollrotcausedbyanumberofopportunisticpathogensviz.,Fusarium moniliforme,F. compactum,Phytophthora spp.,Myrothecium roridum, Alternaria macrospora and Colletotrichum capsici.

Most of the dried bolls were having clear marksof bollworm injury with the frequency of doubleseeds caused by pink bollworm. Sap suckingpests like jassids (Amrasca devastans), aphids (Aphis gossypii),thrips(Thrips tabaci)andwhiteflies(Bemisia tabaci)andbollwormsviz.,spottedbollworm(Earias insulana), pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) and American bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) were recorded in IPM (Ashta) as well asnon-IPM(Murli)fieldsasperstandardmethods,and the average pest population was assessed. Thepopulationofsuckingpestsingeneralwaslowin

4


IPMfieldsascomparedtonon-IPM.Seedtreatmentwith imidaclopridkeptthesuckingpestsatbayformorethan50daysofthecrop.Apartfromthis,thehigher incidenceof coccinellids andchrysopids inIPM fields andplantingofmaize interspersedwithcowpeaasbordercropprovidedoptimalconditionsformultiplicationandconservationof thesenaturalenemies which regulated the population of thesuckingpestsascomparedtonon-IPMplots.

The number of bollworm larvae (E. insulana, P. gossypiella and H. armigera)perplantshowedthatpopulation ofHelicoverpa were less by half (0.13larvae/plant) in comparison to non-IPM. Similarly,markeddifferencesexistedinthepopulationofpinkbollworm (0.17 and 0.30) and spotted bollwormpopulation (0.09 and 0.14), respectively in IPMand non-IPM fields. Parasitisation of the bollwormlarvae by the natural enemies was critical underleast chemical interventions (0.3and0.1perplantofcoccinellidsand0.5and0.2eggsofChrysoperla/plant in IPM and non-IPM, respectively). Also thereduction in bollworm population in IPM field canbeattributedtothegrowingofarowofSetariaafterevery 10th row of cotton. Setaria flowers attractedbirds (myna, finches and black jay) and providedperchwhich in turnpredatedupon the larvaepestoncottoncrop.

eCoNoMICS of IPM

The IPM module resulted in substantial reductionof chemical insecticideuseandavoidedoverheadexpendituresoncropprotection,conservednaturalfaunaandcreatedacongenialatmosphere for thenatural force of defense to act. The bio-intensivetechnology provided higher net returns and yieldsover the farmers’ practices (non-IPM) during 1997crop season. The average seed cotton yield was962.5kg/haascompared to220kg/haduring thepreviousseason(1997),whichreflectedadifferenceof742.50kg/haoranincreaseof77.1%(4.37times)overthe1997,whileintheneighbouringvillageMurli,theyieldsofseedcottonunderfarmers’practicewas577.5kg/ha.

Theyieldsfromcottonweresupplementedbyyieldsof Setaria and provided additional net returns andremuneration.ThetotalcostofIPMinputsexclusiveof the labour charges amounted to ` 1545/hawhichdownsized the expenditure on cost of plantprotection by over ` 1680/ha as compared to theinputcostunderthefarmers’practices(` 3225/ha)thatreflectedadecreaseinthecosttothetuneof52.1%over thepreviousseason.Thecostbenefit ratioof

IPM over the farmers’ practice (non-IPM) at Ashtawas1:10.69,whileatMurlitheratiowas1:5.01.TheIPMpracticesresultedhigher inmonetarygainsof `17,705ascomparedto 9950innon-IPM(farmers’practices)with IPMgains to the tuneof56.2%perhectare.

ThegeneralimpactsoftheAshtaIPMareasbelow:

• Conservationandenhancement in theactivityofthenaturalenemies(predatorsandparasites)

• Reduction in the quantity of chemicalinsecticides used

• Environmentalsafetyasevidentbyincreaseinthenumberofbirdpopulationinthecrop.

• Compensatoryyieldsandhighernetreturns

IMPACt oN eNVIRoNMeNt

Regularcrophealthmonitoringrevealedthattheuseofeco-friendlybio-pesticidesandconservationofeggparasitesandpredatorshadresulted inrestorationof cleanenvironment. Thepopulationofpredatorylady bird beetleswas 0.04-0.36 adults/plant underthenon-IPMpracticescomparedtothe3.00to4.8adults/plant in IPMfields. Thepopulationof greenlacewing (Chrysoperla)was negligible in non-IPMplots compared to 1.4 eggs/plant in IPM plots.Planting Setaria as intercrop between 9th and 10th rowofcottonandprovidingbirdperchesenhancedtheactivityof thepredatorybirds (bulbul),and thepredation of bollworm larvae was to the extent of52-54%.Fieldcollectedbollwormlarvaehadshown100% parasitisation. The conservation of naturalenemiesandreducedusageofchemicalpesticideshadmadethecottonecosystem,ahabitatcongenialforthebirdstobuildtheirnests,whichwashithertoanunusualphenomenon.AllthepracticesundertheIPMprovidedforasafeenvironment.

leSSoNS leARNt fRoM ASHtA

• Performance depends on the activeparticipationofthefarmersandco-operationofdevelopmentalagencies.

• Women participation and motivation aids inquickerdisseminationofthetechnology.

• Training is mandatory for successfulimplementationandadoption.

• IPMimpactsarevisibleonlywhenadoptedonalargescaleand

• Timelysupplyofinputsisindispensable.

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ICAR - NCIPM

I really enjoy how rewarding it is to provide peace of mind to people in a panic by solving their pest problems

— Jesse Huie, IPM Specialist

6


IPM For CroP heAlth CAre In

Bt Cottonrk tanwar1, ajanta birah1, om bambawale1, kamal saini2 and P Jeyakumar3 1icar-National research centre for integrated Pest management, New Delhi2Department of agriculture, Jind, haryana 3icar-indian institute of rice reseach, hyderabad, telangana

INtRoduCtIoN

CommercializationofBttransgenicgenotypesin2002 brought revolution in cotton production

in India as a result of which during 2009-10 areaundercotton reached thehighest in theworld i.e., 10.33 m ha that produced 29.5 m bales. Indiabecame the second largest producer of seedcotton globally. The contribution from Bt cultivarswas nearly 90% which occupied 8.4 m ha. Up to69%reductioninusageofchemicalpesticideswasachievedbygrowingBt transgenic cotton. Furthercommercialization of Bollgard-II (2006) expressingCry1Ac and Cry2Ab together almost erasedlepidopterouspests from thecottoncrop scenariothat paved way for dominance of sucking insect-pests.By2010sixdifferentBttransgeniceventshadbeen approved for commercial cultivation in Indiafollowedbymanymoreinthefollowingyears.

AstransgenicBt cottoneffectivelymanagedspecificlepidopterous species, the technology resulted insignificantreductionintheuseofchemicalinsecticides.Bt-cottonhybridshaveeffectivelyprotected thecropfrombollworms.Butduetolackofresistanceagainstemerging insect-pests and the changes in pestmanagement systems with reduction in chemicalpesticides, sucking species have become moresignificantinBtcotton.Asapredictedphenomenonnewly emerged insect-pests especially suckingpestsbecameanissueinsustainabilityofBt cotton in Indiaamongseveralcountries.During2004,cottonmealybugmadeitsfirstappearanceinBt cotton in Gujarat and by 2006 acquired the status ofmajorpestnotonly inGujaratbutalso inallothermajorcotton growing areas. The incidence, spread andmanagementofmealybugPhenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera) during 2006-2009 in India stands as a land mark. In themanagementofmealybug,ICAR-NationalResearch

Centre for Integrated Pest Management played apivotal role in collaboration with other agencies.Thepresentcontributionisthesummaryoftheworkundertaken for mealybug awareness programmealong with recent efforts made at Jind (Haryana)towardsconservationofnaturalenemiesinBt cotton.

MeAlybug AwAReNeSS PRogRAMMe

Mealybug (P. solenopsis), a pest never reportedearlierinIndia,madeitsappearanceforthefirsttimeon BtcottoninGujaratin2004andbecameathreattocottonby2005-06.ThepestenteredintoPunjabin 2006 along with Bt-seed cotton and by 2007acquired the status ofmajor pest in all the eightmajorcotton-growingdistrictsofPunjabcausingalossof`1590millions to the farmers. Itsepizooticin Punjab was threatening the crop in adjoiningstatesofHaryanaandRajasthan.Toovercomethemealybugmenace,NCIPMdevelopedanintegratedmanagement strategy, which was successfullyimplemented through the Mealybug Awareness Programme-Punjab (sponsored by Ministry ofAgriculture, Government of India to NCIPM) incollaborationwithPAURegionalResearchStation,Faridkot, State Agriculture Department, Punjaband CIPMC, Jalandhar during 2008-09 in eightdistricts of Punjab viz., Ferozepur,Moga, Faridkot,Muktsar, Bhatinda, Mansa, Barnala and Sangrur.In Punjab 320 villages were covered under thesurveillanceprogrammeas fixed villages,whereasanother 160 villages were randomly surveyed atweekly intervals. Surveillance activity was focusedon the species composition and infestation ofmealybug on cotton crop and its secondary host,i.e., Parthenium throughout the cotton season of 2008-09. Accordingly, suitable alerts were issued to Chief Agriculture Officer of respective districts for further dissemination and management at hotspots.

7

ICAR - NCIPM

tRAININg ANd exteNSIoN

Master Trainers were trained from eight cotton-growing districts of State Agriculture Department(Punjab) on identification, life cycle, dispersal andmanagement strategies of mealybug. During thetrainingtheywereprovidedwithextensionmaterialsuchaspostersandfolders,forfurthermultiplicationand distribution to farmers (Table 1). The mastertrainers in-turn trained the progressive farmers ofthe950selectedvillages,whofurther impartedtheknowledgetootherfellowfarmersintheirrespectivevillages. A video film in Hindi titled “Kapas mein mealybug ka samekeet prabhandhan” (13 min)was prepared by ICAR-NCIPM. Punjabi versionof the DVD “Kapas che mealybug da sarvapakkhi prabhandhan” was also prepared in collaborationwithCIPMC,Jalandhar(Punjab).Around1000copieseach of Hindi and Punjabi DVDs were producedand distributed to the extension functionariesthroughout the country. The Punjabi DVDs werealsodistributed to the “Sarpanchs” of 320 villagesfor onward dissemination of the knowledge to thefarmersthrough“Panchayat Ghars”.Theknowledgeand management strategy for the emerging pest,mealybugwasdisseminatedtomajorityoffarmers,improvising their knowledge to tackle the likelymenaceduring2008-09season.

Management strategies

• Application of chlorpyriphos in neglectedunattended fields having weeds such asTrianthimum monogynae, Parthenium, etc.infestedwithmealybug.

• Removal of Parthenium and other weedsnear residence premises, roads, railway line,dumping them in trenches and spray withVerticillium lecanii / chlorpyriphos (June toSeptember)

• Application of malathion dust around heapsof dry cotton sticks. Dry cotton sticks used as fuel by farmers in different states are generally stacked in the fields or near the villages which act as a reservoir for spreadof mealybugs. During winter, the mealybugremainsonthesesticksintheformofovisacsorfemalemealybugsandonarrivaloffavourableweather conditions during January, the

Fig.1:Drycottonsticksstackedinfieldcarryingmealybugsduring off season; yellow arrow indicates a barrier of insecticide applied to preventmovement of crawlersand ants

Table 1: Trainings and awareness material (numbers) of NCIPM multiplied and distributed by State Agriculture Department, Punjab

District Mastertrainers Trainingsofprogressivefarmers

Villagescovered

Postersdisplayed

Foldersmultipliedanddistributed

Pressclippingsinnewspapers

Barnala 2 10 50 6000 7000 1

Bhatinda 9 4 200 56000 20000 3

Ferozepur 10 22 200 320 - -

Faridkot 10 96 100 8000 29000 -

Mansa 5 30 150 15000 25000 2

Moga 7 10 50 40000 12000 3

Sangrur 4 10 50 - 37000 3

Muktsar 3 30 150 - 37000 -

Total 50 212 950 125320 167000 12

8


crawlersemergefromtheovisacsandmoveto nearby crops or weeds. To prevent such spread of mealybug, the disposal of cottonsticks was advocated. The remaining cottonstackswereappliedwithmalathiondustontheboundaryasalayer(Fig.1)topreventcrawlingof mealybug nymphs from cotton sticks tonearbycrops/weeds.

• Regularmonitoring formealybug appearanceincottonandspotapplicationofprofenophosonly on infested plants at early stage insteadof spraying the whole field, conserved thenaturalecosystemandsavedthecostincurredonchemicalpesticides(forsprayingthewholefield).

• Proper precautions were taken while conducting survey as any person enteringthe field could act as a carrier of mealybugcrawlers. Similarly all the equipment neededproper cleaning while moving from one fieldtoanother toavoid the transportofmealybugcrawlers.

• Need-based application of appropriatechemicalpesticidesinhighlyinfestedfields.

• Organizing periodic meetings with farmers tobring awareness about mealybugs and theirmanagement.

• Avoidance of chemical pesticide application if natural parasitoids are observed in fields.

Survey for natural enemies of mealybug at national level

Periodical field surveyswere conducted by cottonteam of ICAR-NCIPM during 2007-09 in differentcotton-growing areas of Haryana, Rajasthan andPunjab in the North Zone and Madhya Pradesh,MaharashtraandGujaratintheCentralZone.Duringthesurvey,itwasobservedthatP. solenopsiswasthemajorspeciesofmealybugincottoninNorthaswellas Central zones except at Gujarat where Ferrisia virgat Cockerrel was also recorded. Infestation ofmealybugatmostoftheplacesinNorthandCentralzonesrangedfrommild(10-20%)tohigh(40-60%).During 2007 an efficient natural biocontrol agent,Aenasius bambawalei (Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae) (a new species; Fig. 2) was recorded for the first time onmealybug, P. solenopsis on different hostplants such as cotton, Parthenium hysterophorus,

Xanthium strumonium, Achyranthes aspera, etc. TheparasitoidwasfirstrecordedinDelhibyNCIPMinJuly2008andby2009itwasfoundtooccurinmostofthecotton-growingdistrictsofNorthandCentralzones (Table2,3and4). Itsnaturalparasitization on P. solenopsiscouldreachmorethan90percentatmanylocations.Atcertainlocations,theparasitoidscouldparasitize themealybugevenat low levelofinfestation.This is themostsuccessfulexampleofbiologicalcontrolofmealybug.

IMPACt

Bycreatingawarenessamong the farmersaswellas dissemination of surveillance-based advisory,applicationofchemicalpesticidesagainstmealybugwas reduced from 2-3 to only spot application atearly stage and/ or one application of chemicalpesticide,ifneeded.

In 2008-09, and the subsequent seasons, themealybug was successfully managed and theepizootic situation did not recur in Punjab. On anaverage,thefarmersappliedthreeroundsofchemicalpesticides to contain the mealybug infestationwhich costed ` 1500 per ha (approx.) during 2007-08. Integrated management strategy as well assurveillance-basedadvisorywasable to reduce thechemicalpesticideloadtospotoroneapplication.Further, due to the establishment of naturalparasitoid, A. bambawalei, no chemical pesticidewasrequired,atleastformealybugmanagement,astheparasitoidsuccessfullymanaged thepest.Thecost formealybugmanagement thereby graduallycamedowntonegligibleamount.

Fig.2:FemaleofAenasius bambawalei(Left);CocoonsofA. bambawalei on Achyranthes aspera (Right).

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ICAR - NCIPM

Table 2 : Phenacoccus solenopsis infestation and its parasitization on cotton in the North zone (2007-09)

State District Village P. solenopsisinfestation(%) Parasitoidsrecorded

2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009

Delhi NewDelhi IARIResearchFarm 20-40 10-20 Tr. - A. b. A.b., P.u.

Haryana Hisar Dhiranwas,Bhatla,MuklanandRaipurRani

10-20 20-40 Tr. - A. b. A.b., P.u.

Fatehabad DhangurandMattana

10-20 20-40 Tr. - - A.b., P.u.

Sirsa SahuwalaandPeeply

10-20 20-40 Tr. - - A.b., P.u.

Punjab Firozpur BhagwanpuraandBalluana

40-60 20-30 Tr. - - A.b., P.u.

Muktsar Kaundal,Mohlan,Mahabadar,BhallianaandKotbhaiDhani

40-60 20-30 Tr. - - A.b., P.u.

Bhatinda GiddarbhaandBehmanDiwan

40-60 10-20 Tr. - - A.b., P.u.

Rajasthan Hanumangarh Sangaria Tr. 20-30 Tr. - - A.b., P.u.

Bhagatpura Tr. Tr. Tr. - - A.b., P.u.

(A.b. - A. bambawalei; P.u. - Promuscidea unfasciativentris (a common hyperparasitoid); Tr. - Traces; - no parasitization)

Table 3: Infestation and parasitization of mealybug in different villages of Gujarat during 2008

District Village P. solenopsis infestation(%)

Parasitoidsrecorded

Vadodara Karavan,KandhaandPingalwada 10-20 A. b., P. u.

TimbermavaandDhavat 20-40 A. b., P. u.

Vemur 40-60 A. b., P. u.

Bhavnagar Dhandukaand(DhandukaTaluka),Botado (BotadoTaluka)Tagadi(DhandukaTaluka)

Tr.

40-60

A. b., P. u.

Tagadi* >60 A. b., P. u.

HamapurandMadavadhal (GadyhadaTaluka)

40-60 A. b., P. u.

Rajkot Vadod 20-60 A. b., P. u.

Surendranagar ThikariayalaandShaikpur Tr. -

Sanosara 40-60 A. b., P. u.

Bhaduka 40-60 A. b., P. u.

LakhtarandSardo** No infestation -

(A. b.-A. bambawalei; P. u.- Promuscidea unfasciativentris; Tr. –Traces; no parasitoid) *Desi variety was free from mealybug infestation; **Only Desi variety was grown

10


NoN-INSeCtICIde PeSt MANAgeMeNt IN CottoN At JINd

Recent whitefly epidemic in Haryana and Punjabhas threatened the sustainability ofBt technology.Bt should not be blamed for this epizootic as thegene provided protection against lepidopteranpestsandnotagainstsuckingpests.SowingofBt hybrids ignoring instructions from ICAR-CICR and

StateDepartmentofAgriculturemayberesponsiblefor it. IPMwhich emphasizeson conservation andaugmentation of natural enemieswith need-basedapplication of recommended pesticides appearstobetheonlysolution for theemergingproblems.During 2014, ICAR-NCIPM identified a group offarmersunder'Keet Saksharta Samuh'whomanagethecottonpestsbyconservationofnaturalenemiesandformanyyearshaveneverusedanychemicalpesticideagainstinsect-pestsanddiseasesincottoninafewvillagesofJinddistrict.

AtatimewhenwhiteflyattacktriggeredsuicidesbyfarmersinPunjabandHaryana,nearly250farmersof Jind district obtainedgood yield of cotton cropand that too,withoutusingchemicalpesticides. InJind,676,5904and2915haofcottonhadwhiteflyinfestation levelsof33-50%,51-75%and76-100%,respectively. State agriculture department officialsclaimed that farmers from over 12 villages in Jindadoptedpesticide-free farming resulting inwhiteflyattack only in 400 ha. Instead of using chemicalpesticides, the farmers used home made spraysto strengthen the plants. Their spray is a mix of di-ammonium phosphate, urea, zinc and water,and is called ‘Dr Dalal solution’ (named afteran agriculture development officer of Haryana, Dr. Surender SinghDalal who started this style offarmingabouteightyearsbackinJind).Theconceptgrewpopularafterhisdeath(2013)twoyearsago,andmany farmers replaced chemical pesticides with Dr.DalalSolution.Thissprayasclaimedbyfarmersbeat the impact of whiteflies in an affordableway.Instead of spending about ` 12,500 per ha tomanage whitefly on insecticides, they invested `1245perha(numberofspraysissixandcostof

Table 4 : Mealybug infestation and its parasitization by hymenopterous parasitoids in different Tehsils of Parbhani (Maharashtra) during 2008

Village Mealybuginfestation(%) Parasitization(%) Parasitoidsrecorded

Parbhani Hasnapur 30.4 33.7 A. b., P. u.

Brahamangaon 60.3 17.4 A. b., P. u.

Manwat Kolhawadi 30.8 75.6 A. b., P. u.

Manawat 25.3 - A. b., P. u.

Pathri Pathri Tr. - A. b., P. u.

Jaydapur Tr. - A. b., P. u.

Veta 60.6 38.5 A. b., P. u.

Gangakhed Mahatpuri 11.3 - A. b., P. u.

Sayala 10.4 87.3 A. b., P. u.

Sonpet Shalegaon 5.6 - A. b., P. u.

(A. b.-A. bambawalei; P. u.- Promuscidea unfasciativentris (a common hyperparasitoid); Tr. –Traces; - no parasitization)

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ICAR - NCIPM

one spray in 0.4 ha is ` 83). Nearly 250 farmers,including 100 women from 16 villages of Jind -Nidana,Nidani,Joura,LalitKhera,Radana,Chabri,Samla, Chabra, Igra, Rajpura Bhain, Mohangarh,Samla, Khargram Ji, Hathangarh, Aleva andChati Sampla - have been working as ambassadors tospread awareness about the campaign. Thesefarmershavebeenmotivatingandimpartingtrainingto farmersofotherdistricts to identify “friend”and“enemy” insects and avoid the use of chemicalpesticides. It is a fact that the crop of farmersassociatedwiththiscampaignhasnotsufferedanyloss due towhitefly attack. In contrast, thosewho

resorted to chemical pesticides suffered heavylosses.

ICAR-NCIPMincollaborationwithJindgroupinitiatedresearchandextensionactivitiesduring2014cottoncrop season to compare the non-pesticide andfarmers’practicesinBtcotton.FarmersassociatedwithKeet Saksharta Samuhneverusedanychemicalpesticide forpestmanagement inBt cotton.Otherfarmerswerenotawareofthebiocontrol,andweredependenton6-20spraysofchemicalinsecticidesfor pest management in Bt cotton. Averagewhitefly population across the locations ranged4.1-28.1 adults / nymphs per 3 leaves (near ETL) innon-pesticidepestmanagementfieldscompared to 4.5-43.7adults/nymphsper3leaves(>ETLonafewoccasions)infarmers’practiceinJind(Fig.3).Thepopulationofwhiteflycouldnotcrosstheeconomicthreshold level in non-pesticide pestmanagementwhereas in farmers’ practice it crossed the ETL(8-10 nymph/adult whiteflies per leaf) on a few occasions. This could be due to conservation ofnaturalenemiesinfieldswithnon-pesticidepractices,which in turnmanaged the whitefly population. Inotherwords, these farmersof thisareahave learntthe art of maintaining pest defender ratio in sucha manner that the natural could take care of thepestsbynotallowinginsectpopulationtocrosstheeconomicthresholdlevel.

Fig.3:Whiteflypopulationinnon-pesticideandfarmers’practicesinBtcottonatJindduring2015.

Let New India arise out of the peasant’s cottage, grasping the plough out of the huts of the fisherman...... Let her emerge from groves and forests, from hill and mountains

— Swami Vivekananda

Non-pesticidePM

Standard Meteorological Weeks

Farmers’Practice

Whi

tefly

pop

ulat

ion

/ 3 le

aves

12


vAlIdAtIon oF IPM In BAsMAtI rICe

rk tanwar, Dk garg, mD Jeswani, sP singh, oP sharma and vikas kanwaricar: National research centre for integrated Pest management, New Delhi

INtRoduCtIoN

Basmati is a long-grain aromatic rice grown inseveral States of India and Pakistan. India is

the leading exporter of the Basmati rice to the global market. Basmati rice is cultivated inabout 2.0 million hactares. In 2014-15, out ofthe total production of 8.70 mt of Basmati ricefrom 2.10 million hactares, 3.7 mt worth INR ` 275.979 billion was exported. (http://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsiteon20Dec2015,1405hrsIST). Punjab and Haryana account for about 70 percent of total Basmati grown in India (http://www.business-standard.comarticle/market/basmati-rice-acreage-to-go-uo-despite-lower-realization-last-year-11505327_1.html). The yield potentialof commonly grown Basmati cultivars viz., Pusa Basmati1,TaraoriBasmatiandDehraduniBasmati is severely hampered by biotic stresses as thereisnoinbuiltresistanceinthemtoanyofthepests.Extensive surveys of Basmati growing areas byICAR:NationalResearchCentreforIntegratedPestManagement (NCIPM) revealed excessive andinjudicioususeofchemicalpesticidesandfertilizers by farmers that aggravated the pest menace,secondary pest outbreaks, residue problems ingrains, soil and water, environmental degradationand rejection of many export consignments.Recently, theappearanceofbakanae in thewidelycultivated,cv.Pusa1121hasexaggeratedthepestproblem.An inter-disciplinary and inter-institutionalteam took up the challenge at NCIPM to addressthese problems through holistic IPM tactics. IPMstrategiesweresynthesizedandvalidatedatvillagelevel in Basmati growing areas of Uttar Pradesh,HaryanaandUttarakhand.

IPM VAlIdAtIoN

locations

IPM validation trial was initiated at Baraut (Dist.Baghpat, UP) during 1997-98 in an area of 10 hawith cv. Pusa Basmati 1. Selection of village wasbased on baseline information collected from thefarmers, which had shown indiscriminate use ofchemicalpesticides(phorate,endosulfan,etc.)toanextentof4-6spraysforsuppressionofinsect-pestsanddiseases.During1999,thetrialwasshiftedtoanearbyvillage,Shikohpuroveranareaof40hawhichinsubsequentyearswereextendedto120and160haduring2000and2001seasons,respectively.AfterthesuccessofIPMvalidationatShikohpurinPusaBasmati1,thetechnologywastakenupinChhajpurKhurd (Panipat) village, Haryanawith Taraori localBasmativariety.AtChhajpuratotalof28,80and140haareawasunderIPMduringkharif2002,2003and2004, respectively.Gradually the technologyby itsownspreadto25adjoiningvillages.During2005to2010 the technologywas validated inUttarakhandStateatTilwariandDoodhalivillages(Dehradun)in40and25ha,respectively,withDehraduniBasmati (Type3)andKasturi.

During2005thehighyieldingvarietyofBasmaticv.Pusa 1121 introduced by ICAR-IARI became verypopular among farmers.Presently, this variety hasspreadtoover84%ofthetotalBasmatiareainPunjab,78%inWesternUttarPradesh,68%inHaryana,30%inUttarakhand, 8% in JammuandKashmir and isgrown over 1000 ha area in hill state of HimachalPradesh.However, thevariety ishighlysusceptibleto bakanae foot rot disease (Fusarium fujikuroi) (Fig. 1). The problem became more serious withincrease in area under cv. Pusa Basmati 1121.Hence, IPM module was fine-tuned to overcome

13

ICAR - NCIPM

theproblemofbakanaealongwithotherpests.IPMpackagewasvalidatedattwolocations,AtternaandSibouli (Sonipat, Haryana) in 40 ha each during2006-2010. The IPMmodulewas further extendedto a cluster of villages (350 ha) during 2010-15 infarmers’ participatory mode at Bambawar andadjoiningvillages i.e.Aakilpur,Hassanpur,MahawadandRajatpurinGautamBudhNagardistrictofUttarPradesh(Fig.2).

baseline information

Yellow stemborer (YSB: Scirpophaga incertulas),brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens), whitebackedplanthopper(WBPH:Sogatella furcifera)andleaffolder(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)arethemajorinsect-pests, whereas blast (Pyricularia oryzae),bacterial leafblight (BLB)(Xanthomonas oryzaepv.oryzae),brownleafspot(Cochliobolus miyabeanus) andsheathblight(Rhizoctonia solani)arethemajordiseases of Basmatirice.• Noseedtreatmentwascarriedoutbyfarmers.• FarmersdidnotgrowSesbania/Vigna radiata

forgreenmanuring.• Onlyoneseedlingwastransplantedperspot in

HaryanaandUttarPradeshwhereasinUttarakhand,6-7seedlingsweretransplantedatonespot.

• Farmers,ingeneral,appliedhighernitrogenousfertilizers than the recommended dosages inHaryanaandUttarPradesh.Verylowdosagesof fertilizers were applied in Uttarakhand. Nozincwasappliedbyfarmers.

• Farmerswerenotabletoidentifyinsect-pests,diseasesandnaturalenemies.

• Farmers followed the advices of pesticidedealersandreliedonchemicalpesticidesforpestmanagement.4-6spraysofchemicalpesticideswereundertakenbyfarmerstoovercomepestmenace.

Fig.1:Symptomsofbakanaeinfestedplant (tallandyellow)attilleringstage

Year UttarPradesh

Haryana Uttarakhand U.P. Area (ha)

Shikohpur Chhajpur Dharampur Atterna&Sibouli

Tilwari Doodhali Bambawad

2000 1202001 1702002 2502003 3402004 3602005 3762006 4402007 4502008 4902009 4902010 5102011 5702012 6102013 6852014 7652015 830

Farmers’ participatory trial conducted by NCIPM Follow up visit to get feed back

Fig.2:SpreadofIPMinBasmati Rice

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• Commonchemicalpesticidesusedwerephorate,fipronil,endosulfan,monocrotophos,dichlorvos,methylparathion,mancozebandcarbendazim.

• FarmerswereunawareofanyIPMstrategy.

IPM module

A basic IPM module as a part of integrated cropmanagement was developed accounting thepest prevalence and the information available

from literature. IPM strategies were based on keyagronomiccomponentslikein situsoilincorporationof green manure (Sesbania / Vigna radiata),balanced use of fertilizerswithmore emphasis onsupplementation of potash, application of zinc,andbioticstressmanagementbyregularcropandpest monitoring, conservation and augmentationof natural enemies, use of bio-pesticides and need(economicthresholdlevel)-basedapplicationofchemicalpesticides.

IPM strategies adopted as a part Integrated Crop Management (ICM)

Cropstage Targetevents/pests IPMstrategies(includingcropmanagementoptions)Prekharif crop

Enrichingsoilnutrients SowingofgreenmanureSesbania /Vigna radiata. In situ tramplingofgreenmanureafter45-50DASafterpickingofmaturepodsPuddlingoffield

Nursery Bedsforhealthynursery Nursery on raised beds of 10 X 1.5 sq.m with a gap of 30 cm. FYMenrichmentanduseofrecommendedNPK

Diseases

Weeds

UseofcertifiedseedsSoakingpaddyseedsin2%saltsolutionforabout15minutesfollowedbydiscardingoffloatingseedsandwashingtheheavyseedsSeedtreatmentwithcarbendazim50WP@2g/kgHandweeding

Blast

BLB

Need-basedsprayofcarbendazim50%WP@250-500g/haorisoprothiolan40%EC@750ml/haortricyclazole75%WP@300-400g/haNeed-based spray of streptomycin sulphate 9% + tetracyclinehydrochloride1%SP@100-150ppm

Transplant-ing

RecommendeddosagesoffertilisersScirpophaga incertulas (YSB), Dicladispa armigera(Hispa)Soilbornediseases(*)

Uniformplantpopulation

Weeds

BasalfertilizerdoseofN:P:K:25:50:50;andapplicationofZnSO4@25kg/ha(afteroneweek)Clippingofleaftipsofseedlings

SeedlingrootdipinPseudomonas fluorescens (3.0X1010cfu;5ml/lofwater)for30minutesPlanting2-3seedlings/hillwithspacingof20and15cmbetweenrowsandhills,respectively.Handweeding

Earlytolatetillering&Prefloweringtillcropmaturity

S. incertulas (YSB)SpiderconservationYSB, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (LF) Sheathblight(Rhizoctonia solani)

BLB(Xanthomonas oryzaepv.oryzae)

Blast(Pyricularia oryzae)

WBPH(Sogatella furcifera)/BPH

Fixingofpheromonetraps@5traps/haformonitoringFixingofstrawbundle@20/haforconservationofnaturalenemiesesp.spidersReleaseofeggparasitoid,Trichogramma japonicum @0.15million/ha(affixedasTrichocards)(basedonpestmonitoring).Applyvalidamycin3%L@2000g/haorhexaconazole5%EC@1000ml/haorpropiconazole25%EC@750ml/haorpropiconazole10.7%+tricyclazole34.2%SE@500ml/haDraining-offwater Spraystreptocycline@100to150ppmatearlyrootstage(subjectedtoappearanceofsymptoms)RemainingN in twosplitdoses (30kg/haeach)30and50daysaftertransplantingAsforsheathblightSprayofethofenoprox10%EC@500-750ml/haoracephate75%SP@666-1000g/haorbuprofezin25%SC@800ml/ha

*Sheath blight, sheath rot, etc.#Application of chemical pesticide was based on the ETL levels: YSB-2 egg-mass/m2 or 10% dead heart or 1 moth/m2 or 25 moths/trap/week; LF-2 Fully damaged leaves (FDL) with larva/hill; BPH- 10-15 hoppers/hill; BLB -2-3 infected leaves/m2; Sheath blight-Lesions of 5-6 mm in length & 2-3 infected plants/m2; Neck blast 2-5 neck infected plants/m2

Note: In the present trial no chemical was used against LF and YSB as the pest never crossed ETL; Cartap hydrochloride 4% granules @18750 g/ha or cartap hydrochloride 50% SP @ 1000 g/ha or monocrotophos 36% SL @ 625-1250 ml/ha were advised as the last option if the pests crossed the ETL.

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ICAR - NCIPM

IMPACt of tHe IPM StRAtegy

In all the IPM validation trials, incidence of insect-pestsanddiseasesremainedlow(Fig.3;Table1);whereas yield as well as benefit-cost (B-C) ratioremained higher (Table 2) in IPM as compared tofarmers’practices(FP).

Samples of Basmati grains collected from IPM andFP trials atBambawad for residueanalysisofcarbendazim, phorate and buprofezin indicatedthe residual below (< 0.001-0.05 µg/g) MaximumResidueLevel(MRL)inallthesamples;thisenabledtheproduce to fetch`200/-perquintalmore thantheprevailingmarketpriceforBasmatirice.

Table 1: Pest incidence in IPM and farmers’ practices (FP) in cv. Pusa Basmati 1121

Pest Atterna Sibouli Bambawad

2008 2008 2009 2010 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

IPM FP IPM FP IPM FP IPM FP IPM FP IPM FP IPM FP IPM FP IPM FP

Yellowstemborer(%) 3.0 6.5 2.5 6.0 3.5 17.1 1.9 9.6 4.5 14.5 0.05 0.5 0.69 1.7 0.14 0.8 0.07 0.7

Leaffolder(%) 6.5 10.0 7.5 9.5 4.5 7.5 4.5 8.6 8.7 21.3 0.05 0.3 0.13 0.3 0.09 0.3 0.14 0.3

BPH(No./hill) 17.5 35.0 15.0 38.0 1.5 6.5 7.8 32.5 7.5 35.5 6.9 8.7 1.25 1.4 0.49 0.8 0.49 0.8

Neckblast(%) 7.0 18.0 9.5 18.5 7.3 16.5 3.5 7.8 - - - - - - - - - -

BLB(%) 5.0 9.0 3.5 7.5 4.1 11.4 4.9 12.6 4.2 11.3 - - - - - - - -

Bakanae(%) 3.5 8.0 3.0 9.5 Tr 19.6 Tr. 23.4 Tr. 28.3 5.5 17.8 3.34 14.71 0 19.0 0.05 9.8

Table 2: Yield levels and economics in IPM versus farmers’ practices (FP)

Parameters IPM FP1styr 2ndyr 3rdyr 4thyr 5thyr Mean 1styr 2ndyr 3rdyr 4thyr 5thyr Mean

Pusa Basmati 1 at Shikohpur (Uttar Pradesh) (2000-02)Meanyield(q/ha) 58.0 57.4 51.6 - - 55.7 48.2 45.6 43.5 - - 45.8Benefit/costratio 3.2 3.2 2.2 - - 2.8 2.3 2.1 1.6 - - 2.0Taraori Basmati at Chhajpur, Panipat (Haryana) (2002-04)Meanyield(q/ha) 28.3 26.7 26.2 - - 27.1 22.2 22.1 22.6 - - 22.3Benefit/costratio 3.5 2.1 2.8 - - 2.8 2.3 1.4 1.9 - - 1.9Dehraduni Basmati at Tilwarai, Dehradun (Uttarakhand) (2005-06)Meanyield(q/ha) 21.2 24.3 - - - 22.7 18.1 19.8 - - - 19.0Benefit/costratio 3.0 3.4 - - - 3.2 2.90 3.3 - - - 3.08Pusa Basmati 1121 at Atterna, Sonipat (Haryana) (2008-10)Meanyield(q/ha) 41.0 - - - - 41.0 35.8 - - - - 35.8Benefit/costratio 6.4 - - - - 6.4 5.3 - - - - 5.3Pusa Basmati 1121 at Sibouli, Sonipat (Haryana) (2008-10)Meanyield(q/ha) 36.0 53.5 48.5 - - 46 30.5 43.6 38.5 - - 37.5Benefit/costratio 5.5 7.5 5.8 - - 6.3 4.5 5.8 4.0 4.9Pusa Basmati 1121 at Bambawad, Gautam Budh Nagar(UttarPradesh)(2010-14)Meanyield(q/ha) 33.2 33.9 39.8 34.6 38.5 36.0 16.2 20.9 33.2 27.7 33.2 26.2Benefit/costratio 3.8 2.4 3.6 5.2 3.5 3.7 1.8 1.4 2.8 3.6 2.2 2.3

(LF-Leaf folder; YSB-Yellow stem borer; WBPH-White backed planthopper;BIast(leafandneck);BLB-BacterialLeafBlightSB-SheathBlight)

Fig.3:Incidenceofinsect-pestsanddiseasesinIPMandfarmers’practices(FP)indifferentvarietiesofBasmati

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feAtuReS of IPM IMPleMeNtAtIoN

Farmer field schools

Organizing Farmer Field School at 10-15 dayintervalsduringeachcropseasonwasanimportantstepfordisseminationofIPMstrategies.Ithelpedindevelopingstronglinkagesamongfarmers,scientistsand extension workers. Farmers got educated atdifferentstagesofthecropgrowthespeciallyontheidentificationofinsect-pests,diseasesandbeneficialorganisms. All the farmers followed the IPMinterventionsasadvisedandtheappliedchemicalsasalastoptiononlywhenneeded.

Availability of quality bioagents

Bioagents viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens weremadeavailablebytheStateAgriculturalDepartmentpersonnel with the help of State BiocontrolLaboratory.Suchasupportsystemensured timelyavailabilityofqualitybioagents for fieldapplicationbyfarmers.

Communication

MobilenumbersofriceresearchersofNCIPMgiventotheprogressivefarmersoftheIPMvillageshelpedthemtoseekproperpestmanagementadviceanddisseminate among other farmers of the villageswheneverneeded.

empowerment and skill development in IPM

AdoptionofIPMtechnologyempoweredthefarmersinfollowingways:

1. Farmers understood the role of cropmanagement practices (like judicious useof fertilizers, growing of Sesbania for greenmanuring)inricepestmanagement.

2. Farmersareabletodistinguishbetweenharmfulandbeneficialinsects.

3. Farmers ability to identify major diseasesimproved.

4. Farmers of IPM villages presently understandthe role of monitoring, concept of ETL andneed-basedapplicationofchemicalpesticides.

5. Farmers practice only spot application ofchemicalpesticides.

6. Decision making on release of parasitoidsor pesticide application is done by farmersthemselves.

Pest monitoring

Imparting training to a few progressive farmerson identification and recording insect-pests anddiseases at weekly intervals using data sheetshelpedthefarmerstounderstandtheconceptofETLand empowered them to take their own decisionsonneed-basedapplicationof chemical pesticides.The farmers are using the pheromone traps formonitoringthepopulationofYSBmoths.

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For all the pests that out of earth arise the earth itself the antidote supplies

— Lithica, c. 400 BC

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IPM For trAdItIonAl rICe

mukesh sehgal1, h ravindra2, Y somasekhara3, Ng ravichandra3, bc bora4, bN chaudhary4, b bhagwati4 and rk Jain5

1icar: National research centre for integrated Pest management, New Delhi2Department of Plant Pathology, Zars, shimoga, karnataka3university of agricultural sciences, bengaluru, karnataka4aicrP (Nematodes), assam agricultural university Jorhat, assam5aicrP (Nematodes), icar-iari, New Delhi

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) commands recognition asa supremecommodity tomankindbecause its

cultivation is a tradition and ameans of livelihoodtomillions. Rice is the food for about 50 per centoftheworld’spopulationresidinginAsia,where90percentoftheworld’sriceisgrownandconsumed.InAsia, Indiahas the largestareaunder rice (44.6million ha) accounting for 29.4% of the globalrice area (Hedge and Hedge, 2013). Of the totalharvested area, about 46% is irrigated with 28%rainfedlowland,12%rainfeduplandand14%floodprone.ProjectionofIndianriceproductiontargetfor2025ADis140mt,whichcanbeachievedonlybyincreasingthericeproductionbyover2mtperyearinthecomingdecadeandthishastodoneagainstbackdropofdiminishingnaturalresourcessuchaslandandwater. Assam(4.2%),Karnataka(3.7%),West Bengal (13.8%) and Uttar Pradesh (13.3%)are important rice producing States wherein thetraditional (non-Basmati) rice is commonly grown.In theseStateseither therice isgrownasasinglecrop or rice-rice cropping systems is in vogue.A number of pests cause nearly 23% yield loss.ValidationandpromotionofIPMinricefordifferentagro-climaticzoneswasinitiatedin2007atMandya(Karnataka),Golaghat(Assam)andaftersuccessfulIPMinterventionstheprogrammewasalsoextendedtoShivamogga,KarnatakaaswellasinBororiceinKalyani,WestBengal.

loCAtIoN: MANdyA, KARNAtAKA

Several biotic stresses including insect-pests,diseasesandplantparasiticnematodescauseabout18%yieldloss.Stemborer(Scirpophaga incertulas)among insect-pests, and blast (Pyricularia oryzae)among diseases are economically important.Besides, root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola has emerged as a new threat to rice

cultivation. For the first time, severe incidence ofroot-knotnematode(M. graminicola)wasobservedduring kharif 2002 in nurseries of few villages ofK.R. Pet taluk,Mandya district which took amoresevereturnduringthefollowingyearsandspreadtootherricegrowingareasaswell.Thisnematodehasbecomea‘Statepest’,appearinginmostofthericegrowing tractsdue to itsdevastatingeffecton riceseedlingsinnurseryandlater,inthemainfield.

SymptomsofM. graminicolaweremorepronouncedindrythanwetnurseries.Insomeofthetransplantedfields, the crop was showing yellowing symptomswith stunted growth in patches on all the popularvarietiesviz.,Jyothi,Intan,Ko4,IR64,etc.,growninthearea.Itwasalsoobservedthatthenematodewas spreading through channel irrigation water,especially in Hemavathi, Cauvery and Bhadracommandareas.

Inordertocombatmajorpestsviz.,stemborer,blastandroot-knotnematodeonricewithan integratedapproach,aneffortwasmadeincollaborationwiththeUASBangaloreKarnataka, AICRP (Rice),V.C.Farm, UAS, Mandya, Office of the Joint Directorof Agriculture, Mandya and Assistant Director ofAgriculture,K.R.Pet,Mandya.

Variousactivitiescarriedout include theselectionofvillages thatwerehotspots fornematodes,viz., Hariharapura (441/200ccsoil,32galls/plant)andAkkihebbalu villages (436/200 cc soil, 42 galls/plant), K.R. Pet, Mandya district, application offertilizers (N:P:K, 60:50:40 kg/ha) and use 25 kg/ha ZnSO4, installationofpheromonetrapsforstem borermonitoring,releaseofTrichogramma joponicum (need-based), spot application of Carbendazim(for blast), Streptocycline (for bacterial leaf blight),manual weeding, systematic pest monitoring andconductingoffarmers’fieldschools.

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Thirty nine farmers in village Akkihebbalu wereselectedforpracticingintegratedpestmanagementstrategies in rice on 36 ha. In nursery bedsCarbofuran @ 0.3 g a.i./m2, Pseudomonas fluorescens (1x109 cfu/g)@20 g/m2were appliedseparately in the nursery beds. For need-basedmanagementofinsect-pestsChlorpyriphos@2ml/lorImidacloprid@1ml/4lofwaterwassprayed.ThefungicidesCarbendazim (1g/l)orTricyclazole (0.5ml/l)weresprayedasperrequirementinnurseryforthemanagementofriceblast.Theobservationsongallingduetoroot-knotnematode,riceblastdiseaseseverity and insect-pest damage were recorded.(Tables1-2).

In themain fields,pheromone trapswere installedin the IPM fields for monitoring the population ofstem borer in the field. Carbofuran 3G@ 3-4 kg/hawasapplied to the fields tomanagenematodewhileImidaclopridandTricyclazoleweresprayedtomanagestemborerandblastdisease,respectivelyon need basis. Manual weed management waspractisedregularly.

Carbofuranapplicationinnurseryinadditiontomainfieldafter45DATrecordedmorenumberof tillers,improvedplantheight,leastgalls,lessdriedshootsduetostemborerandalsorecordedmoreyieldoverP. fluorescenstreatedandcontrolfields.

Impact of validation programme

The awareness created about the diagnosis ofrice root-knot nematode as the cause of seedlingdeath in nursery and increase in the number ofrice seedlings increased the yield to the extent ofaround10q/ha.Those farmerswhodidnot follow

nematode management understood the need forcriticalinterventionsandfollowedinthesubsequentseasons.

loCAtIoN: SHIVAMoggA, KARNAtAKA

In Shivamogga, rice occupies 5.09 lakh ha (35%)withaproductionof13.2(36%)lakhtonneswithanaverageyieldof 2593kg/haacrosssevendistrictsunder the purview of University of Health andAllied Sciences (UHAS), Shivamogga. However,the productivity of the region decreased from 30quintal/acre in 1970 when and chemical fertilizerswere introduced to8 to10quintals today.Mostofthericegrowersaresmallandmarginalfarmerswhoare ignorant and do not follow the recommendedpackageofpractices.

Major production constraints of rice

1. Lack of suitable hybrids / varieties with highyield potential: for normal planting condition(medium duration), early sowing conditions(mediumtolateduration)andvarieties/hybridsresistant to blast, bacterial leaf blight, sheathblight,sheathrotandanewproblemofthericeroot-knotnematodeintheregion.

2. Soilorganicmatterstatusandoverallfertilityisdecliningduetomono-cropping.

3. Large area is rainfed leading to scarcity ofmoisture during grand growth period andfloweringstage.

4. Prevalenceofbioticstresseslikericeroot-knotnematode, blast, bacterial leaf blight, sheathblightandsheathrot.

Table 1 : Severity of root knot and blast in nursery

Treatment Nematodepopulation/200cc

Galls/20seedlings Blast incidence(%)

Carbofuraninnursery+40DAT 224 21.5 2.6

P. fluorescensinnursery 285 34.3 2.5

Untreatedcontrol 418 78.3 2.8

Table 2 : Growth, pest severity and yield in IPM main field

Treatment No. of tillers/plant

Numberofgalls/20plants

Severity ofblast (%)

No.ofdriedshoots due to stemborer/sqm

Yield q/ha

BC ratio

Carbofuraninnursery+40DAT 14 88 8.2 7.2 67.4 3.3

P. fluorescensinnursery 13 102 10.9 8.3 58.3 2.9

Untreatedcontrol 11 283 18.7 17.0 40.6 —

20


5. Insufficient knowledge of farmers on riceproductiontechnology.

6. Lack of crop management strategies foradaptabilitytochangingclimatescenario.

Rice root-knot nematode appeared in devastatingform in parts of major rice growing areas ofShivamogga during 2001, which was the firstreport from Karnataka and subsequently, reportedfrom Mandya district. Initially, it was noticed onlyinaerobiccondition (drill sownandSRImethods).Since2011, it hasbeenobservedappearing in alltypes of rice cultivating situations. Hither to, onlytobaccofarmerswerehavingawarenessabout thenematodes where the impact of damage was feltandsuitablemanagementpracticeswerefollowed.Now, the rice farmers and extension workers arefeeling the nematode problem in rice and arecompelledtoadoptmanagementpractices.Lookingtotheseverityofthenematodespreadinthestate,a RKVY project was sanctioned wherein studieswereconductedon variousaspects including thepreparationof NematodeAtlaswith digitalmapsdepicting distribution of rice root-knot nematodeacrossallthe29ricegrowingdistrictsinKarnataka.

An IPMvalidationprogramme incollaborationwithNCIPM, NewDelhi, was also taken up in differenttaluksandvillagesofShivamoggaandDavangeredistricts.Threevillageswereselectedbasedonricecultivation practices viz., Chikadakatte: Rice-Rice-Rice,Purale:Rice-Rice-GreengramandPillangere:Rice-vegetables.

Symptomsweremorepronounced inaerobic thaninwetnurseries.Insomeofthetransplantedfields,the crop was showing yellowing symptoms withstuntedgrowthinpatchesonallthepopularvarietiesviz.,Jyothi,Intan,IR64andMTU1001.Itwasalsoobservedthat,thenematodewasspreadingthroughchannel irrigationwater,especially inTungabhadracommandarea.

In order tomanage themajor pests viz., root-knotnematode, (RKN), blast, BLB diseases and stemboreronricewithanintegratedapproach,aneffortwasmadeincollaborationwithUAHSShivamoggaKarnatakawiththeobjectivesviz.,

v Extensive survey for the identification ofnematodehotspots

v TodevelopRKNmapofKarnataka

v To estimate crop losses in farmers’ fields inrelationtodifferentagroecosystems

v TodevelopIPMpackageformanaginginsect-pests and diseases

v Supplying critical inputs to rice farmers tomanageRKNandotherpests

v Creating awareness among rice farmersregardingIPMpractices

IPM implementation

Three main villages, Chikadakatte of Davangeredistrict, Purale and Pillangere from Shivamogga district,wereconsideredashotspotsfortheincidence of M. graminicola and hence, these spots werechosenfortheIPMvalidationonrice.

Around 2000 ha of rice growing areas have beenfound to be infestedwith rice root-knot nematode(Meloidogyne graminicola) in Shivamogga andDavangeredistrictsofKarnatakawithaverageinitialnematode population of 550 J2/200 cm3 soil and 20galls/plantinthepaddynursery.TwentyfarmersinvillageChikadakatte,10farmersfromPuraleand 15 farmers from Pillangere were selected forpracticingintegratedpestmanagementstrategiesinricein60ha.

Various activities carried out after the selectionof nematode hot spot villages included balancedapplication of fertilizers (N:P:K, 60:50:40 kg/ha),installation of pheromone traps for stem borermonitoring, release of Trichogramma joponicum (need-based), spot application of Carbendazim(for blast),Streptocycline (for bacterial leaf blight),manualweedmanagement,systemicmonitoringofinsects,diseasesandnematodesandorganisationof farmer field schools. Fieldswere visited once afortnight and the farmers were advised about thepractices of integrated pest management in rice.Demonstrations and training programmes wereconducted to train the farmers on IPM in rice.Pheromone traps (100 numbers) were fixed atIPM fields in the abovementioned villages for themanagementofstemborer.

The effective treatments for management of riceroot-knotnematode infectingricedevelopedunderAICRP (Nematodes) were included for validationtrial. In nursery beds, carbofuran@ 0.3 g a.i./m2,Pseudomonas fluorescens@20g/m2wereappliedseparately in the nursery beds. For need-basedmanagementofinsect-pestsChlorpyriphos@2ml/lor Imidachloprid@1ml/4 lofwaterwassprayed.ThefungicidesCarbendazim(1g/l)orTricyclazole(0.5ml/l)weresprayedinnurseryforthemanagementofriceblastdiseaseasperrequirement.

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The nursery management of rice root-knotnematode,insect-pestsanddiseasesweretakenupby45farmerscovering60ha.Theobservationsonroot-knotindex,blastdiseaseseverityanddamageduetoinsect-pestswererecorded(Tables3-4).

ApplicationofCarbofuraninnurseryalongwithfieldapplication 45DAT recorded increased number oftillers,pronouncedplantheight,leastgallsandlessdriedshootsdue tostemborerandalso recordedmore yield overP. fluorescens treated and controlfields.

Impact of IPM validation

v Awareness was created among the farmersregarding rice root-knot nematode as amaincausefordeathoftheseedlingsinnursery.

v Farmers were convinced about IPM practicesasbeneficialtothem.

v There is an enhancement of yield up to 10quintals/ha.

v Drastic reduction occured in the incidence ofroot-knotnematode(i.e.,60-70%).

v Theincidenceofblastdiseaseandstemborerwasreduced.

v Reduction in number of chemical pesticidespraysfrom8to2.

v Costofcultivationwasreducedupto40%.

v Intheneighbouringfarmers’fields,therewereununiformgrowthscomparedtotreatedfields.

v Higher yields were recorded in Carbofurantreatedplots(2q/ha).

v Enquiriesweremadebyneighbouringfarmersregardingthemanagementpracticesadopted.In summerpaddy season i.e., January, in thesamenurseriesthegallindiceswereveryless.

The farmers are very confident about the IPMinterventions and eager to continue and spreadthe message to fellow rice farmers regarding theincidence,spreadandmanagementofricerootknotnematode.

loCAtIoN: ASSAM

InAssam,Golaghat isamajorricegrowingdistrict which is surrounded by the river Brahmaputra inthe North, the State of Nagaland to the South, Jorhat district to the east and Karbi Anglong andNagaon districts to the West. Two villages viz. Danichapori and Kocharipam of district Golaghatsituatedabout15-20kmawayfromthetownDergaongrow both direct-seeded upland and transplantedSali ricepredominantly.ThesurveysconductedbyNCIPMandAssamAgriculturalUniversityfoundricerootknotnematodeM. graminicolaasathreattoricecultivationespeciallyinuplandriceandinnursery.It was observed that nematodes caused rice yieldloss up to 20-30%. Furthermore, the outbreak ofM. graminicola infestation was witnessed in about3000hainGolaghat,Assam.AnAttemptwasmadeto manage nematodes under a collaborative andparticipatory programme with cooperating centreof AICNP of Jorhat and farmers, respectively by

Table 3 : Overall severity of root knot, blast and insect damage at nursery

Treatment FNP/200ccinnursery Galls/20seedlings BlastIncidence(%)

Carbofuraninnursery+40DAT 172 20.6 1-6

P. fluorescensinnursery 189 24.2 2.2

Untreatedcontrol 317 80.6 3.4

Table 4 : Growth, pest severity and yield in IPM main field

Treatment Mainfield

No. of tillers/Plant

Numberofgalls/20plants

Severityofblast(%)

No.ofdriedshoots due to stemborer/sqm

Yield (q/ha)

BC ratio

Carbofuraninnursery+40DAT 16 65 7.1 4.2 58.4 4.2

P. fluorescensinnursery 21 122 9.9 10.3 54.3 3.9

Untreatedcontrol 11 1253 17.7 18.0 43.6 —

22


NCIPM,NewDelhi. Validationof IPM for ricewascarried out at farmers’ fields in two villages viz. DanichaporiandKocharipamofGolaghatoverfiveyears(2009-13)in12,16,24,28and40hacovering12, 16, 20, 22 and 24 farm families, respectively.IPM for rice comprising of nursery bed treatmentof carbofuran@ 0.3 g a.i./m2 followed by its [email protected]./haat45DATorapplicationofbioagentPseudomonas fluorescens@20g/m2 in nursery or seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @10g/kg seed innurserywas implementedwitheach treatment in 3 ha in each village.Seedlingsfrom carbofuran treated nursery transplanted inthe field were further supplemented with [email protected]./ha(45daysaftertransplanting).Pooleddataof5yearsshowedthatcarbofuran treated nursery beds had 100 galls/20seedlings while P. fluorescens and T. viride had 115galls/20seedlingsand118galls/20seedlings,respectivelyinthefirstyear(2009).Ademonstrationwascarriedout in the fieldof five farmersof eachvillageandthefarmerswereaskedtoprepare3seedbeds. One seed bedwas treatedwith [email protected]./m2,anotherwithP. fluorescens@20g/m2andanotherwaskeptasuntreatedcontrol.TalcformulationofP. fluorescenswasappliedwithfinelypowderedcowdungbeforesowingofseeds.Thirtyday old seedlings were transplanted separatelyinnineplotseachof2500sq.m.Thefarmerswereasked to followall the interculturaloperations.Thescientists of Jorhat centre recorded the initial andfinal nematode population in the field. Root Knot Indexatharvest,otherpestsandyield.Thescientistsinvolved in the project regularly conducted thefarmers’ field school in the village. In the first yearthere was reduction in the nematode population.Theareaunderdemonstrationtrialswasincreasedevery year and at the end of year 2013 total areaunder IPM was 80 ha. The same fields werecontinued for INM technology with better nutrientmanagement and adoption of recommendedpractices. During 2013 yield in carbofuran treatedplots was 39.6 q/ha and before intervention 40.5 q/hawhile it was 35.2 q/ha and 36.6 q/ha inP. fluorescens treated plots and 33.0 q/ha and 34.7 q/ha in Danichapori and Kacharipam,respectively. In untreated control, 30.8 q/ha and31.2q/haofpaddyyieldwasrecordedinrespective

villages.Atthetimeofapplicationofchemicals,bio-agentsandatthetimeofharvesting,theneighbouringvillage farmers were invited for highlighting themeritsofIPMpractices.

Impact of validation trials

v An increase in yield of rice by 26.1% incarbofuranand13.1%inP. fluorescenstreatedplotsoveruntreatedcontrolwasnoted.

v Reducedpopulationofrootknotnematodesintreatedplots.

v Decreased incidence of soil borne diseasesandinsect-pestsintreatedplots.

v Numberofchemicalpesticidesprayswasless.

v Reductionincostofcultivation.

v Higheryieldwasrecordedincarbofurantreatedplots.

v CarbofuranwasfoundbetterthanP. fluorescens inreducingnematodepopulationandincreasingyield.

v The incidence of root knot nematode wasreducedinthenextseason.

v Neighbouring villages started adopting themanagementofricerootknotnematode.

23

ICAR - NCIPMIntensIve APPlICAtIon oF IPM For InCreAsIng

ProduCtIon oF Pulse CroPs

oP sharma1, s Yelshetty2, v rajappa2, rg teggelli2, s vennila1, Jb gopali 2, s bhagat1, Nr Patange3, N singh1, bv bhede4, sD bantewad5, ak bhowmick6, P laxmi reddy7, sk singh8, m kadam9, cP srivastava10, ss surin11, shankar kr. singh11, sunil kumar12 , bs reddy12 and Dm mannur12

1icar: National research centre for integrated Pest management, New Delhi2agricultural research station, gulburga, karnataka3agricultural college, osmanabad, maharashtra4marathwada agricultural university, Parbhani, maharashtra5agriculture research station, badnapur, maharashtra6Jawaharlal Nehru krishi vishwa vidyalaya, Jabalpur, madhya Pradesh7Krishi Vigyan Kendra, anantapur, andhra Pradesh 8icar: indian institute of Pulses research, kanpur, uttar Pradesh9agriculture college, Nanded, maharashtra10banaras hindu university, varanasi, uttar Pradesh11Krishi Vigyan Kendra, lohardaga, ranchi, Jharkhand12Krishi Vigyan Kendra, bidar, karnataka

INtRoduCtIoN

Sensitivitytoweatheraberrationsandpestcomplexnumbering 200 in pulses pose innumerable

problems towards realizing the economic yields,leadingto imports. Importsof4.6milliontonnesofpulses happen annually. Helicoverpa armigera, amajor insect-pest on pulses has been reported tocauselossestothetuneof` 45thousandmillionperannum. Indiscriminate use of chemical pesticideshasfurthercompoundedthepestmanagementduetodevelopmentofresistancetopesticidesbesidescausing environmental pollution leading to humanhealthhazards.Theenvironmentalistsandsocietyatlarge is expressing their concerns through variouspressuregroupswithavisionof “poisonanddebtfree agriculture”. Pulses are highly sensitive toattackbyawide rangeofpests (diseases, insectsandweeds)both in thefields (atvariousstagesofcropgrowth)aswellasstorageconditions.Mostofthepestsattackthecropatreproductive(flowering& pod) stage causing direct losses to the tune of70%. In absence of resistant varieties, insect-pestanddiseasesarethemajorbottlenecksinrealizinghigheryields.Oflate,adverseimpactsofpestshavebeencompoundedbythechangingclimatewhichisquitevisibleintermsofresurgenceofdiseasesandchanging forage habit of insect-pests. In order to

managepestsituationswithoutcompromisingyieldlevels while keeping the cost of cultivation withinlimits, optimization of crop protection measuresin crop production has attracted the attention ofplanners, scientists aswell as pulse growers. Thesolution to a greater extent lies in the adoption ofIntegrated Pest Management (IPM) for managingpests.Hence,DOAC,NewDelhisupportedpresentstudies under the ambit ofNational FoodSecurityMission.

MAJoR PRoduCtIoN CoNStRAINtS IN PulSe CRoPS

• Shortageandlackoftimelyavailabilityofqualityseeds having in built resistance against localpests.

• Cultivation on marginal and sub-marginal landsdeficientinnutrientswithlowinputs.

• Lackofbasicinformationrelatedtopestbiology,andrealtimepeststatus.

• Lack of appropriate pulse production andprotectiontechnologies.

• Major pulse producing areas are deficient inwaterholdingcapacitymakingthemvulnerabletoheatstressoftenresultinginterminaldrought,and

• Poor post-harvest technology, storageinfrastructuresanddal processingunits.

24


SPeCIfIC PlANt PRoteCtIoN CoNStRAINtS IN PulSe CRoPS

In pulses, an average of 30-80% losses valued at `40-50thousandmillionoccursduetoinsect-pests.At times, it isdifficult toestimate lossescausedbypestsasplantshavegoodabilitytocompensatefordefoliationupto50%evenifitoccursinthepoddingstage. During nineties in Northern Karnataka,applicationofbroadspectrumchemicalinsecticidesfailedtoreducetheextensivedamage(70to90%)and incurred loss to the tune of ` 4000 million.The post scenario analysis indicated that due todesperationandlackofknowledge,farmersadoptedcalendar-basedapplicationofchemicalinsecticides.In the absence of water, farmers resorted to dustformulation, which obviously did not reach the target sites. Excessive use of these chemicalpesticides resulted in development of resistanceby pests against individual as well as group ofpesticides.

tHRuSt oN IPM IN PulSe CRoPS

Anticipatingthebenefitsof IPMinpulsecrops, theresponsibility of popularization of IPM on farmers’fieldsasasub-componentofNFSMwasassignedtoNCIPMinapartnershipmodewithStateAgriculturalUniversities, Research Centres and IIPR, Kanpurwithgenerousfinancialoutlay.MajorpulsegrowingStatesnamely,AndhraPradesh,Karnataka,MadhyaPradesh,MaharashtraandUttarPradeshweretakenupduring2010-11andtillAugust2014.LateronIPMimplementationwasexpandedbyincluding3morecentresatKVK,BidarofUAS,Raichur(Karnataka),KVK, Lohardaga of BAU, Ranchi (Jharkhand) andMirzapurofBHU,Varanasi(UttarPradesh).

obJeCtIVeS

Todevelopcluster of “nuclearmodel villages” inselecteddistricts fordemonstrating IPMmodulesadopting farmers’participatorymodetosuit theircroppingsystemsCapacity building of Technical Assistants ofdifferent blocks, district/block level officers andfarmers to enhance their capabilities towardshealthycropproductionthroughIPMstrategiesToestablish centralized “National PestReportingand Alert System” through networking of pulsegrowers, in addition to strengthening of pest-diagnosticlaboratoryandTo develop and carryout awareness campaignsthroughprintandelectronicmedia,toreachareasnotcoveredunderthisprogram

APPRoACHeS to IPM IMPleMeNtAtIoN

Baselinesurveysoftargetagro-ecologicalzonesinKarnataka and review of historical data helped inidentifying specific production constraints and toformulate strategies to mitigate their effect. Thesestrategies were aimed at cultivating a healthycropwith thehelpofsoilnutrients inareashavingspecificdeficiencyandreduceyield lossescausedby combined effect of insect-pests and diseases.Plantprotectionstrategieswerebasedondecisionsupport system derived from regular monitoringof thecrophealth through“e-pestsurveillance”aswellas installedpheromone trapsandsubsequentapplicationofstrategiesgivingprioritytoeco-friendlyorgreenlabelpesticidestominimizepestincidence/intensitybelowETL.

Key production constraints of pigeonpea as well aschickpeaintheclientelefieldsare:

SOIL NUTRIENTS Status

LowCarbon Sporadic

DeficiencyofZinc Common

DeficiencyofSulphur Common

PESTS

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)

Seedlingwilt(Fusarium sp.) Sporadic

Fusariumwilt(Fusarium udum) Common

Phytopthora blight(Phytophthora drechsleri f. sp. cajani)

Sporadic

Sterilitymosaicvirus Endemic

Cercospora leafspot(Cercospora canescens)

Sporadic(emerging)

Powderymildew(Leveillula taurica) Sporadic(emerging)

Podborer(Helicoverpa armigera) Widespread

Spottedpodborer(Maruca vitrata) Sporadic

Plumemoth(Exelastis atomosa) Sporadic

Webber(Grapholita critica) Sporadic(increasingtrend)

Podbug(Clavigralla gibbosa) Sporadic(increasingtrend)

Podfly(Melanagromyza obtusa) Spreading

Borer (Batoceraspp.) Sporadic(localized)

25

ICAR - NCIPM

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Softrot(Sclerotium rolfsii) Sporadic

Fusariumwilt(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri)

Common

Dryrootrot(Rhizoctonia bataticola) Sporadic


Defoliator(Spodoptera exigua) Common

Cutworm(Agrotis ipsilon) Common

Termites(Odontotermesspp.) Common

Lentil (Lens culinaris)

Dryrootrot (Rhizoctonia bataticola) Sporadic(emerging)

Collarrots(Sclerotium rolfsii) Sporadic

Stemrot/blight(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)

Sporadic

Fusariumwilt(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis)

Widespread

Rust (Uromyces fabae) Sporadic

Ascochytablight(Ascochyta lentis) Sporadic


Cutworm(Agrotis ipsilon) Widespread

Termites(Odontotermes spp. and Microtermes spp.)

Common

Mung (Vigna radiata) and Urd bean (Vigna mungo)

Yellowmosaicdisease Common

Cercosporaleafspot(Cercospora canescens)

Common

Leafcrinkle Sporadic

Powderymildew(Erysiphe polygoni) Sporadic

Anthracnose(Colletotrichumspp.) Common

Whitefly(Bemisia tabaci) Common

Aphids(Aphis craccivora) Common

Stemfly(Ophiomyia phaseoli) Widespread

Termites(Odontotermes spp.) Common

INtegRAted NutRIeNt MANAgeMeNt

Lowcarboncontentisacommonfeatureofsoilsoftarget areas.Most of the pulse growing areas arealso low inNPKstatus.Sulphurdeficiency ranged20-60%. Zinc as well as iron are deficient amongmicronutrients. Zinc sulphatewas [email protected]/ha as a part of minikit. Similarly, sulphur wasgivenintheformofSulphurBethonite@5kg/hatoreplenishthesoilsulphur.Theapplicationofsulphurhas resulted in development of healthy flowersand pods bearing bold seeds in comparison toconventionalsystem.

MoNItoRINg-bASed PeSt MANAgeMeNt StRAtegIeS

Extent of crop yield reduction depends on theduration of pest attack as well as their density/intensity. Hence,monitoring of the crop health fortimelydetectionisthemostcrucialfactorgoverningtheeconomicsofcropproduction,successof IPMstrategies, adoption and effectiveness of plantprotection tools.There isneed tohavea real-timedatabaseofpestsalongwithabuilt-insupportsystemtotaketimelydecisions.Theseobjectivescouldbefulfilledbydeveloping“NationalPestReportingandAlert System” using the “e-Pest surveillance” datathrough http://www.ncipm.org.in/A3P/UI/HOME/Login.aspx.Ithasaninbuiltdecisionsupportsystemanddisseminationofadvisoriestoindividualfarmersthroughshortmessageservices(containingalertsaswellasadvisoriesinlocallanguages).Thetechnicalassistants(pestscouts)wereentrustedtovisitpre-designatedfarmsonregularbasisandrecordpestinformation by sampling plants. Adult catches of H. armigera caught in the pheromone traps deployed across fields were noted on standarddatasheets. The accumulated data were screenedby pest experts and when needed managementstrategies based on preventive and curativemeasures using latest chemical molecules wereinitiated.

While the IPM strategies revolved around pod-borer, and root wilt complex initially, the scenariohascompletelychangedsince2012,andwarrantedrevisit of strategies. During this period the lesserknowndiseases(Phytophthora,leafspots,powderymildew and rusts) and insect-pests (spotted podborer,podbugs,podflyandbeetles)havebecomea major threat in pigeonpea for which majority ofstakeholders were neither prepared nor have anystrategy. Provision of pest scouts has enabled monitor and report the occurrence of theseemerging pests and new host records. Despitecontinuing incidences of previously known pests,implementation of field tested IPM strategiescould help in achieving higher pulse productionand restoring confidence among farmers to therecommendedtechnologies.

INtegRAted PeSt MANAgeMeNt StRAtegIeS

Pigeonpea

• Adopt field sanitation by removing un- decayed plant/crop residues to prevent foliardiseases (powdery mildew and Cercospora leafspot).

26


• Adopt soil applicationofSulphur@20 kg/ha(e.g.,throughSSP,Gypsumorelemental)andZn as ZnSO4, which will lead to healthy cropandimpartgeneralresistance.

• Select fieldswithnowater loggingorprovidewith good drainage system or follow ridgesowingtoreducetheincidenceofPhytophthora blight. Use certified seed of recommendedvarietyhavingresistance/tolerancetokeyinsectpests/diseases.

• Adopt recommended plant to plant and rowdistance as per chosen variety and location.Advocatelargerrowtorowspaceinthelateaswellastransplantedpigeonpea.

• Treat the seeds with biofertilizers (PSB +Rhizobium+ Zn solubilizing bacteria) as perrecommended dosages, giving preferenceto local resources such as State bio-controllab as well as University. Treat seeds withrecommended dose of locally availableTrichoderma formulations(10g/kgofseeds),topreventseedling fromsoilborneandvasculardiseases(e.g.,Sclerotiumsoftrotand Fusarium wilt),nematodesatvegetativestage.

• Once the crop attains bud forming stageinstallpheromonetraps@5/haformonitoringof pod borer (H. armigera) adults in the field.Conventionallighttrapsmayalsobeinstalled.Cropneeds tobe surveyed for presenceandstagesof larvae. Incaseofhigh infestation intermsofcatches(2-5adult)perweekor1larvaeper plant (ETL) follow spray schedule. ThissprayschedulewillholdgoodforMarucawebaswellasleaffolders,whichinfestatvegetativeandfloweringstages.

• Spraywitheither5%crudeneemseedextractorwithneemoil(3000to5000ppm)willactasanti-feedantaswellasrepellenttomostinsect-pests.

• Spray 450 LE of HaNPV admixed with UVretardant (e.g., Ranipal), if the infestation by H. armigeralarvaeisonincrease.

• Spray some ovicide (e.g., Profenophos orChlorpyriphos).

• Iftheinfestationbylarvae(podborerorwebberor blue butterfly) is causing higher damagespray green label pesticides e.g., EmamectinbenzoateorChlorantraniliprole(Rynaxypyr) tosavethecrop.Repeatsprayifnecessary.

• During green pod stage look for damagecaused by pod-fly in the immature pods andspraywithinsecticidese.g.,dimethoate.

• Watchforearlymorningfoggyweatherforflowerdrops and examine closely for black spots. Incase of black spots on petals and pedicle,spraywithfungicidee.g.,Carbendazim;elseifdroppedflowersarefreeofspotsirrigatethecropandspraywithhormonese.g.,NAA(@1.5ml/ha),whichwillfurtherpreventflowerdrops.

• Harvestedgrainsshouldbedriedoncementedfloor to prevent excessive moisture, whichotherwisewill help bruchids to survive duringstorage.

Chickpea

• Adoptfieldsanitationbyremovingun-decayedplant/crop residues to prevent soil bornediseases(e.g.,wilt,blackrotandsoftrot).

• Adopt soil applicationofSulphur@20 kg/ha(e.g., through SSP, Gypsum or elemental Znas ZnSO4),whichwillleadtohealthycropandimpartgeneralresistance.

• Use certified seeds of recommended varietyhavingresistance/tolerancetokeyinsect-pestsand diseases.

• Adopt recommended plant to plant and rowdistance as per chosen variety and location.Advocate larger row to rowandplant toplantspace to prevent foliar (Ascochyta) and floral(Botrytis)diseases.Advocateinter-cultivationof“Coriander/Linseed”atevery10throwtobuildupnaturalenemies.

• Treat the seeds with biofertilizers (PSB +Rhizobium+ Zn solubilizing bacteria) as perrecommendeddose,givingpreferencetolocalresourcessuchasStatebio-controllabaswellasUniversity. Treat seedswith recommendeddose of locally available Trichoderma formulations (10g/kg of seeds), which willpreventseedlingaswellasvasculardiseases(e.g., Sclerotium soft rot and Fusarium wilt),nematodesatvegetativestage.

• Install inanimate bird perches @ 20/ha toencouragepredatorybirdpopulation.

• Oncethecropattainsbudformingstageinstallpheromone traps@5/ha formonitoringofH. armigera adults in the field.Adult catcheswillhelp in getting ready for monitoring-based

27

ICAR - NCIPM

sprayschedules.Conventionallighttrapsmayalso be installed. Followed by adult catches,crop need to be surveyed for presence andstagesoflarvae.Incaseofhighercatches(2-5 adults)perweekor1larvaepermeterrow(ETL)adoptplantprotectioninterventions.

• Spraywitheither5%crudeneemseedextractorwithneemoil(3000to5000ppm),whichwillactasanti-feedantaswellasrepellenttomostof insect-pests.

• Spraywith250LEofHaNPVadmixedwithUVretardant (e.g., Ranipal), if the infestation bylarvaeisstillonincrease.

• Spray some ovicide (e.g., Profenophos orChloropyriphos).

• If the infestation by larvae (podborer) is stillon increase and larvae beyond 3rd instar arevisible spray with green label pesticides e.g.,Emamectinbenzoatetosavethecrop.Repeatsprayifnecessary.

• Watch for early morning foggy weather forflowermottlinganddryingandexaminecloselyforcottonygrowth.Incaseofcottonygrowthonpetals andpedicles spraywith fungicidee.g.,Carbendazim.

• Harvestedgrainsshouldbedriedoncementedfloortopreventexcessivemoisture,whichotherwisewill help bruchids (Callosobruchus spp.) tosurviveduringstorage.

Mungbean and urdbean

• Advocate field sanitation, deep summerploughingandaugmentationofde-oiledneemcake@5q/ha.

• Applybalanceddosagesof fertilizer, includingKtoassurepesttoleranceincrop.

• Usevarietieswithresistanceforfoliardiseases(yellowmosaicvirus,powderymildews).

• Seed treatment with Carbendazim @ 1g/kgseedorTrichoderma(4g/kgseed)+carboxin(1 g/kg seed) for disease management andimidaclopridor thiomethoxam70WS@5g/kgseedforearlystageinsectpestmanagementorsoilapplicationofImidacloprid0.3G@15kg/haforlongereffectagainstsuckinginsects-pests.

• Intercropping with sorghum, sesame andfingermilletasperratiorecommendedforthe

particular location. Adopt regular monitoringofthecropfortheoccurrenceofdiseasesandpests.

• Usepheromonetrap(onlyinpodborerendemicareas) for insect monitoring. With mothcatchesof4-5pertrapfor3-4nightssprayasrecommended.

• First spray of Profenophos 50EC @ 2ml/l ofwater.

• Ifinsect-pestscontinuetoprevailapplysecondspraywithNSKE(5%w/v).

• Spray0.05%[email protected]./10lwaterifpowderymildew,anthracnoseorCercospora leaf spot infection is observed to have initiatedonthecrop(notatadvancedstageofdisease).

lentil

• Advocate field sanitation, deep summerploughingandaugmentationofdeoiledneemcake@5q/ha.

• Applybalanceduseof fertilizer, includingKtoassurepesttoleranceincrop.

• Usevarietieswithresistancetofoliarrust.

• Seed treatment with Carbendazim @ 1g/kgseedorTrichoderma(4g/kgseed)+Carboxin(1 g/kg seed) for disease management andImidacloprid 70WS @ 5g/kg seed for earlystageinsectpestmanagement.

• Seed treatment with Carbendazim (1g a.i./kgseed)+Thiram(2g/kgseed),orTrichoderma (4g/kgseed)+Carboxin(1g/kgseed).

• Timelysowingasperrecommendationfortheparticularlocationtoavoidrust.

• Intercropping or mixed cropping with linseedormustardasper ratio recommended for theparticularlocation.

• Regularmonitoringofthecropforpresenceofdiseasesaswellassuckinginsect-pests.

• Foliar spray of Profenophos 50 EC@ 2 ml/lwaterorDimethoate30EC@2ml/lwater incase of aphid infestation.

• Foliar spray ofWettable Sulphur (2 g/l water)orMancozeb(2g/lwater)againstrust(numberof sprays depend on the disease severity,progressofdisease).

28


SMS AdVISoRy CHARt foR tHe PulSe PeSt MANAgeMeNt

Pigeonpea

May:

• Ploughthefielddeeptoexposeandkillpupae,pupating larvae, fungal pathogens and cleanthedebrisoflastcrop.

• Go for soil testing at the government soiltestinglabsandfollowtheirsuggestionsforthemicronutrientandfertilizerapplications.

June:

• Apply125kgof farm-yardmanuremixedwith5 kg of Trichoderma sp./ha before sowing toreducewiltdisease.

• TreatseedswithTrichoderma viride@10g/kgtocheckwiltdisease.

• Sow the disease/pest resistant varieties inrespectiveendemicareas.

• Intercropwithsorghumtoreducewiltincidenceandconservebeneficialinsectsandtoserveasperchesforinsectivorousbirds.

• Plantbymid-JunetoavoidpodborerH. armigera.

• Sowing should be done in rows (North toSouth).

• [email protected]/lwithin2daysaftersowing(DAS), forweedmanagement.

July:

• If theweedicide has not been appliedweedsshould be hand-picked after 20-25 days aftersowing.Ifneededhandpickingshouldbedoneasandwhenrequired.

• Lookforanysoftrot/collarrotaffectedplantandincaseofhighincidenceapplysoildrenchingwithCarbendazim50WP@1.0g/l.

August:

• Lookforwiltedplants,rogueoutanddestroy.

• In case of increased number of wilted plantsapplyCarbendazim50WP@1g/lorMancozeb45WP2.0g/l.

• Remove and destroy sterility mosaic affectedplants as they serve as source of secondaryspread.

• If thenumberofsterilitymosaicdiseaseplantincreases, spray Dicofol 18.5 EC @ 2.5 ml/lor Oxydemeton methyl 25 EC @ 2.0 ml/l [email protected]/l.

September:

• Incaseof increasedwiltedplants in thefield,applyCarbendazim50WP@1g/lormancozeb45WP2.0g/l.

• Onthereappearanceofsterilitymosaicdisease,[email protected]/[email protected]/[email protected]/l.

• Incaseofaphidsinfectedplantblackens,[email protected]/[email protected]/[email protected]/l.

• Look for blister beetle and collect themmechanicallyinpolythenebagsandkillthem.

• In case blister beetle population increases,[email protected]/[email protected]/[email protected]/[email protected]/l.

• Fixpheromonetrap@5-10/haforthemonitoringof H. armigerapopulation.

• Plant marigold as trap crop on bordersor interspersed with crop for pod borermanagement.

October:

• In caseofmassive attackof defoliators [email protected]/[email protected]/l [email protected]/l [email protected]/l.

• SprayHaNPV@450LE/[email protected]/lalongwithTeenopol (to minimize UV inactivation) tomanageH. armigerapopulation.

November:

• Monitorthepopulationofpodborerlarva,eggson the crops and the adults in pheromonetrapaspodborer isoneofthemajorpestsofpigeonpea.

• Ifmorethan1podborerlarvaeor2eggs/plantor4-5moths/trap/day(ETL)isobserved,[email protected]/lorThiodicarb75WP@ 0.6ml/l or Indoxacarb 14.5 SC@ 0.3ml/[email protected]/lorHaNPV@450LE/[email protected]/lorNSKE5%@50g/lorNeemoil3000ppm@20ml/l.

29

ICAR - NCIPM

• IncaseofseveredamagebyCercospora,[email protected]/[email protected]/l.

• [email protected]/[email protected]/[email protected]/l.

• The pods from the early maturing varietiesshouldbeharvestedassoonastheymature.

• Theseedsshouldbesun-driedproperlybeforeit is placed in a clean, beetle-proof storagecontainer.

• In case of infestation by bruchids before thetimeofharvestsprayTriazophos40EC(infieldatharvest)@2.0ml/lor10ml/kgofseeds.

• Clean the stores and destroy the residualbruchidpopulation.

• Mixedibleoilslikemustardoilorneemoil@10ml/kgseedalongwithcharcoalpowder@10g/kgofseed.

• If bruchids infestations is high under storagefumigatewithEthylenedibromide@3ml/100kgof seed.

December:

• Frequentlymonitorthepodflyandpodsuckingbugsastheyaremajorpestsofpigeonpea.

• If more than 2.5% of pods are damaged(ETL)bythepodfly,applyAcephate75SP+jaggery(1%)@1.0g+10g/lorImidacloprid17.5SL+ jaggery (1%)@0.2ml+ 10g/l orThiomethoxam25WG+jaggery(1%)@0.3ml+10g/lorThiodicarb75SP+jaggery(1%)@0.6ml+10g/l.

• Incasethepopulationofpodsuckingbugsisabove 2 bugs/plant (ETL) apply Acephate [email protected]/[email protected]/[email protected]/l

January:

• Ifmorethan1podborerlarvaeor2eggs/plantor 4-5 moths / trap/ day or the pod damageof more than 5% observed (ETL), [email protected]/lorThiodicarb75WP@ 0.6ml/l or Indoxacarb 14.5 SC@ 0.3ml/[email protected]/lorHaNPV@450LE/[email protected]/lorNSKE5%@50g/lorNeemoil3000ppm@20ml/l

February:

• In case of population of pod suckingbugs isabove2bugs/plant (ETL), [email protected]/[email protected]/[email protected]/l.

• Ifmorethan1podborerlarvaeor2eggs/plantor 4-5 moths / trap/ day or the pod damageof more than 5% observed (ETL), [email protected]/[email protected]/[email protected]/[email protected]/lorNSKE5%@50g/lorNeemoil3000ppm@20ml/l.

• If more than 2.5% of pods are damaged bythe pod fly (ETL), apply Acephate 75 SP +jaggery (1%)@1.0g+10g/lor Imidacloprid17.5SL+ jaggery (1%)@0.2ml+ 10g/l orThiomethoxam25WG+jaggery(1%)@0.3ml+10g/lorThiodicarb75SP+jaggery(1%)@0.6ml+10g/l.

March & April:

• SprayTriazophos40EC(Infieldatharvest)@2.0ml/lor10ml/kgofseeds.

• Theseedsshouldbesun-driedproperlybeforeitisplacedinaclean,beetle-proofstoragecontainer.



• If bruchids infestations is high under storagefumigatewithEthylenedibromide@3ml/100kgof seed.

Chickpea

October:

• Apply well decomposed FYM or neem cake infieldshavingdiseaseproblemsinpreviousyears.

• TreattheseedswithrecommendeddosageofRhizobiumandwithlocalstrainofTrichoderma @10g/kgofseeds.

• Intercrop with linseed/coriander/mustard and“sprinkle”withsunflower topromotebioagentactivity. Complete planting bymid-October toescapepodboreractivities.

November:

• Carryoutinterculturaloperationandhandweedingtokeepthefieldsfreefromweedsandcutworms.

30


• At8weeksdetoporcarryoutnibblingofcropstoinduceprofusetillering.

• Carryoutregularmonitoringforoccurrenceofpodborerdamage.

December:

• Look for rotcausedbywilt,collar rotanddryroot rot diseases. Collect and burn them forfurtherspreadinthefields.

• Lookforpodboreregglaying/infestationsandapplyneemseedextract/neemoilasdeterrent.

January:

• Look forflowerdrops forBotrytis disease and spraywithCarbendazim50WP@2g/lorwithotherrecommendedpesticides.

• If fog persists carry out regular monitoringfor yellowing of the crop often caused bySclerotiniablightandspraywithChlorothalonilorMancozeb.

• In case of pod borer infestation, spray withChlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 0.15 ml/lor Emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.2 g/l, [email protected]/l orEthion50EC 2 ml/l or Monocrotophos 36 SL @ 0.04% (1ml/[email protected]%(3.5 ml/l of water) or Deltamethrin @ 0.5ml/l of water 500 or 600 litres of water/ha or dustQuinalphos1.5D,orChlorpyrifos1.5D@25kg/ha.

February:

• CarryoutintensivemonitoringofthecropforpodborerdamageandspraywithChlorantraniliprole18.5%[email protected]/[email protected]/l,[email protected]/[email protected]/lofwater500or600litresofwater/haordustQuinalphos1.5D,orChlorpyrifos1.5D@25kg/ha.

March & April:

• Theseedsshouldbesun-driedproperlybeforeit is placed in a clean, beetle-proof storagecontainer.

In case of bruchid infestation before the timeof harvest sprayTriazophos40EC (in fieldatharvest)@2.0ml/lor10ml/kgofseeds.



• If bruchid infestations are high under storagefumigatewithEthylenedibromide@3ml/100kgofseed.

AwAReNeSS CAMPAIgNS tHRougH PRINt ANd eleCtRoNIC MedIA

IPMbeingknowledgeintensiveisthemainconstraintin adoption by majority of farmers and theirpromoters. Inviewof this, farmersknowledgewasupgradedbyorganizingFarmerFieldSchools(FFS)during the crop season, and during this process “pestscouts”couldreachareasnotcoveredearlier.Apart from this several resource material withcoloured field photographs were developed andpopularizedduringannualRabi and Kharifcampaignmeets.

CAPACIty buIldINg

Inorder topopularisepestmanagementbasedonreal-timepestsurveillance,informationretrievedfrom“e-PestSurveillance”trainingofStateGovtofficials(UP,MP,Chhattisgarh,Karnataka,Rajasthan,Bihar,Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, WestBengal,AssamandTamilNadu)werecarriedoutincollaborationwithDepartmentofStateAgricultureatselectivestates.Traineeswere impartedwithbasicknowledge on use of software, decision to selectpesticides, safer molecules and changing pestscenario.

exPANSIoN of IPM AReA tHRougH fARMeRS’ PARtICIPAtIoN

Clusterof“NuclearModelVillages”wasselectedincollaborationwithStateDepartmentsofAgricultureto avoid duplication. Farmers irrespective of landholdings were selected in different districts fordemonstrating IPM modules comprising fieldtested plant protection strategies. Different IPMcomponents were procured based on Govtapproved rates and distributed among adoptedfarmers belonging to IPM. The programme wasimplemented in farmers’participatorymode tosuittheircroppingsystems.Aftercollectionofbaselinedata plant protection strategieswere implementedbasedonreal-timepest information.Thedecisionspertainingtochemicalspraywithselectivegroupofpesticidewere conveyed through farmersmeet aswellasadvisoriessentthroughSMS.

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ICAR - NCIPM

detAIlS oN AReA of oPeRAtIoN ANd beNefICIARIeS

Pigeonpea and Chickpea

Year Area(ha) No.ofbeneficiaries* No.oftaluks No.ofvillagescoveredPigeonpea Chickpea Pigeonpea Chickpea Pigeonpea Chickpea Pigeonpea Chickpea

Gulbarga (Karnataka) 2010-11 7000 5000 3301 1499 5 5 34 232011-12 6773.6 3896.8 3142 2372 6 4 39 442012-13 5000 4000 1808 1104 3 3 21 112013-14 3525.62 3904 2197 968 3 3 18 14Bidar (Karnataka) 2012-13 846 354 35 267 4 4 35 402013-14 2000 1000 21 900 5 3 21 8Anantapur (Andhra Pradesh) 2010-11 1000 1000 500 1000 1 12 5 122011-12 1000 2000 684 1912 3 2 4 102012-13 500 500 517 466 1 1 9 22013-14 400 400 174 386 1 1 4 1Naigaon (Maharashtra) 2010-11 1000 586.8 930 814 1 1 6 72011-12 1090 1024.91 1330 1429 1 1 7 122012-13 501.2 500 548 523 1 1 1 22013-14 500.2 500.2 509 624 1 1 2 2Osmanabad (Maharashtra) 2010-11 2035 2000 1556 1678 3 1 7 62011-12 1596 1691.6 1071 1227 1 1 3 5Badnapur (Maharashtra) 2010-11 1000 0 732 0 2 0 7 02011-12 1000 0 680 0 2 0 7 02012-13 200 100 443 180 2 1 4 12013-14 240 215 191 164 1 2 2 3Parbhani (Maharashtra) 2010-11 2000.54 2000 1341 1095 2 2 6 72011-12 2000 2000 1108 1222 2 2 7 82012-13 500 500 470 299 3 1 5 32013-14 500 500 450 317 3 2 4 4IIPR, Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh) 2010-11 2198 333 2987 671 3 2 65 122011-12 2932 686 3000 875 3 2 72 202012-13 226 475 325 450 1 1 9 152013-14 258.56 450 366 465 1 1 11 15Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh) 2012-13 645 770 1008 677 3 3 18 242013-14 75 351 175 410 1 3 5 14Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) 2010-11 3000 2000 2853 1708 6 2 111 552011-12 3000 2000 2754 1688 3 1 108 332012-13 200 600 198 446 1 1 3 102013-14 100 315 90 336 1 1 3 6Lohardaga (Jharkhand) 2012-13 500 300 492 296 5 4 10 62013-14 500 300 494 302 4 5 10 11Total 55842.72 41938.31 20345 13061 89 80 683 445

32


Lentil

Year Area(ha) No.ofbeneficiaries No.oftaluks No.ofvillagescoveredJabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) 2012-13 100 69 1 52013-14 100 100 1 4Lohardaga (Jharkhand) 2012-13 100 283 4 162013-14 100 182 4 6Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh) 2012-13 130 61 1 82013-14 288 112 2 10Total 1018 394 13 49

Mung and Urd bean

Year Area(ha) No.ofbeneficiaryfarmers No.oftaluks No.ofvillagescoveredBadnapur (Maharashtra)2012-13 249 212 2 22013-14 169 169 2 3

Total 418 381 4 5*Every year beneficiaries i.e., farmers were different

yIeld leVelS ANd PeStICIde uSe IN IPM versus NoN IPM (NIPM)

Pigeonpea and Chickpea

Year Averageyield (q/ha)

%increase %increaseoverStateaverage

No.ofspraysofchemicalpesticides

Reduction in pesticide use

Pigeonpea Chickpea Pige-onpea

Chick-pea

Pige-onpea

Chick-pea

Pigeonpea Chickpea Pige-onpea

Chick-pea

IPM NIPM IPM NIPM IPM NIPM IPM NIPM IPM NIPM IPM NIPM IPM NIPM

Gulbarga (Karnataka)

2010-11 10.0 8.7 11.2 9.4 12.5 16.7 117.4 103.8 6 13 2 3 7 1

2011-12 8.2 7.0 10.9 8.9 14.5 16.9 60.0 19.0 5 12 3 4 7 1

2012-13 10.7 9.2 11.6 10.0 13.9 15.0 44.7 147.4 3 5 2 3 2 1

2013-14 10.6 9.1 11.7 9.7 13.7 17.0 43.0 75.4 2 4 3 4 2 1

Bidar (Karnataka)

2012-13 13.5 9.1 14.7 11.2 32.5 23.6 189.5 210.1 4 5 3 5 1 2

2013-14 13.7 8.2 13.5 10.5 40.0 22.2 147.0 184.0 5 6 6 5 1 1

Anantapur (Andhra Pradesh)

2010-11 4.0 4.0 15.9 12.5 0.0 21.4 104.5 12.6 1 4 2 4 3 2

2011-12 2.5 1.8 16.5 21.0 27.1 27.3 54.0 - 5 7 2 5 2 3

2012-13 4.3 4.1 8.4 9.7 4.6 16.2 - - 3 3 4 5 0 1

2013-14 7.1 6.4 12.7 9.4 9.5 26.3 35.0 35.0 4 2 4 2 -2 2

Naigaon (Maharashtra)

2010-11 9.5 4.1 19.3 11.0 57.0 42.2 77.5 185.4 5 7 2 4 2 2

2011-12 9.4 5.9 15.7 10.1 37.3 35.4 45.8 49.1 5 6 4 5 1 1

2012-13 10.6 8.8 20.5 9.2 16.9 55.1 21.6 58.4 4 8 3 4 4 1

2013-14 11.0 8.3 21.5 8.5 24.6 60.4 21.6 65.5 4 4 4 4 0 1

cont...

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ICAR - NCIPM

Osmanabad (Maharashtra) 2010-11 8.6 7.9 18.7 16.6 8.7 11.2 61.1 176.1 4 5 1 4 1 32011-12 7.7 - 14.4 6.8 - 52.8 18.5 55.2 5 6 4 4 1 0Badnapur (Maharashtra) 2010-11 9.1 8.4 - - 7.7 - 70.0 - 4 3 - - -1 -2011-12 13.7 9.0 - - 34.5 - 72.0 - 5 4 - - -1 -2012-13 10.0 7.0 11.0 5.5 30.0 50.0 - - 6 5 4 5 -1 12013-14 16.0 8.1 8.5 - 49.1 0.0 190.0 101.0 3 4 3 2 1 1Parbhani (Maharashtra) 2010-11 10.1 8.3 9.3 7.4 17.9 20.4 68.8 37.5 5 6 3 3 1 02011-12 9.6 9.6 9.4 7.4 0.0 21.9 - - 4 6 3 4 2 12012-13 11.1 - 11.3 - - - - - 6 9 3 5 3 22013-14 12.1 10.6 12.1 - 12.4 - - - 3 8 3 7 5 4IIPR, Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh) 2010-11 9.7 6.8 14.6 11.7 29.8 20.0 13.6 44.3 3 5 4 5 2 12011-12 - - 17.5 11.7 - 33.0 - 46.7 4 5 2 4 1 22012-13 11.5 8.5 15.4 10.8 25.8 29.9 29.4 24.1 4 6 2 4 2 22013-14 15.7 11.5 15.4 8.5 27.0 44.8 11.2 - 3 5 2 4 2 2Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) 2010-11 3.0 2.0 17.5 - 33.3 - 169.6 45.8 4 7 2 4 3 22011-12 13.7 8.9 19.4 - 34.6 - 53.9 44.4 4 7 2 0 3 22012-13 11.0 6.4 15.7 10.6 41.3 32.4 76.4 10.8 2 3 4 5 1 12013-14 13.1 7.5 14.5 9.0 42.8 37.9 49.8 15.8 3 3 3 3 0 0Lohardaga (Jharkhand) 2012-13 16.5 15.5 13.0 10.4 6.1 20.0 - - 5 2 6 - -3 - 2013-14 13.6 9.8 11.9 8.7 27.6 26.9 - 13.1 4 4 3 2 0 -1

Lentil Year AverageYield(q/ha) %increase %increase

overStateaverage


Reduction in pesticide

IPM NIPM IPM NIPMJabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) 2012-13 12.9 10.0 22.6 39.9 1 1 02013-14 13.5 10.0 26.0 56.7 1 1 0Lohardaga (Jharkhand) 2012-13 12.5 9.4 24.8 13.4 1 2 12013-14 9.5 7.3 23.2 15.4 1 2 1Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh) 2012-13 12 8 33.3 41.7 1 0 -12013-14 - - - - 2 0 -2

Mung and Urd beanYear AverageYield(q/ha) %increase %increase

overStateaverage


Reduction in pesticide

IPM NIPM IPM NIPMBadnapur (Maharashtra) 2012-13 6.0 4.5 25.0 91.0 2 3 12013-14 4.5 - - 95.0 2 2 0

34


yIeld ANd eCoNoMICS of IPM

The implementation of IPM with the holistic crophealth approach has led to increased pulseproduction (15-20%) due to reduction in pestincidence/intensityatfield levelacrossthecentres.“National Pest Reporting and Alert System” led totimelyactionagainstinsect-pestsanddiseases,thusimprovingtheeconomicbenefits.

Due to monitoring system in place identificationof the powderymildew,Batocera,Cercospora leafspot disease, Macrophomina blight in pigeonpeaandpowderymildew,rustandleafmalformationinchickpeawerenotedasemergingpestproblemsinsouthernandcentralIndia.

Crop/location %increaseinyield BC RatioPigeonpea Gulbarga 66.5 3.4Bidar 168.2 4.0Anantapur 64.5 2.1Naigaon 41.6 3.0Badnapur 110.7 5.6Parbhani 8.8 3.4IIPR,Kanpur 8.0 2.8Jabalpur 87.4 2.9Chickpea Gulbarga 86.2 2.6Badnapur 101.0 2.5Bidar 197.0 2.4Anantapur 23.8 2.0Naigaon 89.6 1.8Parbhani 37.5 1.8Kanpur 38.4 3.1Lohardaga 13.1 2.8Jabalpur 29.2 2.3Mung and Urd bean Badnapur 93.0 4.5LentilJabalpur 48.3 4.4Lohardaga 14.4 2.1

TheB:CratioindicatesthatIPMfarmershavebeenbenefited more economically in comparison tonon-IPMduetosavingsaccruedbylesssprayandvigorouscrophealthduetoINMprovidedunderIPMkit.

ThemeanvalueofoutputonIPMfarmerwasabout10% higher than NIPM farms. The cost per unitoutput under different technological options is an

indicatoroftheireconomicefficiency.Theeconomicanalysis clearly indicated that IPM strategies withfocus on timely intervention can pay dividends inthelongrunandwillalsohelpinreducingimpactofclimatechange.

eNVIRoNMeNtAl beNefItS

Useofeco-friendlychemicalpesticideshashelpedin promotion of beneficial insects, viz., spiders,coccinellids and Chrysoperla. Spiders are veryeffectiveinminimizingthepopulationofinsect-pests.Sinceitisverydifficulttorear,theywereconservedbyminimizing thechemicalpesticidesprays.Build-upofladybirdbeetles(Coccinella)andtheoccurrenceofgreenlacewing(Chrysoperla)couldbeobservedfor45daysofcropgrowth.Theyfeedonjassidsandeggsof lepidopteran insects.While thepopulationof spidersandChrysoperla wasmoreduringpeakfloweringthanpoddevelopmentstage,coccinellidswere more during the later stage. Population ofbeneficialwasmore in IPMas compared toNIPMfields across all the taluks and seasons. SpiderpopulationwasmoreinIPMascomparedtoNIPM.The occurrence of green lacewing (Chrysoperla)couldbeobservedfor45daysofcropgrowth.

eCologICAl beNefItS

With growing awareness on the environment,all government agencies are emphasizing onsustainability through eco-friendly technologies.Hence, an attempt has beenmade to analyze theimpactof IPMstrategiesonenvironmentand farmworkers. The benefit incurred to the environmentwas assessed based on total EIQ, farm workers,honey bees as pollinators, consumers as well asnaturaldefenders.IPMstrategieshavereduceduseof chemical pesticides leading to improvement inecologicalniche.

SoCIAl beNefItS ANd AwAReNeSS

Attemptunder IPMprogrammehasbeenmade tobenefit maximum number of farmers and helpedthem to be decision makers of their own farms. The advisories received by them through SMS have enabled them to take timely action with thecriticalinputsprovided.Thefarmershaveopportunityto try newmethods under assured supervision ofUniversitystaff.Thesuccessoftechnologyhasmadethem to believe in scientific findings of Universityand enjoyed the opportunity to have face to faceinteractions.Non-IPMfarmersalsogotinterestedinthefieldsof IPM farmersdue tobettercrophealthwithlesserinputsandtakenpeerguidance.

35

ICAR - NCIPM

• Established and strengthened the criticalIPM inputs producing units at SAUs (UAS,Raichur and MAU, Parbhani) and served assourceforqualitycriticalIPMinput(Trichoderma formulations),makingitpopularamongfarmers;

• The farmers were educated to differentiatebetween thebeneficials andharmful pests soas to become decision makers of their ownfarm;

• IPM program has resulted into healthy cropand reduced the dependence on chemicalpesticides specially the organochlorines,organophosphatesandneonicotinoids.ImpactofA3Pcouldbeobservedbydrasticreductioninusageofdustformulationsfrom24.6to0.6%.Thepesticideusedatahasbeenquantifiedandgroupedintocategoriesforpolicymakers.Soilhealthhasimprovedintermsofconservationofsoilinhabitingbeneficialflora(Trichoderma and Pseudomonas fluorescens)andfauna;

• The impact on environment calculated onthe patterns of EPA, indicated reduction intoxicityleadingtoincreaseinthepopulationofbeneficialinsectsandmicro-organisms;

• Most of the farmers (>95%) understood theconceptofrotationofbroadspectrumchemicalinsecticides with new molecules. Survey hasinitiated the interest in use of botanicals andHaNPV. Farmers themselves (0.1 to 0.8%)understood the know-how and do-how aboutHaNPV production technology and usage forthemanagementofpodborer;

• Six technical bulletins, four books and 15extensionfoldershavebeenpublishedtoserveas resource material for the farmers, govt.officialsandextensionfunctionariesofdifferentstatesandcollaborators;

• Provided first level training to the officials(more than 500 trainees) of State Agriculture.Departments(UP,MP,Chhattisgarh,Karnataka,Rajasthan,Bihar,Jharkhand,AndhraPradesh,Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu) and coursecurriculum for second and third level trainingwasalsopreparedandsenttoStates.

AdoPtIoN of IPM vis-à-vis eMPloyMeNt: eStAblISHMeNt of dal MIll by IPM fARMeRS

SuccessofIPMcanbemeasuredfromthechangingeconomic status of farmers in the vicinity. The

farmers who are the beneficiaries of IPM Project(2010-11) of Afzalpur taluk were economicallybenefitted due to the technology and envisioningfutureprospects,formedtheSangha/societies.OneoftheleadSangha is “Annadaata Savayava Krishikara Sangha” at villageGangapur thathadapproachedthe differentGovernment funding agencies for thefinancial support to establish dal mill. The IndianSocietyofAgribusinessProfessionals (ISAP)cameforward toprovide50percentfinancialsupport toestablish thedal Mill. Thedalmillwasopenedon13Dec2011andmilled80 tonsofdal by theendofFebruary2012.Thecapacityofdal mill is5q/hrwith a milling recovery of 80%. The farmers sendthe tur formillingwithdetailinformationaboutnameof the farmer,village,varietyof tur,andproductiontechnology followed. The mill accepts suchproduceandprocesses it.Aftermilling,5percentof dal is retained by Sangha for the maintenanceand improvement. Remaining quantity is given toconcernedfarmers.Thesocietysignedagreementswith several Governmental farming missions forsellingofdal directlytothem.

futuRe dIReCtIoNS

IPM led pulse production has been heralded as ameans to enhance agricultural profits and livingstandards of people, while reducing risk fromchemical pesticides to human health and thenatural environment. During last two years, DACprogramme in major pulse grown areas havesought to encourage e-pest surveillance-basedIPMmethods.“Justintime”deliveryof“Advisories”aheadof farmersoptionaldecisionshashelped ineffective pest management with minimum use ofcorrectpesticidesandtheirdoses.Theanticipatory“teachable moments” based on reporting systemhas helped farmers in greater prospects. Thisprogrammehasbeenexpandedrecentlyintandemwith policies designed to reduce human exposuretochemicalpesticide riskwhilemakingagriculturesustainable. This success story may be a rolemodelforfarmerstoadoptthetechnologyinotherparts of the country having similar agro-climaticconditions.Theeffectivenessoftheintegratedcropmanagement (ICM) based strategies in increasingproduction are undoubtedly a positive indicator that there is no technological fatigue and same can be effectively utilized. Apart from economicbenefits, the technology also provides opportunityto promote eco-friendly methods which helpsin conservation and promotion of predators,parasitoids and soil-based usefulmicroorganisms.

36


In the above stated lines, NCIPM proposes to expand its activity in terms of acreage with the help of new partners which includes MissionDirectors of State Departments of Agriculture ofJharkhand,Bihar,WestBengal,Gujarat,Rajasthan,Andhra Pradesh, Assam and Karnataka coveringother pulse crops e.g., mung, urdbean and lentil.Under this proposal, watch on real time pestbuilt up will be kept and the pest management practices will be implemented through “e-PestSurveillance” developed under NFSM. Themonitoringofcrophasalreadyhelpedinquantifyingtheimpactofclimaticvariablesonincidenceoffoliar

diseases (e.g., Powdery mildew; Cercospora leafspot,andSMD)aswellasrootdiseases(e.g.,dryrootrot,softrot)inchickpea.Theinfestationofthripshasalsobeenrecordedandwasontherise.Inordertokeepwatchonreal-timepestbuilt-upanditsspread,NCIPMcouldtakeuptheresponsibilityforprovidinginfrastructuralaswellasothertechnicalhelpthroughthededicatedserversestablishedatNCIPM.Itisalsoproposed to establish a dedicated permanent datacenter at new NCIPM premises at Mehrauli, apartfromonlinetrainingfacility.NCIPMcouldalsoprovideabovefacilitytootherpulsegrowingstatestakingupprogrammesontheirown.

Life of farmers is solely dependent upon the microbes present in the soil

— Parashar (Krishi Parashar, c. 400 BC)

37

ICAR - NCIPM

IPM For groundnut And MustArd

sk singh, ms Yadav, saroj singh, Nasim ahmad and Pv vermaicar: National research centre for integrated Pest management, New Delhi

INtRoduCtIoN

India is a key player in the scenario of globaloilseedswith12-15, 6-7, 9-11and14per centofarea, oil production, total edible oil consumptionandvegetableoil imports,respectively. InspiteofareasonablygoodoilseedproductioninIndia,Indianvegetable oil import is high. Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) and rapeseed-mustard (Brassica spp.) are the two important oil seed crops knownfor theirmultifariousutilities. In India,groundnut ismostlygrownasaKharifcropandcontributesto33percentof thetotaloilseedproduction(32.88mt).KarnatakaisthefifthlargestproducerofthecropwithGujarat,AndhraPradesh,TamilNaduandRajasthanoccupyingthehigherpositions.Rapeseed-mustardisthethirdmostimportantsourceofvegetableoilintheworldafter soybeanandoilpalm,andsecondmostconsumededibleoil in Indiaaftergroundnut.Rapeseed-mustard has about 24 per cent sharein total oilseed production ranking second aftersoybean in the country.Mustard crops occupy anarea of 6.7million ha, yield 7.96million tons withaverageproductivityof1188kg/ha.Indianmustard is mainly cultivated in India, which contribute about 85 per cent of the total rapeseed-mustardproduction. Mustard is predominantaly grown inRabi season in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh,MadhyaPradesh, Haryana, Gujarat and West Bengalaccounting for 86.5per cent of area and91.4percent of production of India. Mustard, as nutritious food contains 28-36 per cent protein along with 38-45percentoilcontent.Althoughtherehasbeensignificant improvement in both production andproductivityoftheseoilseedcropsthereisawidegapbetweenthepotentialyieldsrealizedatexperimentalandatfarmers’fields.BridgingthisgapthroughIPMisoneof theoptionstomeet thegrowingdemandofoilseeds.

An integrated eco-friendly system approach thatreduces the usage of chemical pesticides to savethe crops frompests is termed as integrated pestmanagement(IPM).IPMuseswidearrayoftacticstomanagepestpopulation.ThemaingoalofIPMhasbeen to obtain high quality produce with minimalimpact on environment and human health whileprovidinghigheconomicreturns.Developmentandimplementation of integrated pest management infarmers’ participatory mode was considered oneof the options to realize the potential yield. Fieldexperiments at farmers’ field were undertaken toevolve and validate location-specific, sustainable,eco-friendly as well as economically viable IPM inmajoroilseedcrops.

The IPM for the groundnut and mustard cropswere formulated after collecting the available andpublished data. Identification of key insect-pestsand diseases of the particular oilseed crop undertheparticularagro-ecologicalzoneswascarriedoutforvalidation.Thefarmersof theIPMvillageswereeducatedabouttheIPMpracticesthrough“Farmers’FieldSchools”regularly.

VAlIdAtIoN ANd IMPACt of IPM IN gRouNdNut

location: Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh

Groundnut and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.)intercroppingin7:1or11:1isanimportantcroppingsystemgrownunderRayalaseemaregionofAndhraPradesh.About0.5mhaisgrownunderthissystemin Anantapur district alone out of 0.7m ha undergroundnut.Majorconstraintsinproductionofrainfedgroundnut+pigeonpeainthisregionaretheinsect-pests [white grubHolotrichia, red hairy caterpillar(Amsacta), leaf webber (Aproaerema), and thripsScirtothrips dorsalis as vectors for viral diseases]

38


anddiseases likecollar rot (Sclerotium rolfsii), lateleafspot(Cercosporidium personatum),peanutstemnecrosisdisease(PSND)(tobaccostreakvirus)ongroundnutandashweevil(Myllocerus sp.)andpodborer(Helicoverpa armigera)onpigeonpea.

On farmtrialswereundertaken tovalidate locationspecific IPM module for groundnut + pigeonpeaintercropping system. The trials were conductedduring 2001-02. Four villages viz., Kandukuru,Alamuru (Anantapur Mandal, A.P.), Jambuladinne(GarladinneMandal,A.P.)andPeravali(SinganamalaMandal, A.P.) were selected. The IPM module: (1) deep summer ploughing, (2) groundnut +pigeonpea intercropping (7:1 ratio), (3) growing4 rowsof pearlmillet (seed rate used@1 kg/ha)border as crop, (4) erecting live bird perches ofpearl millet/sorghum (seed rate used @ 0.25 kg/ha)mixedwithpigeonpea, (5)seed treatmentwithchlorpyriphos 20EC@ 6 ml/kg, (6) application offenvalerate 20EC@ 2 ml/litre (used for red hairycaterpillarmanagement),(7)singlesprayatcriticalstage with carbendazim 0.1% + mancozeb 0.2%,(8) installation of pheromone traps for monitoringHelicoverpa armigera @ 10 traps/ha 30 DASand (9) application ofHaNPV@ 250LE/ha. It wascompared with farmers’ practices (FP) whichincluded groundnut + pigeonpea intercropping(14/18/22/26/30:1ratios).

Late leaf spot incidence in IPM was low (22%)compared to farmers’ practice (69%) due to thesprayofcarbendazim+mancozebinIPMfields.Theincidence of PSNDwas low under both indicatingthattheintercroprowsofpigeonpeahadworkedasabarrierforthemovementofthethrips,thevectorof PSND. The average number of thrips per leafwashighinfarmers’practice(3.95)overIPM(3.19).Leafhoppersperplantandleafminer/sq.mdidnotdiffer between the treatments. Helicoverpa larvaeper sq.mwas higher in farmers’ (3.54) as against IPM (2.65) fields. The population of natural enemies i.e., Coccinella septempunctata persq.m. was higher in IPM (2.9) than farmers’practices (1.8). Farmers indiscriminately sprayedchemical insecticide (fenvalerate) that left less C. septempunctata population. The population ofChrysoperla wasalsohighintheIPMincomparisonwithFP.

Mean pod yield was high (909.6 kg/ha) in IPMoverFP (863.8 kg/ha) indicating that the IPMpest

management strategies helped in increasing the yield of rainfed groundnut. The yield ofintercrop (pigeonpea)wasalsosignificantlyhigher(236.2 kg/ha.) in IPM than FP (99.6 kg/ha). The benefitcost ratio in IPMwas1.28ascompared to1.15inFP.

location: Sriganganagar, Rajasthan

Validation of IPM module was undertaken duringKharif seasonsof 2006and2007 for groundnut inSardarpura Ladana area, Sriganganagar district inRajasthan.ThreeIPMmoduleswereevaluatedviz., (I) integrated approach of summer ploughing 2-3times during April-May before sowing to exposethehibernatingpests,applicationofneemcake@500 kg/ha 15 days before sowing, spray of neemseed kernel extract (NSKE) 5% (w/v) at seedlingstage upon occurrence of insect-pests, use of bio-agents(Trichoderma harzianum) at10g/kgseedorimidacloprid17.8SL@2ml/kgseed,deploymentof Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera lituratraps@5/haanderecting“T”shapedwoodenbirdperchesat10/ha; (II) seed treatmentandsoil amendmentswithbio-pesticides(T. harzianumat10g/kgseedandapplicationofT. harzianumat4kg/hapre-incubatedin 50 kg of FYM for 15 days before sowing) and (III) seed treatment with safer insecticides (imidacloprid 17.8 SL at 2 ml/kg) and soilamendmentwithneemcakeat500kg/hapreferably15 days before sowing. The farmers’ practice ofgrowingcropwithoutanysoilandseedtreatmentsand no subsequent sprays given to protect thecrop against pests was used for comparison.Higher pod yield (14.82 q/ha) was obtainedfrom IPM module I in comparison to module II,III & IV. It gave a 51.62% higher yield comparedwith farmers’ practice, where no plant protectionmeasures have been undertaken. The applicationof IPM module generated higher gross returns (` 29720.5/ha) in comparison to farmers’ practice(` 14237.5/ha). The net returns obtained were also higher at ` 24801.5/ha with IPM, and ` 14237.5/ha with farmers’ practice. The adoptionof IPM yielded higher benefits of ` 10564/ha. Theresults showed that adoption of IPM practicehas the potential to provide higher yields, with theaddedadvantage that it hasnoadverseeffect on the environment, natural enemies or humanhealth.

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Pest incidence amongst IPM modules and farmers’ practices (FP) in groundnut at Sriganganagar, Rajasthan

Treatment *Collarrot% Earlyleafspotscore** Lateleafspotscore** Plantmortalityduetotermites(%)*

2006 2007 Mean 2006 2007 Mean 2006 2007 Mean 2006 2007 Mean

ModuleI 17.6(24.8)

8.0(16.4)

12.8(20.6)

3.0 (1.7)

4.7 (2.2)

3.8 (1.9)

2.8 (1.7)

3.5 (1.9)

3.2 (1.8)

6.9(15.2)

8.6(17.0)

7.7(16.1)

ModuleII 12.0(20.3)

7.4(15.8)

9.7(18.0)

4.0 (2.0)

5.3 (2.2)

4.7 (2.1)

3.3 (1.8)

4.2 (2.0)

3.7 (1.9)

21.6(27.7)

18.1(25.2)

19.9(26.4)

ModuleIII 28.2(32.1)

23.1(28.7)

25.7(30.4)

4.0 (2.0)

5.3 (2.3)

4.6 (2.1)

3.5 (1.9)

4.0 (2.0)

3.7 (1.9)

7.1(15.4)

10.2(18.6)

8.6(17.0)

FP 33.3(35.3)

34.0(35.6)

33.6(35.4)

4.7 (2.2)

6.0 (2.5)

5.3 (2.3)

3.8 (2.0)

4.5 (2.1)

4.2 (2.1)

24.1(29.4)

21.7(27.8)

22.9(28.6)

LSD(5%) 1.9 1.6 1.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.2 1.1 1.2

CV% 5.6 5.4 5.5 3.1 3.1 3.1 7.4 6.6 7.0 4.5 4.1 4.3

*Values in parentheses indicate angular transformed values; **Figures in parentheses indicate square root transformed values

Economic viability of IPM modules in groundnut at Sriganganagar, Rajasthan

Treatment Yield (Q/ha)

Grossreturn (`/ha)

Costoftreatment(`/ha)

NetReturns (`/ha)

NetProfit (`/ha)

2006 2007 Mean 2006 2007 Mean 2006 2007 Mean 2006 2007 Mean 2006 2007 Mean

ModuleI 14.5 15.2 14.8 26030 33411 29720.5 4919 4919 4919 21111 28492 24801.5 7251 13877 10564

ModuleII 11.0 11.0 11.0 19741 24235 21988 694 694 694 19047 23541 21294 5187 8926 7056.5

ModuleIII 11.4 11.9 11.6 20556 26107 23331.5 3336 3336 3336 17220 22771 19995.5 3360 8156 5758

FP 7.7 6.6 7.2 13860 14615 14237.5 - - - 13860 14615 14237.5 - - -

CD(5%) 1.4 1.2 1.3 - - - - - - - - - - - -

CV% 10.4 8.7 9.5 - - - - - - - - - - - -

Selling price of groundnut : (2006: `1800/q; 2007: ` 2200/q); Labour charges ` 70/day; Imidacloprid @ ` 2540 /litre;

NSKE @ ` 26/kg; Trichoderma harzianum @ ` 120/kg; Neem cake @ ` 565 /q and FYM @ ` 300/10q.

deMoNStRAtIoN of gRouNdNut IPM

Multi-locational demonstrations on groundnutIPM was also conducted at Vallabhnagar districtof Udaipur (Rajasthan), Kadiri (Andhra Pradesh),

Junagarh(Gujarat)duringtheseasonsof2007-11and2013-15tospreadtheeco-friendly IPMtechnologyofgroundnut.Abookon“HandbookonIntegratedPestManagementofGroundnut”wasalsopublishedfromICAR-NCIPM,NewDelhi.

Interactionwithfarmersandcelebrationof“GroundnutIPMday”inRajasthan

40


VAlIdAtIoN of IPM foR MuStARd

ICAR-National Research Centre for IntegratedPest Management (NCIPM) has been workingon synthesis and validation of IPM inmustard forover two decades. Extensive surveys of mustardgrowing areas revealed excessive and injudicioususeofchemicalpesticidesandfertilizersbyfarmersthat aggravated the pestmenace, secondary pestoutbreaks and caused environmental degradation.Major insect-pests of mustard include aphids(Lipaphis erysimi), painted bug (Bagrada hilaris),mustard sawfly (Athalia lugens proxima) and leafminers (Chromatomyia horticola) threateningright from sowing till end of the crop season.Sclerotinia rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), white rust(Albugo candida),Alternaria blight(Alternariaspp.),downy mildew (Hyalopersonospora parasitica),powdery mildew (Erysipha cruciferarum), club rot(Plasmodiophora brassicae),blackrot(Xanthomanas campestris), stalk rot (Erwinia caratovora), mosaic(turnip virus I) and phyllody (Phytoplasma asteris)are the important diseases. The broomrape, aholoparasitic weed is also a serious problem.Changes in pest scenario due to introduction ofnew varieties / hybrids, monoculture of mustardin larger tracts of irrigated and water logged soils,closerspacingandheavyfertilizationrequireddynamicpractices of IPM.Recently,Sclerotinia rot(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)hasemergedasaseriousproblem in mustard because of the cultivationof few highly susceptible hybrids. IPM strategieswere synthesized by an inter-disciplinary and inter-institutional team to address these problemsthrough holistic IPM tactics. Validations of IPM atvillage level inmustard growing areas of Haryanaand Rajasthan were done in addition to IPMdemonstrations.Thevalidated interventionsof IPMfor mustard across locations over seasons arefurnishedbelow.

IPM StRAtegIeS foR MuStARd

Pre-sowing

• Destructionofpreviouscropresiduestoavoidpainted bug infestation and disease causingpathogens

• Deep summer ploughing to kill fungal sporesandresidualpopulationofinsect-pests

• Application of 15 kg of zinc sulphate +sulphur per hectare as per location-specificrecommendation

• Preparationoflevelledandwell-drainedfield

• Adoptionofappropriatecroprotation

• Useof recommendeddoseofN60:P40:K40:S40

At Sowing

• Sowingduring15-30Oct.Itescapestheattackof pests

• Sow improved, healthy and certified seed ofregionalspecificrecommendedvariety

• Seed treatment with Trichoderma spp. @10g/kg seed or Allium sativum bulb extract (2% w/v) for the management of seed and soilbornepathogen

• In case of downymildew endemic area, thediseaseismanagedbytreatingtheseedswithmetalaxyl-M31.8%ES@6ml/kgseed

• [email protected] Trichodermamixedwith50kgofFYM/haofarea

• Avoidanceofnarrowspacing/heavyseedrateforSclerotiniarotmanagement

At Seedling and Vegetative stages

• Judicioususeofirrigationdependinguponthestage of crop growth, soil type, rainfall, etc.Earlyirrigationprovidestoleranceagainstpaintedbug

• Application ofmethyl parathion 2%@ 25 kg/haafter10daysofsowingwhenpaintedbugincidenceoccurred

• Management of mustard sawfly on earlycollateralhostcropslikeradishandturnip

• Maintain optimum population with recommen-dedspacing

• Cleancultivationandeliminationofbroad leafweedbathu(Chenopodium album)whichactasacollateralhostofS. sclerotiorum

• Hand picking of aphid-infested twigs in the initialattack.Sprayapplicationofmicronutrientslike boron and zinc are useful in pestmanagement

• Removal of heavily diseased plants from thefieldandneedbasedsprayofmancozeb(0.2%a.i.) or freshly prepared aqueous garlic bulbextract(2%w/v)

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ICAR - NCIPM

At flowering and Pod stages

• Regular monitoring of crops and spray ofappropriatepesticides

• Pluckingofinfestedinflorescenceatinitialstageof aphid infestation

• Need-based spray of dimethoate 30 EC oroxydemeton methyl 25 EC @ 1ml/l of waterwhenaphidscrossETL(25aphids/10cmcentraltwig)

• Rogue out of disease infected/insect infestedplants

• FoliarspraywithTrichodermaspp.oraqueousgarlicbulbextract@2% (w/v)atearlybloomstage i.e. at 50 DAS and second spray after 20days

• Need-basedsprayofmetalaxyl4%+mancozeb68% @ 2.5 g/l of water when there is moreseverityofwhiterust

• Foliar spray of carbendazim@ 2 g/l of waterat first appearance of powdery mildew orSclerotinia rot

• Based on symptoms of early ripening ofSclerotinia infected plants, rogue out infectedplantsfromfieldsbeforeformationofsclerotia

• Collection and burning on the spot of all theinfected stems, stubbles to reduce sclerotialinoculumloadinthesoil

• Need-basedspraysofaureomycin@200mg/mlforeffectivemanagementofbacterialrot

IPM IMPleMeNtAtIoN

IPMvalidationwasinitiatedatvillageBhorakhurdofGurgaondistrictofHaryanainfarmers’participatorymode in 2000-2001 in an area of 40 ha (28 ha ofIPM and 12 ha of non-IPM)with variety Varuna. Itwas revalidated for the second consecutive yearduring2001-02.During2002-03validationwasdonein anearby villageWajirpurover anareaof 32ha(26haof IPMand6hanon-IPM)withvarietyPusaJaikisan. After the success of IPM validation atBhoraKhurdandWajirpurinGurgaon,Haryana,thesynthesis IPMwas undertaken for the floodproneeastern plain zone III b of Rajasthan (2004-08) incollaboration with SKRAU, Agricultural ResearchStation,Navgaon,Alwar.ThekeybioticstressesofmustardwereidentifiedasSclerotiniarotandwhite

rust among diseases, painted bug among insectsand Orobanche amongst weeds. Large scalevalidationofofIPMwasdoneinanareaof118.9hainvillagesneartoofNavgaonofAlwar(Rajasthan)during2008-09and2009-10.

Multi-locational validations of IPM was conducted inRajasthanandHaryana in farmers’ participatorymode in 18 ha on farmers’ field in Alwar,Sriganganagar and Hanumangarh in Rajasthanand Gurgaon in Haryana during 2008-09 to 2010-11. Subsequently large scale validation ofIPM was conducted in Haryana and Rajasthan in 120hainfarmers’participatorymodeincollaborationof KVK,NavgaonAlwarofSKNAU,JobnerandKVK MohindergarhofCCSHAU,Hisarduring2010-11to2013-14.

FieldviewofIPMdemonstrationatNavgaon (Alwar,Rajasthan)

Recently in 2014-15, need based regular updatingof IPM in mustard was undertaken and crop stagebased IPM interventionsarebeingvalidated in20hain farmers’ participatory mode on farmers’ fields inthe district of Alwar (Rajasthan) and Mohindergarh

“IPMschool”formustard

42


(Haryana) in collaboration ofKVK, NavgaonAlwar ofSKNAU, Jobner andKVKMohindergarh of CCSHAU,Hisar,respectively.

IMPACt of IPM foR MuStARd

ImplementationofIPMformustardresultedinsignificantreductionintheseverityofpestandincreaseinyield.Benefit–costratioremainedhigherinIPMascomparedto farmers’ practices. The validationof IPMat villageBhoraKhurd(DistrictGurgaon,Haryana)revealedthatthebio-control(Trichoderma)appliedthroughseedandsoilapplicationresultedintraceincidenceofwhiterustduringthetwocroppingseasons(2000-02)asagainstlow severity inmost of the fields of non-IPM.During2002-03, the incidence of white rust was 1.6 to 19.7percentinIPMfieldscomparedto12.5-22.2percentinnon-IPMfieldsatWajirpurwithvarietyPusaJaikisan.TheyieldofmustardwashigherinIPMincomparisonto non-IPM fields during all the three seasons (2000-2003). The benefit cost ratio was also higher(2.56,1.78,2.0)inIPMincomparisontonon-IPM(2.56;1.78; 1.93) fieldsduring the three cropping seasons.IPMformustardvalidatedatNavgaon,Alwarresearchfarm (2004-08) in Rajasthan has been included inpackageofpracticesofZoneIIIb(Bharatpurzone)byZonal Research and Extension Advisory Committee(ZREAC).AlwardistrictofRajasthanhad25percentplantmortalityduetothepaintedbuginfieldsofnonIPM. In IPM fields, the crop was saved by applyingmethylparathion2percentdust@25kg/ha.AverageAlternaria leaf blight incidence was 12.2 per cent inIPM as against 14.7 per cent in non-IPM fields. Themeanincidenceofwhiterustonleafwas10.8and13per cent in IPM and non-IPM, respectively. AverageSclerotinia stem rot incidence was 3.3 per cent and 5.9percent, respectively, in IPMandnon-IPMfields.IPMpackagewasvalidatedonlargerareaof118.9haunder irrigated conditions of Bharatpur zone for twoyearinAlwar(Rajasthan)andaverageyieldwas2182kg/hainIPMand1896kg/hainnon-IPM,respectivelyand net profit was ` 29908/ha in IPM in comparisonto ` 24061/ha in non-IPM during 2008-09 and 2009-10.

Largescalemulti locational fielddemonstrationswasstartedinHaryanaandRajasthanincollaborationwithKVKs at Mewat, Mohindergarh and Navgaon, Alwarof respective States. The bio-intensive integratedmanagement along with farmers’ practices (FP)was compared in 40 hectares at cultivators’ fields in

Mewat and Mohindergarh district of South WesternHaryana. Bio-intensive IPM interventions includedimproved cultural practices such as burying ofdiseased crop residues, deep summer ploughing,crop rotation with non-host crops, use of clean andsclerotiafreecertifiedseeds,timelysowingofmustard(fromOct.15-31), recommendeddoseof fertilizers@ N:P:K:S:-60:40:40:40kg/ha,maintenanceofoptimumplantpopulation,needbased irrigationand rogueingof infectedplants. IPM interventionalso includes soilincorporationof50kgoffarmyardmanure(FYM)pre-incubatedwithTrichoderma harzianum(2x106cfu/g)@2.5kgperhectarefollowedbyseedtreatmentwithT. harzianum@10g/kgseedandneedbasedfoliarspray(1-2)ofT. harzianum@0.2percentsoonafterdiseaseappearanceandafter21days.Atallthethreelocations,bio-intensiveIPMinterventionswerefoundeffectiveinreducing thediseasesand increasing theseedyield.Increasedbenefitcostratioresultedinbettermonetaryreturns to the farmers in IPM interventions adoptedpracticesascomparedtofarmers’practices.

In2011,desperatemustardgrowing farmersofSiyaliKhurd(DistrictAlwarofRajasthan)approachedNCIPMbecause of severe incidence ofSclerotinia rot. SiyaliKhurdvillage(27o54’23.2’’Nlongitude76o36’27.7’’E)isabout150kmawayfromIARIcampus,Pusa,NewDelhi.Baselineinformationofvillageindicatedthatthefarmersofthearea,priortoIPMimplementationweretakingmonoculture of mustard without crop rotationanddeepsummerploughingandnoseed treatmentwithTrichodermawasundertaken. Inaddition to this,recommendeddosageoffertilizersalongwithgypsum@250kg/haandPotash@40kg/ha,soilincorporationof Trichoderma @2.5kg/hapre-incubatedin50kgwellrotten FYM and seed treatment with Trichoderma@10g/kgseedwerefollowed.Bydestroyingthepreviouscrop residue in IPM,cropescaped frompaintedbuginfestationandlossduetodiseasecausingsoil-bornepathogens. In IPM, appropriate seed rate of 4 kg/hawas followed along with regional specific optimumsowingtime,whichescapedtheinfestationofaphids,Alternariablight,whiterustandSclerotiniarot.Farmerswere not aware of IPM concept and were not ableto identify insect-pests, diseases and beneficialinsects. Baseline information was collected at SiyaliKhurd in 2011. The IPMmodule was fine-tuned andimplemented in 40 ha in 2011-12 in Rajasthan andHaryana, whichwas subsequently also implementedin 40 ha during 2012-13 and 2013-14, as more andmore farmers became part of IPM programme. The

43

ICAR - NCIPM

endemicsofSclerotiniarotinSiyaliKhurdfarmers’field was eradicated by implementing IPM technologies. IPM has been successfully demonstrated at villagelevelinHaryanaandRajasthaninfarmers’participatorymode.

Inboththeoilseedcropsviz.,groundnutandmustard,theadoptionofIPMstrategieshavenotonlyincreasedthe productivity of the respective crops, but alsoenhancedthequalityofproduceresultinginbettermentofsocio-economicstatusofthefarmers.

44


Different typesof vegetablesaregrown in India.Cabbage and cauliflower are cultivatedmainly

inUttarPradesh,Odisha,Bihar,Jharkhand,Assam,Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra,Karnataka, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.Cabbage is grown in an area of about 0.40m hain Indiawithaproductionof9.04mtamounting to5.5% share in production ranking 5th in vegetableproduction. Cauliflower cultivation is in 0.43m hawithaproductionof8.6mt,amountingtoproductionshare of 5.3%, making it 7th important vegetable.Indiaranksfirstintheworldproductionofcauliflower.Generally, vegetables are grown both extensivelyand intensively in areas near to the major townswhichfacilitatethegrowertoselltheirproduceatacompetitiveprice.Inaddition,somebrandedoutletspurchase the harvested produce from farmersdirectlyprovidinginstantcashinflow.Palri(Sonipat,Haryana) and Anantpura (Jaipur, Rajasthan) aretwo such villages situated at a distance of 50 kmaway from New Delhi and Jaipur, respectively,whichwereselectedforpilotstudyondevelopmentandvalidationof IPM forcauliflowerandcabbage.The pilot study was based on previous researchconducted on the management of major insect-pests and diseases using soil solarization, raisedbedsowing,neemcakeapplication,seed,seedlingandsoiltreatmentswithTrichoderma harzianum and need-basedapplicationofpesticides,managementofinsect-pestsofcauliflower/cabbagethroughseedtreatmentwithimidacloprid,pestmonitoringthroughsexpheromonetraps,useofmustardasatrapcrop,mechanicalmethods,selectiveuseofnewgreenerrisk insecticides to conserve the natural enemiesand the use of an action threshold-based on thepercentageofplantsinfestedtodeterminetheneedforpestmanagementactions.Akeyaspectofthisapproachwastousereduced-riskinsecticidesearlyintheseasontoprovideadditionalbiologicalcontrol

throughconservationofbeneficialnaturalenemies(predators and parasites). Base line informationbefore implementation of IPM revealed that thereare about 150 farm families in both the villages.Cauliflowerandcabbagearecultivated throughouttheyearinboththevillagesasearly(SeptemberandOctoberharvest),midearly(Novemberharvest),midlate(DecemberandJanuaryharvest)andlatesnowball (January–March harvest). Introduction of highyielding,short-durationvarieties/hybrids,cultivationround the year, due to tender and supple natureand damage from pest attack even after harvesthad higher risk and manifold infestation of pestproblems.A conservative estimate reports 20-25%losses inyieldsof these twocrops.Farmersapply10-12, 2-3 and 6-7 chemical sprays for early, midandlatematuringgroupofcauliflowerandcabbage.Farmershadnoknowledgeof theIPMconcept forcrop protection from pests and follow the adviceof local pesticide vendors. Uses of mixture ofpesticideshaveaccentuatedthepestproblems.Theharvestedproduceispronetocontainhighlevelofchemicalpesticideresidues.Therefore,attemptwasmadetodeveloplocationandseasonspecificpestmanagement strategies for cauliflower/cabbage toaddresstheaboveproblems.

Studieson thepest incidence throughout theyearrevealed differing pest problems from season toseason necessitating different integrated pestmanagementstrategiestobeformulated.Thepestproblemsobservedinearlyandmid-earlymaturinggroups are cabbage head borer (Hellula undallis)andtobaccocaterpillar(Spodoptera litura),dampingoff(Pythium debaryanum)andAlternarialeafspotinPalrivillage.Inadditiontothesepests,cauliflowerinAnantpuravillageexperiencestheattackofpaintedbug,Bagrada hilaris. Nurserywas prepared eitherinthemonthofJuneorJulyandtransplantedinthe

develoPMent And vAlIdAtIon oF IPM For

CAulIFlower And CABBAgeDb ahuja1, swaroop singh, hr sardana1, Pratibha sharma3, saroj singh1, sk singh1, mN bhat1 and rv singh1

1icar: National research centre for integrated Pest management, New Delhi2rajasthan agricultural research institute, Jaipur, rajasthan3icar: indian agricultural research institute, Pusa, New Delhi

45

ICAR - NCIPM

monthofJulyorAugust.H. undaliscauseddamagetothecropinthemonthofJune,JulyandAugust.It feedson thegrowingpointof theseedlingsanddeveloping leaves. Severe injury occurs whenthey tunnel into the main stem. Damage resultedinstuntinganddeathofyoungplants.Moreoften,damage to the growing point results in deformedplantsandtheformationofmultiplegrowingpointsorheads.Onolderplants,thelarvaefeedonleavesand by tunneling into leaf petioles. Painted bugsdamage the crop by sucking the sap from theseedlings,resultinginseedlingmortalityandpatchygrowthinthenursery.

S. litura damage the crop from early-August till harvest in October. Male moth catches in sexpheromone traps started fromJune,with the cropdamage fromAugust.Egg layingwas recorded inlastweekofAugust.Eacheggmasscoveredwithscales occur as small light greenish patch. Egghatchedwithin3-5daysandneonatelarvaeremainedingroupsandstarteddamagingleavesbynibblingepidermis.Asthelarvaegrew,theystartedchewingthe leaves and formed small cuts. Older larvaemigratedtootherleavesandplantsandcompletelydamaged the leaves, newly formed heads andcurds.Leavesaredamagedtothepointthattheyarenot recognizable as those of cauliflower/cabbage.Insevere infestations, leavesarecompletelyeatenaway causing the plants to die. The older larvaremainedhiddeninsidethecurd/headanddamageevenafterharvest.

Damping off in the nursery and Alternaria leafspot in the later part of the season among thediseasesseriouslyaffectedthecauliflower/cabbagecultivation.Dampingoffappearedontheemergingseedlings as well as after the emergence in thenurserycausingreductiontoplantstand.Alternaria leaf spot appeared in August. Infected leavesshowedblackspotwithconcentricrings.

Pestproblemsobservedinthemidrabiandlaterabi snowball cauliflower and cabbage are different incomparisontoearlyandmid-earlycultivationofthesecrops.Aphids(Lipaphis erysimi and Myzus persicae)are the major insect-pests and cause damage tothecrop fromDecember toMarchbysuckingsapfrom theplantparts, thus reducing thevigourandcausingyellowing.InAnantpuravillagethecropwasalsodamagedbythediamondbackmoth,Plutella xylostella. Sclerotinia rot appear in the late rabi seasoncroponcauliflowercurdandcabbageheadaswetsoftlesions,andasscarsonstumpregionofthecabbage.Theselesionsgetconvertedintorotten

massoftissuesthatgiveswhitesilveryappearance.Downymildewinfestationisalsoobservedatafewlocations.

IPM foR RAINy SeASoN CAulIfloweR

Field experiments were carried out during rainyseasoninthevillagesfrom2006to2009.CauliflowerwastransplantedinfirstweekofJulyandharvestedduring September-October. The experiments usedpaired treatment comparisons to compare theIPM with the conventional system (designated asnon-IPM). Initially therewere a few farmerswillingto quickly adopt the new IPM approach (1-2 hacovering 3 and 5 farm families in year 2006 and2007, respectively), but as the confidence startedbuildingupinthevillage,numberoffarmfamiliesaswellasareaunderIPMincreased(10haunderIPMcovering25farmfamiliesinyear2008and2009).Thetreatmentstestedwere:(a)IPMmodulesynthesizedonthebasisofavailableinformationfromliterature;(b) conventional system vis á vis farmers’ practice(FP), using application of agronomic factors andpestmanagementcommonlypracticedbythelocalfarmers.IPMcomponentswereappliedinthreestagesi.e. at the nursery, during and after transplanting.IPM trialswere conducted on a cauliflower varietybelonging to September maturity. All the growersinthelocalitywerepersuadedtoraisenurseryandtoundertaketransplantingsimultaneously.Farmersselected under IPM practice and the conventionalpractices were the ones who had transplantedtheircropinthefirstweekofJuly.Cropwasraisedfollowing similar agronomic schedule in both IPMandnonIPMfields.

IPM INteRVeNtIoNS IN NuRSeRy

Forsowingof seeds, raisedbedsof15cmheightwerepreparedinawell-drainedareasothatexcesswater could be drained in case of heavy rains.Dependingupontherequirementfor0.4ha,nurserybeds of size 10 sq.m area was prepared. Thesebeds were solarized by covering with transparentpolythene sheet of 250 gauge thickness for 15-20daysforprotectionagainstsoilbornepathogens.2.5kgtalc-basedformulationofTrichoderma harzianum adapted for local conditions was amended with100kgoffarmyardmanure.Itwasmoistenedwithwaterandkeptfor15-20daysforenrichmentwithT. harzianum.NeemcakeandtheenrichedFYMwerebroadcastonraisedbedsat50g/m2andmixed inthesoilat thetimeofsowing.Seedsofcauliflowervarietyearlykuary marketedbyDoctorSeeds(Pvt.)Ltd., Ludhiana were treated with paste prepared

46


by mixing 5g talc formulation of T. harzianum (108 conidia/g) in 10-15 ml of water. Seeds were sown in the first fortnight of June for preparation of seedlings. Seeds were treated withImidacloprid at 3-5 g/kg for protection againstpaintedbug.

IPM INteRVeNtIoNS At tRANSPlANtINg

Raisedbedsof35cmheightswerepreparedwiththe help of tractor driven harrow in fields selectedfor transplanting theseedlingsofcauliflower.Suchbedswereplacedatadistanceof45cm.Seedlingswereplantedonsuchbedsatadistanceof30cm.Space between the beds were used as irrigatingchannel forwatering thecrop.Raisedbedmethodoftransplantingtheseedlingshelpedinavoidingtheaccumulationofexcessmoistureandthuspreventedtheproliferationofpathogens.Beforetransplantingrootsoftheseedlingsweredippedfor10-15minutesinthesuspensionpreparedbydissolving10goftalcbasedformulationofT. harzianumperliterofwater.Funnelshapedpheromonetrapswithluresof200mg(Z)-11-Hexadecenal (97%) and (Z)-9-Hexadecenal(3%)wereerected@10/hatomonitorthepopulationof S. litura.Thelureswerechangedatintervalsof30days.Theheightofthetrapmaintainedwas30cmabovetheplantcanopy.

IPM INteRVeNtIoNS AfteR tRANSPlANtINg

Major pest of cauliflower after transplanting is S. litura. Farmerswere advised to initiate spraying ofSlNPVatthetimeofappearanceofeggmassesaswell aswhen number of 8-10malemoth catches/ trap/night followed by application of azadirachtinat the rateof 30ppm/liter ofwater to conserve the natural enemies of the pest. Need-based sprayof green molecules of chemical insecticides,against which the development of resistance hasnot been reported such as Indoxacarb, Spinosadand Novaluron was undertaken. Mancozeb (2 g/l) was applied for management for Alternaria leaf spot at its appearance. Plucking of leavesinfested with neonate larvae, hand picking of eggmassesandolderlarvaeofS. liturawasadvisedatcurdformationstageswhenthecanopyofthecropbecamedenseasapplicationofpesticidesthenwasnotfeasible.

IPMimplementationwasinitiatedthroughorganizingfarmers’ field schools based on the principle oflearningbydoingforaddingtofarmers’knowledge

andskill.Therefore,themostimportantcomponentinthefirstyearoftheprojectwastrainingofthefarmersfordevelopmentoftechnicalskillswhichledtothetransferofIPMtechnologiestothemfordevelopmentoftechnicalskillssuchasreinforcementofFYMwithT. harzianum,seedtreatmentandseedlingdipwithT. harzianum. The participatory learning sessionsresultedintheincreasedawarenessofparticipantsonactionthresholdconcept,importanceofsoil-bornediseases,recognitionofsymptoms,scoutingforthedamage due toH. undalis, S. litura and Alternaria leaf spot (ALS), installationof sexpheromone trapfor monitoring of population of S. litura. Farmers’participatorytraining(FPT)alsoenabledthefarmerstorecognizethelifestagesofinsectpestssuchaseggstagesofS. litura,andscoutforthepresenceofcocoonsofnaturalenemiessuchasC. glomeratus in thefield.FPTshadgreatersuccess inachievingIPMimplementation.

Pest incidence

During the period under study (2006-2009), percent plants infested with H. undalis ranged 1.36-5.03% in IPM and 1.7-14.7%, in non-IPM fields,per cent plants infested by the neonate larvae ofS. liturawasalso lower in IPM(1.5-5.0%)thanthenon-IPM fields (5.4-13.5%). Maximum male mothcatches of S. litura and its damage was recordedin August and early September; thereafter bothdamage and population declined. Incidence of damping off in the nursery with IPM practicesranged3-6%andthatofAlternarialeafspot2-5%inIPMmainfields.Innurserywithfarmersconventionalpractices, 5-11% damping off incidence wasobserved whereas 4-10% incidence of Alternaria leafspotdiseaseswasrecordedinmainplotswithfarmers’practice.

Natural enemies

Inthepresentstudy,majornaturalenemiesrecordedwere egg/larval parasitoid (Telenomus sp.) andlarval parasitoid (Cotesia glomeratus) of S. litura,Chrysoperla carnea (Stephans) predating neonatelarvae of S. litura. During rainy season, extent ofparasitization by C. glomeratus was seen in bothIPMandfarmers’field,butwashigherintheformer.Though no parasitizationwas recorded in the firstyear, buildup of population of natural enemieswasobserved fromsecondyeardue to theuseofbio-pesticides and green molecules of chemicalinsecticides.

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Curd yield and economic analysis

On an average, the IPM program increasedmarketable yield by 15.7% and decreased thenumber of chemical pesticide applications by 50-60%. In cauliflower, cost of production includingplant protection (`/ha) was less in IPM fields thanin farmers’practice.Economicanalysisof thedataalsoshowedhighereconomic returnsandbenefit-cost ratio in IPM practice (` 179738/ha, 4.79) ascomparedtofarmerspractice(`152574/ha,3.26).Higher benefits were primarily due to decrease incost of inputs for plant protection in IPM fields ascompared to farmers' practice.Meancost of plantprotectioninIPMfieldwas`6247/haascomparedto ` 11488/ha, indicating 45 per cent reduction incost of plant protection. The reduction in cost ofplantprotectionhastakenplaceduetoreplacementof Cyclidiene, Organophosphates, Carbamatesand Synthetic pyrethroid, with newly introducedinsecticidessuchasSpinosad, Indoxacarb,SlNPV,RimonwithprovenefficacyagainstS. lituraandlowresidualeffectwithshorterwaitingperiodforharvestof the produce. The results in the present studyestablishedthatIPMhadtheeconomicpotentialtosubstitute chemical pesticides without demandingany enhancement in cost of cultivation. Over andabove it also ensured higher economic returns aswell ashighercurdyieldwithaddedadvantageofnoadverseeffectonenvironment,naturalenemiesandhumanhealth.

Implementation of IPM in irrigated cauliflower(Brassica oleracea L varbotrytis subvar cauliflora)at Anantpura, Rajasthan also led to reduction innumber of chemical pesticide sprays by 50-60%and their replacementwithsaferpesticides.Lowerinsect-pest and disease incidence with highercurdproductionwasobserved in the IPMfieldsascompared to farmers’ practice. IPM module wasable to cut thecostof cropprotection resulting inhigherbenefit-costratio.

IPM foR lAte rabi CAulIfloweR

Fieldexperimentswerecarriedoutinthelatewinterseason (November to March). The IPM modulecomprisingsoilsolarizationofnurserybedsofheight35cmforthreeweekspriortosowing,soilapplicationof T. harzianumaugmentedinfarmyardmanure@250 g/100 kg, neem cake application@ 50 g/m2,seedtreatmentwithT. harzianum@4g/kgseedandImidacloprid70WS@5g/kgseed(nurserystage),raisedbedtransplanting(25-35cmheight),seedlingdip in T. harzianum@4g/l,mustardastrapcropafter

every25rowsofcauliflower(before transplanting),need-based application of azadirachtin 3000 ppm@5ml/l,twoapplicationsofImidacloprid17.8EC,at action threshold level of visual damage (05-20aphidsperplant)andonesprayofMancozeb@2g/l(aftertransplanting).Mustardwassowninthespacebetweentworowsofcauliflowertransplantedontheedgesoftheraisedbedsonthesamedayafterevery25rowsofcauliflower.Inconventionalplots,farmerssolelydependuponon6-7applicationsofpesticidesforprotectionagainstpestsinvolvingChlorpyriphos,Endosulfan, Cypermethrin, Carbendazim andMancozeb.Noseedtreatmentofbio-controlagentsorImidacloprid@70WSormustardasatrapwasadoptedandnurserywaspreparedonflatbeds.Anaverageof0.3-0.4kg/haseedwasusedforsowingand the seedlings were ready for transplantingafter 4-5 weeks. Aphids colonizing mustard cropwerepreventedfrominfestingcauliflowerplantsbysprayingwithMethyl demeton 25EC. Fieldswerepreparedby3-4ploughings.IPMcomponentswereapplied in three stages i.e. at the nursery, duringand after transplanting of seedlings. IPM trialswereconductedonacauliflowerhybridbelongingto March maturity. All the growers in the localitywerepersuaded to raisenurseryand toundertaketransplanting simultaneously tominimize the errorthat may occur due to difference in timing of thesowingofthecropandultimatelymaybereflectedwhile estimating the curd yield between IPM trialsand conventional practice.Cropwas raised undersimilaragronomicscheduleinbothIPMandnon-IPMfields.Harvestingofthecropstartedinthebeginningof February and continued till firstweekofMarch.Initially(2006-07and2007-08)fivefarmers’familieseachforIPMandnon-IPMinthevillagewereadoptedforvalidation.Later (2008-09and2009-10),numberof farmers rose to 25 for both IPM and non-IPM covering10ha.AtAnantpura(Jaipur,Rajasthan)fieldexperimentswereconductedduringlatewinter(rabi) seasons(2007-08and2008-09).Nurseryofcabbagewaspreparedinmid-Decemberandtransplantedinmid-January. Harvestingofthecropstartedin lastweekofFebruaryandcontinuedtillmid-April.Therewere10locationscoveringtenfarmersandateachlocation0.4hawascovered for implementing IPMtechnology.

Pest incidence

Observations on pest Incidence at Palri villageshowed thatdampingoff in nurseryandAlternaria leaf spot among the diseases were the majorpests after transplanting. In nursery with farmers’

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practices 6.8-10.7% damping off incidence wasobservedthatwas1.5-4.51%inIPMfields.L. erysimi was themajor insect-pest with its infestation fromJanuary and till harvest of the crop. IPM farmersadopted seed treatment with Imidacloprid 70WS followed by application of azadirachtin 3000ppm and Imidacloprid 17.8 SL in January andFebruary, respectively for protection against theaphidsappearingoncauliflower.Alsomustardwasused as a trap crop that attracted the migratingwingedaphidsmore than thematuringcauliflowercurdsand therefore reducedaphid infestationwasobservedinIPMfields.Thecropwassprayedoncewith Imidacloprid 17.8 SL during entire span ofthecurdpicking in IPMfieldsand itprevented theapplication of chemical pesticides in January andlater.However, farmers innon-IPMfieldsprotectedtheir cropwith 5-6 spraysof synthetic insecticidessuchasCypermethrin,ChlorpyriphosorEndosulfanduring January and February. Implementationof IPM components, proper pest scouting and advice to IPM farmers helped in reducing aphidpopulation more effectively as was evident fromover all lowmean aphid population in the IPM ascomparedtonon-IPMfieldsduringthefouryearsofstudy.HighernumberofCoccinella septempunctata was observed in IPM as compared to non-IPMcauliflowerfields.

Observations on pest incidence at Anantpuravillage, showed the incidence of diamond backmoth Plutella xylostella, aphid Lipaphis erysimi,painted bug Bagrada hilaris and cabbage webworm Crocidolomia binotalis among the insect-pests;dampingoff(Pythium debaryanum,Alternaria leafspot(Alternaria brassicicola)anddownymildew(Peronospora parasitica)amongthediseaseswererecorded.PopulationofL. erysimi and P. xylostella tendedtoriseaboveeconomicthreshold(ETL)andneeded management interventions. Appearanceof aphidswasnoticed in the firstweekof Januarythathowever remained low. Itstarted increasingattheendofJanuarydue to rise in temperatureandmigrationofwingedaphidsfromadjoiningmustardfieldstill lastweekofFebruary.Malemothscaughtin sexpheromone traps forP. xyllostellawere alsorecordedfromfirstweekofFebruary.Larvaldamagedue to P. xylostella wasrecordedfrommid-Februarytomid-April. Data showed that number of aphids/plant (5.7) and that ofmean larvae ofP. xylostella

(0.4) inIPMfieldswerelowcomparedtothose[11.5and1.1/plant]infarmers’practice(FP).Amongthediseases, dampingoff incidencewasmerely 3.1%innurserystageand1.5%duetoAlternarialeafspotduringfruitingstageinIPMfieldsascomparedto6.5and3.1%,respectivelyinfarmers’practice.

eCoNoMIC IMPACt

The data on curd yield, cost of production andeconomic returns for all the four years at PalarivillageindicatedthatimplementationofIPMmoduleresulted increase in curd yield, gross returns, netreturnsaswellasreductioninthecostofproductioncomparedtonon-IPMpracticeadoptedbyfarmers.Meancurdyieldwas2.26and2.06tonsinIPMandnon-IPMfields,respectivelyandwashigherby9%.Mean cost of production (`/ha) was lower in IPM(25167) as compared to non-IPM fields (28736). Itresulted insignificantlyhighermeangrossandnetreturns (`/ha) for cauliflower for IPM (154132 and128965) as compared to non-IPM (140492 and111756)fields.

The yields of cabbage at Anantpura revealedhigher mean head yield in IPM fields (437 q/ha)as compared to farmers’ practice (393 q/ha) by11.11%.Meannumberofspraysofinsecticidesandfungicideswere 3.0 in IPM as compared to 5.6 inFPresulting in60%reduction innumberofspraysin IPM. Net returns for cabbage in winter seasonwere`1,75,489 in IPMascomparedto`1,04,676in farmers’ practice. Benefit cost ratio was 3.61and2.82,respectively infieldsof IPMandfarmers’practice.Thus,theeconomicanalysisdemonstratedthat IPM technology has the potential to protectthe crop from pests inmore profitablemanner ascomparedtouseoftoxicchemicalpesticides.

Further,growershavelearnttopayattentiontowhatis going on in their fields and realize that not allinsectsarepests,andthatjusthavingafewinsectsdoes not mean that a prophylactic intervention isnecessary.Growers understood the importance ofscouting,properchoiceofpesticidesandtimingoftheirapplications. Useofmustardasa trapcrop,raised bed sowing in both nurseries as well asafter transplanting,knowledgeabout thebeneficialinsects, green molecules of chemical pesticidesandbio-pesticidesuchasT. harzianumaretheIPMpracticesthatfoundadoptionamongfarmers.

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IPM In KInnow And KhAsI MAndArIns

Db ahuja1, N sabir1, Jitender singh1, Purshotam arora2, Jitender arora2, cN rao3, ak Das3, ms ladaniya3, bs bairwa4, shikha Deka5 and usha rani ahuja6

1icar: National research centre for integrated Pest management, New Delhi2 Pau-regional research station abohar, Punjab3 icar-central citrus research institute, Nagpur, maharashtra4 skrau, agricultural research station, sriganganagar, rajasthan5 aau-citrus research station, tinsukia, assam6 icar-National institute of agricultural economics and Policy research, New Delhi

ReportofthejointinspectionteamoftheNationalHorticulture Mission (http://nhm.nic.in/JIT_

Reports/JIT-Punjab-FEB%202013.pdf) revealed theuseofhighlytoxicchemicalpesticidesinKinnowandtheneedtopracticeIPMinPunjab.Kinnowgrowersoftheregionwerealsoanxioustoknowaboutnon-chemicalmanagementpracticestopreventthepestdamageinaneco-friendlyway.Hence,anIPMforvalidationwasinitiatedinPanjkosivillageofAbohar,Fazilika. Simultaneously, IPM practices for khasi mandarincultivatedinNorthEasternRegionofIndiawere takenupwitha view tovalidatecombinationofdifferent IPMcomponents for a sustainableandeffective pest management. Only the actionableIPM practices, which are economically viablewere validated. Base line information collected atPanjkosivillageabout thekinnowmandarinby thefarmersindicatedgummosistobethemajordiseaseprevalentinthearea.Itisknownbyvariousnamesas Phytophthora foot rot, crown-rot, root-rot, fruit-rotandleaffall.FootrotiscausedbyPhytophthora parasitica, P. nicotianae var. parasitica in tropicalcondition and P. citrophthora in sub-tropical/temperate situation. It occurs in citrus nurseryresulting in toppling of the seedlings and causingmore than20%seedlingmortality. Foot rotoccursinorchardswherephyto-sanitaryconditionsarenotmetproperly. The infectionoccursthroughbarkneartheground level at the scionwhichextendsdowntothebudunion,producinglesionsonthetrunkorcrown roots thatcangirdleandkill the tree.Whilethe primary spread is through infested nurserystock,thefloodirrigationsystemcausessecondaryspreadof the foot rot.When fruits are infectedbyPhytophthora, it produces a decay in which theaffectedareaislightbrown,leatheryandnotsunkencompared to theadjacent rind. Infested fruitsmaynot showsymptomsuntil thesehavebeenkept instorageforafewdays.

The diseases such as citrus greening, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus,Citrusringspotvirus(CRSV),citrus canker (Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri),citrus dieback or citrus decline and scab, Elsinoe fawcettii have alsobeenreportedinkinnow,butarenotasprevalentasfootrot.

Surveyfortheprevalenceofinsect-pestsindicatedthat sap feeders form the major threat. Citrusleaf miner: Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, citruspsylla, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, citrus whitefly:Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead), citrus blackly:Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby, citrus aphid,Toxoptera aurantii, Myzus persicae Sulzer, Aphis gossypii Glove and citrus mite: Eutetranychus orientalis Klein andBrevipalpus rugulosus are thekeysapfeeders.Sapsuckinginsectsgenerallyfeedontheundersurfaceoftheleaves.Thenymphsandadults suck the plant sap and excrete honeydewduetowhichsootymoulddevelopsonthe leaves.Severe infestation results inmanifestationof blacklayer covering entire plant parts including fruitsduetowhichphotosynthesisisaffected.Afewsapfeeders like psylla transmit greening virus diseaseand aphid T. aurantii and A. gossypiitransmitTristeza virus (CTV). Leaf miner forms silvery serpentinemines usually on the under surface of the leaves.Thisminingof the leaves causes them to curl up,distort therebyreducingthephotosyntheticareaoftheyoungfoliage.Damagebythispestpredisposestheplantfordevelopmentofcankerdisease.Citrusmite damage results in speckled appearance oftheleavesandmitedamagedfruitsdevelopadarkbrown patch particularly those fruits exposed tosun.Thripswerealsofounddamagingbothleavesandfruits.Affectedleavesbecomeleatheryandcurlupwardwhilefruitsshowcharacteristicwhitesilveryringaroundtheneckatthestemend.

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Trunkborer,Anoplophora versteegiandbarkeatingcaterpillar, Indarbela quadrinotata are common onkhasi mandarin in North Eastern region of India.Theformerlayseggsonthebaseofthetrunk.Uponhatching the caterpillar bores into the trunk. As aresulttreesstartdrying.Theadultbeetlepopulationis high till June and declines with the onset ofmonsoon.Thebarkeatingcaterpillardamages thebark of the trees and found mostly in neglectedorchards.

Available management options recommendedby the regional research institutions/universities(Punjab Agricultural University, Regional ResearchStation, Abohar; Swami Keshwanand RajasthanAgricultural University, Agricultural ResearchStation, Sriganganagar; Central Institute of PostHarvest Engineering and Technology, Abohar;Assam Agricultural University, Citrus ResearchStation, Tinsukia and concerned crop-based ICARinstitutes (ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute,Nagpur)werereferred.Thesemanagementoptionswere put together and amended based on therecent innovations made and a comprehensiveIPMmodulewasprepared. Itwas implemented atfarmers’orchardsinPanjkosivillageofAbohartehsilinFazilikadistrictofPunjabfrom2013-2014to2015-2016.

IPM oPtIoNS foR KINNow MANdARIN

Spring season (february – March)

• Occurrenceofcitruspsyllashouldbecheckedon the border trees. It starts after harvestingof fruitatbudswellingstage towards theendof February or beginning of March. If foundinfested, spraying of Lecanicillium lecanii (1x107 conidia/ml) or Dimethoate 30 EC @25ml/10 lofwaterneeds tobedone, for themanagementofearly(1stand2nd)instarnymphsofcitruspsylla.

• In the month of March, if the occurrence ofthepest is still observedaboveETL, sprayofImidacloprid17.8SL (4ml/10 lwater), for themanagement of citrus psylla, leaf miner andaphids,maybeconsidered. If required,sprayofThiamethoxam25WG@3g/10lwater,10daysafterapplicationofImidaclopridshouldbedone.

• Phytophthoraaffectedbarkportionsof the treetrunk, branches and limbs along with somehealthy green bark should be scrapped with

the help of sharp knife or khurpa. Properdestruction of the diseased bark is advocatedby burning. Apply the fungicidal paint ofMetalaxyl (2 g in 100 ml Linseed oil) or Trichoderma harzianum (1x108 cfu/g @ 100g/l) and paint linseed oil after 5 dayswith thehelp of painting brush. Drenching the root zoneareaoftheinfectedtreewithMetalaxyl(25g/treein10litresofwater)shouldalsobedone.

• Farmersadoptedthetrunkmethodofirrigationbyfloodingoforchards throughuseof tractordriven raised bed planter which created adepression between the row of trees, forpreventing the passage of water around thebudscion.

• PrunethetreesandsprayBordeauxmixture.

Summer season (April- June)

• Erection of yellow sticky traps @ 10 per hacouldbeuseful. Ifwhiteflypopulation ismorethan5-10/trap/week(ETL),sprayofTriazophos40EC@25ml/10lofwatercoincidingwith50percentofegghatchingorfirstnymphalstagecould be done, which would also take careof leaf miner and/ or psylla. Spray of Ethion50 EC @ 20 ml/10 l water, 8-10 days after Triazophos application needs consideration ifwhiteflyreappearsbeyondETL.Spraymixtureof Aureofungin/Carbendazim + 2, 4-D@ 0.4g/10g+0.1g/10lwaterforthemanagementoffruitdrop.UseGA3insteadof2,4-Dwhencottonor other broad leaved crop is cultivated in oraroundtheorchardcouldbeuseful.Ifinfestation of Phytophthora is observed, spray fosetyl- Al80WP@25g/10lwatercouldbeundertaken.

• Foliarapplicationof fosetyl-Al80WP(2.5g/l)may be made during April for the effectivePhytophthoramanagement.Thesprayapplicationwillcheckthelesionsonthetreepartsaswellas regeneration of feeder roots. Fosetyl- AlspraycanbecombinedwithdrenchingofrootzoneareawithMetalaxyl.

• If whitefly still persists beyone ETL, sprayTriazophos 40 EC @ 25 ml/10 l water.Carbendazim50WPcouldbeapplied@10ml/10lforthemanagementoffruitdrop,ifneeded.

Monsoon season (July-September)

• Scrap the affected bark portions of the treetrunk, branches and limbs along with somehealthygreenbarkwiththehelpofsharpknife

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or khurpa. Properly collect and destroy thediseased bark by burning and do not allowit to fall on the ground. Apply the fungicidalpaint ofMetalaxyl (2 g in 100ml Linseed oil)orTrichoderma harzianum @100g/landpaintlinseedoilafter5dayswiththehelpofpaintingbrush. Drenching the root zone area of theinfected tree with Metalaxyl (25 g/tree in 10litresofwater).

• SprayFosetyl-Al80WP(2.5g/l)fortheeffectivePhytophthoracontrol.Thesprayapplicationwillcheck the lesionson the treepartsaswellasregenerationoffeederroots.Fosetyl-Alspraycanbecombinedwithdrenchingof rootzoneareawithMetalaxyl.

• During this period, psylla or leaf miner orwhite fly starts reinfesting the trees. SprayThiamethoxam25WG@3g/10 l ofwaterorTriazophos40EC@25ml/10lofwater.

• Spray mixture of 2,4-D at 0.1g + TiltPropiconazole25EC10ml/10lwaterforthemanagementoffruitdrop.SprayCarbendazim50 WP @ 10 g/10 l water, 2 weeks afterapplicationof2,4-D,ifneeded.

• IfthewhiteflydamagestillpersistsbeyondETLandsootymouldisobserved,spraymixtureofTriazophos40ECat25ml+Ziram80WPat25g/10lwatercouldbeuseful.

• Clearing the infested branches of the fross,faeces and injection of 5-10ml of Dichlorvos(0.1%) in to the tunnel and covering it withcottonswapreducesinfestationofbarkeatingcaterpillar.

• SprayFosetyl-Al80WP@25g/10 lwater tomanage Phytophthora. Need-based spray ofThiophanatemethyl70WP@10g/10 lwaterfor the management of fruit drop at end ofSeptember.

Post-monsoon season (october-december)

• If the spraying of Triazophos was done inSeptember,citruspsyllaisstillobservedbeyondETL,sprayofThiamethoxam25WG@3g/10lwatercouldbeuseful.Thereisneedtodestroythefallenfruitsbyburying.

• Generationofsmokeinthelateeveninghoursand foliar application of neem oil (1%) orMalathion50EC@2ml/lreducesinfestationoffruitsuckingmoth.

• Fortheeffectivemanagementofcanker/scab,spraymixtureofStreptocycline+Copperoxychloride@1g+25g/10lwater.

IPM OPTIONS Khasi MANdARIN

IPM practices for khasi mandarin (North EasternRegionofIndia).

Spring season (february-March)

• ApplicationofPetroleumsprayoil(2%)forcitrusbutterflyandcitruspsylla.

• ApplicationofBordeauxmixture(1%)formostof the diseases.

• SoilapplicationofPaecilomyces lilacinus(2x107 spores/g)infestedgrain30g/treeformanagingcitrusnematodes(www.nrccitrus.nic.in).

• Smearing the tree trunk up to 1m from the ground level by the mixture of 50 ml Dimethoate + 2 kg lime in 10 litres of water along with gum in March to prevent earlyinfestation of trunk borer and bark eatingcaterpillars.

• Soildrenchingandsprayingof tree trunkwithMetalaxyl 8%+ Mancozeb 64% @ 0.2% inFebruarytomanagePhytophthorafootrot.

Summer season (April-June)

• Installationofyellowstickytrapat10/haforsoftbodied insect-pestsand methyl eugenol trap@10/haforfruitfly.

• Applicationofbiorationalinsecticide,spinosad45SC@1%formanagingleafminer.

• SprayingofAliette80WP(2g/litre)duringMayformanagementofPhytophthora.

• Application of Bactronol 1000 ppm formanagementofcitrusgreening.

• ITK (Paddy straw is tied at a height of 1maround the tree trunk during April to preventinsectfromcrawlingupward).

Monsoon season (July-September)

• Smearing the tree trunk up to 1m from thegroundlevelbythemixtureof50mlDimethoate+2kglimein10litresofwateralongwithgum in March to prevent early infestation of trunkborerandbarkeatingcaterpillar.

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• Soil application of Paecilomyces lilacinus infested grain 30 g/tree for managing citrusnematodes.

• Need-based spray of Thiophanate methyl 70WP@10g/10 lwater for themanagementoffruitdropatendofSeptember.

Post-monsoon season (october-december)

• For theeffectivemanagementofcanker/scab,spray mixture of Streptocycline + Copperoxychloride@1g+25g/10lwater.

• ApplicationofPetroleumsprayoil(2%)forcitruspsylla.

MANAgeMeNt of gReeNINg dISeASe

• Themanagementofgreeningdiseaseinvolvesremovalofaffectedunproductivetreesandtheirreplacement by disease-free budded plantsdeveloped on improved rootstock throughproper indexing programme (www.nrccitrus.nic.in).

• Regulatory (quarantine) measures should bestrengthenedto limitmovement,saleanduseofinfectedbudwoodornurserystock.

• Strict management of nurseries throughregistereddisease-free certification scheme isessentialtopreventthespreadofdisease.

• Since the disease also spreads through thevectorcitruspsylla,recommendedinsecticidesshould be applied to manage the diseasespread.

geNeRAl MANAgeMeNt PRACtICeS

• Asaprecautionarymeasurefirstspraymaybeappliedassoonasthenewflushemerged.

• Destroytheantcoloniesintheorchardsastheyarethecarriersofcertainpeststotheirfeedingsites.

• Close spacing and water logging conditionsshouldbeavoidedintheorchardswhichhelpin creating micro-niche favouring the pestpopulation.

• Avoidpruningduringactivegrowthperiodsasitinducesirregularandfrequentflusheswhichlead to the perpetuation of pest. If necessary,pruneonlytheinfesteddryshootsafterfruitharvest.

• Apply nitrogenous fertilizers as per needonly as excessive and frequent applicationspromotenewflusheswhichprovidefavourableconditionsforinsect-pestinfestation.

• Modify canopy structure in such a way thatlight interception ismaximum.Preparationsofspraysolution,sprayingoperations,insecticideresidue and compatibility in mixtures areimportant aspects to keep in mind beforeundertakingthesprays.

• The time of insecticide application should bedecided after monitoring the pest incidenceviz.,onlyyoungandvulnerablelifestagesofthepestshouldbesprayedupon.

• The spray should be targeted on the lowersurfaceoftheleavesandthenewflush.Canopyshouldbecoveredtilltherun-offstage.

• Avoidrepeatapplicationofaparticularchemicalpesticideanddonotusepesticidebeyonddateofexpiry.

• Prepare spray solution first in small quantityand then increase thevolumetodesired levelby adding water. In case of wettable powdertakerequiredquantityofpesticide,adda littlequantityofwater,mix it thoroughly topreparethepasteand thenadd remainingquantityofwatertothispastewithconstantstirring.

• Avoid spraying during strong winds, cloudydaysanddrizzling.

IMPACt of IMPleMeNtAtIoN of IPM

Need-basedimplementationofIPMoptionsinNorthWestern region resulted in reducedpest incidenceand increased Coccinellids and spiders in theIPMascomparedtonon-IPMorchards.Fruityield (t/ha) was higher from IPM orchards. Number ofapplications and amount of chemical pesticidesalso reducedasa resultof implementationof IPMalongwiththereplacementofhazardousmoleculesbygreener pesticides. AtNorthEasternRegionofIndia,with different pests scenario viz. citrus trunkborer,barkeatingcaterpillar,citrusPsylla,leafminer,lemonbutterflyandPhytophthorafootrot,twigblight,citrus greening, citrus scab, pre-harvest fruit drop,the location specific IPM strategy also resulted indecreasedincidenceofthepestsaswellashighereconomicbenefits.

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lIght trAP Models For use In IPM

sk singhicar: National research centre for integrated Pest management, New Delhi

INtRoduCtIoN

Complete crop failures occur in case ofserious attacks by insect-pests. Annual

crop loss due to pests in India was estimated at ` 60 thousand millions in 1983 which at today’spricescouldeasilyexceed`200billion.Ingeneral,the losses caused by pests range 10-30% peryeardependingon thecropand theenvironment.Spectrum of pests are different across agro-ecological regions and they need to be tackledin an eco-friendly manner. Sole reliance on theapplicationofchemicalpesticideshasledtoseveralside effects like insect resurgence, resistance tochemical pesticides and outbreak of secondarypests coupled with problems of environmentalpollution. To overcome these problems integratedpest management (IPM) technology has beenadvocated. Improved insect light trap is one ofthe important tools of plant protection. Insect lighttrapsare themostwidelyusedvisual traps for theagriculturalinsectpests,andhavebeenparticularlyimportant in surveillance and monitoring of theseasonal appearance of many species of moths,hoppers, beetles, etc. It is an electrically operatedtool having a light source designed to attract andtrapinsect-pests.Lighttrapsaremechanicaldevicesandaremostwidelyusedasinsecttrapsforrelativeestimates of population, and at times claimed formasstrapping.

AdVANtAgeS of lIgHt tRAPS

(i) Insect-pest monitoring to document seasonaldynamicsoftheirpopulationsintheagro-eco-systemsfortimelypestmanagement.

(ii) Mass trapping of selective phototrophicinsect-pests like macro-lepidopteran insects

viz., hairy caterpillar, semilooper, etc. Severalinsectsbelongingtoordersviz.,Hymenoptera,Coleoptera,Dermaptera,Diptera escape fromthefilterchamberoflighttrap.

(iii) The non-target insect fauna are saved fromunnecessary trapping andmortality. Althoughthedevicecannotrestoreallbeneficialinsectsto environment, the dimensions are goodenoughtoenableescapeofseveralnon-targetand beneficial insect fauna including micro-hymenopteran (Ichneumonidae, Formicidae,unknown hymenopteran insects), micro-coleopteran (Staphylinidae), micro-dipteran(Ephydridae),micro-dermapteran(Forficulidae)andseveralotherunidentifiedinsectfauna.

(iv) Theapplicationofchemicalpesticidesmaybereducedsignificantlythusreducingthecostofplantprotection.

(v) Durable and may be used year after year.Thelifeoftheinsectlighttrapisalmostofthedurationof3-4yearsasitismadeupofplasticofhighquality.

(ix) Non-target effect of chemical pesticides onbeneficialinsectscanbeovercome.

(x) Asthereispluralityinregulationofporesizesofthefilterchamber,thereisscopetoincreaseitsuseindiverseagro-eco-systems.

(xi) Cost-effective method of insect-pestmanagement.Thecostofeconomicmodelsofinsectlighttraparebelow`1801/piece,whichisquitereasonableincomparisontothelabour cost engaged in applying of the chemicalpesticidesonthecrops.

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(xii) Duringrains,theinsecticidesarevulnerabletorunoffloss.Onthehand,thelighttrapsoperateirrespective of weather conditions althougheffectivenessmayvery.

deSCRIPtIoN of tHe lIgHt tRAP

ICAR-NCIPM, New Delhi has developed and improved the insect light trap for mass trappingof selective phototrophic macro-lepidopteraninsect-pests likehairycaterpillars,bollworms,podborer, semilooper, tobacco caterpillar and macro-coleopteran like white grubs. Improved light trapscanbeused to trapall thesemajorpests thatareprevalent in almost all agro-ecological regions ofcountry on majority of crops including field andcommercial crops, pulses, oilseeds, cereals andvegetablecrops.

Itcomprisesofalightsourceasanattractantanda funneltodirectluredinsectsintotheinsectcollectingchamber. Funnel supports three baffles which arejoinedatthetop.Ahookhasbeenprovidedatthetopportiontoinstallthelighttrapinthecropfields.The funnel accommodates an insect collectingchamber.Thechambercontainsacapinthebottomrequiredforopeningandclosingthechamber.Thefunnelattherearendalsoaccommodatesanouterprotective covering. Inside the protective coveringtherearesublightsources.

The height of the light trap can be kept insuch a way that it remains 60 cm above that of the crop. The main light source attracts thephototrophicinsectssuchasmoths,fliesandbeetlestowards it. These insects fall in the funnel keptbelowitandgetcollectedintotheinsectcollectingchamber.Thesublightsourcesprovidedinsidetheprotectivecoverattractthetrappedinsectstowardsit from the insect collection chamber. The porouswallsoftheinsectcollectionchamberallowsmallersized insects toescape.The trapmaybe installedin the fieldwherever onewould like tomonitor ortraptheinsects.Theinsectcollectionchambercanbe removed from the delivery end of the funnel.Theharmfulinsectstrappedintheinsectcollectingchamber can be removed out of it or killed thereitself. Mass trapping of adults of both sexes ofinsect-pests by light traps help inminimizing theirinfestationinthecropfields.Ontheotherside,thefacility of escape of non-target/beneficial insectsfrom the insect collecting chamber is a desirableattribute. It is a proven important eco-friendly toolagainstcroppests.

SPeCIfICAtIoNS of tHe lIgHt tRAP

Lightsource

Bulb125Wmercuryvapour lamphavinghardglasscover

Funnel It ismadeofhighqualityplastic(toavoidelectricshocksinthefield)

Upperdiameter:12"

Lowerdiameter:2"

Weight:300g

Baffle No.ofbaffles:3

Length:12.5"

Width:4"

Angle:1200

Insect collectionchamber/filter

1. Light trapsafer tobeneficial insects: Itcontains single filter chamber havingporesize3mmapprox.

2. Light trap for managing insects: Itcontains double-walled filter chamberhavingporesize0-7mm.

Featuresofthefilterchamber:

1.Filterfittedwithtwo5Wwattbulbs15Wtransparentglassbulbs toattractnon-target insects trapped within the filterchamber.

2. Filter is covered with cloth expandedwiththehelpofrings.

3. In this light trap, for trapping most ofthe phototrophic macro-lepidopteraninsects,thereisneedtomaintainporesizeof 3mm.The sizemay,however,beregulatedbyrotatingthewallaspertherequirement(basedonspecificnon-targetinsectsdesiredtobereleased).

Lengthoffilterchamber:12"

Breadthoffilterchamber:9"

Althoughthedevicecannotrestoreallbeneficialinsectsthedimensionsaregoodenoughtoenableescapeofseveralnon-targetandbeneficialinsectfaunaincludingmicro-hymenopteran (Ichneumonidae, Formicidae,other hymenopteran insects), micro-coleopterans(Staphylinidae), micro-dipterans (Ephydridae), micro-dermapterans (Forficulidae) and several other insectfauna.Duringoutbreakofpestsofsizesmallerthantheporedimensionsviz.,brownplanthopper,whitebackedplanthopperofpaddyandothersimilarsmall insects,the pores can be completely blocked by sliding overthechamber.

* The dimensions and other features are approximate. Measurements are dynamic in nature and vary as per the light trap model and other requirements.

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ICAR-NCIPM,NewDelhihadalreadyfiledthepatentapplicationsfortheinventions.

Light trap safer tobeneficial insects(Inventors:SurenderKumar Singh andOMBambawale)

2010 Patentapplication No.1822/DEL/2010. FILINGDATE:02Aug2010

Light trap formanaging insects(Inventors:SurenderKumar Singh andOMBambawale)*

2011 Indian Patent application No.94/DEL/2011 FILINGDATE:17Jan2011

*The internationalpatent applicationshave also been filedinthreecountriesviz., Australia, Vietnamand Indonesia. The application was alsofiled in InternationalBureau of theWorld IntellectualPropertyOrganization(ApplicationNo.:PCT/IB2012/050168,Dateoffiling:13January2012),toprotectIPRrightsofinnovativeinsectlighttrapdeveloped,ICAR-NCIPM had designed and filed the application for itstrademark(TERA®)inthepatentoffice,NewDelhi.

INStAllAtIoN PRoCeduRe

1) Installlighttrap60cmabovethecropcanopy.

2) Switchonthelighttrapjustaftersunsetfor2-3hoursforgoodinsectcatch.

3) Checkthetrappedinsectsintheinsectcollectionchamber,removeorkillthembyexposingthemtoDDVPsoakedinaswab.

INStRuCtIoNS ANd PReCAutIoNS

1) Onetrapisadequatefor1hectare.

2) Cleanthelightsource,funnelandfilterchamberregularlytomaintaingoodinsectcatch.

3) Cleanthefilterthoroughly.

4) Donotstareatlightsourceforlong.

These light traps can be operated by (i) directelectricity supply (ii) battery (iii) solar energy and (iv)generatorsaspertherequirementandsituation.

lIMItAtIoNS

1. Availability of electricity in villages may be alimitingfactor.

2. The migration of the insects from theneighbouringareasmaybealimitationforthesuccessofthetool.

lIgHt tRAP SAfeR to beNefICIAl INSeCtS

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SCoPe of lIgHt tRAP

Crops

Cereals,pulses,oilseeds,fibers,fodders,sugarcanes,vegetables and fruits, floriculture, spices,medicinalandaromaticandothersuchastea,coffee,tobacco,forestsnurseries/plantations,etc.

farming situations

Organic cultivation, protected cultivation, paddyfish farming and other areas for managing thosephototropicinsectsthathavedevelopedresistancetochemicalinsecticides.

VAlIdAtIoN of lIgHt tRAPS

white grubs

ThreeinsectlighttrapsdevelopedbyICAR-NCIPM,NewDelhiwereinstalledinthemonthofJune,2011at three different locations, two at farmers’ fieldsof Bagas, Bagru and one at Research farm, ARS,Durgapura, Jaipur, Rajasthan. The attraction ofdifferentscarabaeidbeetlestowardstheselighttrapswasobserveddailyfromthedateofinstallation.

Amongthevariousspeciesofscarabaeid, Holotrichia consanguinea, Maladera sp., Anomala dimidiate, and Anomala bengalensiswerefoundinabundanceatallthelocations.

TheemergenceofH. consanguineawasobservedduring third week of June with peak emergence

between 29th June and 4th July; thereafter,emergence; declined and ended in the first week of August 2011. In case ofMaladera, there were two peaks of emergence, first was observed in the end of (4th week) of June to first week ofJuly whereas second was in the end of July (4thweek).BagruRavanandBagasisthehotspotfor Holotrichia consanguinea andhas relativelyhigherpopulationof Maladera sp.

tea insect pests

The light traps developed by ICAR-NCIPM wereinstalled in October, 2011 in tea ecosystem incollaboration of Andrew Yule Company Limited,Hoolungooree Tea Estate, to trap the insect-pestsof tea in Assam. The numbers of moths trapped/month/lighttrapwerehigherforlooperinNovemberandsluginDecember.

deMoNStRAtIoN of lIgHt tRAP

Rice

A demonstration of improved insect light trapdeveloped by ICAR-NCIPM was laid out in KVK,Sakoli, Maharashtra near the paddy fields in mid-July,2011.Yellowstemborerofpaddy(400moths/night/lighttrap)werefoundtrappedinthelighttrapandontheotherhandthebeneficialandnon-targetinsects(12,955insects/night/trap)escapedthroughtheporesofthefilteredchambered.

Validation of insect light trap against white grubs in Jaipur, Rajasthan

Month Location Holotrichia consanguinea

Maladera sp. Anomala dimidiate

Anomala bengalensis

June,2011 Bagas 820 108 0 0

BagruRavan 2065 70 0 0

ARSfarm,Durgapura,Jaipur 77 158 0 0

July,2011 Bagas 595 266 18 12

BagruRavan 1987 118 7 0


August,2011 Bagas 6 14 7 0

BagruRavan 3 17 7 0


September,2011 Bagas 0 0 0 0

BagruRavan 0 0 0 0


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The demonstrations of the newly developed lighttrap of ICAR-NCIPMwere laid out in rice fields atNCRDelhiandHyderabad,Medak,A.P.,duringtheKharif seasonsof2011-13.

Percentage escape of insects from light trap pores installed in paddy (cv. Pusa Basmati 1121) fields during kharif season 2013

Period %insectsescaped/night/

trap (poresize5mm)

%insectsescaped/nightfromthepores(poresize3mm)

38SMW 52.43 52.10

39SMW 72.01 39.74

Maize

Therewassevereoutbreakofredhairycaterpillaron the crops in M.P. in Kharif season, 2011.Awareness creation among the farmers anddemonstrationofinsectlighttrapsofICAR-NCIPMwere done. Pithampur, Badnavat, Gunavad,Aamkheda,Magod,Sardarpur,Rajgarh,Bhagblock(Jali village), Ringnod, Samelia, Aamba,Dhuled,Chhoti Machhliya, Machhliya, Bhura Dhabra,Rama,Kalidevi,ChaprivillagesofM.P.wereduring1stfortnightofAugust,2011andinformationaboutinsectlighttrapwasdisseminated.

Insectstrappedduring2ndfortnightof October,2013inricefieldsinNCR,Delhi

tomato

Insects trapped and filtered out in tomato

SMW TotalInsectstrapped

TotalInsectsfiltered

%insectssaved

14 376 1254 77

15 377 18227 98

16 7359 2933 29

17 557 5013 90

18 1428 7319 84

19 1970 2463 56

20 772 2281 75

21 460 2653 85

22 21 2197 99

Mean 1480 4927 77

Displayofinsectlighttraps

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fACtoRS AffeCtINg INSeCt CAtCHeS IN lIgHt tRAPS

Population of adults

• Season (kharif, rabi, summer season) andweather (rains, drought, hailing, dust storm,windspeedconditions).

• Applicationofchemicalpesticides in thecropfields.

• Nature of crop(s) grown, varieties sown,vegetationoftheareaandhostavailability.

• Geographyofthearea.

• Moon light, presence/absence of surroundinglightsneartheinsectlighttrap.

• Installationheightandlocationofthetrap.

beNefItS

As the insect collecting chamber has been improved and made porous with a provision toregulatetheporesizes,theinsectfaunahavingsmallandnarrowbodysizeescapethroughtheseporesandaresavedfromunnecessarymortalityinsidethetrappingsystem.

The starting price of the insect light trap is below ` 1,000/-which is less than the cost of the labour applying chemical pesticides in the fields.Insect light trap can be used over seasons. As the body is made of plastic, it is durable and easily portable. It can be used for insect monitoring and mass trapping of phototrophic insect fauna.

CatchesofriceyellowstemborermothsatKVK, Sakoli,Maharashtra

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InForMAtIon And CoMMunICAtIon

teChnology BAsed Pest surveIllAnCe And

AdvIsory For IPMs vennila, N singh, rk tanwar, oP sharma and Db ahujaicar: National research centre for integrated Pest management, New Delhi

1. INtRoduCtIoN

Welfareofanationanditscitizensisdependentonthoughtprocessesledactionsexecutedat

policy and implementation levels. In an era drivenby advancements in the field of information andcommunication technology (ICT) for livelihoodand lifestyle privileges, vistas of its applicationare ubiquitous. Approach to use of ICT evolvesfrom a specific vision of improvising the existingpractices accounting the drawbacks associatedwith them.More often than not the advantageousfeaturesofICTtransformthestructureandfunctionof the organizations for their mandated services.Leveraging individual and integrated services ofagriculture to the farmers ensuring their efficiency,transparency and reliability at affordable costs ispossiblethroughuseofICT.Inagriculturalresearchanddevelopment,theroleofICTisenormousfromdowntoearthtothelimitofthesky,andlocalizedtoglobalscalesofspaceandtimeofferinginformationwith security alongwith the value addition of datapreservationforasingletomanifoldcomponentsofanygivensubject.

Integrated pest management (IPM) like ICT hasmany components of crop protection. Levels ofIPMcouldbeforagivencroporforacroppingandproductionsystem.However,basedonthestatusofharmful organisms (be it insect-pests, pathogens,nematodes,weeds,mitesandrodents)thatneedacontinuouswatchkeptoverthem.RealizingthescopeofICTinplantprotectionwithmultifoldpossibilitiesof centralization and decentralization, consideringthe roles and responsibilities of the stakeholdersinvolved,theNationalResearchCentreforIntegratedPest Management (NCIPM) with its mandate ofeliciting national pest scenario across crops vis-á-vis dissemination of IPM practices to the growersrevolutionizedtheICT-drivenpestsurveillance,often

referred as e-pest surveillance, and incorporatedintovariousprogrammesoperationalacrossIndia.

2. PRe-RequISIteS foR PeSt SuRVeIllANCe

An elaborate preparation is necessary for an effectiveand efficient pest surveillance. An organized samplingplan isneededbasedon thedistributionofcroppedarea under the target crop for village and fieldselections.Scientifically-basedsamplingmethodologyincludingselectionofspots/plantsinafieldandpeststo be observed (incidence or the damage) needfinalization.Informationsuchascropvariety,dateofsowing, other agronomic practices and pesticidesappliedaddvaluewhenrecorded.Regularscheduleismust for recordingpestobservationsduring thecropping season. Guidelines for field selection,tools, global positioing system (GPS), traps andlures for insect-pests and data sheets (books) forrecording field details and pest observations andtrainingofpersonnel(pestscoutsandmonitors)onidentificationcumsamplingofinsect-pestsanddiseasesof the target crops are the essential components.Additionally, infrastructure including computers,customizedsoftwareandinternetconnectivitybesidestrainedmanpower (data entry operators)makes thebest possible implementation of e-pest surveillance.Thereisneedtobecontinuousco-ordinationamongthe stakeholders right from programme formulationtofield level implementation in termsofknowing thepests status, recommendation of pest managementadvisoriesandtheirdisseminationtofarmers.

3. PRogRAMMeS of ICt-bASed PeSt SuRVeIllANCe of NCIPM At A glANCe

3.1. Crop Pest Surveillance and Advisory Project (CRoPSAP) of Maharashtra

Severe pest attack on soybean during 2008-09 inMarathwadaandVidarbharegionsofMaharashtra,

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and the reasons for the outbreak implicating thelack of scientific and systematic pest monitoringandmanagement led to the innovative use of ICTinthefieldofplantprotectionforimplementationofIPMonanarea-widebasis in India. Itwasstronglyfeltthatpre-emptiveactionsareamustforavertingpest outbreaks given the changing pest scenarioassociated with diversifying cropping systems,cultivation practices and the felt effects of highvariability in seasonal weather. Considering theincreasedareaundersoybeanonequivalentscalewith cottonatMaharashtra, and thecommonpeststatus of Spodoptera litura on cotton as well assoybean, the program was initiated for both thecrops followed by inclusion of pigeonpea and theRabi crop of chickpea since 2009. Rice grown asKharif cropwasalsoincludedunderthesurveillancecrop-based pest management advisory from2011. Creation of awareness among farmers ofMaharashtra across all target crops under pestsurveillance was continuously aimed vis-á-vis issuing of real time pest management advisoriesthroughtoolsofICT.TheDepartmentofAgriculture(DA),MaharashtraistheCROPSAPimplementationauthority with the funding throughRashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)byCentralGovernmenttill2012followedbyGovernmentofMaharashtrafrom2013tilldate.

3.1.1. Objectives

• Implementation ICT-based pest surveillanceandadvisory

• AwarenesscreationamongfarmersonIPM

• Integrated pest management by issuingappropriate advisories and ensuring timelyavailabilityofcriticalinputs

3.1.2. stakeholders

StateAgriculturalUniversities(SAU)ofMaharashtraviz.,MahatmaPhule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Dr.Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola,Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth,DapoliandICARinstitutesviz.,theNationalResearchCentreforIntegratedPestManagement,NewDelhi,Directorate of SoybeanResearch, Indore,MadhyaPradesh, Central Institute for Cotton Research,Nagpur,Maharashtra,DirectorateofRiceResearch,Hyderabad, Telangana (2012 and 2013 seasons),National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha(from2013),CentralResearch Institute forDryland

Agriculture,Hyderabad, Telangana, Indian InstituteofPulsesResearch,Kanpur,UttarPradesh,NationalInstitute of Plant Health Management, Hyderabad(from2013)andtheimplementingauthorityofStateDepartment of Agriculture, Maharashtra with itsfarmersconstitutetheparticipants.

3.1.3. Target crops and area of operation

Nearly 43000 villages across 348 talukas of 33districtsfromamongsevendivisionsofMaharashtraarebeingcoveredundertheprogramme.Theareaundereachcropfluctuateswithseasons.SoybeanamongKharif cropsandchickpeaofRabi hasshownmarked increase in area under cultivation during2014-15.

Area of cultivation (m ha) of the target crops in Maharashtra

Crop 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Soybean 30.19 27.29 30.10 30.64 32.18 39.17

Cotton 33.92 39.42 41.67 41.87 41.50 38.72

Rice 14.50 14.86 15.16 15.28 15.92 15.14

Pigeonpea 10.93 13.02 12.33 12.14 11.60 10.93

3.1.4. Framework of pest surveillance implementation

Establishment of pest monitoring units (PMU)coveringblocksbasedoncroppedarea,manpowerdeploymentintermsofpestscouts(coveringaround8 villages/week), pest monitors (one for every 10scouts),onedataentryoperatorperPMUandserversupporters across the State, and engagement ofcontractual staff such as research associates andcomputeroperatorsat the ICARandSAUs formedthe platform for implementation of CROPSAP. Thevillageswereclusteredinto8000haoftargetcropsand those having highest area under each targetcropwereselected forpestsurveillance.Forevery1000haunderthetargetcroptwofixed(observationsrecordedfromstarttoendofcropseasonfromsamefields)andtworandomfieldswereselectedforpestscouting.

Fixed and random fields were selected from differentdirectionsofthevillage.Duringthisprocessof field selection it was ensured that the selectedvillages represent the cluster of villages. In eachblock, the villages not covered for pest scouting were considered for roving surveys done twice aweekbypestmonitorswherein10-15fieldsspreadacross 10 villages were observed in a single day. Theunitoffieldobservationswas0.4ha. Inroving

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survey, qualitative pest status was recorded fromrandomly selected fields of villages other thanthoseselected forquantitativesurveillancebypestmonitors.

For each of target crops viz., soybean, cotton,rice, pigeonpea and chickpea, two types of datasheets were prepared viz., proforma for use byscouts(torecordthequantitativedataforthepestsof surveillance from fixed and random fields) andpest monitor proforma (to record the qualitativeinformation on the target and additional pestsof importance). Guidelines to record each of theinformationanddataareprovidedinthedatabooksforpestscoutsandmonitors.

ICT tools viz. laptop, internet modems and GPSdevicesformedessentialpartoftheprogramundercustody of the PMUs. Functionality of data entry,

3.1.6. Pests under surveillance

Crop Quantitative Qualitativesurveillance

Soybean Spodoptera, Semilooper (Chrysodeixis acuta),Helicoverpa armigera, Girdle beetle (Obereopsis brevis)

Hairycaterpillar,Stemfly(Melanogromyza sojae),Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) , Yellowmosaic virus,Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) and Pod blight(Colletorictum truncatum)

Cotton Spodoptera, Jassids (Amrasca devestans),Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), Thrips (Thrips tabaci),Mealybug (Phenacoccus solenopsis) and Leafreddening

Aphids (Aphis gossypii),H. armigera,Eariasspp.,Pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossipiella), Greymildew(Ramularia areola)andParawilt

Rice Yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas),Gall midge (Orseolia oryzae), Swarmingcaterpillar (Spodoptera mauritia), Leaf folder(Cnaphalocrosis medinalis), Plant hoppers –White blacked plant hopper (Sogatella furcifera)& Brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens), Bluebeetle (Leptisma pygmaea), Bacterial leaf blight(Xanthomonas campestris pv oryzae),Sheathblight(Rhizoctonia solani)andBlast–(Pyricularia oryzae)

Caseworm (Nymphula depunctalis), Brown spot(Helminthosporium oryzae),Hispa

Pigeonpea Pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera), Pod fly(Melanagromyza obtusa)

Mealybug, Cowbug, Pod bugs, Termites, Stemweevil,BlisterbeetleandSterilitymosaic

Chickpea Helicoverpa armigera,Wiltdisease(Fusarium) -

Quantitative surveillance are done by the pest scouts; Qualitative surveillance (Low/ Moderate/High) done by pest monitors

3.1.7. schedule of pest surveillance and management advisories

Datacollection Dataentryanduploads Dataanalysis&issueofadvisories(SAUs)

DisseminationofadvisoriesbyDA

Monday&Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Thursday

Thursday&Friday Saturday Monday Monday

upload and online reporting software applicationsaremaintainedbyICAR-NCIPM,NewDelhi.

3.1.5. scheme of CrOPsaP implementation process

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3.1.8. architecture of e-pest surveillance and advisory

The architecture is a three-tier system designedfor pest surveillance that consists of offline datamanagement facility,onlinepest reportingapplica-tion and centralised database. Database havingvarioustablesforinformationstorageweredevelopedusing SQL 2000. Offline data management andonline pest reporting applicationswere developedusingASP.net2.0technology.XMLformatwasusedfordatatransferfromofflineapplicationtodatabase.

3.1.9. Features of off-line client application

Client application is user-authenticated forapplicationbythepestmonitoringunitstoenteranduploadthecollecteddatainrespectofthefieldsfromvillagesofselectedtalukasofdistrictsof theState.Thequantitativeandqualitativedatacollectedfromfieldsbypestscoutsandpestmonitors,respectivelyinrespectofcrops(soybean,cotton,rice,pigeonpeaandchickpea)couldbeenteredofflineandstored.Whileviewingandeditingoffielddetailsdatacanbescrutinisedfortheircorrectnessbeforeuploads.Theuploadoptioncompilesandsynchronizesthedatabaseandconnectstotheserverthroughinternet.

3.1.10. Features of online reporting application

The technical inputs viz., the economic thresholdlevels (ETL) and the pest management advisoriesformulated in detailed and brief formats for theselectedpestsoftargetcropsbytheSAUsandICARinstitutes formed thebasis for developing reportingapplications. The online reporting and analysisapplication accessible for authenticated userswereassigned to the stakeholders through http://www.ncipm.org.in/cropsap2015/login.aspx that producesgeneralandETLbasedpest reportswithadditionaloptionsfortrackingpestscout,monitorandadvisory

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uploads,besidesgeographicinformationsystem(GIS)mappingindicatingthehotspotsofanypestofthetarget crop across the State. Prediction of Spodoptera lituraseverityonsoybean,datareportingfordifferentcombinations based on user selections and datadisplayintheformoftablesthatcanalsobeexportedtoMS Excel for further analysis are the additionalfeatures. The advisories in brief and detailed formsrelevanttothecrop(s)pertainingtothecurrentperiod are also accessible to any user at taluk level through http://www.ncipm.org.in/cropsap2015/login.aspx.

3.1.11.1. Pest status

Soybean: Thesemilooper,Chrysodeixis acuta and Spodoptera litura had been relatively lower acrossall districts during 2014 over the past five yearsof soybean cultivation. During 2014-15 S. litura assumed pest status often at Gadchiroli followedby Jalgaon, Jalna and Chandrapur districts.SemilooperC. acuta incidence toowas lowduring2014 throughout Maharashtra with above ETLpopulation only in the districts of Jalna, Satara,SangliandAmravati.GirdleBeetle (Oberea brevis)damagewasgreaterthanETL(3%)onlyatAgekhedvillageofPaturtaluka.NeipingahofChandurbazar,andAmdapurofVarudtalukofAmravati,Sunegaonand Navki of Parbhani district of Latur divisionbesides Kelzar village of Satana (Baglan) taluka of Nasik.

Cotton:TheimportanceofsapfeederswasJassids(A. devastans) > Whiteflies (B. tabaci) >Thrips (T. tabaci). Increasing whiteflies at Jalna and Parbhani, and thirps at Akola, Dhule, Jalna andParbhani in 2014 over 2011-2013 seasons wasobvious.

S.litura solitary larva (no. per metre) Pigeonpea: Pod damage due to the pod borercomplexwashigheratJalna,NagpurandNandurbar,andmoderateatChandrapur,Nanded,GondiyaandAurangabaddistricts.Pune,Parbhani,BuldhanaandWashim hadHelicoverpa armigera as well as poddamageaboveETL,howeveronalessernumberofoccasions.Increasingpoddamageduetopodborercomplexwasobservedduring2014atAhmednagar,

Comparative scenario of pod damage across districts of Maharashtra

64


Chandrapur,Jalna,Nagpur,WardhaandBhandaradistrictsover thepreviousthreeseasons.Reducedpod damage was noticed at Dhule and Hingoliduring2014.

Chickpea: Helicoverpa armigera on chickpea attained pest status to a higher frequency at

Bhandara>Jalna>Solapur>Akola>Pune. Mostother districts had lower level of H. armigera incidence.WiltduetoFusariumwasgreateratPunedivision followed by Amravati and Nagpur. Nasik,AurangabadandLaturdivisionshadthelowestwiltincidence.

3.1.11.2. Yield levels

Considering 2008-09 as the problematic year intermsof twodry spells of twoweeks in June-Julythat had delayed the crop sowing followed by three weeks of dry spell in August resulting insevere pest infestation on Soybean, the observedproductivity was less in soybean, cotton andpigeonpeacrops.Although seasonsof 2009-10 to2011-12 witnessed 2-3 dry spells, despite timelyonset of monsoon, and pest incidences werethere after dry spells they were detected in timeand correctivemeasureswere taken appropriatelythrough supply of critical pest management inputs. Since 2010-11, productivity of crops neverdeclined to the level of (pest outbreak season)2008-09duetocontinuousvigilkeptthroughe-pestsurveillance.

3.1.11.3. iCT-based dissemination of pest management advisories

The participatory response of farmers for shortmessage services (SMSs) enrolment, advisoriesissued by SAUs, sent by DA demonstrates the growing subscribers, and awareness on pestmanagement generated under the programmeduringKharif and Rabi seasons across five crops.

Pest status of Helicoverpa armigera

Status of Fusarium wilt

Area and productivity of target crops of pest surveillance during project period

Crop Particulars 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Soybean A 30.63 30.19 27.29 25.3 30.64 39.17 38.01

P 601 728 1581 1312 1531 1302 499

Cotton A 31.46 33.91 39.42 43.5 41.87 38.72 41.92

P 257 256 322 280 276 343 163

Rice A 14.99 14.5 14.86 15 15.28 15.13 15.00

P 1496 1474 1766 1816 1964 1799 1875

Pigeonpea A 10.08 10.93 13.02 12 12.17 10.96 10.37

P 600 841 750 704 829 874 313

Chickpea A 11.43 12.91 14.23 10.51 11.35 13.2 13.48

P 677 863 914 775 826 932 615

(A=Area in 1 x 105 ha, P=Productivity in kg/ha)

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Dissemination of pest management advisoriesthroughSMSsacrossthecropsofsoybean,cotton,rice, pigeonpea and chickpea based on ETLs ofdifferent pests since the inception of CROPSAPindicate the need-based and effective functioningof plant protection extension across the state ofMaharashtra.

ICT-based pest management advisory dissemination

Year No. of subscribers(lakhs)

No. of SMSssent(lakhs)

2009-10 1.63 31.93

2010-11 2.40 112.00

2011-12 3.11 199.06

2012-13 3.40 360.83

2013-14 3.90 265.80

2014-15 15.00 550.27

Number of advisories issued

Season Soy-bean

Cotton Rice Pigeon-pea

Chick-pea

Total

2014-15 9310 14171 15193 8097 10594 57365

2013-14 15170 24846 20959 13364 10759 85098

2012-13 10043 17177 13720 13120 16017 70077

2011-12 11935 16668 15528 11502 8537 64170

2010-11 12077 17289 ** 15768 10996 56130

2009-10 2583 2212 ** 3061 5661 13517

** Rice crop was included for pest surveillance from 2012 season

SincetheinceptionofCROPSAPtilldatetherehasbeennooutbreakofanymajorpestonthetargetedcropsduetotheconsistentpestmonitoring,timelyguidance received by farmers through SMSsand adoption of appropriate pest managementstrategies.

On the side-linesofCROPSAPconsideredasoneof the path-breaking initiatives with the possibilityand success of the programme demonstrated,many other ICT initiatives have been brought intooperation inplantprotection.Thehighlightsof theprogrammesarefurnishedinbrief.

3.2. National information System for Pest Management (NISPM-bt cotton) and on-line Pest Monitoring and Advisory Services (oPMAS) (cotton)

IntroductionofBtcotton in India from2002 for themanagementofbollwormsresultedinchangingpestscenario with the sap feeders (mirids,mealybugs,aphids,thripsandwhiteflies)acquiringthestatusofmajorpestsinadditiontoemergenceofgreymildew,leafspotandrustdiseasesandthedisorderofleafreddening. There was an urgent need to monitorthe insect-pests and diseases regularly for issueofadvisories to takeup remedialmeasuresbeforeepidemicsituationsarise.DepartmentofAgricultureandCooperation,MinistryofAgricultureoperatedtheNational Information System of Pest Management(NISPM)inBtcottonunderTechnologyMissiononCottonMiniMissionIIbetween2008and2013.From2014, programme has been renamed as “On-linePest Monitoring and Advisory Services (OPMAS)”and covered under the National Food SecurityMission (NFSM) - Commercial Cropswith the aimto expand the web-based pest monitoring andadvisoryservicesacrossthecountryinmajorcottongrowingdistrictswithICAR-NCIPMasacoordinatingcentre. While NISPM covered 1120 fields spreadover 280 villages in 14 intensive cotton growingdistricts of nine states, presently OPMAS is beingimplementedintenmajorcottongrowingStateswiththehelpof 16 cooperating centresofSAUs, ICARand Krishi Vigyan Kendrastocover21000farmersof26districts.OPMAShasbeenimplementedin23134haofcottoninvolving19956farmersof216villagesduring2014-15.

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3.2.1. implementing centers of OPMas

State Participatingcentre Implementingdistrict No. of farmers

1.Haryana 1.ICAR-CentralInstituteforCottonResearch,Sirsa

1.Sirsa 750

2.Fatehabad 750

2.Punjab 2.RegionalResearchStation,Faridkot 3.Faridkot 1000

4.ShriMuktsarSaheb 1000

3.Rajasthan 3.AgriculturalResearchStation,Banswara 5.Banswara 750

6.Pratapgarh 750

4.Gujarat 4.AnandAgriculturalUniversity,Anand 7.Varodara 750

8.Kheda 750

5.MadhyaPradesh 5.CottonResearchStation,Khandwa 9.Khandwa 1000

10.Khargone 1000

6.Maharashtra 6.CottonSection,Akola 11.Akola 1000

12.Buldana 1000

7.KVK,Kharpudi,Jalna 13.Jalna 1000

14.Parbhani 1000

8.KVK,Ahmednagar 15.Ahmednagar 1000

16.Aurangabad 1000

7.Telangana 9. KVK,Jamnikunta,Karimnagar 17.Karimnagar 625

18.Warangal 625

8.AndhraPradesh 10.RegionalResearchStation,Guntur 19.Guntur 625

20.Prakasam 625

9.Karnataka 11.KVK,Tukaratti,Belgaum 21.Belgaum 625

22.Dharwad 625

12.KVK,Mysore 23.Mysore 625

24.Chamarajanagar 625

10.TamilNadu 13.KVK,Perambalur 25.Perambalaur 750

26.Salem 750

Additionally, ICAR-Central Research Institutefor Dryland Agricultural, Hyderabad and ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute are servingas specialised centres involved in pest-weathercorrelationstudiesandhotspotidentification.

3.2.2. surveillance plan under NisPM and OPMasFormulation of data sheets along with guidelines

for recording the pest observations formed the basic step of pest surveillance. Collection of pest data was done by pest scouts from two fixed and two random fields per village at weekly intervals following the prescribed method of sampling using the developed datasheets.

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3.2.3. Pests under surveillance

Pestcategory Insect/Disease/Beneficial/Disorder

Sapfeeders Jassids (A. devastans)

Aphids (A. gossypil)

Whiteflies(B. tabaci)

Thrips(T. tabaci)

Miridbugs(Creontiodes biseratense)

Mealybugs(Phenacocus solenopsis)

Bollworms Americanbollworm(egglarvae) (H. armigera)

Spottedbollworm(larvae)(Earias spp)

Pinkbollworm(larvae)

Spodoptera (Eggmass&larvae)

Fruitingstructures(Squaresandgreenbolls)

Bollwormdamage-(Squarebolls)

Beneficials Coccinellids(Coccinella, Scynmus)

Chrysoperlaeggs

Spiders

Diseases CottonLeafCurlDisease

Greymildew(Ramularia aureola)

Parawilt

Disorder Leafreddening

3.2.4. Features of the iCT in OPMas

Both NISPM and OPMAS involve the online datafeeding and uploads by the cooperating centres.ExclusivelaunchingofhomepagehasbeenmadeatNCIPMwebsite.WhileerstwhileNISPMoperatedon the URL of www.ncipm.org.in/NISPM between2008 and 2014, the present web-based systemunder OPMAS was re-designed and hosted onwww.ncipm.org.in/OPMAS/2015/ for cotton pestmonitoringandissuingpestmanagementadvisoriesto the farmers throughSMS.OPMASinvolving ICTwas developed using SQL server 2008 and asp.net 4.0 technologies. Other than pest data entry

and reporting,OPMASweb-based application hasadditionalsalientfeaturessuchasfarmerregistrationforreceivingpestadvisories,pestimagelibraryandnewssection.Whileimagesofpestsarehelpingtheprojectworkers inpest identification,newssectionprovidesrecenthappeningsacrossareasofcottonpestmanagement.Pestimagelibraryhasbothstaticaswellasvideorecordedimages.

3.2.5. highlights of NisPM & OPMas

3.2.5.1. Pest status on bt cotton (NisPM): 2009-2013

Suckingpests,especiallyjassids,thripsandwhitefliesshowedincreasingtrendupto2011-12withadeclineinthefollowingtwoseasons.Jassids>thrips>whiteflieswas the order of importance at the national level.Leafreddeningemergedasaseriousphysiologicaldisorder in Bt among 14 districts during 2010-11with its decline in the later years due to effectivemanagementinterventions.

ETL-based pest scenario on Bt cotton under NISPM

Pest No.ofdistricts(No.ofoccasionsaboveETL)

2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

Jassid 8(109) 8(210) 12(582) 9(112) 12(218)

Whiteflies 6(61) - 7(282) 8(61) 10(57)

Thrips 6(68) 1(1) 8(131) 7(116) 10(59)

Mealybugs 5(12) 3(178) 8(445) 5(25) 6(42)

Miridbug 2(5) 3(21) 2(31) 1(41) 2(7)

Americanbollworm

1(4) 3(4) 6 - -

Spottedboll-worm

1(5) - - - -

Spodoptera 3(8) - - 2(5) 2(7)

CLCuD 1(2) 1(2) - - 1(6)

Wilt 2(13) 12(290) 5(22) - 5(22)

Leafreddening - 14(1964) 10(349) 5(193) 11(266)

ExperimentsundertakenatselectedcentresofNISPMviz.,Akola,Patur,KanheriSarafandBhauradonthemanagementofleafreddeningbroughtoutsprayofMgSO4@ 1% (w/v) to be significantly better alongwithotherrecommendedpracticesforBt cotton.

3.2.5.2. extension of pest management advisories

The capabilities of farmers on pest managementstrategies in Bt cotton were enhanced throughvillagelevelgroupmeetingsandtrainingsatNISPM

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centres. Further awareness through mass media(newspapersandradiotalks)wascreatedregularlyas and when situations warranted. Extensionfolders and technical bulletins in local vernacularlanguages were published by different centres tobringawarenessontheemerginginsect-pestsanddiseasesbesidestheirmanagementusingIPM.

Thenumbersofadvisoriesandnewsitemsoncottonpest management issued in respect of OPMAScentres, and of farmers to whom the advisoriesweredisseminatedduring2014-15indicatetheuserdetailsoftheICT-basedtechnology.

Extension of IPM (OPMAS): 2014-15

Centre No. of advisories

issued

No. of newsitemsuploaded

No. of farmersinvolved

Sirsa 7 2 0783

Faridkot 4 3 0276

Banswara 20 11 1038

Anand 20 16 1500

Khandwa 5 2 1811

Akola 6 11 -

Jalna 12 4 1789

Ahmednagar 11 10 1795

Karimnagar 4 1 1240

Guntur 20 9 2031

Belgaum 19 9 1509

Mysore 18 10 2619

Perambalur 11 10 -

Total 157 98 16391

3.2.6. impact of iPM through NisPM

The regular monitoring and dissemination ofadvisoryhelpedinreducingthenumberofchemicalpesticidesprays infieldsof IPMtrainedfarmersas

comparedtofarmerpractices(FP).TheseedcottonyieldrecordedwasalsohigherinIPMascomparedtoFP.

Pesticide use and yield levels of IPM versus FP

Year Numberofpesticide sprays

Cost of pesticide

sprays/ha(in`)

Seed cotton yield(kg/ha)

IPM FP IPM FP IPM FP

2008-09 4.2 6.3 2071 2924 2043 1850

2009-10 4.1 6.5 2234 3193 2040 1775

2010-11 3.9 6.0 2475 4246 2138 1841

2011-12 3.7 6.1 2685 4510 2107 1850

2012-13 4.04 6.37 2900 4725 2195 1865

2013-14 4.27 7.34 42168* 45944* 2248 1885

2014-15 3.85 5.94 34513* 37567* 2628 2356

* cost of cultivation

Centre-wise economic analysis made in 2014in respect of centres based on ICT-based IPMimplementation across seasons of 2008-2013through NISPM indicated reduced application ofchemicalpesticidesinallthelocations.

Theusebio-pesticides includingbotanicalswas toanextentof23.5%oftotalpesticidalspraysinIPMasagainst6.78innon-IPMfields.HighernetreturnsaswellasbenefitcostratioinIPMovernon-IPMwasobtainedacrossallcentres.

3.3. e-National Pest Reporting and Alert System for Pulses

The domestic demand and increasing import ofpulses resulting in anurgentneed to increase thepulse production in the country by reducing yieldlossesduetopestattackledtothedevelopmentof“AcceleratedPulsesProductionProgramme(A3P)”

Awareness creation and extension of IPM (NISPM)

Activity 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14

Villagegroupmeetings No.duringseason 48 740 801 1030 553 356

No.offarmers 1051 10100 10630 13106 10758 8796

Farmertrainings No.duringseason 27 60 86 80 95 72

No.offarmers 1189 2779 2984 3453 3480 2159

Newspapercoverage No.duringseason 12 176 95 87 93 127

Radiotalks NA 17 31 42 34 38

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under theNational Food SecurityMission (NFSM)of the Department of Agriculture & Cooperation(DAC),Governmentof India.Developmentofweb-basedtooltowardsreportingofpestsituationfromfields through periodical monitoring, and issuingof appropriate pestmanagement advisories to thefarmerswerebuilt in theprogramme.ThebroaderobjectivesofA3Pinitiativewere:

1. To detect pest build-up and monitor theirprogressthroughweb-basedqueryinterfaceatvillage/taluk/districtlevel

2. Facilitate theelectronic transferofappropriateinformation fromNationalResearchCentre forIntegratedPestManagement(NCIPM)toStateAgricultural Departments for initiating timelyaction.

3. To forewarn farmers through SMSs to readythemselveswithpreventiveaswellascurativepestmanagementtools

Thepurposeofweb-basedapproachwastoreportthe real time pest infestation in the fields and toadvisethefarmersforapplyingtheappropriatepestmanagement practice so that epidemic situationscan be avoided by detecting damage prior toestablishmentofahigherpestpopulation.Theweb-based tool ‘e-National Pest Reporting and AlertSystemforPulses’ for thecropsofPigeonpeaandChickpea was implemented initially in five statessince 2009, andwas extended to Jharkhand from2010to2014.

Number of villages and farmers covered under e-National Pest Surveillance

State(Districts) Pigeonpea Chickpea

Villag-es

Farm-ers

Villag-es

Farm-ers

Karnataka(Gulbarga) 34 3301 23 1529

Maharashtra(Badnapur,Parbhani,Osmanabad,Nanded)

26 5017 20 3587

AndhraPradesh(Anantapur)

25 482 12 1000

MadhyaPradesh(Chindwara&Narsimpur)

316 2967 55 1708

UttarPradesh(Hamirpur&Banda)

69 3000 12 557

Total 470 14767 122 8381

3.3.1. Features of e-national pest reporting & alert system

The “e-National pest reporting & alert system” forpulses could be accessed at http://www.ncipm.org.in/A3P/UI/HOME/Login.aspx. Its platform wasindependent and could be accessed from anycomputer connected to the internet. The onlyrequirementattheclientsideisawebbrowserandauthorizationfollowingonlineregistrationatNCIPMhomepage.Thesystemwasdevelopedusingthreetier architecture with online data entry, reportingandadvisorytofarmersthroughSMSsinrespectivelanguages of the States. Javascript, ASP.Net 3.5and SQL server 2005 technologies were used inthe development of the application. The GIS hasbeenusedforpestreportingonmapforspatialdatamanagement to facilitate easy understanding andvisualinterpretation.

Temporal reports (graphical horizontal bars &tabular),andmap-basedreportusingGooglemapsdepicting pest incidence and affected areas indifferent colors representing severity of incidence

Homepageof“e-Nationalpestreporting&alertsystem”.

PestreportingthroughGooglemaps

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are possible. The purpose of this pest reportingthroughGooglemapsistocommunicateimmediateor potential danger arising from the occurrence,outbreakorspreadofapestaswellasidentifyingthepesthotspotssoas toadvise theStatemachineryand farmers to take appropriate and timely actionfor pest management to minimize losses due topestincidence.ThisapplicationrepresentsthepestpopulationthroughaniconinRed,YellowandGreencoloursforeasyinferenceregardingdifferentlevelsofpestintensity.Thesepestreportsallowedthemtoadjustfornecessarypestmanagementrequirementsandactions to take intoaccount.Pest reportsalsoprovidedusefulcurrentandweekly information foroperationofongoingpestmanagementprogrammein theStates. e-Pestalert systemalso featured (a)sendingSMStosinglemobilephone(web2mobile),(b)broadcastingSMStoagroupofmobilephones(web2mobiles). However modification was doneto include forwardingofsingleSMSfromamobile phonetoagroupofmobilephones(mobile2mobiles).Morespecifically,thepestexpertlogsinthesystemand selects the SMS recipient(s). Then a pop-up window emerges where the SMS is written.The SMS could be written in English as well asregional languages (Hindi, Marathi, Kannada andTelugu).‘Translate’toolofGooglehasbeenusedto convert messages from English into regionallanguages.

3.3.2. impact of a3P

Near 25000 farmers were registered for receivingSMSadvisories.TotalSMSssentduring2010were9530.Currently,potentialbeneficiaryofthesystemare25000farmerswhowereselectedbyNCIPMaswellas90%ofthefarmersthatownamobilephone.

StatebasedA3Pco-operators(UP,MP,AP,Maharashtraand Karnataka) conveyed their pest managementadvisories across 592 villages covering 36000 ha to3545and4650farmersthrough9530and13245SMSsduring2009-10and2010-11,respectively.

Implementationofthisapplicationnotonlyhelpedinidentifyingthehotspotsbutalsogearedupthestafftomanage thecrisissituations throughcreationofpopularityandawareness.

Yield could be increased from 10 to 12 q/ha over2009-10byminimizinglossescausedbypests.PestadvisoriessenttothefarmersthroughSMSonthebasisofpestreportingledtothereductioninnumberofchemicalpesticidespraysfrom6to3inGulbargadistrict.Thishasalsoprovedverysuccessfulandledto3million tonnesadditionalproductionofpulsesincomparisontopreviousyears,despitefailuresinAnantapur(AP)aswellasChindwaraandNarsingpur(MP).

Thesystemhasalsoenabled identify thepotentialareaswhereinyieldcanbe increasedbyminimizinglosses caused by proliferating pests (Maruca and Melanagromyza obtusa) as well as identification ofendemic areas (sterility mosaic virus & leaf spotCercospora)diseases.

3.4. Implementation of ICt-based Pest Surveillance in Malawi-technical Assistance Progamme (tAP), Africa

Expertise of ICT-based pest surveillance andadvisory carried out by NCIPM under NationalInformation System for Pest Management (Bt cotton) in addition to the operational success ofprogrammes like CROPSAP and A3P facilitatedthe pilot scale implementation of ICT-based pestsurveillanceinMalawi(Africa)incotton.ICAR-NCIPMin collaboration with Ministry of Agriculture andFoodSecurity,MalawiandInfrastructureLeasing&Financial Services of Clusters Private Ltd. (IL&FS)tookuptheinitiativeofdemonstratingthepotentialofICTinagricultureforcottonpestsurveillanceandissuingofpestmanagementadvisoriestoextensionpersonnelandfarmersofMalawi.Asapre-requisiteto the implementation of e-pest surveillance, thebaseline informationwascollectedon insect-pestsand diseases though a visit by NCIPM scientistsforfinalizingthedataformatsforpestobservationsand customized software development. SoftwareOptions(viewandsend)ofpestmanagementadvisories

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for data entry, and advisory dissemination werecustomized as per the infrastructure available atMalawi. ICT-based application was hosted vide.http://www.ncipm.org.in/ICTMalawi/. A manual one-pest surveillance for cotton in Malawi (Africa)was also prepared. Training and workshop wereconductedbyNCIPMteamatBalakaandMachingadistricts of Malawi for extension personnel on theidentification of cotton pests and implementationof thee-pest surveillance.About500 farmers fromboth the districts were registered to receive thepest management advisories through SMSs. ICT-basedpestsurveillancewas launchedinMalawi inDecember2014.Thesoftwarehastheprovisiontocovertheentirecountry(28districts)althoughonlytwo districts have been covered on a pilot scalepresently. Scope of the continued implementationofICT-basedpestsurveillanceinthosetwodistrictsand further expansion to other districts of Malawidependsonfurtherfundingfordeploymentofmanpowerandadditionalinfrastructuredevelopment.

threshold-basedapplicationofpesticidesconstitutean essential part of integrated pest management.The success of CROPSAP at Maharashtra in fieldcrops motivated the officials of Department ofHorticulture of the State to adopt ICT-based pestsurveillance for horticultural crops. ICAR-NCIPMwith its expertise in ICT-based pest managementsolutions in collaboration with multiple institutionsof Indian Council of Agricultural Research viz., CentralCitrusResearch Institute,Nagpur,NationalResearch Centre for Pomegranate at Solapur andNationalResearchCentreforBananaatTrichi,andState Agricultural Universities viz., Mahatma PhuleKrishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Dr. Balasaheb SawantKonkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dr. PanjabraoDeshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, VasantraoNaikMarathwadaKrishi Vidyapeeth,ParbhaniwithStatedepartmentofficialsofhorticultureandfarmersof target fruit crops are involved in programmeimplementation.

Horticulture pest surveillance and advisory project(HortSAP)-Maharashtrawasinitiatedfrom2011-12initiallyforMango,PomegranateandBananafollowedby the expansion to other fruit crops viz.,Sapota,Orange (Nagpur Mandarin) and Sweet Orange(Mosambi)since2014-15.ThedistrictsselectedareJalgaon for banana, Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri andSindhudurg for mango and Ahmednagar, Nashik,Solapur and Sangli for pomegranate covering44032ha,101840haand38771ha,respectively.Atpresenttheprogrammespreadsoverfivedistrictsforbanana(Jalgaon,Solapur,Hingoli,Nanded,Akola),two districts for sweet orange (Aurangabad andJalna),sevendistrictsformango(Palghar,Raigarh,Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Osmanabad, Aurangabad,Beed), five districts for Nagpur mandarin (Akola,Amravati, Buldhana, Wardha and Nagpur), eightdistricts for pomegranate (Ahmednagar, Solapur,Sangli, Satara, Nashik, Dhule, Aurangabad andPune) and one district for sapota (Palghar). Theimplementationprofileofe-pestsurveillanceacrossfruitcropsisexhaustiveasgivenbelow.

3.5. Implementation of e-Pest Surveillance and Pest Management Advisory for fruit Crops (Maharashtra)

The thrust for rising fruit productivity throughreductionofyieldlossesduetopeststhroughaction

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Area of operation under e-pest surveillance of fruit crops

Crop Districts Talukas Villages Areacovered(ha.)

Banana 4 13 462 53,881

Mango 7 45 3670 1,07,182

Pomegranate 8 32 1121 64,928

Orange/NagpurMandarin

6 25 944 73,381

SweetOrange/Mosambi

4 23 574 56,859

Sapota 1 4 42 5,416

Total 23 142 6813 3,61,647

Keyinsect-pestsanddiseasesofthesixfruitcropsconsideredforsurveillanceare:

Insect pests and diseases of surveillance

Crop Pestsofsurveillance

SantraandSweetOrange

Bark eating caterpillar, Blackfly,Psylla, Fruit sucking moth, Leafminer, Mites, Phytophthora, Thrips,Whitefly

Sapota BudBorer,Phytophthora,Seedborer

Banana LeafSpot,Thrips

Mango Anthracnose, Hopper, Powderymildew, Thrips, Trap catch of fruitflies

Pomegranate Bacterial blight severity for leaf/Stem/Fruit,Fruitborer,Fruitdamagedue to thrips, Thrips damage totwigs,Wilt

3.5.1. Features of hortsaP iCT application

HortSAPapplicationalsoconsistsofdatacapture,pestreportingandadvisorymodules.Thesystemisaccessrightsbasedthatonlyauthorizeuserstologintotheapplication.Theapplicationhasprovisionstocaptureinformationsuchaslocation,agronomic,pest details and other relevant information asenvisaged in data recording formats. Reportingmodule generates location-specific current andtemporal ETL-based pest reports. (http://www.ncipm.org.in/Horticulture15-16/Default.aspx).Whereverpestpopulationhaseither reachednearorcrossedETL,pestexpertsissueadvisoriesusingthesystem to the farmersof thatarea.Oneof theimportantfeatureofthesystemisthatusercaneasilyaddcropandpestintoit.Thisalsohasprovisiontogeneratetrackingofreportsforuseractivities.

3.5.2. impact of hortsaP

Implementationoftheprojectinthestatehashelpedthe progressive farmers in creating awareness forthecorrectidentificationofthepests,timelyandETL-based application of the IPM technologieswithouttimelagbetweentheoccurrenceofthepestsandtheirmanagement as envisaged from the final estimateof productivity of fruits of Maharashtra presentedbyNationalBoardofHorticulture. Theproductivity(mt/ha)ofmango,banana,pomegranate,citrusandsapotawas2.5,58.2,10.5,6.4and6.5duringpostproject implementationperiodof2013-14andwashigherover2011-12(1.0,52.6,5.8,4.4and4.1),thestartupseasonofe-pestsurveillanceandadvisory,respectively.

Advisories and SMS issued to farmers

Crop 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Advisories SMS Advisories SMS Advisories SMS** Advisories SMS

Banana 3 2382 223 67923 452 - 329 78,385

Mango 772 3,63,710 1024 4,52,990 156 - 1425 4,14,611

Pomegranate 692 74,254 1444 10,90,883 452 - 857 25,43426

Sapota* - - - - - - 19 1,42,482

Orange* (Nagpur Mandarin)

- - - - - - 445 5,18384

SweetOrange*(Mosambi)

- - - - - - 1692 4,47,263

Total 1467 4,40,346 2691 1,61,1796 2095 28,30,222 4767 41,44,551

* Orange and Sweet orange crops were added for e- pest surveillance and advisory from 2014-15, ** data not available

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3.6. ICt as a tool for data base development through electronic Networking and Pest forecasting

Pest risks associated with climate changerequirescomprehensiveandlongtermdataofcrop-pest-weatheroverspaceandtime,andICTservesasatranslationaltooltoassimilatethemeffectivelyandefficiently.NationalInnovationsonClimateResilientAgriculture(NICRA)providesaresearchplatformtoICAR-NationalResearchCentre for IntegratedPestManagement(NCIPM)forstudyingthechangesinthepestscenariosinresponsetoclimaticchangeacrosscrops of rice, pigeonpea, groundnut and tomatothatareimportantforfoodandlivelihoodsecurityofIndia.Assessmentof thechangingpestscenarios,mapping of vulnerable regions of pest risks, andevolvingcurativeandpreventivepestmanagementstrategies towards climatic stress have beenemphasized. Twenty five locations from 12 Statesrepresenting10agro-climaticzones(3,4,6-13)and12agro-ecological regions (R2-8&R10-11,R15&R18)ofthecountrywereidentifiedforstudyonrealtimepestdynamics(RTPD).Thecentresofprojectimplementationacrosscropsare:Rice: Aduthurai(TN), Mandya (KA), Raipur (CG), Ludhiana (PB),Chinsurah (WB), Karjat (MH) and Hyderabad(TS); Pigeonpea: Gulbarga (KA), Dantiwada (GJ),Warangal (TS), Vamban (TN), Jabalpur (MP), andAnantapur (AP);Tomato: Varanasi (UP), Ludhiana(PB), Rahuri (MH), Hyderabad (TS), Kalyani (WB),Raipur (CG) and Bengaluru (KA); Groundnut:Junagadh(GJ),Jalgaon(MH),Virudhachalam(TN),Anantapur(AP)andDharwad(KA).Pestsurveillanceplan for experimental stations and farmer’s fieldswas devised and the list of pests along with theirsamplingmethod andweather variables andGPScoordinates to be collected were used to designdata recording formats throughconsultativegroupmeetings involving experts of target crops (http://www.ncipm.org.in/nicra/DataSheets_Manuals_Guidelines.aspxhttp://www.ncipm.org.in/nicra/index.aspx). A web-based system consisting offour major components viz., centralized database,offline client data capture, admin panel, and datareporting and analysis was designed. Systemconsistingcentralizeddatabase,offlinedatacaptureandonlinepest reportingcumanalysis facilitywasdeveloped using SQL Server 2005, ASP.net 3.5and XML technologies, respectively. Setup filesfor client software installation by RTPD centresare generated using admin panel configuringsoftware applicable for the target RTPD centre.Reporting application consisting admin panel isfunctional and available on website: http://www.

ncipm.org.in/nicra/. The reporting systemoperatesthrough the start page: http://www.ncipm.org.in/nicra/NICRAAdminPanelNew/rvLogin.aspx to login.Staffexclusivelyforpestsurveillance,trainingandinvolvementofsubjectmatterteamwiththeiractiveparticipation in RTPD centres improves the ICTprocessandprojectefficiency.Databasedevelopedthroughthisprojectisaccessibletoallstakeholdersand serves to bring out location-specific as wellas national pest scenario for the present andfuture climatic scenarios. A web-enabled weather-based forewarning module (available at: http://www.ncipm.org.in/nicra/ForewarningSystem/PestPrediction.aspx; http://www.ncipm.org.in/nicra/ForewarningSystem/PestPredictionEmpirical.aspx) for (a) Rice yellow stem borer for five locationsforKharif (b) RiceleaffolderforKharif(twolocations)andforRabiseason(onelocation)(c)Spodoptera lituraongroundnutforthreelocationshasalsobeendevelopedandintegratedintothesystem.Whilefieldlevelimpactsofclimatechangeonpestsareserving

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todevelopresilientpestmanagementtechnologies(through further adaptive research), the pestforewarningfeatureoftheprojectisdirectlyappliedat the regional (district) level tominimize the yieldlosses caused by the insect-pests and diseases.While the ICT accelerated data base developmentis leading to faster research outputs and formsrepository for long-term research, the forewarningcomponent aids in judicious and timely use ofpesticidesatfarmlevelthusaccruingeconomicandenvironmentalbenefitstothecropgrowers.

3.6.1. highlights of pest dynamics in relation to climatic variability

• Twenty five real time pest dynamic (RTPD)centersfrom11states,across11agro-climaticzonescovering12agro-ecologicalregionsarebeing implemented with e-pest surveillancefor the four target crops (rice, pigeonpea,groundnut & tomato) during Kharif 2011-2015.Comparative analysis of pest scenario vis-a-vis weather variables from climaticvariability perspective was made consideringthedatabaseoverthreeKharif(2011-2013)andRabi (2011-12 – 2013-14) seasons for seven,six, five and seven real time pest dynamic(RTPD)locationsinrespectof34,23,27and30parameters (including insect-pests, diseases,beneficial, light andpheromone trap catches)correspondingtoRice,Pigeonpea,GroundnutandTomatocrops.

• Whileoutbreakofriceblackbug,Scoutinophara lurida was seen at Aduthurai (TN) due togreater andunusual rainsduring33 standardmeteorological week (SMW), Ludhiana (PB)has witnessed reduced rice BPH,Nilaparvata lugensduetoabsenceofrainfallandassociatedreducedhumidity levelsduring the33and34SMWs.

• Heavy incidence of jassids (Empoasca kerri) during 2014 and 2015 as against tracepopulation in the past years was observedat Gulbarga (KA) following higher minimumtemperature of 2-5°C over normal throughoutthe pre- and post-monsoon periods (mid-March–September)followedbytorrentialrains(195mm in35SMW)coupledwithdry spellsand intermittent rains (>10mm). PigeonpeaPhytophthorablight ison the riseatGulbarga(KA) inresponseto the increasedrainfallovernormal during the late crop growth stage.Helicoverpa armigera,Grapholita critica,Adisura

atkinsoni and Exelastis atomosa were at theirlowest during 2014 at S.K. Nagar (GJ) whenthe rainfall amount during the season (June -December)hadbeenloweroverpreviousthreeseasons.

• Highertemperatureduringpre-monsoonperiodcoupled with delayed rains and late sowingof Groundnut at Dharwad (KA) followed bycontinuousrainstillOctoberduringKharif2014sawmoderatetohigh(40-50%leafdefoliation)damageduetoSpodoptera lituraandlate leafspot(Grade5)with leafminerat its low.Earlyand late seasondry spells and comparativelyhighrainfalleventsamidstcropseasonduring2014 at Jalgaon (MS) had the increasingpopulation levels of jassids Empoasca kerri,thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis and leaf minerAproaerema modicella.Therareoccurrenceofthripsdamageatmaturityperiodofgroundnutat Junagadh (GJ) in 2014 was due to theprevalenceofhightemperatureindaytimeandabsenceofrains.

• South American tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta was documented as a new invasivepestfromIndiaduringRabi2014atBengaluru(KA). Heavy rains of August (149 mm in 35SMW as against normal of 21 mm) in 2014led to Phytophthora rot of fruits (40-50%) atRajendranagar(Telangana)besidesearlyblightand Fusarium wilt. Rabi tomato had 40-50%severityof lateblight in the3rdweekofMarch(12th SMW) at Patiala (PB). Increasing targetleaf spot incidence with increasing maximumtemperature and decreasing relative humidityofDecember,anddecreasingearlyblightwithincreasingminimumtemperatureandmorningrelative humidity of February were noted atKalyani(WB).

• Predictionrulesbasedonweathercriteriaandpestseverity levelsweredeveloped forbrownplanthopperNilaparvata lugens atRaipur(CG),Ludhiana(PB)andAduthurai(TN),andforearlyleaf blight at Bengaluru (KA). Web-enabledweather-based predictions for four rice pests(yellowstemborer,gallmidge,casewormandgreenleafhopper),andS. lituraongroundnutat weekly and fortnightly basis predictingmaximum severity of S. litura forewarned lowseverityin100%oftheoccasionsduringKharif 2014.

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ICAR - NCIPM

4. wAy foRwARd

Use of ICT in plant protection has obviated thedrawbackof non-availability of completedata setson pests at one or a few places that make thespatialandtemporalpestscenariocompilationsandexchangeshighlydifficultforthecrop.Consideringthatlargeamountofresearchdatathatgetslostinthe note books of the persons who recorded thedata,carefullydesignedICT-basedpestsurveillancenot only brings convergence in measuring pestsessentialforcomparisonpurposesbutalsofastenedthepestscenarioknownonrealtimebasisforinstantrecommendationsofneed-basedpestmanagementthroughadvisorynotifications.It isalsowellknown

thatchangesintechnologyarecontinuousandthesophisticationlevelsofsurveillance/reportingtoolsare dynamic. Electronic gadgets and networkingmakepestsurveillanceandmonitoringacommercialenterprise however with the continuous trainingsand skill development made available. ICT wouldcontinue to play a greater role in effective use ofdatagatheredovertimeandspaceinunderstandingchangingpestscenario,effectsandefficacyofpestmanagement methods, effects of weather/climatechangeoncrop-pestinteractionsandindevelopmentofforecastsandpoliciesofplantprotection.Evolvinginstant feedback mechanisms from farmers foraidingalternatepest/cropmanagementplanningisrequiredtobeattemptedhereafter.

PrIMe MInIster’s AwArd For exCellenCe In PuBlIC AdMInIstrAtIon 2012-13

e governAnCe gold MedAl

Crop Pest Surveillance and Advisory Project(CROPSAP)-forpestmanagementinmajorcropsin Maharashtra was awarded ‘Prime Minister’sAward for Excellence in Public Administration’fortheyear2012–13.ShriPrabhakarDeshmukh,then Commissioner of Agriculture, Maharashtrareceived the award on the Ninth Civil Services Day held on 21 Apr 2015 organized by theDepartmentofAdministrativeReformsandPublicGrievances.

Crop Pest Surveillance and Advisory Project(CROPSAP) – Maharashtra was an award winnerforexemplaryuseofICT-basedsolutionsatthe15thNationalConferenceone-Governanceheld during 9-10 Feb 2012 at Bhubaneshwar,Odisha.

.... the cup of joy is full only when the findings find practical applications

— Louis Pasteur

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IPMisaknowledgeintensivesustainableapproachformanaging pests by combining compatible cultural,biological,chemical,andphysical tools inaway thatminimizeseconomic,health,andenvironmentalrisks.IPM does not rely on single method to solve pestproblemsbutreliesontheknowledgeofcropandpestinteractionstochoosethebestcombinationoflocallyavailable pest management tools. ICAR-NCIPM isengagedregularlyinconductingtrainingprogrammes,refresher courses and workshops for evolvingmaster trainers at crop-based ICAR institutions,State Agricultural Universities,Krishi Vigyan Kendras,State Agricultural Department, Industry personnel,non-governmental organisations and crop growersinvolvedinplantprotection.Thefocusisonimpartingtraining and educating with recent developmentsin the field of IPM so as to promote awareness forimplementationofIPM.Thetopicscoveredineachofthetrainingsincludetheuseofgeneticplantmaterials,culturalpractices,bio-pesticides,biotechnology,massproductionofbio-controlagents,saferuseofchemicalpesticides, pesticide residues, weed management,use of information technology andmanaging naturalresourcesthatarecomponentsofaneffectiveIPM.TheprogrammesincludelecturesbyeminentIPMexpertsfromNCIPMaswellfromotherinstitutes.IPMfieldvisitsfollowedbyhands-ontrainingonmassproductionofbio-controlagentsarealsopartofthetrainings.Thecentre has developed a number of location-specific IPMmodules/packages for different crops across agro-climatic zones. Trainings are also grounds for inflowof information from field functionaries and IPMpractitioners thatguide researchers todevelopneed-based IPM programs with services and supportfacilitatedcontinuously.

ICAR-NCIPM is proud to be a leader in training onIPM in the country. Over the 17 active years, pestmanagementcorrespondenceand IPMcourseshave

beenthetrainingofchoicefor813of ICAR/SAU/KVK/ZARS/NGO/SDA/entrepreneurs/Industrial personnel.Thirtyninetrainingprogrammesincluding10onmassproductionofbio-controlagentswereheldupto2012.Since 2013, 16 trainingprogrammeswere organisedthat also targeted progressive farmers in addition toresearchers from ICAR/SAUs. ICARsponsoredwinterschoolon“RecentadvancesonIPM”(25participantsfrom11States),shortcourseon“Massproductionofbio-controlagents”(25participantsfrom10States),anorientationcourseforfieldfunctionaries(77extensionpersonnel of SDA, Tripura) are notable contributionstowardscreationof IPMawarenessanddevelopmentacross thecountry.Trainingsof56 farmersofTripuraand 20 from Bihar on IPM of important crops wereorganised at Tripura and New Delhi, respectively.Progressive growers of rice (Bambawad, UP), fruits(Abohar, Punjab), cotton (Jind, Haryana), vegetables(Karnal, Haryana) and oilseeds (Alwar, Rajasthan),whohavesuccessfullyimplementedIPMintheirfields,serveas‘IPMambassadors’throughtheirinteractionsandsharingof theirexperiences.More thanhundredtrainings and interactions were organised for thefarmers at different agro-climatic zones that createdawarenessonIPMinrice,cotton,oilseeds,vegetable,pulses and fruit crops covering more than one lakhfarmersinthecountry.

Trained‘IPMAmbassadors’aresuccessfullyspreadingtheIPMacrossvillagesofAssam,Karnataka,Tripura,Haryana, Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, UttarPradesh,Sikkim,Meghalaya,Nagaland,Manipur,Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Puducherry, Delhi, Uttarakhand,Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh,Goa,andGujarat.IPMpageon‘Facebook’alsoservestoquicklyspreadtheIPMknowledge.All coursematerialsviz., training manuals, resource or knowledge book, pest guides fortify the IPM knowledge over time amongstthetrainees.IPMforthespecificagricultural

AwAreness on IPM: Key to suCCess

mukesh sehgal and ajanta birahicar: National research centre for integrated Pest management, New Delhi

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ICAR - NCIPM

and horticultural crops viz., rice, cotton, wheat,sugarcane, vegetable, fruit crops, oilseeds, pulsescropsandpestslikenematodesinadditiontoprotectedcultivation, use of information and communication

technology and socio-economic issues of IPM fora given production system and climatic regions areroutinelyinbuiltwiththehumanresourcedevelopment(HRD).

HRD activities of NCIPM

Name Year Venue Participants

Farmers KVK Personnel

Total

Orientation /Refresher /Entrepreneurcourse on IPM / Bio-agent massmultiplication

1995-2012

ICAR-NCIPM 56 106ZARS+43KVK

813

IPMinImportantCropsofNEHRegion 2013 ICAR, Nagaland Centre, ATARIZoneIII,Jharnapani,Nagaland

13 27 40

IntegratedPestManagementonMajorCropsofNEHRegion

2013 ICARResearchComplexforNEHRegion, ATARI Zone III, Umiam,Meghalaya

12 24 36

Integrated Pest Management forProgressiveFarmersofTripura

2013 ICAR Research Complex forNEH Region, Tripura Centre atLembucherra, ATARI Zone III,Tripura

39 3 42

IntegratedPestManagement forFieldFunctionariesofTripura

2013 Pragyan Bhawan, Agartala,Tripura

77

OrientationCourseonIPMinImportantCrops of Southern India with specialreference to Karnataka, Kerala, GoaandTamilNadu

2014 NBAIR, ATARI Zone VIII,Bengaluru,Karnataka

12 34 46

RefresherCourseonIPMinImportantCrops with special reference to UttarPradeshandUttarakhand

2014 ATARI Zone IV, Kanpur, UttarPradesh

14 36 50

OrientationCourseonIPMinImportantCrops of Southern India with specialreferencetoPuducherry,TNandKerala

2014 PK Krishi Vigyan Kendra, ATARIZoneVIII,Puducherry

11 32 43

Training course on Integrated PestManagement in Important Corps ofBihar

2014 ICAR-NCIPM,NewDelhi 20 20

RefresherCourseonIPMinImportantCropsofGujaratandRajasthan

2014 Rajasthan Agriculture ResearchInstitute, ATARI Zone VI, Jaipur,Rajasthan

66 66

RefresherCourseonIPMinImportantCrops with special reference to UttarPradeshandUttarakhand

2014 IIFSR,ATARIZoneIV,Modipuram,UttarPradesh

39 39

ICAR-sponsored winter Schoolon ‘Recent advances in IPM’ (KVK personnel,ICAR,SAUsscientists,etc.)

2015 ICAR-NCIPM,NewDelhi 25

RefresherCourseonIPMinImportantCropswithspecialreferencetoMadhyaPradesh,ChhattisgarhandOdisha

2015 JNKVV,ATARIZoneVI,Jabalpur,MadhyaPradesh

16 62 78

cont...

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RefresherCourseonIPMinImportantCropswithspecial reference toBihar,West Bengal, Andaman and NicobarIsland

2015 BCKV, ATARI Zone II, Kalyani,WestBengal

11 61 72

RefresherCourseonIPMinImportantCropswithspecialreferencetoPunjab,Haryana,HimachalPradeshandJ&K

2015 PAU, ATARI Zone I, LudhianaPunjab

13 48 61

ICAR Sponsored Short Course onMass Production of bio-agents (KVK personnel,ICAR,SAUsscientists,etc)

2015 ICAR-NCIPM,NewDelhi 25

RefresherCourseonIPMinImportantCropswithspecialreferencetoAndhraPradesh,MaharashtraandTelangana

2016 ICAR-CRIDA, ATARI Zone V,Hyderabad,Telangana

05 44 49

Department. The feedback collected from theseparticipants have revealed that the participants havestarted designing their IPM programmes for theirrespectivezonesanddisseminatingtheIPMknowledgeas per ICAR-NCIPM suggestions based on the IPMknowledgegained.

Sinceinceptionthetotalnumberoftrainingsconductedby ICAR-NCIPM has been 55 for 1582 participants that included 476 KVK personnel from all the eightICAR-ATARI zones in the last three years and therest from ICAR and SAU researchers, progressive farmers and field functionaries of State Agriculture

Education is the manifestation of perfection already in Man.–Swami Vivekananda

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Knowledge intensive

Holistic approach

Requires expert advise

Timely decision making

Immediate actions

Thorough

understanding of the

crop, pest,

environment and

their

interrelationships

Requires advanced

planning

Balances cost/

benefits

of all

management

practices

Requires routine

monitoring

of crop

and

pest conditions

Basic Principles of IPM

Emphasis of IPM in India:‘not losing what is grown and

produced’ to pests is as important as ‘growing more food’

• Cluster approach for community farming (nursery onwards)• Record keeping by farmers for better decisions

Chemical pesticides were responsible for 49% lower

sperm count in men eating raw fruits (Sheiner et al.,

2003); chemical pesticides are among factors

responsible for neurological problems (Ascherio

et al., 2006; Baldi et al., 2010), neuro-developmental

disorders (Beseler et al., 2008; Jurewicz and Hanke

2008), birth defects (Winchester et al., 2009); Organo-

chlorine pesticides linked to pre-term deaths,

reduced baby weight, ovarian cancer in North India

(Sharma et al., 2015; Tyagi et al., 2015; Mustafa et al.,

2016), foetal death (Sanborn et al., 2007); 2.2 m die

annually of cancer related to chemical pesticide

poisoning (McCauley et al, 2006; Gilden et al., 2010),

large use of chemical pesticides give way to several

diseases (07 April 2015, Times of India; WHO,

CSAUAT); chemical pesticides are linked to

increased risk of diabetes and exposure to chemical

pesticides significantly increases the risk of type 2

diabetes by nearly 60% (Fotini Kawoura et al.,

25 September 2015, Medscape Medical News, UK).

New Delhi - 110012

LBS Building, Pusa Campus

Tel.: 011-25843935; Fax: 011-25841472

E-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.ncipm.org.in

ICAR&National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management

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