ENERGY

Success factors of bioenergy for CHG mitigation in Scandinavia

Satu HelynenVTT Energy

1. Use of biomass based fuels in Europe

2. Role of forest industry in bionergy sector

3. Combined heat and power (CHP) production

4. Development of new technologies on bioenergy

5. Financial and legislative incentives

6. Future challenges

IEA Bioenergy Task 38 workshop 12-13 November 2001 in Edinburgh

ENERGY

Current use of biomass fuels

Source: ALTENER AFB-net V, Task 2: Import & Export Possibilities and Fuel Prices

ENERGY

Source: ALTENER AFB-net V, Task 2: Import & Export Possibilities and Fuel Prices

Annual biomass resources andthe share of the present use

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Annual fellings in Europe

Finnish Statistical Yearbook of Forestry 1999, Temperate and Boreal Forest Resources Assessment 2000, FAO

ENERGY

IM PORTS1213.6

INDIGENOUS ENERGY 382.0

OILCOALNATURAL GASNUCLEAR

ELECTRIC ITY IM PORTS

155.8149.0143.6235.4

43.9

Stock changes and statis tical difference

Stock changes of fuel peat7.9

Exports of fuel peat

0.6

FUEL PE AT 50 .7

WO OD 279.0

HYDRO POW ER 52.3

E. A lakan gas Sou rce : S tatistics F inland

ENERGY BALANCE IN FINLAND 2000 (PJ) ELECTRIC ITY

PRODUCTIO N BY

CONDE NS ING POW ER

Hydro power 52.3

Im ports 43.9

Nuclear235.4

Natural gas 1 .6

W o o d 4 .2

Coal 49 .7

Peat 12 .0

Oil2.0

Wood 12 .7

20.5

154.2

45.8

45.8

42.3

ELECTRIC ITY

SUPP LY

HEAT

SUPP LY

76.3

109.6

157.1

43.9

203.0 9.2Losses

Other 6.4consum ption

24 .9

Electric ity exports 1 .2

Transport 1 .9

Losses 257.6

EnergyBalance2000.cdr

15 .10.01

Crude oil and NLG 485.9

Stock changes 7 .0

Oil refinery 478.9 Oil products

Stock changes 1 .6

140.0 2.0 2.1 8.52.1

49.7 42.3 1.7 2.6 0.6

2.60.9

6.18.9

TRANSP ORT182.1 PJ

Oil exports

International m arine bunkersNon-energy use and statistical d ifference

Natural gas 63 .1

Oil71 .0

Coal31 .6

211.2

27.043.0

22.7

1.4

Coal transform ation

Raw m ateria l use

INDUS TRY

511.6 PJ

Peat 12 .5Wood 166.7

DH9.5

157.1Wood48.3

Oil74 .6

Natural gas2.6

Peat0.9

HOUSE HOLDS

AGRICULTURE

COM MERCE AND

PUBLIC SECTOR

321.9 PJ

109.6

DH 85.8

1.2

9.2 Coal2.6

Oil8.5

Natural gas6.1

Wood 9.2Peat 2.6 SE PARATE

DHPRODUCTIO N

1.227.8

Oil4.8

Coal1.7

Natural gas 8.9

ELECTRIC ITY FROM

INDUS TRIALCHP

42.3 14.9

Peat 4.0

Wood 37.8Oil2.1

Coal 42.3

Natural gas 59.6

Peat 25 .9

12.0

M UNIC IPAL

CHP 27.8 9.5

Losses 8.8

14.9

85.8

20.5

Electric ity 1 .9

E N E R G Y

15.3

ENERGY

Existing power and heating plants usingbiomass in Finland

Combustion pcs/MWth

- grate firing up to 100 MW >200/>2000

- fluidised bed boilers: 5 - 300 MW bubbling bed 30/2500

20 - 600 MW circulating bed 15/1500

- recovery boilers for black liquor up to 500 MW 20/4300

Gasification

- fixed bed gasifiers up to 10 MW 10/50

- fluidised bed gasifiers up to 100 MW 2/100

ENERGY

Background for the development and choice of fluidised bed technology

debarking of logs was moved to paper, pulp and saw mills:

boilers needed for demolition of wet bark (up to 60 %

moisture content) wet bark did not satisfy steam demand of the mill alone, coal

and peat were used as additional fuels municipalities built peat fired pulverised fuel boilers that have

converted to bubbling beds using also wood chips paper and pulp mills converted grate boilers to bubbling beds

in order to utilise in the same boiler milled peat, coal,

wood chips and sludges

ENERGY

COM BINED HEAT AND POW ERGENERATION

SEPARATE HEAT AND POW ERGENERATION

Total efficiency 85 %

Fu

el

100

Fu

el 1

33

Boiler losses10

Boiler losses7

Boiler losses7

Electromechanical losses5

Electromechanical losses 3

Condensation losses 32

Electricity 28

Heat 56

Heat 56

44

70

56

63

Electricity 28

Total efficiency 64 %

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Biomass CHP technologiesPower output, MW e

Fuels Technology Status

< 1 solid biomass Stirling (< 500 kWe) D

biomass (flue gas) ORC -Organic Rankine Cycle D

biogas Engine C

1 - 3 solid biomass Direct combustion and steam turbine/engine C

solid biomass Gasifier and engine C

liquid biomass Engine D

> 5 (max. 280 MW under construction)

solid biomass Grate or fluidised bed combustion and steam turbine (Rankine)

C

solid biomass and waste

Gasifier connected in existing steam boiler (Rankine)

C

solid biomass and waste

Pressurized gasification or combustion with gas and steam turbine (IGCC)

D

ENERGY

Combined heat and power (CHP) production in municipalities

Pcs. MW (thermal) MW (electricity)Austria 40 300 naDenmark 11 480 150Estonia 2 28 7.5Finland 33 3500 1250Poland 50 800 200Slovakia 12 1282 123Sweden 24 na naUK 3 58 7

ENERGY

Finnish experiences how to reduce priceson biomass-based fuels

competition and operating fuel market are needed: more

than one fuel supplier operating nationally and hundreds of

local contractors presently short-term contracts (<1 year) and contracts with

several suppliers are preferred by energy producers boilers and plants are designed for several fuels: biomass is

used only if it is the most competitive alternative harvesting and logistics of biomass-based fuels is integrated

to wood procurement for pulp and saw mills harvesting methods are developed systematically

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Fuel prices in Finland, Denmark and Swedenfor plants 1 - 5 MWth

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Fuel prices in Finland, Denmark and Swedenfor plants over 50 MWth

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Finland Sweden Denmark

€/G

J

Forest residues

Industrial by-products (solid)

Domestic (residential) firewood

Wood wastes

Refined wood fuels

Other biomass resources

Peat

Heavy fuel oil

Light fuel oil

Natural gas

Coal

ENERGY

Production methods for logging residuesin Finland

CHIPPING AT STAND

CHIPPING OF LOGGING RESIDUE AT END-USE

FACILITIES

COM PACTING OF RESIDUES

CHIPPING AT ROADSIDE

CHIPPING AT TERM INAL

TRANSPORTATION OF RESIDUES

ENERGY

20

1116

1412

12

8

112

6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Logging residues Whole tree

Overhead

Roadtransport

Chipping

Foresthaulage

Harvesting

10.1

5.0

0

FIM/MWh EUR/MWh

FIM/MWh

FIM/MWh

15.8

13.6

9.1

14.315.0

10.4

7.7

11.1

13.8

10.3

7.4

8.9

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

Small stemsdelimbed

Small stemsundelimbed

Logging residues Forest chips average

1982

1995

1999

EUR/MWh

LOGGING RESIDUES Chipping 34 % of costs Average price in 1999

– 44 FIM/MWh– 14.7 DEM/MWh

SMALL-SIZED WOOD Harvesting 31% of costs Average price in 1999

– 61 FIM/MWh– 20.3 DEM/MWh

SUPPORT FOR WOOD FUELS Harvesting; young stands 14

FIM/MWh (30 FIM/m3) Chipping 12 FIM/MWh

(10 FIM/m3 loose) young stands Electricity 25 FIM/MWhe

(6 - 12 FIM/MWh for fuel)

Cost structure and prices of wood fuelsin Finland

ENERGY

Stoves and small boilers for buildings:large potential to reduce the use of oil

Heating ofbuildings

Denmark Finland Norway Sweden

Houses

(1000)

% Houses

(1000)

% Houses

(1000)

% Houses

(1000)

%

Biomass 26 1 300 13 360 20 578 13

Oil 597 25 519 22 180 10 944 21

Natural gas 262 11 28 1 - - 42 1

Electricity 237 10 460 20 1260 70 1019 23

District heating 1283 53 1042 44 - - 1519 34

Operation and maintenance should be easy High efficiency and low emissions-> High quality fuels: Pellets and bio-oils

ENERGY

Financial incentives for promotion of bioenergy in Finland

Investments on R&D&D in order to reduce costs of fuels

and energy production Investment subsidies: 5 % - 50 % (demonstration) Carbon dioxide taxes for fossil fuels, since 1997 only for

heat production because deregulation of electricity market Subsidies for indigenous fuels to make them competitive

compared to imported fuels: electricity produced by wood

fuels 4.2 euros/MWh (wind 6.9 euros/MWh)

ENERGY

Energy taxes in Finland 1990-2001

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

-

eu

ros

/MW

h

Light fuel oil Heavy fuel oil Coal Peat Natural gas

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Future challenges

Scandinavian countries have been during the last 30 years a demonstration field for new large scale bioenergy technologies:

Available commercial products for biomass and waste: bubbling fluidised bed boiler circulating fluidised bed boiler atmospheric fluidised bed gasifier

Under development: once-through supercritical fluidised bed fixed bed gasifier connected to an engine new cofiring concepts for coal boilers PFBC and IGCC gasification of black liquor concepts for integrated bioproduct (fibre, chemicals, liquid biofuels, pellets, etc.) and bioenergy production from biomass and waste