success and failures in it

8/14/2019 Success and Failures in IT

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Success and failures in IT

Reasons for Success Reasons for Failure

User involvement Lack of user input

Executive management support Incomplete requirement andspecification

Clear statement of requirement Changing requirement and

specifications

Proper planning Lack of executive support

Realistic expectations Technological incompetence

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Electronic Commerce and

Electronic Business

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Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce)

Commerce refers to all the activities the purchaseand sales of goods or services. Marketing, sales, payment, fulfillment, customer service

Electronic commerce is doing commerce with theuse of computers, networks and commerce-

enabled software (more than just online shopping)to conduct commercial transactions betweenbusinesses or with consumers.


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E-commerce applications

Supply chain management

Video on demand

Remote banking Procurement and purchasing

Online marketing and advertisement

Home shopping

Auctions


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The Main Elements of E-commerce

Types of Electronic Commerce Consumer shopping on the Web, called B2C

(business to consumer)

Transactions conducted between businesses onthe Web, call B2B (business to business)

Transactions and business processes that supportselling and purchasing activities on the Web Supplier, inventory, distribution, payment management

Financial management, purchasing products andinformation


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Types of Electronic Commerce (Continued)


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Types of Electronic Commerce (Continued)


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What is Electronic Commerce?

Benefits of E-Commerce

Geographic Reach

Speed

Productivity Information Sharing

New Features

Lower Costs

Competitive Advantage


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Business-to-Consumer E-

Commerce Applications1) Electronic Markets

Online Retailing: Shoppers visit a store over theInternet and check out the products.

Electronic Storefront:Home page of an online

retailing business. Brick and Mortar:Any physical store or building,

regardless of how it is constructed or where it islocated.

Electronic Markets (e-markets):A collection of

individual shops accessible through the World WideWeb.

Auctions:Shoppers make bids rather than relying onpredetermined fixed prices.


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Commerce Applications

Electronic Markets (Continued) Forward Auction:Shoppers bid. Highest bid wins

the products

Reverse Auction:Service providers bid. Lowestprice wins the business

Dutch Auctions:High opening price for an itemand asks for buyers willing to pay the price. Atspecified intervals, the price is lowered until abidder is willing to pay the displayed price.


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Portal Portal:A gateway or hub site, such as Yahoo!, that provides

chat rooms.

Content Aggregator:An e-commerce portal that assemblesinformation (that is, content) from a variety of sources,organizing the information into a form that is useful tovisitors to the Web site.

Infomediary:A Web site that locates, retrieves, andorganizes specialized information for potential users. Theterm is a composite of information and intermediary.


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Online Services Electronic Banking:Customers conduct their banking activities

without going to a physical bank office.

Virtual Bank: Operates exclusively over the Internet.

Personal Finance and Bill Payment

Automatic Transfer of Bank Loan and Mortgage Payments Online Bill Payment Electronic Bill Presentment

Securities and Investments

Travel Services


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Business To Consumer E-commerce

Broadband Telecommunications Will Enhance The BuyingExperience

Purchase a full-length feature film and download it in minutes.

Travel sites will offer full-motion video tours of vacationdestinations.

Automobile buying sites will be able to offer virtual test drivesto let you narrow down your choices before you take the timeto visit an auto dealership.


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Business to Business

E-CommerceB2B Marketplaces

B2B marketplaces- Internet-based services

that bring together buyers and sellers.

Reverse auction- the process in which abuyer posts its interest in buying a certainquantity of items, and sellers compete for thebusiness by submitting successively lower bidsuntil there is only one seller left.


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Business-to-Business E-

Commerce ApplicationsSupply Chain Management

Supply Chain Characteristics Supply Chain:The flow of parts, components, materials,

funds, and information between a companys sources and

its customers. Supply Chain Management:The oversight of activities

interconnecting suppliers and buyers.


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The Role Of E-Government

E-Government- describes the application of e-commerce technologies in governmental agencies.


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e-commerce market place

Different types of e-commerce market places are.

One to many-example cisco.com,dell.com

Many to one-Ge or AT & T Some to many-unite major suppliers who combine their

product catalogs to attract a larger audience of buyers exverticalnet and works.com

Many to some - many-unite major buyers who combine theirproduct catalogs to attract more suppliers and thus morecompetition and lower price ex-auto industry

Many to many auction market place used by many buyersand sellers that can create variety of buyers and sellersaction to dynamically optimize price ex-ebay


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Advantages of Electronic Commerce

Increased sales Reach narrow market segments in geographically

dispersed locations

Create virtual communities

Decreased costs Handling of sales inquiries

Providing price quotes

Determining product availability Being in the space


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E-commerce Technologies

Internet

Mobile technologies

Web architecture

Component programming Data exchange

Multimedia

Search engines

Data mining Intelligent agents

Access security

Cryptographic security

Watermarking

Payment systems


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Infrastructure for E-commerce

The Internet system of interconnected networks that spans the globe

routers, TCP/IP, firewalls, network infrastructure, networkprotocols

The World Wide Web (WWW) part of the Internet and allows users to share information with

an easy-to-use interface

Web browsers, web servers, HTTP, HTML

Web architecture

Client/server model N-tier architecture; e.g., web servers, application servers,

database servers, scalability


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E-Commerce Software

Content Transport pull, push, web-caching, MIME

Server Components CGI, server-side scripting

Programming Clients

Sessions and Cookies

Object Technology CORBA, COM, Java Beans/RMI

Technology of Fulfillment of Digital Goods Secure and fail-safe delivery, rights management


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Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP):The Business Backbone


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Enterprise Resource Planning

Serves as a cross-functional enterprise backbonethat integrates & automates many internalbusiness processes and information systems

Helps to link into sales order processing, inventorymanagement and control ,production anddistribution planning and finance.

(basic idea is integration of all the departmentstogether)

Helps companies gain the efficiency, agility, &responsiveness needed to succeed today


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(continued) Gives a company an integrated real-time view of its core

business processes

ERP software suites typically consist of integrated modules

of Manufacturing

Distribution

Sales

Accounting

Human Resource Management


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(continued) Benefits

Quality and efficiency

Helps improve the quality and efficiency of customer

service, production, & distribution by creating aframework for integrating and improving internalbusiness processes

Decreased Costs

Reductions in transaction processing costs andhardware, software, and IT support staff


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(continued) Benefits

Decision support

Provides cross-functional information on business

performance to assist managers in making betterdecisions

Enterprise agility

Results in more flexible organizational structures,managerial responsibilities, and work roles


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(continued) Challenges

Costs of ERP

The costs and risks of failure in implementing a new

ERP system are substantial.


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Cont

B2C- business ORGANISATION TO CUSTOMER

B2B- business ORGANISATION TO businessORGANISATION

C2B -CUSTOMER TO business ORGANISATION

C2C -CUSTOMER TO CUSTOMER


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B2B

In B2B model business organization uses websiteor portals to offer information about productthrough multimedia clipping catalogs, product

configuration guidelines. A new customer interacts with the suite and uses

interactive order processing system for orderplacement


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B2B

In b2b model buyer and seller are buisenessorganizations they exchange technical andcommercial information through websites and

portals advanced b2b model uses extranet and conducts

business transaction based on the informationstatus displayed on the buyers application server

Auto component industry uses this model


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C2B

IN C2B model customer initiates action afterlogging on to sellers website or to a server .

Entire internet banking process works on C2Bmodel where account holder of the bank transactsnumber of requirement such as seeking accountbalance,payment,money transfer..


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C2C

In this model customer participates in process ofselling and buying through the auction website

E newspaper is an example of advertising andselling of goods to the customer


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Testing

The aim of testing process is to identify alldefects existing in a software product.

However in some case after carrying outsuccessful testing phase it is not possible that thesoftware is error free.

Testing a program consists of subjecting theprogram to set of inputs ( or test cases) and

observing how the program behaves.

success and failures in it

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