Muhammad Ali

1/19/2015

2015

Pakistan Underground Subway Proposal

TRANSMITTAL LETTER

The Transport Ministry,

CIIT Lahore.

Jan 10th, 2015

Muhammad Ali

Dear Sir,

I submit my proposal “Pakistan Underground Subway” which would be helpful for

every generation of the societies and mainly for the students who want to accomplish

good grades and want to proceed further in their studies, for abroad and want to

make their own identification. In this project the ideas and the progression is that the

system will support and value in our country. The design and the procedures shows

how it should be obliging.

I will be thankful if my mentors and superintendents will further process this proposal,

it will be an absolute privilege for me.

Muhammad Ali DDP-SP14-BEC-015

Contents

TRANSMITTAL LETTER ............................................................................................................ 1

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. 3

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ............................................................................................. 4

NEED OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................ 5

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................... 5

RESEARCH QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................... 6

INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 6

CUT AND COVER METHOD ...................................................................................................... 7

DEEP BORE METHOD ............................................................................................................... 7

DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................... 9

INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 9

DESIGN ...................................................................................................................................... 11

CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................... 13

RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................................................ 13

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 14

Abstract

The underground subway is an engineering marvel carrying millions of people

daylight and nightlight. The first forever underground train was constructed in London

in 1863. But in 1890, the electrified underground line made London underground the

world’s first ever metro system. With its success to its nation its shows that how we

can bring out the finest mass transit system in our county. Therefore, my proposal

explains the procedures to be considered, in what manner government should

implement it, what kind of services and security should be provided. Furthermore, it

briefs the pros and cons of the underground subway system in Pakistan.

The International Association of

Public Transport (IAPT) outlines

metro as ‘‘inner-city passenger

transport system’’, operated on

their own right of way and

segregated from general road and

pedestrian traffic. The term Heavy

rail is fundamentally identical with the term "metro". But heavy rail system is

specifically defined as an "electric railway".

The separating line between metro and other means of public transport, such as light

rail and commuter rail is by their separation from other traffic. Light rail (tram) share

roads, streets, boulevards, paths or lanes while a metro offers no access for

pedestrians and traffic.

Figure 1 Underground Subway Construction 1863

Figure 3 Metro (Present) Figure 2 Light Rail or Tram

Statement of the Problem

The capacity of the existing transport is being awkward, rude, blundering due to the

increase in the public transport use and urban densification. With the increase in

population the peoples of Pakistan are facing variety of problems and travelling is the

one of them. Moreover, peoples while travelling faces traffic jams which are caused

by the unusual lane violation, accidents, vehicle breakdown, long train at rail

crossing, checkpoints, tollbooth, divergence etc. therefore, in order to increase the

consistency, volume, reliability of public transport network or to increase its growth

could be possible only by introducing mass transit system or metro style service, that

should be inexpensive and directly facilitated by subsidies from the government.

Need of the Study

The need of the study is that the underground subway or metro would play a vital

role in the economy and it is a great way to travel in cities, agglomerations, and

metropolitan areas providing the facility to transport large amount of peoples at a

high frequency. Moreover, it is the most frequent way of travelling that eradicates the

chaos of the traffic jams, accidents, V.I.P protocols, and certain types of strikes, high

prices of petrol or CNG. Therefore, with is growth it helps peoples of all classes to

Figure 5 Failure of Public TransportFigure 4 Traffic blocked because of side construction

travel long distances in a very short time and in a very small expenditures. Due to its

better design and infrastructure which are chatted with architectures and engineers

will provides the safety of the passengers.

Significance of the Study

Growth in exchanges

Increase in tourist interests

Communication in communities

Time saving

Decrease in accidents ratio

Increase in the economy

Research Questions

The questionnaires in this research are the core riggings. The questions asked in

different dimensions like

What are the different methods of the construction?

Will the ‘deep bore’ method would be benefit in cities?

‘Cut and cover’ method would be used?

Introduction

The metro system is a rapid transit system. The word metro is also referred as

subways or U-Bahns. U-Bahns is the name of the underground metro system in

Berlin capital of Germany which is having a track length of about 151.7 km and

serving stations about 173. Moreover, there are 168 metro systems in just 55

countries of the world.

Country City Name Year Opened Track Length Stations

Canada Toronto Toronto Rapid

Transit

1954 63.8 km 69

Argentina Buenos Aires Buenos Aires

Covert

1913 51.6 km 83

Germany Berlin U-Bahns 1902 151.7 km 173

India Delhi Delhi Metro 2002 190.0 km 137

Japan Tokyo Tokyo Metro 1927 195.1 km 179

As we go deeper we discover that the tube system has helped many countries and is

playing a vital role not in London, not in China, not in India but also in various parts

around the globe.

Therefore, the purpose of this proposal is to bring out the best mass transport

system that should be inexpensive but also directly facilitated by subsidies from the

government. It is convenient as you will not left deserted in the CNG strikes. One of

the main reason for it is that it would be safe and will provide better quality travel in

Table 1 Constructed Underground Subways

less time but could have rush hours but no traffic jams which will bring the pollution

assorted.

Cut and Cover Method

In "cut and cover" tunnelling, the roadway of the street is removed, a hole for the

subway and stations is dug, and then the street is restored. The "cut and cover"

method is much cheaper than "deep bore" but the alignment is restricted to the street

grid. "Cut and cover" also results in the stations that are much closer to the surface

as little as twenty feet below the surface, which significantly reduces passenger

access time. On the other hand, "cut and cover" results in serious disruption to traffic

along the street for a significant amount of time. This disruption usually results in

negative effects to especially store landlords along the passageway.

Deep Bore Method

In "deep bore" tunnelling, boring machines are inserted into a hole dug at a

convenient spot along the proposed line, and then proceed through the earth, little by

little, up to eighty feet per day until they have fixed out space along the entire

corridor. These boring machines are huge. The world’s largest is fifty feet in

diameter. Boring machines generally can dig only in one fixed shape, which is

generally circular. "Deep bore" construction costs significantly more than "cut and

cover" and the underground stations alone can cost $150 million. Because of the

large number of variables that make up the cost of subway construction, it is

extremely difficult to quantify the cost differential between the two methods. The

second is access is the passenger access to "deep bore" stations, significantly more

difficult than "cut and cover" stations, making the subway much less useful for

relatively short trips.

Country Location Name Start of

Construction

Planned of

Opening

Qatar Doha Doha

Metro

2013 2019

Iran Qom Qom Metro 2010 2015

Saudi

Arabia

Riyadh Riyadh

Metro

2014 2019

India Chennai Chennai

Metro

2010 2015

Discussion

The underground subway or metro is expected to provide the shape to future

transport network. Therefore, it is important to under know the infrastructure of the

underground subway or metro system in Pakistan.

Infrastructure

Most metro systems are electrical compound units with lengths from three to over

ten cars. Power is commonly delivered by a third rail or by overhead wires. Most run

on conventional steel railway tracks, although some use rubber tires. Rubber tires

allow sharper inclines and a softer ride, but have higher maintenance expenses and

are less energy efficient. They also lose traction when weather conditions are wet or

ice-cold. Moreover, the infrastructure of the underground tube in Pakistan would be

planned in such a way that the monitoring system must be tailor made to suit

applications and critical parameters such as “Rate of movement, extent of influence

and need of accuracy”. Fibre optics strain measurements and sensors will be used

because it is unresponsive to electromagnetic interference, durable and chemically

inert, low transmission loss, distributed sensing and Low cost.

The above figure will show the method of how the fibre strain measurement would be

calculated and what procedure will be followed and why what and how the fibre

sensor will be used.

Range (5-10 km)

Resolution 30 µε (0.003%)

Figure 6 Fibre Strain Measurements

System

The subway system will work in such a way that it will be a zone fare System which

will be planned by its charges. People will use contactless smart card or oyster which

will be embedded with RFID chip, which would be loaded while travelling. Peoples

will touch in before the start of the journey and at the end of the ride. However, the

underground will be patrolled or guarded by both the uniformed and ticket inspector

with hand-held card readers to check passengers, who are travelling with a valid

ticket and those who are travelling with invalid ticket would be fined. The public will

have rights to access to all the information on the subway by visiting the websites,

information reception before travelling which would tell them about the delays,

postpones, interruptions etc.

Figure 8 Smart Card And Oyster

Design

The underground tubes are designed in such a way that it focuses on the safety and

on the sensor deployed in such a way that it could be easy for a communication in

distance, no delays, no postpones, no interruption, and no other criteria.

The following shows the design we focus on sensor deployed for underground

tunnels:

Figure 9 Sensors

Figure 10 Cables and System

The figure here emphases on the cables and the system. This picture shows the final

application of the system.

Conclusion

The tube’s greatest strengths are its efficiency and simplicity of navigation. It is used

and preferred for both sensitive and coherent reasons. Therefore, the conclusion is

that as the Subway system is necessary in Pakistan, it is also important that with the

good planning, understanding the strategy and keeping our population in mind we

have to see how it is benefiting the budget, economy of our country.

Figure 11 Final Application

Recommendation

As per the rules and regulation must be followed it is important for our people to

obey the laws for mass transit system. If the laws are not followed not only it will

create problem but also will affect the economy. With the security cameras are more

I would recommend that a penalty should be charge to those who break rules. It

would then make more people understand with this much population it is significant

that procedures should be followed. My recommendation to the government is that

focusing on this will not just attract more tourist but will also increase its standard.

References

“Travel-cards make way for oyster ”.BBC News. 30 June 2003. Retrieved 7

March 2012.

"Where can I buy my ticket?" Transport for London. January 2012. Retrieved 18

June 2014.

Murray, Dick (23 August 2002).Tube”. London Evening Standard. Retrieved 31

March 2013.

 "Northern line extension". Transport for London. 2013. Archived from the

original on 3 December 2013.

Smith, Stephen J. (6 January 2014).  "New Starts: Shanghai Metro World’s

Longest, Panama Canal Drama, Japan’s Maglev". Next City. Retrieved 2014-09-

21

Rapid Transit". Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 2014-11-28.