substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...led green traditional (e.g. fluorescent)...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Substitution of critical raw
materials in lighting systems
Pier Carlo Ricci
University of Cagliari
![Page 2: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outlook
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
• The importance of the lighting sector
• Fundamentals in SSL
• Criticisms in lighting
• Materials and alternatives
![Page 3: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Lighting accounts for 19% of electricity
consumption world wide and 14% in the
EU
It is responsible for 6-8% of global
greenhouse emissions
The importance of the lighting sector
Electricity consumption
Other Lighting
Global CO2 emission
Other Lighting
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
![Page 4: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
LED
Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent)
Non-green (e.g. incandescent)
SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report
EU
R b
illio
ns
Global lighting products market trends
LED technology is forecasted to be the leading technology on global lighting products
by 2020
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
![Page 6: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Long life up to and
beyond 20,000
hours.
lifetime –
The energy
consumed by one
LED is the
equivalent of 50
halogen bulbs.
LEDs offer greater
color mixing.
Combined with
compact size, offers
wide range of
design options.
Compact size
Long life
Shock resistant
Instant on/off
LEDs are more
energy efficient.
Coupled with
longevity, LED
bulbs = fewer
lamps required to
be disposed of.
Why LED?
LOW-COST PERFORMANCE TECHNICAL ENVIRONMENTAL
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
![Page 12: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• High costs
• Color mixing tricky!
• Yellow-Green Gap!
R+G+B LED
• Dynamic tuning of color
temperature
• Excellent color
rendering!
• Very large color Gamut
available!
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
![Page 13: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• White point determined by
phosphors ONLY!
• Excellent color rendering
possible!
• “Simple to manufacture!”
• Temperature stability of
phosphors.
• Potential for damaging UV
light leakage!
• Efficient UV LED pumped
phosphor not available yet!
high costs
UV LED + RGB phosphors
CFL work in this configuration!
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
![Page 15: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• Simple and single Yellow
phosphor
• Decent color rendering •
“Simple to manufacture!”
• Temperature stability of
phosphors.
• Limits on efficiency due to
phosphor conversion
efficiency
• Better color rendering
• Ubiquity of Ce:YAG
Blue LED + Y phosphor
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
![Page 18: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Critical raw materials list 20 'critical raw materials' for the whole EU economy based on:
Economic importance
Supply risk
CRITICALITY
MATRIX - 2014
Supply
ris
k
Economic importance Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
![Page 19: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
99 % Heavy Rare Earths
87 % Light Rare Earths
Criticisms
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
![Page 20: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Main actors in LED lighting supply chain.1
Europe North America Asia
REE Production - - - - - - 95–99% China
LED Manufacturing OSRAM,Optogan,
Valtavalo Philips LumiLed
75- 80 % Asia
Nichia, Edison Opto, Epistar
LED Assembly
OSRAM
Philips Lighting
Havells-Sylvania
Ge Lighting Samsung LED,Nichia, Epistar, Toshiba,
Sharp, LG electronics
Toxic Lake in Baotou (China)
About 75 % world production of rare earths
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
Criticisms
![Page 21: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Critical materials for low-carbon
technologies
5 critical
materials
Medium-term
(2015-2025)
Five materials (rare earths) are assessed critical in both EU and US
economies
Several other materials are assessed medium-high critical (e.g. graphite, Re, Hf, Ge, Pt, In) Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
![Page 22: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
How can we tailor new suitable
phosphors?
![Page 23: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Phosphor requirements
1. The emission spectrum, in combination with the emission of the other components (LED, other phosphors), leads to a white emission with a specific color rendering (CRI) and color temperature (CCT).
2. The excitation spectrum matches the pumping LED emission.
3. The quantum efficiency approaches unity, thus maximizing the overall electrical-to-optical conversion efficiency of the entire LED-phosphor package.
4. The emission does not saturate at high pumping fluxes (meaning PL decay times of much faster than 1ms).
5. The emission spectrum, excitation spectrum and high quantum efficiency do not vary and degrade at elevated working temperature, humid conditions, high current or luminous density.
6. The chemical and temperature stability are excellent.
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
![Page 24: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Excitation wavelength
(nm) Phosphor(s) CRI
460 Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ 71
460 Y3Al5O12:Ce3+, Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+ 80
460 Y3Al5O12:Ce3+, Sr[LiAl3N4]:Eu2+ 90
455 SrSi2O2N2:Eu2+, CaSiN2:Ce3+ 91
455
BaSi2O2N2:Eu2+,β-
SiAlON:Eu2+,Ca-α-SiAlON:Eu2+,
CaAlSiN3:Eu2+
96
365 BaMgAl10O17:Eu2+,
Ca9La(PO4)7:Eu2+,Mn2+ 92
350-450 Ba1-xSrxSiO4:Eu2+ 80
495 SrGa2S4:Eu2+ 80
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
![Page 25: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
- Nitride phosphors require extreme and
expensive preparation conditions, including
high temperature and high nitrogen
pressures.
- Fluorescence reabsorption and non-
uniformity of luminescent properties.
- Sulfide phosphors present strong emission
quenching with temperature
- hydrophobicity, hydrolysis
- toxicity of the hydrolysis products (H2S gas)
hinders commercial application
Main drawbacks
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
![Page 26: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
New matrices with reduced content
of REE The emission of rare earth ions is generally due to optical transitions within the f-
manifold.
In case of Eu2+ and Ce3+the recombination is related to 5d–4f optical transitions
the emission bands are relatively broad.
P. Dorenbos, J. Lumin. 134 (2012) 310
The unique electronic configuration of REE allows
to retain their spectral properties irrespective of
the host matrix
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
![Page 27: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Alternatives
Nanosized inorganic
◦ Colloidal quantum dot
◦ Nano carbon emitters
◦ Perovskite Crystals
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
Organic phosphors
![Page 28: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
QD-based LED
• High tunability
• High CRI
• Good efficiency
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
![Page 29: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Drawbacks
Short term stability
The best performance were obtained in
Cd-based QD
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
![Page 30: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Carbon nanodots
Cost effective
Low stability
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
![Page 32: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
Perovskite as phosphors in
InGaN based white LED
CH3NH3PbX3
(X=Cl, Br and I)
![Page 33: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Drawbacks
Short term stability
Quantum efficiency
Large use of Lead
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
![Page 34: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Organic Phosphors
• High Efficiency
• Free from CRM
• Relative Low growth
temperature (<500 °C)
• Low Thermal Stability
• Generally working in
solution (quenching effect)
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
![Page 35: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The temperature close to the junction reaches 300 °C !!!
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
Stability
![Page 36: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
New class of organic phosphors
50 100 150 200 250 300
0
20
40
60
80
100
P
L Q
uantu
m e
ffic
iency (
%)
Temperature (K)
Exc. 365 nm!!
400 500 600 700
Pl In
ten
sity (
arb
.un
its)
Wavelength (nm)
Heptatzine
Exc. 405 nm
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
![Page 39: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Electroluminescent alternatives
Direct wide band
gap:
ZnS (3.5 eV)
ZnO (3.37 eV)
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
![Page 41: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Conclusions
The research of new solution for lighting system is open
New phosphors as well new design for LED are needed
The research should take care the whole process for
effective solutions
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
![Page 42: Substitution of critical raw materials in lighting …...LED Green traditional (e.g. fluorescent) Non-green (e.g. incandescent) SOURCE: McKinsey's 2012 report ions Global lighting](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022071019/5fd2943000aaa26986118d9e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Thank You for your attention
Pier Carlo Ricci - [email protected] -
Milan 5 Sept. 2016
Pier Carlo Ricci
University of Cagliari