substence abuse and hiv
TRANSCRIPT
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HIV/AIDS and Substance Use Disorders
DR. KAPIL PANDYA
(M.D ; M.B.B.S)
I/C & AP (INFECTIOUS DISEASES MEDICINE)
DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE
GOVERNMENT MEDICAL COLLEGE & HOSPITAL
JAMNAGAR (GUJARAT
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Lecture Overview
HIV/AIDS
Substance use disorders
Connection between HIV and substance use disorders
Implications for patient care
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Patient: John
40-year old white male presents to ER with: Diarrhea >1 month, thrush, weight loss
History: Intravenous heroin user Failed inpatient rehabilitation
Labs: CD4 <400
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HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus
RNA virus
Principally infected cell: CD4 T
cell
Progressive loss of cell
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HIV Transmission Categories
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Centers for Disease Control, 2005
Males Females
Male-Male Sex 60% -
Hetero Sex 13% 71%
Injection Drug Use 26% 27%
Other 1% 2%
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Lecture Overview
HIV/AIDS
Substance use disorders (SUD)
Connection between HIV and substance use disorders
Implications for patient care
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Relevant Drugs to HIV/AIDS
Opioids
Stimulants
Amphetamine
Cocaine
Alcohol
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Substance Use Disorders
Misuse = use to get high
Abuse = dysfunction in 1+ life areas
Dependence = 3+ of 7 criteriaPhysical dependenceCompulsive use/loss of control
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Lifetime Prevalence
Opioids Abuse/dependence of heroin <1%
Stimulants Amphetamine
Abuse/dependence < 2%
Cocaine
Abuse/dependence 2%
Alcohol Abuse or dependence 10-15% men, 8-10% women
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Routes of Administration
Injection: highest risk of infection
Intranasal
Smoking
Oral
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Treatment
Individual and group
psychotherapy
Pharmacotherapy
Self help groups
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Lecture Overview
HIV/AIDS
Substance use disorders
Connection between HIV and substance use disorders
Implications for patient care
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Prevalence
High prevalence of HIV in patients with SUD
35% of cocaine users
22% of opioid users
High prevalence of SUD in HIV+ patients
25% alcohol dependent
25% use illicit opioids
33% use cocaine
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Drug Use and HIV Transmission
Highest risk with intravenous use
Increased risk with intranasal use
More sexual partners, unsafe sex
Associated with alcohol use
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Opioids Affect HIV Course
Cause immunosuppression
Induce apoptosis
viral replication
Co-infection of HIV and other
pathogens
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Stimulants Affect HIV Course
CocaineCauses immunosuppression of T-cells viral replication brain cells infected neurotoxicity
AmphetamineSimilar effect to cocaineResearch beginning to accumulate
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Alcohol Affects HIV Course
immune response to HIV infection
viral replication
Promotes progression of illness
permeability of blood brain barrier to infectious agents
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Drugs/Alcohol Affect HIV 18
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Alcohol
Apoptosis
CNS Barrier
↑ Viral Replication
Neurotoxicity
↓ Immune System
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Opioids
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Stimulants
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Opioids Affect AntiretroviralsOpioids high risk behavior /
noncompliance
Drug-drug interactionsMethadone levels with medsMethadone dose adjustment
needed blood levels of meds
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Stimulants Affect AntiretroviralsCocaine
risk behaviorsResistance to antiretrovirals in 30% due to noncompliance
Amphetamine ↑ risk behavior
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Alcohol Affects Antiretrovirals
risk behavior and noncompliance
viral replication
response to antiretroviral medications
Impairs pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiretrovirals
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Drugs/Alcohol Affect Meds 22
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Alcohol
Resistance
Drug Interactions
Noncompliance
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Opioids
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Stimulants
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Substance Use and Compliance with Medications
Inconsistent outpatient care
Noncompliance with medication regimen44% users vs. 22% non-users
Poor social support
Methadone maintenance programs better adherence to treatment
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Psychiatric Disorders, HIV & SUD
Drugs/alcohol cause & exacerbate
psychiatric symptoms
Psychiatric symptoms more
common
HIV+ more sensitive to illicit drugs
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Lecture Overview
HIV/AIDS
Substance use disorders
Connection between HIV and substance use disorders
Implications for patient care
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Treatment Guidelines
Maximizing care for HIV and SUD
Medical treatmentAsymptomatic infection: antiretroviral meds
Symptomatic infection: treat opportunistic infection
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Treatment Guidelines
SUD treatmentReduce HIV risk behaviorHarm reduction model
Methadone maintenanceSyringe exchange programs
Mental health treatment
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What About John
HIV: treat with antiretrovirals
SUD treatment:Consider methadone maintenance
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Self-help groups
Mental health treatment if indicated
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Summary
HIV/AIDS
Substance use disorders
Connection between HIV and substance use disorders
Implications for patient care
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