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TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENABLING DEMAND RESPONSE OR KW REDUCTION

Gary EpsteinENERGY & RESOURCE

SOLUTIONS

Participant Facility Needs

Technology Options

Efficiency vs. Demand Control Technologies

Permanent vs. Short Duration kW Reductions

What Can and Can’t Be Done

Determination of kW and Facility Impacts

Demand Response Considerations

Energy Efficiency Technologies Information and Reporting Systems Metering Systems Direct Load Control Backup Generation Distributed Generation Energy Management System Load Control Smart Load Control Systems Lighting Technology Options Load Shifting Technologies

Enabling Technology Options

Energy Efficiency Technologies Many (Most) Energy Efficiency Technologies Also Have Demand Reductions Permanent Demand Reductions

Measures Observed Through DR Programs Lighting Efficiency and Control Chiller Plant Upgrades EMS or BAS System Installation Process Measures Compressed Air Measures

VFD for Short Duration Curtailment

Information and Reporting Technologies

Real-Time and Day-After Access to Load Data Online Access is Increasingly Popular – Customers report that they find the data useful for achieving load reduction and educating senior management.

Baseline Data Aggregation Data for Multiple Sites Load Curtailment Notification

Phone, Fax, Pager, Email

Direct Load Control Traditionally Focused on Residential Sector DHW, Pool Pumps, AC

Many New Approaches for C&I Sector Central Control of Multi-Facility Customers

Remote EMS Control of Sites Programmable, Direct Load Control Thermostats Direct Load Control Switches: AC, Electric Heat, Etc.

Distributed Generation Technologies

Backup Generation Systems Assessment of Load Applicability During Curtailment is Critical Environmental Requirements are Similarly Critical

Diesel Generators Steam Turbine DG MicroTurbine Systems Renewable Technologies

Fuel Cells Photovoltaics

Local Scheduling Controllers Typically Address HVAC and Lighting Many Energy Management Systems have Demand Control

Features Programmed Scheduling Demand Limiting Duty Cycling

Generally, EMS Systems Schedule (Turn Off) Predetermined Groups of Equipment

Challenges or Limitations Demand Control Can Conflict with Control Rules Rules Based Logic Can Limit Certain Demand Control

Effectiveness

Central and Focused Energy Management Systems for Demand Control

Systems are Dedicated to Demand Control Do Not Have Standard BAS or EMS

Functionality Continually Monitor Facility kW

Single or Multiple Meters Smart Algorithm Continually Forecasts Average

kW During Specified Period (e.g.: 15 or 30 minute period)

Smart Duty Cycling Routine is Used to Modulate or Turn Off End Use Equipment to Avoid Reaching Threshold kW Levels

Smart Demand Control with kW Forecasting

Effectively, a Smart Building Automation System that Progressively Learns Best Operation of Building Systems Use Neural Net (Adaptive Learning)

Computational Methodologies Ideally Suited for Full BAS System

Operation Excellent Demand Control Features But: Control Functionality Seems Like a

Black Box to Many Facility Managers, Who Have Been Slow to Adopt this Technology

Smart Demand Control: Neural Net Technology (AI)

kW Impacts with Lighting Efficiency Technologies and Occupancy Sensors

Scheduling with Lighting Control Panels Direct Addressable Lighting Systems (DALI,

etc.) Multi-Level and Continuous Dimming

Systems Load Shedding Ballasts

Power Reducing or Current Limiting Devices ???

Demand Control with Lighting Technologies

Load Shifting Thermal Storage Off-Peak Operations for Industrial

Facilities Fuel Switching Technologies

Absorption Chillers Steam Turbine Chillers Engine-Driven Chillers Engine-Driven Compressors

Load Shifting/Fuel Switching Technologies

Turning Off or Scheduling Certain Systems Can Have Effects on Other Building Systems Particularly True of HVAC Equipment

Approaches for Determining kW Impact Spreadsheet Modeling Addressing Interactive Effects May

Require Building Simulation or Other Complex Analysis

Determination of kW Impacts

Does DR Approach Have an Impact on Space Conditions Space Temperatures and Humidity Ventilation Illumination Levels Safety Issues

Approaches for Estimating Impact Duration of Impact and Recovery Period Communications with Customer

Understanding Impacts on Space Conditions