subjectindex - the journal of neuroscience · 2007. 1. 2. · subjectindex a...

Subject Index

A

AAV. See Adeno-associated virusA�. See AmyloidAbelson-related gene 3.1, 12237Abl. See AbelsonAblation, 389

cell, 757, 3367Absence epilepsy, 4247, 8600Absence seizure, 3056, 6813Abstinence, 3584Abuse, drug, 3164, 4624, 8235AC. See Adenylyl cyclaseaCC. See Adenylate cyclaseAccessibility

substituted cysteine, 2031, 12081, 13156trypsin, 11833

Accumbens, 1579, 4769, 6885nucleus (See Nucleus accumbens)

ACd. See Anterior cingulate cortexAcetylation, histone, 11474Acetylcholine, 685, 1588, 4426, 6004, 6200, 6249, 9780, 13556Acetylcholine receptor, 655, 934, 4492, 13076

extrajunctional, 8983muscarinic, 3745, 4015, 6004, 7950, 9983nicotinic, 265, 1711, 4681, 4841, 6004, 8707, 11295

Acetyltransferasearylalkylamine-N-, 9153choline, 4104, 10717

ACh. See AcetylcholineAchiasmatic condition, 9873AChR. See Acetylcholine receptorAcid. See specific acid by nameAcid-sensing ion channel 1a, 5329, 5800Acid-sensitive potassium, Twik-related, 7362Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 1098Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia complex, 6771Acquisition, 6004, 9520ACTH. See Adrenocorticotrophic hormoneActin, 1579, 1813, 4820, 8137, 8734, 9881, 10480, 13017Actin-binding protein, 152Actin cytoskeleton, 152, 5849, 7693Actin depolymerizing factor/cofilin, 6533�-Actinin-2, 2522Action, 5929, 8176

body, 7942goal-directed, 3805

Action observation, 1133, 9736Action potential, 671, 2599, 5698, 6618, 7281, 7424, 11938, 12325,

13454backpropagating, 30, 10420, 12143dendritic, 30

Action potential backfiring, terminal, 6238Action selection, 3567, 12921Activated astrocyte, 5978Activated channel, stretch, 5656Activating transcription factor 2, 9462Activation latency, 11709Activator/Activation, 671, 2424, 5750. See also Deactivation;

Inactivationastroglial, 4930microglial, 11644multisensory, 7491plasminogen, 7839, 10614temperature, 4835tissue plasminogen, 7839

Activator protein-1, 971Active sensing, 8221Active state, 5665Active touch, 8451, 9538Active zone, 2343Active zone cytomatrix, 13054

Active zone cytomatrix-associated structural protein, 963Activity, 5028, 8137, 8983, 10209, 12861

� oscillatory, 4940constitutive, 3141delay, 11726epileptiform, 9312error-related, 2745intrinsic, 11961locomotor, 12781motor (See Motor activity)neuronal, 2579, 13344neuronal ensemble, 9860oral-motor, 3412paroxysmal, 6153proteasome, 1624rhythmic, 5320spontaneous, 4535, 5190, 8148, 12769, 12807synaptic, 2215, 4586

Activity-dependence, 1539, 2326, 4338, 5117, 9548Activity-dependent development, 12807Activity-dependent gene expression, 13463Activity-dependent plasticity, 1199Activity-dependent potentiation, 8999Activity-independence, 10164Activity pattern, spatiotemporal, 8148Activity reporter, A-kinase, 12807Acuity, 7368

visual, 13250Acupuncture needle, placebo, 381A-current, 2010Acute slice, 8148Acute swim stress, 9130Adaptation, 3642, 3959, 5582, 6181, 6346, 7741, 8767, 9030, 9107,

9538, 12526light, 12351prism, 1986sensorimotor, 3330spike frequency, 2053

Adaptor protein, 13089AP-2, 13202

Addiction, 398, 1231, 1457, 3010, 3164, 4624, 5720, 5881, 5894,6583, 8004, 8025, 8235, 8549, 8707, 8810, 9196, 9967,11230

alcohol, 8320drug, 3210

ADE. See Alcohol deprivation effectAdeno-associated virus, 908, 1334, 1516, 11342, 11923Adenosine, 5370, 5810, 8092, 12427Adenosine monophosphate. See Cyclic adenosine monophosphateAdenosine receptor

A1, 2080, 12427A2a, 535, 2080, 9250, 10808, 11371

Adenosine receptor A2a antagonist, 13548Adenosine receptor A2a knock-out, conditional, 13548Adenylate cyclase, 862, 10488Adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, pituitary, 12984Adenylyl cyclase, 851, 12609

AC3, 7375ACI, 10057calmodulin-stimulated, 8923

ADF. See Actin depolymerizing factorADHD. See Attention deficit hyperactivity disorderAdhesion, 2174, 9881, 11267

cell (See Cell adhesion)Adhesion kinase, focal, 9743Adhesion molecule

cell (See Cell adhesion molecule)synaptic, 6968

Adiponectin, 9695Adipose, 241Adolescence, 6399, 6885, 9656ADP. See Afterdepolarization

c-ADPR, 12642Adrenal gland, 3423Adrenal medulla, 1823Adrenergic receptor/Adrenoceptor, 467

�, 241, 1138Adrenocorticotrophic hormone, 12967Adult neural precursor cell, 3377Adult neurogenesis, 609, 2321, 4095, 11359, 12089Adult oligodendrogenesis, 7907AEA. See AnandamideAEP. See Auditory evoked potentialAffect, 2072, 4063

negative, 4415Affective disorder, 2072Afferent, 2881, 13076. See also Deafferentation

corticothalamic, 4426group III muscle, 4796group IV muscle, 4796primary (See Primary afferent)trigeminal, 8332vestibular, 13180visceral, 12642

Afferent synapse, 3971Affinity, binding, 763Affymetrix, 10967Afterdepolarization-ribosylation factor 6, 4811

exchange factor for, 4811Afterdepolarizing potential, 11961Afterhyperpolarization, 3482

slow, 8787Afterhyperpolarization current, 9084Afterpotential D, inactivation no, 8570AG. See ArachidonoylglycerolAge/Aging, 810, 2321, 3482, 3933, 5180, 9810, 10199, 11034,

13114human, 6422

Age-matched control group, 10700Age-related hearing loss, 2115Aggregate microinjection, 8160Aggregation, 3942, 7597

protein, 8160, 10068Aggression, 2335, 4638

male, 7375Agonist, 4559, 5750, 9394

inverse, 3141Agrin, 4841AHP. See AfterhyperpolarizationAICAR. See Aminoimidazole-carboxamide-ribonucleosideAICD. See Amyloid intracellular C-terminal domainAIDS. See Acquired immunodeficiency syndromeAIP1. See Apoptosis-linked gene-2-interacting protein XAKAR. See A-kinase activity reporterA-kinase activity reporter, 12807A-kinase anchoring protein, 2391Akt, 3798, 4004, 5638, 9439Akt-1, 9022Alanine-rich C kinase substrate, myristoylated, 8999Alcohol, 1057, 1457, 6431, 9967Alcohol addiction, 8320Alcohol deprivation effect, 1231Alcoholism, 1749Alcohol-nonpreferring rat, 1872Alcohol preference, 8320Alcohol-preferring rat, 1872Aldosterone, 411Alexander disease, 11162ALG-2. See Apoptosis-linked gene-2Algorithm, computational, 12861Alix/apoptosis-linked gene-2-interacting protein X, 542Allocentric spatial representation, 4546Allocentric strategy, 4071Allodynia, 8441

Subject Index J. Neurosci., December 27, 2006 • 26(52):1–35 • 1

Allosteric protein, 2031Alpha, 9494�1, 9323�9, 13180�1(A322D), 2590�2�, 8748�2� subunit, 12576�1E calcium subunit, 6249� oscillatory activity, 4940ALS. See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosisALS2 gene, 11798Alteration, calcium homeostasis, 2661Alternation

delayed, 13143spontaneous, 13384

Alternative splicing, 1065, 2635, 6172, 10690Alzheimer, 365, 4644, 5180Alzheimer’s disease, 418, 429, 467, 662, 1386, 1596, 2738, 3345,

3821, 3845, 4277, 4717, 4985, 5083, 5167, 5198, 5340,6011, 6069, 6377, 6533, 6985, 7212, 9047, 9057, 9439,9922, 10129, 10222, 10480, 10536, 10636, 10939, 11111,11437, 11652, 11923, 12081, 13102, 13279, 13384, 13428

AM251, 8531Amacrine cell, 13250Ambiguus, 21Ambystoma, 7707Amine, 10082

biogenic, 1486, 12118Aminergic interneuron, 8278Amino acid, 2814

excitatory (See Excitatory amino acid)Amino acid decarboxylase, aromatic, 6124Aminobutyric acid, 21�-Aminobutyric acid, 1465, 1646, 1787, 2031, 2278, 2449, 3037,

4256, 5370, 5628, 5901, 7082, 7093, 7380, 8441, 8537,8691, 9038, 9205, 9413, 9426, 10768, 11342, 11720, 12251,12956, 13463

depolarizing, 2326GABAA, 9323GABAB, 8800GABAB1, 4289

�-Aminobutyric acidergic fate, 5955�-Aminobutyric acidergic inhibition, 4236�-Aminobutyric acidergic inhibitory postsynaptic current, 1795�-Aminobutyric acidergic interneuron, 3875, 5069, 12996�-Aminobutyric acidergic marker, 1604�-Aminobutyric acidergic modulation, 3721, 8537�-Aminobutyric acidergic neuron, 5383, 7826, 12274�-Aminobutyric acidergic transmission, 5117�-Aminobutyric acid receptor, 696, 2841

GABAA, 1499, 1711, 1749, 2031, 2513, 2590, 2951, 3713, 4247,4492, 8559, 8600, 8943, 9413, 10756, 11599, 12758

GABAb, 4216, 5370, 5649GABAc, 9413

�-Aminobutyric acid release, 597, 9332�-Aminobutyric acid response, 6554�-Aminobutyric acid transporter, 7826, 9323

GAT-1, 4216, 6979GAT-2/3, 4216

Aminoimidazole-carboxamide-ribonucleoside, 8048Amino-phosphonopentanoic acid, 3561Amino-phosphonovaleric acid, 50494-Aminopyridine, 11652Amino terminus, 10636Ammonia, 4774Ammon’s horn sclerosis, 4701Amnesia, 2235, 3713, 4596, 5049, 5198, 5484, 7547, 8352, 11304,

13311retrieval-dependent, 11582retrograde, 4852, 13311

AMPA, 1231, 5511, 5901, 6450, 7163, 7650, 7875, 12152AMPA-excitatory postsynaptic current, 5794AMPA receptor, 210, 223, 1138, 2000, 2269, 2380, 2391, 2458,

2544, 2951, 4178, 4820, 5028, 5309, 5456, 7046, 7337,7659, 8339, 8409, 8428, 8600, 10488, 10808, 11220, 11798,12996

AMPA receptor binding protein, 2300AMPA receptor desensitization, 1366AMPA receptor regulatory protein, transmembrane, 7875AMPA receptor trafficking, 12362AMPA-type glutamate receptor, 2278Amperometry, 6997, 8999, 11915, 12682Amphetamine, 3805Amplitude, T-current, 11072Amygdala, 233, 1616, 2434, 2564, 4415, 5160, 5794, 6031, 6422,

6458, 6737, 6893, 7416, 7718, 8320, 8892, 8915, 9264,9530, 10120, 11562, 12387, 12694, 13556

basolateral, 5881, 8305, 10051central, 11324extended, 3210

Amygdala central nucleus, 3791, 6077Amygdaloid complex, 7674Amylin, 2022Amyloid, 7212Amyloid angiopathy, cerebral, 5340Amyloid �, 365, 418, 775, 1596, 4717, 5180, 6011, 6533, 9057,

9913, 10536, 10949, 11923, 12735, 13279, 13384A�42, 10129intraneuronal, 10129

Amyloid � clearance, 10939Amyloid � peptide, 2290, 3821, 4644, 4717, 9047, 10480, 11111,

11437, 11652, 12081, 13102, 13428Amyloid � plaque, 1386Amyloid fibril, 8160Amyloid intracellular C-terminal domain, 6377Amyloid peptide, 3845Amyloid plaque, 10129Amyloid precursor protein, 418, 775, 1386, 1596, 5167, 7212, 9057,

9922, 12838, 13279�-siteAmyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme, 418, 9913,

12838BACE1, 10536

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 2738, 4147, 8774, 9250, 11397,11798

Analgesia/Analgesic, 3662, 11501, 13048placebo, 381

Analysisevolutionary trace, 12727ideal actor, 10883independent component, 10222motion, 7849movement, 3505nonstationary fluctuation, 1677principal component, 9860quantal, 12487single-cell, 10362single-trial, 3615, 8965, 10925source, 821spike train, 801

Anandamide, 9666Anatomy, 2235, 4613

behavior and, 273Anchoring protein, A-kinase, 2391Androgen, 12106Anesthesia/Anesthetic, 3713, 8857, 11599Angiogenesis, 3444, 9448Angiopathy, 365

cerebral amyloid, 5340Angiotensin-II type 1 receptor, 9205Angle, vergence, 564Animal model, 3685, 6781, 8206, 10299

chronic stroke, 3444Anion, 2757Anion channel, 5411Anisomycin, 12387, 13264Ankyrin, 5230Anlage, embryonic cerebellar, 12226Anorexia, 11442ANT, 810Antagonist/Antagonism, 2852, 4559, 8126

adenosine A2a receptor, 13548N-methyl-D-aspartate, 3923

nicotinic, 13180Anterior cingulate, 3918Anterior cingulate cortex, 4063, 7870, 11379Anterior ectosylvian sulcus, 11844Anterior hypothalamus, 8931Anterior olfactory nucleus, 12023Anterior thalamic nucleus, 2907Anterograde labeling, 12873Anteroventral periventricular nucleus, 6687Antibody, monoclonal, 4082, 9394, 10636Anticipation, 9272Antidepressant, 1571Antidromic identification, 12471Antiepileptic, 12325Antigen

ovalbumin, 731proliferating cell nuclear, 775tip link, 7022

Antigen protein D1, melanoma, 5383Antigen specificity, 731Antinociception, 4350Antipsychotic drug, 5240Anti-reach, 9376Antisaccade, 6354, 12471Antisense, 3899Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide, 5881Anxiety, 1749, 1864, 1971, 2184, 3210, 3840, 3855, 6031, 6573,

6677, 7093, 7718, 8235, 8320, 8800, 8955, 9142, 9205,10387, 12664

Anxiolytic effect, 9967AON. See Anterior olfactory nucleusAP. See Activator protein; Adaptor protein; Amino-phospho-

nopentanoic acid; AminopyridineAPE-1/Ref-1, 10949Aphasia, 8069Apical dendrite, 4394Apical targeting, 6172Aplysia, 1470, 2443, 8662, 8847, 10743apoE. See Apolipoprotein EApolipoprotein E, 3345, 4985Apolipoprotein receptor, 12943Apoptosis, 1439, 2290, 3281, 3299, 4054, 4481, 4509, 4672, 4752,

5083, 5638, 6011, 6377, 7234, 7257, 7756, 7885, 7974,8512, 8819, 11197, 11540, 12003, 12497, 12735

neuronal, 41, 6082, 9365, 9996Apoptosis-inducing ligand, tumor necrosis factor-related, 3299Apoptosis-linked gene-2, 542Apoptosis-linked gene-2-interacting protein X, 542APP. See Amyloid precursor proteinAppetite, 5160

salt, 411Appetitive behavior, 217Apraxia, 6282APV. See Amino-phosphonovaleric acidArachidonic acid, 11588Arachidonic acid metabolite, 28622-Arachidonoylglycerol, 4740, 9935Arbor, 1154Arborization, dendritic, 5733Arbor plasticity, axon, 3594Arc, 1616Architecture, functional, 7680Arcuate nucleus, 1507, 6687Area

auditory, 273caudal pressor, 5420cortical, 5098, 5929extrastriate, 7962extrastriate body, 8074inhibitory motor, 186medial preoptic, 1699medial superior temporal, 73middle temporal, 8988middle temporal visual, 893, 2941, 3981, 7779, 11987motor (See Motor area)occipital, 13025

2 • J. Neurosci., December 27, 2006 • 26(52):1–35 Subject Index

parietal, 1133, 9239premotor, 3697, 6288, 12266preoptic (See Preoptic area)pre-supplementary motor, 2579, 6354primary motor, 6288temporal (See Temporal area)ventral tegmental, 2788, 4901, 5720ventrolateral preoptic, 3037, 9426visual (See Visual area)

Area 5, 2487Area 17, 3269Area 18, 3269

cat, 4370Area 3b, monkey, 180Area CA3. See CA3Area MT. See Middle temporal visual areaArea postrema, 9695Area V1. See Visual areaA receptor. See Adenosine receptorARF. See Afterdepolarization-ribosylation factorArg. See Abelson-related geneArginase, 8512Arginine vasopressin, 6131Arm movement, 7121, 10091, 11888

reaching, 5301Arm movement control, 9272Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, 6124Arousal, 193, 2072, 13037Array

gene, 4577microelectrode, 8148multielectrode, 8465, 11857

Arrest, translocation, 9057Arrestin, 1146, 9902�-Arrestin-2, 4318Arrhythmia, 479Artemin, 8588Arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase, 9153Ascending sensory system, 9713ASIC. See Acid-sensing ion channelAspartate, 2814Asp-His-His-Cys, 12758Asp-His-His-Cys-cysteine-rich domain, 12758Assay

electrophoretic mobility shift, 13463FM, 11333

Assembly, cell, 10141Association, 2403, 4596, 6761, 8305, 8310Association cortex, 63Association study, 12609Associative learning, 2449, 6077, 6603, 8702, 8829, 9355, 11041Associative memory, nonspatial, 1562Associative recognition, 9162Astrocyte, 51, 644, 1378, 1880, 2157, 2673, 3299, 4383, 5438,

7532, 8537, 8609, 9471, 9810, 10939, 10984, 11061, 11162,11575, 12174

activated, 5978subventricular zone, 7907

Astrocyte swelling, 4774Astroglia, 1343, 8537Astroglial activation, 4930Astrogliogenesis, 1551Astrogliosis, 4383, 9841

reactive, 8295Asymmetric reward, 6695Asymmetry, cerebral, 11131Asynchronous release, 13493Asynchrony, 12708AT. See Angiotensin-II type 1 receptor; AtaxinA-T. See Ataxia-telangiectasiaAtaxia, 9975, 11423Ataxia-telangiectasia, 7767Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, 7767Ataxin, 389

AT3, 11474ATF. See Activating transcription factor

ATM. See Ataxia-telangiectasia mutatedAtonal family, 7860ATP, 2862, 3798, 9482ATP6, 810ATPase, 7201, 8278

plasma membrane calcium ion-, 311, 6386, 7201sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion-, 311, 8278

ATP release, 1378ATP synthase, 810Atrial natriuretic peptide, 7811Atrophy, 12165

bulbar muscular, 12106spinal muscular, 8622, 10397, 11014, 12106

Attachment, 6737Attack complex, membrane, 10177Attention, 490, 2184, 3532, 3615, 3656, 3791, 4036, 4426, 4444,

4970, 6077, 7265, 7607, 7870, 8310, 8923, 9239, 9629,9805, 10472, 11347, 11454, 12479, 13037

auditory, 435preparatory, 2745selective, 3169spatial, 564, 9494, 12799sustained, 273visual, 1429

Attentional control, 435Attentional set-shifting task, 9656Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 1571Attention shift, 138Attractor, parasitic, 158Attractor neural network, 622A-type potassium ion current, 12274Auditory area, 273Auditory attention, 435Auditory brainstem, 1366, 10407, 11131Auditory cortex, 785, 4046, 4785, 7629, 8647, 11131, 12206

early, 12260rewired, 3021

Auditory cue, 12260Auditory evoked potential, 1293Auditory hair cell, 12526Auditory nerve, 96, 279, 11462, 13076Auditory processing, 7477, 12708Auditory system, 2115, 8767, 10315, 10542, 10677, 10992, 11432,

11844, 12727, 13067Autism, 319, 2335, 6893, 6897, 7674Autofluorescence, 8377Autoimmune encephalomyelitis, experimental, 6823Autonomic modulation, 1190Autonomic nervous system, 8672Autonomic pathway, central, 10305Autonomic system, 2923, 3423, 11893Autophagy, 1711, 8057Auxiliary � subunit, 11833Aversion, conditioned taste, 8800Avoidance, 6288

conditioned flavor, 11442Avoidance response, jamming, 9173AVP. See Arginine vasopressinAVPV. See Anteroventral periventricular nucleusAvulsion, ventral root, 8672Awake monkey, 6554Awake recording, 2250Awareness, 11304Axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, 1448, 1971, 3840, 5500,

11442, 12014, 12967Axl, 5638Axoaxonic interneuron, 11881Axoglial junction, 5230Axon, 1803, 1854, 1935, 3120, 3141, 3390, 3465, 3604, 3829, 5534,

5727, 9462, 9780, 10614, 10626, 10631, 11992, 13279commissural, 8909retinal ganglion cell, 9873sensory, 4729

Axon arbor plasticity, 3594Axon branching, 862Axon degeneration, 9794

Axon dystrophic swelling, 8057Axon formation, 9462, 10633Axon fragmentation, 355Axon growth, 6119, 11120Axon guidance, 355, 934, 2419, 2971, 3192, 3256, 3999, 4961,

5656, 5840, 5872, 6082, 8082, 11120, 12769, 12873Axon guidance receptor, 3999Axon induction, 7619Axon initial segment, 2599Axon misrouting, 9873Axonogenesis, 9462Axonopathy, 41, 8774, 10397Axon outgrowth, 6040Axon pathfinding, 1418Axon regeneration, 4406, 5347, 12242Axon targeting, 5872, 11257Axon terminal, 3021, 12283Axon translation, 10397Axon transport, 2132, 10006, 12106

retrograde, 12106Axotomy, 8484, 12826

laser, 7444AZ. See Active zone

B

BAC. See Bacterial artificial chromosomeBACE. See Site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzymeBackfiring, terminal action potential, 6238Background, genetic, 5756Backpropagating action potential, 30, 10420, 12143Backpropagation, 7424Baclofen, 12251Bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mouse, 7659Baculovirus, 10658BAD. See Bcl-2-associated death protein�APP. See Amyloid precursor proteinBAR. See Bin/amphiphysin/RvsBarn owl, 5948Baroreceptor, 11893Baroreceptor reflex, 5420Barrel, 448, 1355, 2692, 4155, 4166, 4338, 5393, 6062

lemniscal, 9538Barrel cortex, 3767, 5069, 7395, 8398, 8691, 9216, 10057Barrier

blood-brain, 1098, 9448blood-nerve, 3319

Basal forebrain, 1588, 7756, 8092Basal ganglion, 716, 3875, 5360, 6318, 6422, 6695, 6771, 7222,

7390, 8101, 9010, 9448, 10376, 12266, 12885, 13167, 13548Basal lamina, 1179Basal synaptic transmission, 223Basal transmitter release, 6238Basic fibroblast growth factor, 4481Basic helix-loop-helix, 550, 7860Basic helix-loop-helix factor, 11948Basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, 1275Basic protein, myelin. See Myelin basic proteinBasilar membrane, 3992Basket cell, 2278, 12447Basolateral amygdala, 5881, 8305, 10051Bat, 785, 1704Batten, 1334Bayesian model, 4188, 8360BBB. See Blood-brain barrierBcl-2, 7257Bcl-2-associated death protein, 4481BCL-xL, 6851BCTC, 12512BDNF. See Brain-derived neurotrophic factorbdnf knock-out, 7189Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, 3855, 11442

lateral, 11324Behavior, 479, 530, 662, 1211, 1971, 2814, 2841, 3840, 3942, 4717,

4785, 5167, 5835, 6031, 6897, 7444, 8727, 9385, 9639,10542, 11637, 12374, 13102, 13287


anatomy and, 273appetitive, 217consummatory, 217feeding, 7056goal-directed, 2933, 5224, 8810, 9376ingestive, 411matching, 3731maternal, 2583mating, 169neonatal, 4660pain, 10499parental, 2335sexual, 1699, 7375social, 7718spatial, 12237

Behavioral genetics, 9873Behavioral neurophysiology, 7305Behavioral selection, 2583Behavioral sensitization, 11041Behavioral sequence, 2579Behavior correlation, connectivity-, 13338Bend response, local, 8009Benign familial neonatal convulsion, 2053Benzodiazepine, 1979, 3357, 12014Bergmann glia, 2278, 9579Bestrophin, 5411� amyloid. See Amyloid ��1 integrin, 3444, 11208� oscillation, 8168� subunit, 7984

auxiliary, 11833�4a, 2635

bFGF. See Basic fibroblast growth factorBFNC. See Benign familial neonatal convulsionbHLH. See Basic helix-loop-helixBiased competition, 9805Bidirectional plasticity, 6610, 7337Bilateral stimulation, 5970Bim, 12896bim, 2290Bimanual interaction, 7121Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs domain, 2380Binary coding, 2579Binaural neuron, 96Binaural sluggishness, 279Binding, 4596, 9394, 11599, 12043Binding affinity, 763Binding protein. See Protein; specific binding protein by nameBinocular disparity, 6791, 7581, 9567Binocular processing, 4370Binocular vision, 9098Biocytin, 10057Bioengineering, 10380Biogenesis, small nuclear ribonucleoprotein, 11014Biogenic amine, 1486, 12118Bioimaging, 7293Biolistic delivery, 6119Biological motion, 2894Biomechanics, 1470, 4995, 10743Biosynthesis, neurosteroid, 6749Biphosphate, phosphatidylinositol, 4835, 7950, 10777, 11588,

12816Bipolar cell, 696, 5248, 6979

midget, 3908Bipolar disorder, 9022, 12314Bird. See individual typesBirdsong, 991, 9010, 9135, 10376. See also SongbirdBistability, 6153Bistable percept, 502BK channel. See Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium

channelBladder, 8672

urinary, 10847BLBP. See Brain lipid binding proteinBlepharospasm, 716Blindness, 11929

night, 6863Blindsight, 948Blink reflex, 716Block/Blocking, 4036, 13156

channel, 10899gap junction, 1378

Blood-brain, 3045, 9810Blood-brain barrier, 1098, 9448Blood flow, 2862, 3045

cerebral, 3045, 11821Blood-nerve barrier, 3319Blood oxygenation level-dependence, 11821, 12165Blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance

imaging, 6330Blood oxygenation level-dependent response, 5819Blood pressure regulation, 5420Blood volume, 11522Bmal1, 6406BMP. See Bone morphogenic proteinBmpr1b mutant, 1896BNST. See Bed nucleus of the stria terminalisBody

carotid (See Carotid body)Lewy, 3685, 9227medial nucleus of the trapezoid, 1366mushroom, 265, 8734

Body action, 7942Body area, extrastriate, 8074Body position, 8074Body schema, 6282Body weight, 389, 5649BOLD. See Blood oxygenation level-dependentBond, disulfide, 4147Bone marrow-derived cell, 11371Bone marrow transplantation, 11753Bone morphogenic protein 2, 10868Bone morphogenic protein receptor type I, 1896Bradykinin, 7730Braille, 490Brain, 3813, 4577, 5492, 5534, 6314, 7919, 8707. See also Cerebel-

lum; Forebrain; Hindbrainmacaque, 7348

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, 1457, 3899, 5288, 5709, 8320,9250, 9646, 10911, 10916, 11041, 11487, 11637, 13218,13531

Brain development, 345, 355, 6082, 6897, 10376, 10407Brain imaging, functional, 6422, 9264Brain inflammation, 1880Brain injury/ischemia, 2413, 4236

diffuse traumatic, 3130traumatic (See Traumatic brain injury)

Brain lipid binding protein, 3102Brain mapping, 7962Brain natriuretic peptide, 696Brain repair, 12089Brain slice, 7230Brainstem, 4437, 4880, 6131, 10646, 11870, 11893, 12642

auditory, 1366, 10407, 11131Brainstem reticular formation, 4426Brain stimulation, deep, 841, 3589

high-frequency, 10768Brain tumor, 12544Brain volume, 6354Branch/Branching, 1154, 1767

axon, 862dendrite, 10164ophthalmic, 5756

Branch spacing, 1154BrdU. See BromodeoxyuridineBreathing, neural control of, 300Brightness, 3634Brisk-transient ganglion cell, 12351Brn2, 3066Bromodeoxyuridine, 2326, 9135, 9448, 11413, 13437Brush, delta, 6728B’ subunit, 9293

Bud, taste, 3971, 8243Buffering, potassium, 5438Bulb, olfactory. See Olfactory bulbBulbar muscular atrophy, 12106Bulbospinal cell group, 5420Bumetanide, 1396Bundle, stereociliary, 5265Bundle orientation, hair, 2147�-Bungarotoxin, 265Burst/Bursting, 10420

hypoglossal population, 2623intrinsic, 2250

Burst detection, 6935Burst firing, 9038

rebound, 11072Bv8, 6716

C

CA1, 671, 1138, 2088, 4546, 6610, 7723, 10270, 10796, 12415CA3, 1562, 7071, 11083, 11720, 12415CAA. See Cerebral amyloid angiopathyCadherin, 2300, 6968Cadherin 23, 10777c-ADPR, 12642Caenorhabditis elegans, 169, 1711, 6200, 7444, 7597, 8040, 9355,

10082, 11582Caffeine, 2080, 10472, 10808Caged compound, 4891, 8633Caged glutamate, 5794Cajal-Retzius cell, 4701Cajal’s histological preparation, 11249Calbindin, 9750Calcineurin, 685, 9355, 13505Calcitonin gene-related peptide, 8332Calcium, 685, 1065, 1128, 1164, 1635, 2757, 2862, 3220, 3404,

4509, 4586, 4630, 5180, 6172, 6337, 6841, 7071, 7444,8398, 8748, 9983, 10430, 10480, 10658, 10992, 11001,11174, 11522, 11938, 12314, 12526, 12816, 13373, 13505

intracellular, 696Calcium-activated potassium channel, 6181

large-conductance, 5059, 5428, 11833Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase

�CaMKII, 10667CaMKII, 3299, 3951, 6259

Calcium channel, 1759, 2661, 3482, 7321, 10690, 12576, 13240HVA, 518L-type (See L-type calcium channel)N-type, 13373

Calcium current, 11588, 13373T-type, 2474, 6249

Calcium dependence, 372Calcium-dependent inactivation, 2522, 10690Calcium electrogenesis, 10420Calcium exchanger, sodium, 8183Calcium extrusion, 8183Calcium homeostasis alteration, 2661Calcium imaging, 30, 3482, 8183, 9355, 11709, 11870, 12447,

12642, 13240Calcium ion, 12283Calcium ion-activated nonspecific current, 2474Calcium ion-ATPase

plasma membrane, 311, 6386, 7201sarco-endoplasmic reticulum, 311, 8278

Calcium ion/calmodulin, 6230Calcium ion/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, 1813, 6337,

7151Calcium ion channel, 2635, 3056, 7565, 10599

L-type, 12647Calcium ion concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum, 12127Calcium ion current, 5698

presynaptic, 1366Calcium ion dependence, 12544Calcium ion dynamics, presynaptic, 6238Calcium ion imaging, 8377Calcium ion release, 10916


Calcium ion signal, 10677, 12127Calcium ion store, intracellular, 12127Calcium ion transient, 2458Calcium ion uptake, 311, 8428Calcium ion wave, 1378Calcium pump, 6172

plasma membrane, 8183Calcium spike, R-type, 6249Calcium store, 6958, 9579Calcium subunit, �1E, 6249Calcium transient, 7337Callosum, corpus, 882, 5840Calmidazolium, 9579Calmodulin, 7337, 10677, 10777. See also Calcium/calmodulin; Cal-

cium ion/calmodulinCalmodulin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase, 8923Calpain, 981, 2956, 3130Calretinin interneuron, 609Calyx of Held, 1366, 11432Calyx of Held synapse, 5698CAM. See Cell adhesion moleculeCaMK. See Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase; Calcium

ion/calmodulin-dependent protein kinasecAMP. See Cyclic adenosine monophosphateCAN current. See Calcium ion-activated nonspecific currentCA1 neuron, hippocampal, 7974Cannabinoid, 1465, 1551, 2991, 5794, 5810, 6458, 8289, 8531,

9666Cannabinoid receptor, 86

CB1, 1551, 2991, 4740, 5794, 8829, 9935, 13318Capacitance, 3992

membrane, 632, 3030nonlinear, 12727

Capacitance measurement, 2555Capillary, 11821Capsaicin, 2403, 5109, 6131, 8126, 9385, 9666Capture, synaptic, 256CA1 pyramidal neuron, 13474Carbenoxolone, 1739Cardiotrophin-1, 1823Care, maternal, 2434Carotid body chemoreceptor, 9482Cascade, G-protein, 1036Casein kinase II, 5131Caspase, 7257Caspase-3, 11540Caspase-independent cell death, 11644CAST. See Active zone cytomatrix-associated structural proteinCat, 3269, 11844Cat area 18, 4370Catecholamine, 1571, 9304, 10068, 11915

nicotine-dependent, 13017Catechol-O-methyltransferase, 1407, 3918�-Catenin, 12620Cation-chloride cotransporter, 10407Cation current, hyperpolarization-activated, 8559Cationic conductance, 10717Cation transporter, organic, 8758Caudal linear nucleus raphe, 723Caudal pressor area, 5420Caudate, 10646, 12885Caudate nucleus, 609, 5360Caudate-putamen, 1016, 3584, 6583CaV. See L-type calcium channelCav2.3, 6249Cav3.1 mRNA, 11072CAZ. See Active zone cytomatrixCB. See Cannabinoid receptor; Carotid bodyCBF. See Cerebral blood flowCBP. See Cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-

binding protein binding proteinCCK. See CholecystokininCCL. See ChemokineCD8, 4577CD34, 3444CD38, 12642

CD154, 3396Cdc. See Cell division cycleCdk. See Cyclin-dependent kinaseCD8� T-cell homing, 731C/EBP, 7919, 8662Cell. See also Single-cell; Whole-cell

adult neural precursor, 3377amacrine, 13250auditory hair, 12526basket, 2278, 12447bipolar (See Bipolar cell)bone marrow-derived, 11371brisk-transient ganglion, 12351Cajal-Retzius, 4701central nervous system stem, 7907cerebellar stellate, 9332cerebral endothelial, 2290chromaffin, 632, 3030, 9304, 10911, 13017cochlear Schwann, 1991delay, 4236embryonic stem (See Embryonic stem cell)endothelial (See Endothelial cell)external tufted, 11257ganglion (See Ganglion cell)glial (See Glial cell)Golgi, 11786granule (See Granule cell)hair (See Hair cell)head direction, 622hippocampal pyramidal, 4740horizontal, 11624, 12351immune, 4350Kenyon, 265Mauthner, 3454mechanosensory hair, 5265midget bipolar, 3908midget ganglion, 3908mitral, 2269, 3646, 8857, 11709, 12996mouse brain endothelial, 5996Muller, 13523neocortical pyramidal, 6704neural precursor (See Neural precursor cell)neural progenitor, 5996, 13114neural stem, 2326, 5402, 6803, 7640, 7839, 8609, 10452, 11359,

12544neuroendocrine, 10599neuronal progenitor, 9593olfactory ensheathing, 5347, 11120oligodendrocyte precursor, 328outer hair, 3992, 12727peripheral blood hematopoietic stem, 3444pheochromocytoma 12, 9996place, 622, 3154, 4266, 12237, 12415, 13485precursor (See Precursor cell)progenitor (See Progenitor cell)Purkinje, 86, 1531, 1896, 2278, 2991, 4740, 5153, 5428, 6563,

6841, 6997, 7767, 8289, 8829, 9975, 10916, 11753, 12067,12226, 12576

pyramidal (See Pyramidal cell)radial glial, 1045retinal ganglion (See Retinal ganglion cell)Schwann (See Schwann cell)single (See Single-cell)stellate (See Stellate cell)stem (See Stem cell)superior cervical ganglion, 7950supporting, 6190terminal Schwann, 6873vestibular hair, 10253

Cell ablation, 757, 3367Cell adhesion, 2343, 3319, 9656Cell adhesion molecule, 1776, 4460, 10599, 11208

neural, 10888, 11532Cell assembly, 10141Cell-cell interaction, 1880Cell culture, 1026, 5204

Cell cycle, 1107, 8819, 9722, 12620. See also Cell division cycleCell death, 6803, 8774, 10430, 13413

caspase-independent, 11644neuronal, 6985programmed, 542, 6851

Cell differentiation, 9722Cell division cycle. See also Cell cycle

cdc2, 12003cdc42, 10110cdc25A, 8819

Cell dysfunction, 8160Cell excitability, 7513Cell fate, 4082Cell fusion, 11413Cell group, bulbospinal, 5420Cell lineage, 9722Cell loading, 7870Cell migration, 6834, 6873

neuronal, 742Cell movement, rate of, 742Cell proliferation, 5402, 6873Cell rescue, 7839Cell specification, 11682Cell-surface ligand, fibroblast-associated, 2467Cell survival, 5888, 6803Cell trafficking, 1098Cell transplantation, 6651Cell type, 3971Cellular Fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-1�-

converting enzyme-inhibitory protein, 3299Center-surround interaction, 2614, 11403Central amygdala, 11324Central autonomic pathway, 10305Central chemoreceptor, 10305Central complex, 10199Central congenital hypoventilation syndrome, 10305Central linear nucleus raphe, 723Central nervous system, 5849, 7665, 10110Central nervous system development, 7826Central nervous system regeneration, 1006Central nervous system repair, 5591Central nervous system stem cell, 7907Central nucleus, 12387

amygdala, 3791, 6077Central pattern generator, 991, 3505, 5320, 8838, 9107, 10925,

12294Central respiratory control, 7230Ceramide-activated protein phosphatase, 2290Cerebellar anlage, embryonic, 12226Cerebellar development, 742, 1896, 11682Cerebellar granule neuron, 2241, 7767Cerebellar histogenesis, 12226Cerebellar module, 12067Cerebellar nucleus, 12226

deep, 12656Cerebellar stellate cell, 9332Cerebellum, 86, 1739, 1906, 2278, 2684, 2991, 3102, 3245, 3357,

3626, 4455, 4602, 5008, 5153, 5428, 5810, 5990, 6040,6841, 6893, 6897, 7293, 7741, 7767, 8289, 8377, 8388,8748, 8829, 9015, 9107, 9810, 9935, 9956, 10569, 10624,12003, 12137, 12266, 12656, 12861

molecular layer of, 2635Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, 5340Cerebral artery occlusion, middle, 6413Cerebral asymmetry, 11131Cerebral blood flow, 3045, 11821Cerebral cortex, 2579, 2971, 4917, 5470, 5929, 5970, 6771, 6897,

7234, 7640, 9761, 10332, 10756, 11413, 11992, 12620,13357

Cerebral endothelial cell, 2290Cerebral ischemia, 2241, 3491, 6627, 12896

global, 7974Cerebral oxygenation, 3662Cerebral palsy, 4359Cerebrovascular effect, 11522Cerebrovascular injury. See Stroke


Ceruleus. See Locus ceruleusCervical ganglion, superior. See Superior cervical ganglionCesium, 6610C-fiber, 1281, 2981, 11287C-fiber innervation, cutaneous, 1953c-FLIP. See Cellular Fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-

1�-converting enzyme-inhibitory proteinc-Fos, 12219, 13264, 13287c-fos, 233, 1616cGMP. See Cyclic guanosine monophosphateCGRP. See Calcitonin gene-related peptideChain

electron transport, 5256Gaussian, 4526

Chain reaction. See Polymerase chain reaction; Reversetranscription-polymerase chain reaction

Change, transsynaptic, 9548Channel, 2981, 8748, 10992

anion, 5411calcium (See Calcium channel)calcium-activated potassium (See Calcium-activated potassium

channel)calcium ion (See Calcium ion channel)chloride, 5411, 7513cyclic nucleotide-gated, 7811erg, 10253ether-a-go-go-related gene-like potassium ion, 169G-protein inwardly rectifying potassium, 12602HVA calcium, 518hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide, 7730hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated ion, 7995ion (See Ion channel)large-conductance calcium-activated potassium, 5059, 5428,

11833ligand-gated, 13156ligand-gated ion, 2031L-type calcium (See L-type calcium channel)L-type calcium ion, 12647N-methyl-D-aspartate, 708N-type calcium, 13373potassium (See Potassium channel)potassium ion (See Potassium ion channel)single, 1499, 10899Slo, 5059sodium (See Sodium channel)sodium-activated potassium, 5059stretch-activated, 5656transient receptor potential (See Transient receptor potential)voltage-gated potassium (See Voltage-gated potassium

channel)Channel block, 10899Channel noise, 5240Channel protein CLIC5, chloride intracellular, 10188Channel structure, 11833Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 10397Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy, 2358ChAT. See Choline acetyltransferaseCheckpoint kinase 1, 8819Chemoattractant protein-1, monocyte, 3182Chemokine, 1098, 6834, 10488, 12826

CCL5, 4577Chemokine receptor

CCR2, 3182CXCR4, 6771

Chemoreceptorcarotid body, 9482central, 10305

Chemorepulsion, 5840Chemosensitivity, 7230, 12664Chemosensory process, 4139Chemosignal, 1961Chemotaxis, 7460, 8866Chemotropism, 2419, 3256Chiasm, optic, 6911Chick, 3899, 10868Chicken, 6190

Children, 6052, 11239Chimera, 4835CHIP. See C terminus of the heat shock cognate protein 70-

interacting proteinChk1. See Checkpoint kinase 1Chloride, 3992, 11432

intracellular, 5117Chloride channel, 5411, 7513Chloride cotransporter, 13463Chloride intracellular channel protein CLIC5, 10188Chloride ion, 9851Chloride ion reversal potential, 7321Chloride regulation, 10407Chloro-APB hydrobromide, 6450Chlorodeoxyuridine, 12089CHO-1, 6200Choice, target, 7607Choice probability, 7779, 9567Cholecystokinin, 5017, 12014Cholera toxin, 8653Cholera toxin b subunit, 12067Cholesterol, 8748, 11743Choline, 6200Choline acetyltransferase, 4104, 10717Choline-induced current, 9851Cholinergically induced oscillation, 9923Cholinergic excitatory feedback, 5920Cholinergic neuron, 585, 1588, 9038Cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, 723Cholinergic transmission, 265Choline transporter, 6200, 9851Chondroitinase, 7405Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, 4729, 9841Chordotonal organ, 3319Choroid plexus, 7640Chromaffin, 6637, 11915Chromaffin cell, 632, 3030, 9304, 10911, 13017Chromatin, 11359Chromatin immunoprecipitation, 10376Chromosome, sex, 2335Chronic epilepsy, 406Chronic inflammation, 953Chronic pain, 12055, 12165Chronic stress, 3813Chronic stroke animal model, 3444CHT. See Choline transporterChunking, 4596Chx10, 5684Ciliary neurotrophic factor, 1823, 5978, 12089, 13523Cingulate, 4437, 4769, 13338

anterior (See Anterior cingulate)Cingulate cortex, 8368, 8923

anterior, 4063, 7870, 11379Circadian clock, 12984Circadian rhythm, 479, 6406, 8662, 9434, 10472, 11615, 12219,

13400Circuit/Circuitry, 573, 3524

cortical, 5574dedicated, 10925giant fiber, 2369inhibitory, 10358intact neural, 10380intrinsic (See Intrinsic circuitry)multifunctional, 10925neural (See Neural circuit)

Circumventricular organ, 2022, 7093, 9205, 9695Citrulline, 11387c-Jun, 11992c-Jun N-terminal kinase, 971, 8295, 9462c-Jun N-terminal kinase interacting protein-1, 9462CK2. See Casein kinase IIClamp

current, 12566dynamic, 2010, 2215, 4247patch (See Patch clamp)in vivo patch, 1787

voltage, 6131, 12033, 12566whole-cell patch, 3229, 6668

Classical conditioning, 5049, 5894, 6298, 8305, 8915, 13437. Seealso Pavlovian conditioning

Clathrin, 13202CldU. See ChlorodeoxyuridineClearance, 6431

amyloid �, 10939Cleavage, proteolytic, 51CLIC. See Chloride intracellular channel proteinClimbing fiber, 2278, 6563, 7741Clock, circadian, 12984Clomeleon, 1396Clonality, tumor, 6781Closure, neural tube, 2147Cluster/Clustering, 763

synaptic vesicle, 5786Cluster headache, 3589CMT. See Charcot-Marie-Tooth diseasec-Myc, 4329CNG. See Cyclic nucleotide-gatedCNP. See Cyclic nucleotide-phosphodiesteraseCNP-EGFP mouse. See Cyclic nucleotide-phosphodiesterase-

enhanced green fluorescent protein mouseCNQX. See Cyano-nitroquinoxalineCNS. See Central nervous systemCNTF. See Ciliary neurotrophic factorCO. See Cytochrome oxidaseCoarse-to-fine tuning, 11763Cocaine, 1579, 2645, 3206, 3584, 4956, 6004, 8004, 8235, 8531,

8549, 9656, 11522, 12308, 13287Cocaine-seeking, 10372Cochlea, 550, 1260, 1991, 2060, 2757, 3541, 3992, 5265, 6543,

10992, 11462, 13076Cochlear nucleus, ventral, 96Cochlear Schwann cell, 1991Code/Coding, 5910. See also Decoding; Encoding

binary, 2579joint, 9098neural, 2499, 7056, 7433, 8254, 9030, 9761, 10232, 12206odor, 9892olfactory, 8857population, 3615, 3667, 5604, 13454rate, 4526sensory, 1247, 8009, 9216, 10542somatosensory, 5582sparse, 7477speed, 8988temporal, 279, 801, 4785, 8221, 8900, 9173, 9683

Cofilin, 1579Cognition, 186, 1211, 1661, 2571, 3667, 4577, 5470, 5835, 6897,

8069, 8810, 9761, 10235, 10332, 11501, 12266human, 273spatial, 5470, 11637visual, 9639

Cognitive control, 1429, 2424, 9805, 10120, 11239Cognitive coordination, 158Cognitive disorganization, 158Cognitive flexibility, 2449Cognitive impairment, mild, 10222Coherence, 6318Coiled-coil, 3757, 8492Coincidence detection, 96, 279, 3002, 8787, 9084Cold, noxious, 10646Cold hyperalgesia, 1953Collagen, 508Collapse, growth cone, 4961Collapsin response mediator protein, 4961

CRMP-1, 13357CRMP-2, 10626CRMP-3, 2241

Collateralrecurrent, 5920Schaffer (See Schaffer collateral)

Colliculus, 11347inferior, 279, 2499, 3889, 4455, 5948, 7468


superior, 2250, 12471, 12799, 12873Colocalization, 13240Colon motility, 2798Color, 3634, 3981, 10826Color constancy, 10826Colorectal cancer, deleted in, 13328Color selectivity, 3908Color vision, 3908, 11148Column

dorsal, 4406intermediolateral, 1823orientation, 3434

Commissural axon, 8909Commissural interneuron, 5320, 6509Commissure, 8866Communication, synaptic, 12861, 13531Compartment, dendritic, 256Compartmental modeling, 8559, 13474Compatability, stimulus-response, 9376Compensation, 7156Competition, biased, 9805Competitive interaction, 9239Complement, 3220, 10177Complex

amygdaloid, 7674central, 10199dystrophin-glycoprotein, 333lateral occipital, 11695membrane attack, 10177pre-Botzinger, 2623, 11870tuberous sclerosis, 8048

Complex epilepsy, 1499Complex I, 5256Complex spike, 7741Component, spectral, 7779Component analysis

independent, 10222principal, 9860

Composition, subunit, 1749Compound, caged, 4891, 8633Compound eye, 13454Computation, 893, 1704, 9030

single-neuron, 3454Computational algorithm, 12861Computational model, 1314, 3667, 6153, 8176, 9761Computational neuroscience, 9673, 10958COMT. See Catechol-O-methyltransferaseConcanavalin A, 4118Concentration, extracellular potassium, 6153Conceptual priming, 926Conditional gene deletion, 13167Conditional knock-out, 10499

adenosine A2a receptor, 13548Cre-mediated Bmpr1a, 1896

Conditional knock-out mouse, 3169, 8428Conditional motor learning, 117Conditional mouse model, 5083Conditional sequence, 4111Conditional task, visuomotor, 2724Conditioned emotional response, 6573Conditioned flavor avoidance, 11442Conditioned place preference, 3010, 4956Conditioned response, 6583Conditioned taste aversion, 8800Conditioned withdrawal, 5894Conditioning, 908, 1199, 2443, 3791, 4139, 4970, 5484, 7163, 9512

classical, 5049, 5894, 6298, 8305, 8915, 13437contextual, 6603delay eyeblink, 8829eyeblink (See Eyeblink conditioning)eyelid, 12656fear, 1844, 1923, 5524, 6677, 6737, 8702, 9503, 9560, 10888,

12387, 12977H-reflex, 12537mediated, 8305operant, 2443, 6573

Pavlovian, 5894, 12700, 13556place, 6450thermal, 3899trace, 6062, 8702trace eyeblink, 8829

Conditioning lesion, 5565Conductance, 448, 4535

cationic, 10717membrane, 9084synaptic, 13537

Conduction, saltatory, 1854Cone, 5248

growth (See Growth cone)Cone opsin dual gradient, 12351Cone photoreceptor, 5800Cone weight, 12351Configural memory, 12186Configural processing, 2894Conflict, 2933

response, 4063, 5224Confocal imaging, 11870Confocal microscopy, 1088, 11624Congenital hypoventilation syndrome, central, 10305Congenital nystagmus, 9873Connection

horizontal, 7680, 9117intracortical, 13363

Connectivity, 1211, 5534, 9264, 13338corticocortical, 7452effective, 1945functional, 63, 13338neuronal, 3999resting, 13338

Connectivity-behavior correlation, 13338Connexin, 1739, 6190, 10984

Cx29, 1991Cx30, 5438Cx36, 2269, 3434Cx43, 5438Cx50, 11624

Connexin hemichannel, 1378Consciousness, 502, 948Consolidation, 1616, 4852, 5524, 9520, 11888, 12387, 12977,

13311memory, 7555, 12914

Constancy, color, 10826Constant light, 2531Constitutive activity, 3141Consummatory behavior, 217Context, 2933, 3154, 6603, 7468, 8715, 9239, 9503Contextual conditioning, 6603Contextual effect, 9117Contextual fear, 1616Contextual modulation, 8804Contingent negative variation, 5448Contour, 7581

illusory, 12043Contour grouping, 138Contraction

spontaneous, 2443tonic, 2443

Contrast, 2614, 3634Contrast cue, 4370Contrast gain control, 8715Contrast sensitivity, 11987Contrast tuning, 5301Control, 3642, 11313

arm movement, 9272attentional, 435of breathing, neural, 300central respiratory, 7230cognitive, 1429, 2424, 9805, 10120, 11239contrast gain, 8715directional motor, 5574executive, 4769feedback, 4922

fingertip force, 9015gain (See Gain control)impulse, 4638inhibitory, 3164, 6469, 7348locomotion, 1486motor (See Motor control)neuroendocrine, 6643sensorimotor, 1704translational, 12977visuomotor, 10883vocal-motor, 7105

Control groupage-matched, 10700reading ability-matched, 10700

Contusion injury, 9841Convergence, 6318Convulsion. See SeizureCoordinate frame, 1117Coordinate system, 7121Coordination

cognitive, 158eye-head, 4922long-range, 8168motor, 1470rhythm, 8477segmental, 1486

Copper, 4147Copy, efferent, 4188Core, nucleus accumbens, 6004Corepressor, nuclear receptor, 11474Cornea, 12512Corpus callosum, 882, 5840Correlated variability, 8254, 13338Correlation. See also Cross-correlation; Decorrelation

connectivity-behavior, 13338local spectral reverse, 3269reverse (See Reverse correlation)

Correlation-based learning, 5604Cortex, 345, 448, 873, 893, 1275, 1677, 1854, 2673, 3697, 4970,

5180, 5492, 5794, 5965, 6337, 6695, 8069, 8398, 8465,9404, 9593, 9956, 10091, 10100, 11138, 12266, 12717,13123. See also Neocortex

anterior cingulate, 4063, 7870, 11379association, 63auditory (See Auditory cortex)barrel, 3767, 5069, 7395, 8398, 8691, 9216, 10057cerebral, 2579, 2971, 4917, 5470, 5929, 5970, 6771, 6897, 7234,

7640, 9761, 10332, 10756, 11413, 11992, 12620, 13357cingulate (See Cingulate cortex)dorsal premotor, 2724dorsolateral prefrontal (See Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)dorsomedial prefrontal, 5224early auditory, 12260early visual, 3269, 3634, 4370, 12260entorhinal, 406, 429, 873, 2564, 2767, 3229, 4266, 4613, 11083,

11850extrastriate, 792, 11726frontal (See Frontal cortex)gustatory, 4126inferior frontal, 117inferotemporal (See Inferotemporal cortex)infralimbic, 5733intraparietal (See Intraparietal cortex)lateral intraparietal, 3731lateral occipital, 13128lateral orbitofrontal, 7870medial prefrontal, 4236, 5733, 6422, 8931, 9264, 9656, 13264motor, 2215, 5574, 5819, 6096, 7942, 9015, 12466, 13067occipital (See Occipital cortex)occipitotemporal, 6052orbital, 8368orbitofrontal (See Orbitofrontal cortex)parietal (See Parietal cortex)parieto-occipital, 7962perirhinal, 6761, 9162piriform, 4852, 6737, 9548, 12219


posterior inferotemporal, 8523posterior parietal, 117, 435, 6314, 9162, 9376prefrontal (See Prefrontal cortex)prelimbic, 2933, 5049, 13143premotor (See Premotor cortex)primary somatosensory, 5970primary visual, 138, 4826, 5965, 9117, 11987, 12789rewired auditory, 3021sensorimotor, 9272sensory, 4437somatosensory (See Somatosensory cortex)striate, 893, 5965, 9567temporal (See Temporal cortex)temporoparietal, 7328ventrolateral prefrontal, 13515ventromedial prefrontal, 4415, 8360, 9503, 11379visual (See Visual cortex)

Corti, organ of, 7659Cortical area, 5098, 5929Cortical circuit, 5574Cortical development, 4460, 11061Cortical dysplasia, 9404Cortical feedback, 180Cortical flattening, 7962Cortical function, motor, 5574Cortical hem, 7640Cortical lamination, 4460Cortical map, 2692, 3679, 10057Cortical neuron, 13344Cortical plasticity, 8025, 10667Cortical representation, 7477Corticocortical connectivity, 7452Corticospinal system, 4796, 12242Corticosterone, 6737, 8758, 9047, 11442, 12456Corticotectal dorsolateral prefrontal cortex neuron, 12471Corticotectal impulse, 2250Corticothalamic afferent, 4426Corticotropin-releasing factor, 3855, 11324, 12967Corticotropin-releasing factor/Corticotropin-releasing hormone,

5500Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor, 9142Corticotropin-releasing hormone, 2434, 4908Cortisol, 4415Cotransmitter, 6637Cotransporter

cation-chloride, 10407chloride, 13463potassium ion/chloride ion, 8943sodium-potassium-chloride, 1396

Coupling, 4206dye, 11624electrical, 3524, 8477G-protein (See G-protein-coupled)neurovascular, 4940, 13007sensorimotor, 1945

COX. See CyclooxygenaseCPEB. See Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding proteinCPG. See Central pattern generatorCPP. See Conditioned place preferenceCraving, 5894CRE. See Cyclic adenosine monophosphate response elementCre, nestin, 9593CREB. See Cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-

binding proteinCre genotoxicity, 9593c-Rel, 4870, 12896Cre-loxP, 10499Cre-loxP system, 2124CREM. See Cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element

modulatorCre-mediated conditional Bmpr1a knock-out, 1896Cre recombinase, 355, 655, 8609, 9593Crest, neural, 6651CRF. See Corticotropin-releasing factorCRH. See Corticotropin-releasing hormoneCricket, 10542

Critical period, 3899, 7368CRMP. See Collapsin response mediator proteinCross-correlation, 8101, 10141Cross-linking, disulfide, 4492Cross-modal information, 11844Cross-modal perception, 12260Cross-orientation suppression, 4826Cross talk, 8881Crowding, 9683Crustacean, 5910Cryptochrome, 2531Crystallography, 2852Crystal structure, 7650CSF, 7811CSPG. See Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycanCT-1. See Cardiotrophin-1xCT. See Cystine/glutamate exchangeC-terminal deletion, 2053C-terminal domain, 4835

amyloid intracellular, 6377C terminus of the heat shock cognate protein 70-interacting pro-

tein, 6985CTL. See Cytotoxic T lymphocyteCue, 9494

auditory, 12260contrast, 4370visual, 11347, 12260

Cue invariance, 4370, 11695Culture, 1199, 4118

cell, 1026, 5204hippocampal, 4526organotypic, 1531slice, 1913

Cumulative inactivation, 6238Cuneate nucleus, 4015Cuneiformis, 4437Cuprizone, 12672Current, 10100

A, 2010afterhyperpolarization, 9084�-aminobutyric acidergic inhibitory postsynaptic, 1795AMPA-excitatory postsynaptic, 5794A-type potassium ion, 12274calcium (See Calcium current)calcium ion (See Calcium ion current)calcium ion-activated nonspecific, 2474choline-induced, 9851excitatory postsynaptic (See Excitatory postsynaptic current)hyperpolarization-activated, 3229hyperpolarization-activated cation, 8559inhibitory postsynaptic (See Inhibitory postsynaptic current)M, 2053, 2599, 3757, 7950, 9084, 9340, 10253, 12325miniature excitatory postsynaptic, 86, 5456, 10043miniature inhibitory postsynaptic, 86persistent sodium, 3412, 3465, 8559postsynaptic (See Postsynaptic current)potassium ion (See Potassium ion current)presynaptic calcium ion, 1366proton-gated, 5800recurrent excitatory postsynaptic, 4095resurgent sodium, 1935, 3412slow excitatory postsynaptic, 6935sodium (See Sodium current)sodium ion, 10847T-type calcium, 2474, 6249

Current clamp, 12566Curvature, neurite, 8734Curve tracing, 138Cutaneous C-fiber innervation, 1953Cux1, 13273Cux2, 13273Cx. See ConnexinCXC. See ChemokineCyano-nitroquinoxaline, 7555Cyclase

adenylate (See Adenylate cyclase)

adenylyl (See Adenylyl cyclase)calmodulin-stimulated adenylyl, 8923guanylate, 4930guanylyl, 11513

Cyclase-activating polypeptide, pituitary adenylate, 12984Cycle, cell. See Cell cycle; Cell division cycleCyclic adenosine monophosphate, 742, 851, 862, 2419, 2692, 5393,

5565, 10209, 10480, 12118Cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase, 1138,

12807Cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway, 4624Cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding pro-

tein, 1065, 3335, 4509, 6259, 6450, 8235, 8320, 10082Cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding pro-

tein binding protein, 2830Cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding pro-

tein phosphorylation, 9548Cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element modulator,

8235Cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element recombinase,

8417Cyclic adenosine monophosphate transduction pathway, 6143Cyclic adenosine monophosphate using Epac, indicator of, 12807Cyclic guanosine monophosphate, 742, 4930, 7730, 11513Cyclic nucleotide, hyperpolarization-activated, 1677Cyclic nucleotide channel, hyperpolarization-activated, 7730Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel, 7811Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel, hyperpolarization-activated,

7995Cyclic nucleotide-phosphodiesterase, 12339Cyclic nucleotide-phosphodiesterase-enhanced green fluorescent

protein mouse, 9722Cyclin A, 775Cyclin D, 5402Cyclin-dependent kinase, 4329

Cdk5, 440, 2738, 10536Cycloheximide, 11811Cyclohexylcarbamic acid-carbamoyl biphenyl-yl ester, 13318Cyclooxygenase 2, 10209Cyclophilin D, 12314Cyclopiazonic acid, 9579Cypin, 10164Cysteine accessibility method, substituted, 2031, 12081, 13156Cysteine-rich domain, Asp-His-His-Cys-, 12758Cystine deprivation, 10514Cystine/glutamate exchange, 10514Cytoarchitecture, 757, 1913, 3679, 4455Cytochrome oxidase, 6062Cytochrome P450 17�-hydroxylase/c17,20-lyase, 6749Cytokine, 143, 662, 4752, 5565, 6823, 9512, 10709, 11652, 12174,

12633, 12642, 12826Cytokine signaling, suppressor of, 5143Cytomatrix. See Active zone cytomatrixCytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein, 7135Cytoskeleton, 757, 4054, 4586, 7139, 8502, 8734, 9293, 9881,

10006, 10633actin, 152, 5849, 7693

Cytosol, 9304Cytosolic factor 1, neutrophil, 12904Cytotoxic T lymphocyte, 4577

D

DA. See DopamineDab1. See Disabled-1DAGL. See Diacylglycerol lipaseDanio rerio. See ZebrafishDARPP. See Dopamine and cyclic adenosine monophosphate-

regulated phosphoproteinDAT. See Dopamine transporterDaytime sleep, 8976DCC. See Deleted in colorectal cancerDDI. See DidanosineDeacetylase, histone. See Histone deacetylaseDeactivation, task-induced, 13338Deafferentation, 1539, 8441, 9646


Deafness, 1260, 2060, 10188Deafwaddler, 7201Death, 8417

caspase-independent cell, 11644cell (See Cell death)neuronal (See Neuronal death)neuronal cell, 6985programmed cell, 542, 6851programmed neuronal, 12735

Death protein, Bcl-2-associated, 4481Decarboxylase

glutamate, 7093glutamic acid, 7093, 10667

Decarboxylase, aromatic amino acid, 6124Decision, 4917, 11379

tactile, 12596Decision-making, 3731, 6469, 8360, 8368, 8965, 9761, 10154,

13231Decision theory, statistical, 10154Declarative memory, 4546, 8976, 9520, 11304Declarative memory disorder model, 908Decoding, 8009Decomposition, 7791Decorrelation, 96Dedicated circuitry, 10925Deep brain stimulation, 841, 3589

high-frequency, 10768Deep cerebellar nucleus, 12656Default mode, 13338Default mode network, 10222Degeneration, 1343, 1516, 4054, 6364, 9365, 11287, 11397, 13279.

See also Neurodegenerationaxon, 9794frontotemporal lobar, 6354macular, 5411muscle, 810primary neural, 2115Purkinje neuron, 7839retinal, 1036, 11929, 12816Wallerian, 2124, 9794

Degradationproteasome, 5131, 6985protein, 4949, 13054

Dehydroepiandrosterone, 11034Dehydrogenase

glucose-6-phosphate, 450011�-hydroxysteroid, 3840

Dehydrotestosterone, 13384Deiminase, peptidylarginine, 11387Delay activity, 11726Delay cell, 4236Delay discounting, 13213Delayed alternation, 13143Delayed discrimination, 13231Delay eyeblink conditioning, 8829Delay period, 12479Deleted in colorectal cancer, 13328Deletion

conditional gene, 13167C-terminal, 2053

Delivery, biolistic, 6119Delta brush, 6728� receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase, 5872� subunit, 1499Deltex1, 3102Deltorphin, 953Dementia, 6069

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 6771semantic, 5198

Demyelination, 1803, 3109, 4383, 10984, 12672Dendrimer, plasmid/arginine-grafted polyamidoamine, 6413Dendrite, 30, 1154, 1767, 2088, 2971, 3002, 4630, 6496, 7131,

7143, 7424, 7870, 7995, 8267, 8339, 8559, 9780, 10420,10590, 10631, 11413, 12137, 12143, 12397, 12717, 13390,13474

apical, 4394

Dendrite branching, 10164Dendrite growth, 7189Dendrite outgrowth, 10916Dendritic action potential, 30Dendritic arborization, 5733Dendritic compartment, 256Dendritic development, 12956Dendritic filopodia, 1776Dendritic guidance, 13328Dendritic localization, 7131Dendritic morphology, 13287Dendritic plasticity, 5248Dendritic regression, 1531Dendritic shaft, 4586Dendritic spike, 5428, 6704, 12717Dendritic spine, 1813, 3021, 3245, 7151, 7820, 8183, 11249Dendritic tagging, 256Dendrodendritic synapse, 3292Denervation, 8774, 10856DENN. See Differentially expressed in neoplastic versus normal cellDense core vesicle, 10911

large, 8999Density. See also Low-density

neuronal, 7674postsynaptic (See Postsynaptic density)

Dentate gyrus, 671, 1128, 2326, 3514, 4095, 4701, 11637, 11850,12237, 13437

Dentate gyrus hippocampus, 9130Dependence, 398, 4624, 12374. See also individual types, e.g.

Activity-dependencecalcium, 372calcium ion, 12544state, 3505task, 10524temperature, 6945

Depolarization, 1138, 11881Depolarization-induced suppression of excitation, 5428, 9935Depolarizing �-aminobutyric acid, 2326Depolarizing potential, giant, 2326Depotentiation, 8892Depression, 530, 1571, 5500, 5554, 5786, 8235, 12198, 12609,

12664excitatory postsynaptic current, 10488heterosynaptic, 5370long-term, 319, 1128, 1199, 1721, 1923, 2380, 2391, 2544,

3561, 3626, 3745, 4004, 4155, 4166, 4198, 4803, 4820,4870, 5153, 5628, 6089, 6269, 6610, 7147, 7181, 7723,8289, 10270, 11001, 11811, 12362, 12456

paired-pulse, 372synaptic, 841, 2250, 4826, 6968, 12427

Depressive disorder, major, 1864Deprivation, 9135

cystine, 10514monocular, 1057, 7368oxygen-glucose, 1396sensory, 8451sleep, 3037, 9426, 12456trophic factor, 8512visual, 2951

Deprivation effect, alcohol, 1231Depth perception, stereoscopic, 9098Dermis, 6651Descending, 559Descending inhibitory system, 1787Desensitization, 5750, 7650, 9902, 10033. See also

Sensitivity/SensitizationAMPA receptor, 1366

Desynchronization, 479internal, 2531

Detection, 7933burst, 6935coincidence, 96, 279, 3002, 8787, 9084edge, 13250motion, 2881predator, 10542

Detoxification enzyme, phase 2, 10514

Development, 233, 530, 862, 1355, 1366, 1539, 2041, 2207, 2326,2798, 2956, 3021, 3045, 3256, 4178, 4567, 4630, 5017,5190, 5393, 5470, 5511, 5554, 6031, 6040, 6269, 6728,6885, 7116, 7172, 8398, 8691, 9282, 10253, 10438, 10813,11239, 11257, 11562, 11720, 12294, 12620, 12781, 12873,13076, 13297, 13413

activity-dependent, 12807brain, 345, 355, 6082, 6897, 10376, 10407central nervous system, 7826cerebellar, 742, 1896, 11682cortical, 4460, 11061dendritic, 12956human forebrain, 6897mouse, 882neural, 5684neuronal, 3, 13344synaptic, 5117therapeutic, 9439visual, 1057

Developmental disorder, 345Developmental plasticity, 5698, 10358Dexras1, 12984Dexterous manipulation, 9015Dextran, 3130DGC. See Dystrophin-glycoprotein complexDGL. See Diacylglycerol lipaseDHEA. See DehydroepiandrosteroneDHHC. See Asp-His-His-CysDHPG. See DihydroxyphenylglycineDiabetes, 11287Diacylglycerol, 3404Diacylglycerol lipase, 4740, 5628Diagram, timing, 8965Dialysis. See MicrodialysisDiaphragm, 5739Dicer, 5727Didanosine, 10299Dideoxynucleoside, 10299Diencephalon, 9282Difference/Differentiation, 328, 550, 1107, 1531, 2207, 2820,

10658, 10967, 11682, 12781cell, 9722gender, 4908, 5500individual, 13213interaural level, 3889interaural time, 3889, 5948neuronal, 5955, 11532postsynaptic, 4256sex, 5777, 13048

Differential gene expression, 7234Differentially expressed in neoplastic versus normal cell domain,

13202Difficulty

encoding, 8976task, 8965

Diffuse traumatic brain injury, 3130Diffusion, 8866, 12602

lateral, 7046, 8502membrane, 12362restricted, 9609

Diffusion model, 8965Diffusion tensor imaging, 355, 7007Dihydrostreptomycin, 2757Dihydrotestosterone, 1448Dihydroxyphenylglycine, 6089Dilation, pupil, 4415Dimer interface, 10033dimmed, 7860Dimorphism

sexual, 1439, 8734Dinucleotide, nicotinamide adenine, 9794Dipeptide, 3335Direction, head. See Head directionDirectional motor control, 5574Directional tuning, 2941, 7791Direction discrimination, 11726


Direct touch, 5582Disabled-1, 1646, 1767, 6924, 13357Disambiguation, sequence, 13143Discharge

interictal epileptiform, 7082spike-wave, 6813

Discounting, delay, 13213Discrimination, 5198, 6791, 7491, 8900

delayed, 13231direction, 11726disparity, 9567familiarity, 3561object, 7547, 10524odor, 9892scene, 7547sensory, 1314shape, 12043tactile, 3767, 12596touch, 8009visual, 6589

Discrimination learning, 8810Discrimination task, 96Disease-modifying pathway, 10349Dismutase, superoxide. See Superoxide dismutaseDisorganization, cognitive, 158Disparity

binocular, 6791, 7581, 9567relative, 9098

Disparity discrimination, 9567Disruption, membrane, 3130Distal-less homeobox 2, 5383Distance metrics, spike, 3889Disulfide bond, 4147Disulfide cross-linking, 4492Diurnality, sleep, 9426dLGN. See Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleusDlx. See Distal-less homeoboxDNA damage, 41, 8819DNA damage response, 7767DNA end joining, nonhomologous, 5524DNA ligase, 5524DNA polymerase-�, 10949DNA recombination, 5524DNA repair, 10949DNA replication, 10949DOCK7, 10633Domain

amyloid intracellular C-terminal, 6377Asp-His-His-Cys-cysteine-rich, 12758Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs, 2380C-terminal, 4835differentially expressed in neoplastic versus normal cell, 13202IQ, 10777LMO4, 8398postsynaptic density 95/disc large/zonula occludens-1, 763,

2174, 2300, 2380postsynaptic density 95/disc large/zonula occludens-1 binding,

8115subunit agonist binding, 10033

Dominance, ocular. See Ocular dominanceDopamine, 193, 290, 440, 535, 1407, 1457, 2321, 2645, 3164, 3206,

3229, 3731, 3805, 3875, 3918, 3942, 4681, 4803, 5360,6004, 6124, 7222, 7723, 8368, 8531, 8549, 9022, 9196,9750, 10043, 10372, 10577, 10789, 11072, 11230, 12266,12374, 12921

Dopamine and cyclic adenosine monophosphate-regulated phos-phoprotein 32, 2645, 9434

Dopamine D1 antagonist, 4236Dopamine neuron, 5240Dopamine receptor, 2798, 4567, 4690, 8653

D1, 3855, 13287D2, 5240, 6583, 10789D3, 1457, 2513, 7272

Dopaminergic neuron, 2798, 4567, 9530, 12127midbrain, 11644nigrostriatal, 4500

Dopaminergic receptor, 12308Dopamine transporter, 1407, 3918, 8195, 9010Dorsal column, 4406Dorsal hippocampus, 6603Dorsal horn, 1833, 4308, 6330, 10646

spinal, 851Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, 12873Dorsal premotor cortex, 2724Dorsal raphe nucleus, 193, 10387, 13264Dorsal raphe nucleus neuron, 5554Dorsal root ganglion, 246, 508, 953, 1281, 3396, 3551, 3798, 3864,

7281, 7984, 8332, 8484, 8578, 10847Dorsal root ganglion neuron, 9743Dorsal stream, 3679, 8176Dorsal striatum, 3584Dorsal visual stream, 7962Dorsolateral pons, 300Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 916, 3918, 4236, 4769, 6469, 7348,

8368, 9629, 12596Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex neuron, corticotectal, 12471Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, 5224Dot, quantam, 1893Dot tracking, quantum, 9609Double-opponent, 10826Double-stranded stem loop structure, 5204DRG. See Dorsal root ganglionDRN. See Dorsal raphe nucleusDroso, 9293Drosophila, 333, 479, 573, 2369, 4004, 5534, 7245, 7860, 8570,

8943, 10199, 11267, 12283, 12408, 12816Drosophila melanogaster, 6143Drosophila visual system, 3999Drug abuse, 3164, 4624, 8235Drug addiction, 3210DSE. See Depolarization-induced suppression of excitationDSI, 5628DTI. See Diffusion tensor imagingDTX. See DeltexDual gradient, cone opsin, 12351Dual oscillator, 2531Dual process, 1979Dye coupling, 11624Dynactin, 12106Dynamic

neural, 3667presynaptic calcium ion, 6238

Dynamical interaction, 9272Dynamic clamp, 2010, 2215, 4247Dynamic grouping, 158Dynamic system, 1314Dynamic tuning, 11763Dynamin, 2513, 4318, 5028Dynein, 2132Dynorphin, 8653, 11665Dysfunction, cell, 8160Dyskinesia, 2914, 9448, 10768Dyslexia, 10700, 11131Dysplasia, cortical, 9404Dystonia, focal, 716Dystrophic neuritis, 6533Dystrophic swelling, axonal, 8057Dystrophin, 333, 2841Dystrophin-glycoprotein complex, 333Dystrophy, muscular, 2841

E

EAAC. See Excitatory amino acid carrierEAAT. See Excitatory amino acid transporterEAE. See Encephalomyelitis; Experimental autoimmune

encephalomyelitisEar, 550

inner, 2147, 5265, 6181, 6190, 10188, 10438Early auditory cortex, 12260Early gene. See Immediate-early geneEarly growth response

Egr-1, 1624, 9010Egr-4, 13463

Early life stress, 4638Early long-term potentiation, 3951Early visual cortex, 3269, 3634, 4370, 12260Early visual pathway, 11763EBA. See Extrastriate body area4EBP, 7147C/EBP, 7919Ecdysone, 8734Echolocation, 785, 1704, 4860Echo-planar imaging, 6330ECM. See Extracellular matrixEC-SOD. See Extracellular superoxide dismutaseEctoderm, 2820Ectodomain shedding, 51Ectopic expression, 6119Ectopic synaptogenesis, 5248Ectosylvian sulcus, anterior, 11844Edge detection, 13250EEG. See ElectroencephalographyE2F. See E2 promoter binding factorEFA6A. See Exchange factor, for afterdepolarization-ribosylation

factor 6Effect

alcohol deprivation, 1231anxiolytic, 9967cerebrovascular, 11522contextual, 9117Franssen, 9820muscarinic, 2215nocebo, 12014off-target, 7820old/new, 7523refractory, 4046subsequent memory, 7523

Effective connectivity, 1945Efferent, 10315, 13076

vestibular, 13180Efferent copy, 4188Efferent inhibition, 9482Efficacy, postsynaptic, 6337EGF. See Epidermal growth factorEGFP. See Enhanced green fluorescent proteinEgr. See Early growth responseE/I. See Excitatory to inhibitoryElectrical coupling, 3524, 8477Electrical neuroimaging, 1293Electrical resonance, 12526Electrical stimulation, 873, 5492, 12885Electric fish, 9173Electrochemistry, intracellular patch, 9304Electroencephalography, 502, 821, 1979, 2474, 5448, 5665, 7523,

8168, 8965, 8976, 10472, 12587Electrogenesis, calcium, 10420Electromotility, 12727Electromyography, 6518, 7791Electron microscopy, 1749, 4198, 4289, 5017, 5511, 6364, 8040,

12487Electron transport chain, 5256Electro-olfactogram, 7707Electrophoretic mobility shift assay, 13463Electrophysiological mapping, 10667Electrophysiology, 1906, 2022, 2714, 2871, 4118, 4126, 4613,

4891, 6458, 7380, 8004, 8633, 9069, 9639, 10362, 11052,11454, 11462, 12033, 12308, 13318

patch clamp, 7811Electroreceptor, 8221Electroretinogram, 2841, 7201, 13523Electrosensory stimulus, 9173Electrostatic interaction, 2031Elevated plus maze, 6031Elk-1, 10020Embodiment, 8074Embryo, 542, 13413

mouse, 8909


Embryonic cerebellar anlage, 12226Embryonic stem cell, 6803, 11532Embryonic stem cell-derived neuron, 6968EMG. See ElectromyographyEminence, medial ganglionic, 7380Eminentia thalami, 9282Emission tomography, positron. See Positron emission tomographyEmotion, 2564, 5484, 6422, 7416, 7718, 8915, 9264, 10120, 11454,

11501, 12165, 13067Emotional-cognitive interaction, 2072Emotional interference, 2072Emotional learning, 6458Emotional response, conditioned, 6573Emotion regulation, 4415Empathy, 11454Enantiomer, 9892Encephalomyelitis, experimental autoimmune, 6823Encephalopathy, hepatic, 4774Encoding, 792, 916, 2564, 11023. See also Code/Coding

episodic, 9162Encoding difficulty, 8976End joining, nonhomologous DNA, 5524Endocannabinoid, 4166, 4740, 5428, 6643, 6677, 6841, 8829,

11811, 13318Endocytic pathway, 1596Endocytosis, 3030, 4277, 6386, 6668, 8195, 9902, 11575, 13202

exocytosis/, 12362Endogenous input, 9239Endomorphin, 4350Endophilin, 13202Endoplasmic reticulum, 311, 3482, 12127Endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion-ATPase, sarco-, 311Endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration, 12127Endoplasmic reticulum exit, 11220Endoplasmic reticulum-retention, 7014Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport, 542Endosome, 4277, 12838Endothelial cell, 7730, 11513

cerebral, 2290mouse brain, 5996

Endothelial growth factor, vascular, 12439Endothelial nitric oxide synthase, 12672Endplate, 8983, 13493Energy, 7116Energy homeostasis, 389, 6643Energy metabolism, 13123Energy transfer. See Fluorescence resonance energy transferEnhanced green fluorescent protein

tyrosine kinase B-, 11487VAMP-, 10813

Enhanced yellow fluorescent protein, 13123Enhancement

frequency-dependent, 6238muscarinic, 6249

Enkephalin, 8653Enrichment, environmental, 6230Ensemble

neural, 12415neuronal, 5574

Ensemble recording, 622Ensemble unit recording, 8025Ensheathing cell, olfactory, 5347, 11120Enteric nervous system, 2798Entorhinal cortex, 406, 429, 873, 2564, 2767, 3229, 4266, 4613,

11083, 11850Entrainment, 6406, 12984Environment, tumor, 6781Environmental enrichment, 6230Enzyme, phase 2 detoxification, 10514Eomes, 9184Epac, indicator of cyclic adenosine monophosphate using, 12807Eph, 3087, 11575, 12152EphB, 8909Eph receptor, 882Ephrin, 862, 882, 3087, 3474, 11575, 12152, 12873Ephrin-A2, 10868

Ephrin-B, 8909EPI. See Echo-planar imagingEpidermal growth factor, 971Epidermal growth factor receptor, 4277, 7532, 12748Epigenetic modification, 1864Epigenetics, 319Epilepsy, 1088, 2599, 2714, 3757, 4095, 4891, 5750, 6249, 6813,

7995, 8943, 9312, 10100, 10756, 10958, 11342, 12447absence, 4247, 8600chronic, 406complex, 1499mesio-temporal lobe, 4701temporal lobe (See Temporal lobe epilepsy)

Epileptiform activity, 9312Epileptiform discharge, interictal, 7082Epileptiform event, 5438Epileptogenesis, 8295, 11083Episodic encoding, 9162Episodic-like memory, 4071Episodic memory, 926, 1407, 3154, 7523Epithelium, olfactory, 9902

main, 1961Epitope tag, hemagglutinin, 8195EPO. See ErythropoietinE2 promoter binding factor 1, 12003EPSC. See Excitatory postsynaptic currentEPSP. See Excitatory postsynaptic potentialER. See Endoplasmic reticulumErbB, 655, 3102ErbB receptor, 6873, 11295ERC, 963ERG. See Electroretinogram; Ether-a-go-go-related geneErg channel, 10253ERK. See Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; Extracellular signal-

regulated protein kinaseERM. See Ezrin-Radixin-MoesinERN. See Error-related negativityERP. See Event-related potentialError, prediction, 3791, 4036, 6077, 9530Error monitoring, 7156Error-related activity, 2745Error-related negativity, 4063Erythermalgia, 12566Erythropoietin, 1269, 9471

recombinant human, 5996Erythropoietin receptor, 1269ES cell. See Embryonic stem cellESCRT. See Endosomal sorting complexes required for transportEssential tremor, 841Ester, cyclohexylcarbamic acid-carbamoyl biphenyl-yl, 13318Estradiol, 1439, 2571, 4908, 8126, 8517, 10332, 11637Estrogen, 1439, 4104, 4908, 6687, 6823, 8126, 11637Estrogen receptor, 1448, 9439Estrogen regulation, 11072Estrogen signaling, 9439Estrogen therapy, 9439Ethanol, 1906, 11324Ethanol relapse, 1231Ether-a-go-go-related gene-like potassium ion channel, 169N-Ethylmaleimide, 1795EtOH. See EthanolEtomidate, 3713, 11599Event

epileptiform, 5438spontaneous synaptic, 597

Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, 792, 4769Event-related potential, 926, 1293, 1979, 12043Evoked potential, 8409

auditory, 1293steady-state visual-, 4940

Evoked response, 4046Evolutionary trace analysis, 12727Exchange

sodium calcium, 8183sodium ion/hydrogen ion, 9944

Exchange factor

for afterdepolarization-ribosylation factor 6, 4811guanine nucleotide, 12397

Excitability, 573, 3465, 4509, 4891, 10100, 10362, 11961, 12137,12308

cell, 7513presynaptic, 6979

Excitation, 5920, 11881, 12198depolarization-induced suppression of, 5428, 9935

Excitatory amino acid carrier 1, 10461Excitatory amino acid transporter 1, 7659Excitatory feedback

cholinergic, 5920glutamatergic, 5920

Excitatory postsynaptic current, 210, 708, 4763, 6563, 6618AMPA-, 5794miniature, 86, 5456, 10043recurrent, 4095slow, 6935

Excitatory postsynaptic current depression, 10488Excitatory postsynaptic potential, 11938

field, 12427Excitatory postsynaptic potential summation, 3002Excitatory spinal interneuron, 8477Excitatory synapse, 2991, 7131, 12274Excitatory to inhibitory balance, 7189Excitatory transmission, 3210Excitotoxic lesion, 4111Excitotoxic sensitization, 10177Excitotoxin/Excitotoxicity, 2241, 2956, 3541, 4985, 5978, 7035,

7502, 11174, 11798Execution, 186Executive control, 4769Executive function, 4236Exit, endoplasmic reticulum, 11220Exocytosis, 632, 1239, 1303, 1366, 2000, 2197, 3030, 4630, 5863,

6668, 8040, 10599, 11606, 11915, 12544Exocytosis/endocytosis, 12362Exogenous input, 9239Expectancy, 381Expectancy manipulation, 381Expectation, 4519Experience, 10508

novel, 10727Experience-dependence, 7575Experience-dependent plasticity, 4155, 11775Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, 6823, 9794Experimental parkinsonism, 4500, 7222Expertise, 11187Explained variance, 10727Explicit memory, 792Expression

activity-dependent gene, 13463differential gene, 7234ectopic, 6119gene (See Gene expression)glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, 2981serial analysis of gene, 7234surface, 7014vocal, 13067

Expression profile, 12544Extended amygdala, 3210Extension, neurite, 10624External granular layer, 1896External tufted cell, 11257Extinction, 1872, 3584, 5767, 8800, 8892, 9503, 9560, 10051,

12700fear, 5733, 6573

Extinction memory, 9503Extracellular matrix, 508, 1923, 3491, 4082, 4406, 7405, 9841Extracellular potassium concentration, 6153Extracellular recording, 4444, 5720, 6458, 8857Extracellular signal-regulated kinase, 851, 2167, 4567, 5810, 7147

ERK1/2, 4481, 4820, 10808, 13556Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, 8680Extracellular single-unit recording, 10292Extracellular superoxide dismutase, 3933


Extrajunctional acetylcholine receptor, 8983Extrastriate area, 6589, 6791, 7779, 7962, 9683Extrastriate body area, 8074Extrastriate cortex, 792, 11726Extrasynaptic inhibition, 3357Extrusion, calcium, 8183Ex vivo, 12456Eye, 2732

compound, 13454Eyeblink, 1077, 5049, 10569Eyeblink conditioning, 1562

delay, 8829trace, 8829

Eye fieldfrontal, 458, 4228, 6354supplementary, 458, 6354, 13515

Eye-head coordination, 4922Eyelid conditioning, 12656Eye movement, 12, 458, 564, 1117, 4519, 4763, 5965, 11304,

13515. See also Rapid eye movementpursuit, 5616

Eye-wipe, 8126eYFP. See Enhanced yellow fluorescent proteinEzrin-Radixin-Moesin protein, 757

F

Face, 10569, 10646, 11138Face memory, 926Facial nucleus, 1516Facilitation, 5786, 6968

paired-pulse, 10796Factor

actin depolymerizing factor/cofilin, 6533activating transcription factor 2, 9462ARF (See Afterdepolarization-ribosylation factor)basic fibroblast growth, 4481basic helix-loop-helix, 11948basic helix-loop-helix transcription, 1275brain-derived neurotrophic, 1457, 3899, 5288, 5709, 8320,

9250, 9646, 10911, 10916, 11041, 11487, 11637, 13218,13531

ciliary neurotrophic, 1823, 5978, 12089, 13523corticotropin-releasing (See Corticotropin-releasing factor)epidermal growth (See Epidermal growth factor)exchange (See Exchange factor)Fas-associated, 2403fibroblast growth (See Fibroblast growth factor)GDNF (See Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor)glial growth, 6873growth (See Growth factor)guanine nucleotide exchange, 12397hypoxia inducible, 9471nerve growth, 2923, 3798, 5288, 7281, 8588, 9646, 10847,

11974neurotrophic (See Neurotrophic factor)neutrophil cytosolic factor 1, 12904nuclear (See Nuclear factor)platelet-derived growth, 6781stem cell, 12497transcription (See Transcription factor)trophic (See Trophic factor)tumor necrosis (See Tumor necrosis factor)vascular endothelial growth (See Vascular endothelial growth

factor)FAF. See Fasciclin-associated factorFailure, history of, 2745FAK. See Focal adhesion kinaseFamiliarity, 926Familiarity discrimination, 3561Fas. See FasciclinFasciclin, 3299Fasciclin-associated death domain-like interleukin-1�-converting

enzyme-inhibitory protein, cellular, 3299Fasciclin-associated factor 1, 2403FasL. See Fibroblast-associated cell-surface ligand

Fastigial nucleus, 3066Fasting, 241Fast-spiking interneuron, 1219Fate

�-aminobutyric acidergic, 5955cell, 4082glutamatergic, 5955laminar, 13218

Fatigue, 4796Fatty acid, omega-3, 4672Fear, 6573, 7718, 8892, 8915, 11881, 12700, 13556

contextual, 1616unconditioned, 233

Fear conditioning, 1844, 1923, 5524, 6677, 6737, 8702, 9503, 9560,10888, 12387, 12977

Fear extinction, 5733, 6573Fear memory, 5767

trace, 8923Fear potentiated startle, 10387Feature, spatial, 4465Febrile seizure, 2590Febrile seizure plus, generalized epilepsy with, 2714, 10958Feedback, 4026, 10315

cholinergic excitatory, 5920cortical, 180glutamatergic excitatory, 5920top-down, 9117visual, 10368

Feedback control, 4922Feedback regulation, 11961Feedback representation, 2745Feedforward, 11763Feedforward inhibition, 1219, 3056Feeding, 1470, 2022, 10743, 13037

potentiation of, 7163Feeding behavior, 7056FEF. See Frontal eye fieldFeline immunodeficiency virus, 3396Female puberty, 51, 13167Ferret, 1057Fetal alcohol syndrome, 1057FGF. See Fibroblast growth factorFiber

climbing, 2278, 6563, 7741mossy (See Mossy fiber)parallel, 3245, 3626, 8289, 11786Rosenthal, 11162

Fiber circuit, giant, 2369Fiber tract, 355Fibril, 3942

amyloid, 8160Fibroblast-associated cell-surface ligand, 2467Fibroblast growth factor, 12339

basic, 4481FGF20, 9750

Fibroblast growth factor receptor, 12339Fibronectin, 3829Fictive locomotion, 1486Fidelity, temporal, 5698Field

eye (See Eye field)force, 7121frontal eye, 458, 4228, 6354large-field visual motion, 5301local (See Local field)place, 13485receptive (See Receptive field)supplementary eye, 458, 6354, 13515vector, 13567vibrissal receptive, 10548

Field excitatory postsynaptic potential, 12427Figure/ground, 11695Filament, intermediate, 10006. See also NeurofilamentFilling-in, 3634Filopodia, 934, 4811, 11249

dendritic, 1776

Filtersize, 13156synaptic, 6945

Finch, 9619zebra, 7390, 9010, 10376

Finger, 2260Fingertip force control, 9015Firing

burst, 9038, 11072rebound burst, 11072spontaneous, 12576

First-order conditional sequence, 4111FISH. See Fluorescent in situ hybridizationFish, electric, 9173FIV. See Feline immunodeficiency virusFixation, head, 7933Fixed ratio schedule, 4126FK506. See TacrolimusFKHR. See Forkhead in rhabdomyosarcomaFlattening, cortical, 7962Flavoprotein, 8377, 11775Flavor avoidance, conditioned, 11442Flexibility, cognitive, 2449Flicker, 4940Flight, 1704Flight pattern, 8278Flip/flop splice variant, 11220Floor plate, 8909Flow

blood (See Blood flow)cerebral blood, 3045, 11821optic, 73, 5616

Fluctuation analysis, nonstationary, 1677Flumazenil, 3357Flunitrazepam, 3357Fluo-4, 9579Fluorescence, 10430, 11775Fluorescence microscopy, 2313, 4630, 9609Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, 6190, 7597Fluorescence resonance energy transfer, 2391, 3390, 7597Fluorescence resonance energy transfer two-hybrid, 10677Fluorescent in situ hybridization, 775Fluorescent ligand, 953Fluorescent-peptide, 4118Fluorescent protein. See Green fluorescent protein; Yellow fluores-

cent proteinFluoZin-3, 6089Flutter vibration, 13231FM1– 43, 2197FM assay, 11333fMR. See Functional magnetic resonanceFmr1 knock-out mouse, 7151FMRP. See Fragile X mental retardation proteinFOC. See First-order conditionalFocal adhesion kinase, 9743Focal dystonia, 716Food, 4956Food intake, 10043, 11052Force control, fingertip, 9015Force field, 7121Forebrain, 1971, 11371

basal, 1588, 7756, 8092Forebrain development, human, 6897Forelimb, 2215Forkhead, 7390, 10376Forkhead box P2, 10376Forkhead in rhabdomyosarcoma L1, 2290Formalin test, 1953Formation

axon, 9462, 10633brainstem reticular, 4426medial pontine reticular, 8931memory, 2808, 6069, 11637pontine reticular, 4922reticular (See Reticular formation)synapse, 6439, 10813


Fornix lesion, 1507Forskolin, 6728Forward model, 4188Fos, 7555, 11442, 12967FosB, 5131FosB2, 51314EBP, 714714 –3–3 protein, 9153Foveal strategy, 564FOXP2. See Forkhead box P2FQ, orphanin, 13048Fraction, Weber, 12596Fragile X mental retardation protein, 2413, 5727, 7135, 7147, 7151Fragile X syndrome, 2184Fragment/Fragmentation

axon, 355single-chain variable, 11923

Framecoordinate, 1117reference, 5616

Franssen effect, 9820FRAP. See Fluorescence recovery after photobleachingFreely moving rat, 8025Free recall, 9162Free viewing, 3656Freezing, 233, 10888

high-pressure, 8040Frequency

quantal, 12647spatial, 2941, 3269spatiotemporal, 11987

Frequency adaptation, spike, 2053Frequency-dependent enhancement, 6238Frequency response, 3767Frequency tuning, 6181FRET. See Fluorescence resonance energy transferFrizzled, 5265

Fz3, 355Frontal cortex, 2424, 2704, 4394, 9805, 10472

inferior, 117orbital, 4852, 6885

Frontal eye field, 458, 4228, 6354Frontal gyrus, inferior, 6282, 7629Frontal lobe, 7305, 11138Frontotemporal lobar degeneration, 6354FS. See Fast-spikingFunction

executive, 4236hippocampal, 6069, 6518, 11637mitochondrial, 109motor cortical, 5574transfer, 11462

Functional architecture, 7680Functional brain imaging, 6422, 9264Functional connectivity, 63, 13338Functional imaging, 5929, 9629Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 63, 117, 180, 186, 273,

435, 821, 916, 1133, 1211, 1407, 1429, 1945, 2424, 2564,2704, 2724, 3532, 3634, 3783, 4063, 4465, 4917, 5098,5492, 5819, 5965, 5990, 6069, 6096, 6330, 6399, 6523,6897, 7265, 7416, 7491, 7629, 8360, 8409, 8804, 8915,9530, 9736, 10120, 10222, 10700, 11187, 11379, 11501,12260, 12596, 13025, 13067, 13128, 13194, 13231, 13338

blood oxygenation level-dependent, 6330event-related, 792, 4769

Functional neuroimaging, 7156Functional recovery, 7849, 11532, 13007Functional specialization, 8647Fura-2, 6958Furosemide, 1396Fusiform, 13025Fusiform gyrus, 792, 7328Fusion

cell, 11413membrane, 5456spontaneous, 6668

Fusion pore, 3030Fusion pore kinetics, 372Fyn, 2971Fz. See Frizzled

G

GABA. See Aminobutyric acidGABAergic. See Aminobutyric acidergicGabapentin, 8748GAD. See Glutamic acid decarboxylaseGain, 458, 1677, 8787Gain control, 3959, 7607

contrast, 8715Gain modulation, reflex, 9272Gait perception, human, 2894G�q-coupled receptor, 5059Gamma, 490�2(K289M), 2590�2(Q351X), 2590�2(R43Q), 2590�2 subunit, 2590Gamma oscillation, 2767, 9923G93A mouse, 2467Ganglion, 8243

basal, 716, 3875, 5360, 6318, 6422, 6695, 6771, 7222, 7390,8101, 9010, 9448, 10376, 12266, 12885, 13167, 13548

dorsal root (See Dorsal root ganglion)nodose, 10911spiral (See Spiral ganglion)stomatogastric, 5910superior cervical (See Superior cervical ganglion)trigeminal, 7933, 8126, 9216, 12512

Ganglion cell, 4206, 5028brisk-transient, 12351midget, 3908retinal (See Retinal ganglion cell)

Ganglionic eminence, medial, 7380Gap, 4519Gap junction, 1260, 1991, 3434, 4206, 5008, 6190, 10984, 11624Gap junction blocker, 1378Gap junction-mediated transmission, 8477Gas6. See Growth arrest-specific protein 6Gastric mechanoreceptor, 11052Gastric system, 9666Gastrointestinal transit time, 2798GAT. See Aminobutyric acid transporterGating, 217, 2852, 4559, 5750, 7650. See also specific type, e.g.

Voltage-gatedGaussian chain, 4526Gaze, 4922GC. See Ganglion cellGDNF. See Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factorGEFS�. See Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizure plusGelatinase A, 9841Gender, 535Gender difference, 4908, 5500Gene, 6431, 9771. See also Transgene/Transgenics

ALS2, 11798homeobox, 13167immediate-early, 1507, 1616, 10020, 12237modifier, 5756myelin, 9722period, 6406regenerating, 7460S100B, 6873susceptibility, 1499

Gene array, 4577Gene deletion, conditional, 13167Gene expression, 1065, 5673, 8578, 9196, 9471, 9656, 13287

activity-dependent, 13463differential, 7234serial analysis of, 7234

Gene expression microarray, 6031Gene gun, 6119, 6172Gene microarray, 7532

Gene ontology, 11083Gene profiling, 9722Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizure plus, 2714, 10958Generalized linear model, 4126Generator/Generation

central pattern, 991, 3505, 5320, 8838, 9107, 10925, 12294pattern (See Pattern generator/generation)rhythm, 2623, 4026vocal pattern, 7105

Gene regulation, 4985Gene-related peptide, calcitonin, 8332Gene targeting, 1386, 3245, 12242Gene therapy, 4500, 9713, 11342Genetic background, 5756Genetic polymorphism, 12609Genetics, 2808, 5470, 6893, 6897, 8943, 10235, 10380

behavioral, 9873Genetic vulnerability, 1872Gene transfer, 5008

viral, 109, 4624Geniculate, 8243Genomic imprinting, 5383Genomics, 10967Genotoxicity, Cre, 9593Gephyrin, 4256Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, 12408Gestalt perception, 8168GFAP. See Glial fibrillary acidic proteinGFP. See Green fluorescent proteinGGA1. See Golgi-localized �-ear-containing afterdepolarization-

ribosylation factor binding protein 1GGF. See Glial growth factorGhrelin, 2022Giant depolarizing potential, 2326Giant fiber circuit, 2369Gill withdrawal, 2443GIRK. See G-protein inwardly rectifying potassiumGLAST. See Glutamate-aspartate transporterGlaucoma, 11903, 12633Gli3. See Glioma-associated oncogene homologGlia, 662, 1107, 1378, 1893, 2862, 3102, 3551, 5673, 6364, 8881,

9312. See also MicrogliaBergmann, 2278, 9579Muller, 6303neuron-glia interaction, 6958peripheral, 3319radial, 1551, 11562

Glial cell, radial, 1045Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, 3335, 8588, 9646, 11230Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor expression, 2981Glial fibrillary acidic protein, 4930, 8609, 9841, 11162Glial fibrillary acidic protein-green fluorescent protein mouse, 2673Glial growth factor, 6873Glial scar, 4729Glial septate junction, 3319Glial wedge, 882Glioblastoma multiforme, 6781Gliogenesis, 4082Glioma-associated oncogene homolog, 9282Global cerebral ischemia, 7974Global ischemia, 6851Globus pallidus, 6318, 6554, 8653, 12921Glomerulus, 3367, 11709Glossopharyngeal neuron, 9482GLS. See GlutaminaseGLT. See Glutamate transporterGlucocorticoid, 3813, 3840, 5402, 6643, 9047, 9560, 11637, 12967Glucocorticoid receptor, 1971, 3951, 9130Glucose, 8048Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 4500Glucose uptake, 5978GluR. See Glutamate receptorGlutamate, 406, 851, 1164, 1588, 1699, 1759, 1906, 2080, 2227,

2269, 3220, 3404, 4178, 4256, 4338, 5901, 6131, 6618,7082, 7093, 7163, 8409, 8531, 9967, 10033, 10768, 11665,12055, 12294, 13156


caged, 5794Glutamate-aspartate transporter, 6563, 7659Glutamate decarboxylase, 7093Glutamate receptor, 2174, 2852, 3626, 4559, 4690, 5277, 5750,

7650, 8115, 8892, 10899, 11267, 11582AMPA-type, 2278GluR1, 6450, 7395, 10488GluR2, 2458, 9184GluR4, 2458, 11220GluR6, 7014GluR-B, 8428GluR-C, 1231GluR-D, 11220metabotropic (See Metabotropic glutamate receptor)

Glutamate receptor-interacting protein, 5028GRIP1, 11798

Glutamate receptor subunit 2, 5309Glutamate release, 1366, 4660, 9312Glutamatergic excitatory feedback, 5920Glutamatergic fate, 5955Glutamatergic neuron, 4660Glutamatergic synapse, 5794Glutamatergic transmission, 4015, 5117Glutamate spillover, 210Glutamate toxicity, oxidative, 10514Glutamate transporter, 210, 644, 2278, 5978, 6563, 7513, 7659,

8537, 10461GLT1a, 10461vesicular GLT1, 597

Glutamate uncaging, two-photon, 8183Glutamate uptake, 4774Glutamic acid decarboxylase, 7093, 10667

GAD65, 2326Glutaminase

GLS1, 4660phosphate-activated, 4660

Glutamine, 8537Glycine, 21, 1787, 3721, 4492, 9332, 9413, 11432, 12769Glycine receptor, 4880, 8502, 9413Glycine transporter 1, 3169, 12769Glycogen synthase kinase-3, 5083Glycogen synthase kinase-3�, 10626Glycopeptide, 518Glycoprotein 120, 10299GlyR. See Glycine receptorGlyT. See Glycine transporterGnRH. See Gonadotropin-releasing hormoneGoal-directed action, 3805Goal-directed behavior, 2933, 5224, 8810, 9376Goal-relevance, 10120Golgi cell, 11786Golgi impregnation, 3514Golgi-localized �-ear-containing afterdepolarization-ribosylation

factor binding protein 1, 9922Golgi method, 11249Golgi network, trans-, 12748Golgi outpost, 10631Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, 6834, 11961Go/nogo, 186, 7156gp. See GlycoproteinGPCR. See G-protein-coupled receptorG-protein, 1795, 4472, 6863, 7950, 12602, 13373

Gi, 2458Gq, 8278, 10082

G-protein cascade, 1036G-protein-coupled receptor, 203, 585, 1036, 3141, 3745, 4289,

5649, 6543, 9983, 10082, 11929, 12314, 12602, 13373G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 5, 9227G-protein inwardly rectifying potassium channel, 12602G-protein signaling, regulator of, 4472

RGS9 –1, 2522RGS9 –2, 2522

Gracile nucleus, 4015Graded response, 13454Gradient, 2419

cone opsin dual, 12351

Granular layer, external, 1896Granule, 7139

large dense core, 6637RNA, 8622stress, 2413, 6496

Granule cell, 30, 671, 742, 1896, 2326, 3357, 5153, 6040, 10624,10916, 11709, 11786, 12226, 12861, 12996

Granule cell precursor, 830Granule neuron, cerebellar, 2241, 7767Grasping, 2260, 6288, 8176Grating, sine wave, 2941Green fluorescent protein, 3604, 4985, 5684, 7380, 7693, 8484,

9956, 11753tyrosine kinase B-enhanced, 11487VAMP-enhanced, 10813

Green fluorescent protein-expressing inhibitory neuron mouse,10796

Green fluorescent protein mouse, glial fibrillary acidic protein-,2673

GRIP. See Glutamate receptor-interacting proteinGrip, precision, 9015Grip-lift synergy, 2260GRK. See G-protein-coupled receptor kinaseGroucho, 11061Group III muscle afferent, 4796Grouping

contour, 138dynamic, 158

Group IV muscle afferent, 4796Growth

axon (See Axon growth)dendrite, 7189neuronal, 13344

Growth arrest-specific protein 6, 5638Growth cone, 862, 934, 2300, 3829, 5727, 8082, 8622, 8866Growth cone collapse, 4961Growth factor, 2777, 11948

basic fibroblast, 4481epidermal (See Epidermal growth factor)fibroblast (See Fibroblast growth factor)glial, 6873insulin-like (See Insulin-like growth factor)nerve, 2923, 3798, 5288, 7281, 8588, 9646, 10847, 11974platelet-derived, 6781vascular endothelial, 12439

Growth response, early. See Early growth responseGs, 6143GSK. See Glycogen synthase kinaseGTPase, Rho, 1418, 7151, 10110GTPase-activating protein

synaptic, 763synaptic Ras, 1355

GTP-binding protein, 1239Small, 12397

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor, 12397Guanosine monophosphate, cyclic, 742, 4930, 7730, 11513Guanylate cyclase, 4930Guanylate kinase, membrane-associated, 2914, 7875Guanylyl cyclase, 11513Guidance

axon (See Axon guidance)dendritic, 13328midline, 882

Guidance molecule, 3087Guinea pig pup vocalization, 10387Gustatory cortex, 4126Gustatory receptor, 6143Gustatory system, 8243Gyc. See Guanylyl cyclaseGyrus, 5470

dentate (See Dentate gyrus)fusiform, 792, 7328inferior frontal, 6282, 7629

H

HA. See HemagglutininHabit, 3805Habit learning, 1016Habituation, 11582Hair bundle orientation, 2147Hair cell, 1260, 2060, 2757, 6172, 6386, 6543, 7022, 7659, 9944,

10188, 10243, 10253, 10315, 10438, 10677, 10690, 10777,10992, 13076, 13180

auditory, 12526mechanosensory, 5265outer, 3992, 12727vestibular, 10253

Hairless, Suppressor of, 3102Hairy/Enhancer of split 6, 11061Halpoinsufficiency, 9975Handling, 2434Hand muscle, intrinsic, 2260Hand-object interaction, 3783Hand shaping, 2260Haplotype, 9227, 12609HCN. See Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotideHD. See Huntington’s diseaseHDAC. See Histone deacetylaseHeadache, cluster, 3589Head direction, 4266Head direction cell, 622Head fixation, 7933Heading, 73, 5616Head movement, 5616Head-restrained orienting, 9820Head-unrestrained, 4922Hearing, 550, 1260, 3992, 6181, 6386, 8767, 10243Hearing loss, 3541

age-related, 2115noise-induced, 2115

Heat, 5109, 8126Heat sensation, noxious, 1953Heat shock, 12118Heat shock cognate protein 70, 3335Heat shock cognate protein 70-interacting protein, C terminus of

the, 6985Heat shock protein 90, 3335Hebbian learning, 9673

reward-dependent stochastic, 3731Hedgehog, 6364

sonic, 830, 3256, 5037Helix-loop-helix. See Basic helix-loop-helixHelplessness, learned, 13264Hem, cortical, 7640Hemagglutinin epitope tag, 8195Hemeoxygenase-1, 1880Hemichannel, connexin, 1378Hemisphere, 2964, 5470

left, 3783Hemodynamic response, 4940, 11821Hemorrhage, intracerebral, 10281Hepatic encephalopathy, 4774Hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatitis-associated pro-

tein, 7460Heroin, 5894Hes. See Hairy/Enhancer of splitHeteromeric receptor, 2080Heterosynaptic depression, 5370Heterotopic/heterochronic transplantation, 11682Hibernation, 10590Hidden Markov model, 11023HIF. See Hypoxia inducible factorHigh-frequency deep brain stimulation, 10768High-frequency stimulation, 841High-mobility group box 1, 6413High-pressure freezing, 8040Hindbrain, 13328HIP. See Hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreasHippocampal CA1 neuron, 7974


Hippocampal culture, 4526Hippocampal function, 6069, 6518, 11637Hippocampal neuron, 1813, 5288, 6496, 9609, 10164, 11575,

13344Hippocampal pyramidal cell, 4740Hippocampal slice, 10488Hippocampus, 256, 290, 345, 467, 671, 685, 873, 981, 1077, 1239,

1465, 1507, 1562, 1688, 1776, 1844, 2167, 2235, 2313,2326, 2544, 2564, 2684, 2907, 2956, 2991, 3154, 3309,3474, 3496, 3745, 4071, 4266, 4455, 4546, 4596, 4852,4870, 4949, 5049, 5438, 5456, 5794, 5835, 5888, 5901,6062, 6089, 6103, 6230, 6249, 6314, 6518, 6610, 6668,6771, 6813, 6945, 7071, 7362, 7547, 7555, 7693, 7718,7723, 7995, 8048, 8137, 8295, 8352, 8517, 8537, 8600,9006, 9340, 9503, 9703, 9923, 10222, 10232, 10270, 10332,10461, 10709, 10796, 10888, 11034, 11208, 11295, 11304,11333, 11720, 11850, 12137, 12143, 12186, 12325, 12397,12415, 12427, 12487, 12826, 13123, 13311, 13390, 13428,13437, 13485, 13505, 13556

dentate gyrus, 9130dorsal, 6603immature, 597

Hirudo medicinalis, 6119hisCl1. See Histamine-gated chloride channel subunit 1Histamine, 1088, 7245Histamine-gated chloride channel subunit 1, 7245Histamine neuron, 10292Histocompatibility complex, major, 1961Histogenesis, cerebellar, 12226Histological preparation, Cajal’s, 11249Histone, 11387Histone acetylation, 11474Histone deacetylase, 2830, 7502

HDAC3, 11474Histone deacetylase inhibitor, 11174History of failure, 2745History of success, 2745HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virusHMGB1. See High-mobility group box 1Homeobox 2, distal-less, 5383Homeobox gene, 13167Homeostasis, 6618, 7575, 8092, 8983, 9695, 11333

energy, 389, 6643sleep, 3037synaptic, 333

Homeostasis alteration, calcium, 2661Homeostatic plasticity, 10362, 13474Homeostatic response, 10177Homer, 7575, 8115, 8492Homing, CD8� T-cell, 731Homodimer, 3845Homolog, glioma-associated oncogene, 9282Homology, 13128Horizontal cell, 11624, 12351Horizontal connection, 7680, 9117Hormone, 573, 2571

adrenocorticotrophic, 12967corticotropin-releasing, 2434, 4908corticotropin-releasing factor/corticotropin-releasing, 5500gonadotropin-releasing, 6834, 11961luteinizing hormone-releasing, 6834melanin-concentrating, 389, 10372neurohormone, 10599

Hormone receptor, 5402Horn, dorsal. See Dorsal hornHPA. See Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenalHPC/1/syntaxin 1A, 5767HPLC, 1699HPLC-RIA, 8653H-reflex conditioning, 12537HSC. See Heat shock cognate protein 70HSP. See Heat shock proteinHs2st, 6911Hs6st1, 69115-HT. See Serotonin

Human, 12, 502, 1133, 1211, 2704, 2724, 3330, 3532, 4796, 5098,5777, 5819, 5835, 8352, 8707, 8976, 9107, 10472, 10883,12260, 12466, 12609, 13114, 13128, 13338

Human aging, 6422Human cognition, 273Human forebrain development, 6897Human gait perception, 2894Human immunodeficiency virus, 1098, 3396, 4577, 10299

HIV-1, 981Human perceptual learning, 12708Hunger, 11052Hunting, predatory, 2583Huntingtin, 2830, 4649, 6019Huntington, 4649Huntington’s disease, 1635, 10452, 11174, 11371, 12748HVA calcium channel, 518Hybridization. See In situ hybridizationHydrobromide, chloro-APB, 6450Hydrocephalus, 9593Hydrogen ion, 99446-Hydroxydopamine, 2914, 9448, 9996, 13548Hydroxylase

c17,20-lyase, cytochrome P450 17�-, 6749tryptophan 1, 530tyrosine, 3942, 4567, 10068

11�-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 38403�-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/�5-�4 isomerase, 67495-Hydroxytryptamine. See SerotoninHyperactivity, 5091Hyperactivity disorder, attention deficit, 1571Hyperacuity, 8451Hyperalgesia, 5109

cold, 1953Hypercapnia, 21Hyperphosphorylation, 2738Hyperpolarization-activated cation current, 8559Hyperpolarization-activated current, 3229Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide, 1677Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide channel, 7730Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel,

7995Hypersensitivity, 4308Hypocretin, 10372, 13400Hypoglossal motoneuron, 4880Hypoglossal population bursting, 2623Hypoglutamatergic condition, 1604Hypotension, 7093Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, 1448, 1971, 3840, 5500,

11442, 12014, 12967Hypothalamus, 51, 345, 1448, 3423, 3589, 3899, 4908, 6749, 7093,

7116, 9069, 10292, 10332, 12967, 13167anterior, 8931lateral, 13037paraventricular, 6131, 11893

Hypotonic stress, 10177Hypoventilation syndrome, central congenital, 10305Hypoxia, 4329, 9471, 9482, 12427Hypoxia inducible factor, 9471Hypoxia-ischemia, 3045, 13007Hysteresis, 6153

I

IB4. See Isolectin B4ICA. See Independent component analysisICH. See Intracerebral hemorrhageICSS. See Intracranial self-stimulationICUE. See Indicator of cyclic adenosine monophosphate using EpacIdeal actor analysis, 10883Identification, antidromic, 12471Ideogram writing, Japanese, 8523IdU. See IododeoxyuridineIEG. See Immediate-early geneIfenprodil, 7181IGF. See Insulin-like growth factorIg superfamily, 4460

Ih. See Hyperpolarization-activated cation current; Hyperpolarization-activated current; Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel

IL. See InterleukinILD. See Interaural level differenceIllusion, 502, 9173Illusory contour, 12043Imagery, mental, 8074Image statistics, 6346Imaging, 1247, 1893, 2227, 2424, 3604, 4455, 4917, 4949, 5180,

5492, 6069, 6583, 6897, 7424, 13338. See also Neuroimagingcalcium, 30, 3482, 8183, 9355, 11709, 11870, 12447, 12642,

13240calcium ion, 8377confocal, 11870diffusion tensor, 355, 7007echo-planar, 6330fMRI (See Functional magnetic resonance imaging)functional, 5929, 9629functional brain, 6422, 9264live, 5017, 13054live-cell, 3390, 10925magnetic resonance, 355, 7007, 8069multiphoton, 11870optical, 1057, 2313, 11775source, 11695time-lapse, 1913, 4586, 7693, 10813two-photon, 6841in vivo, 3594voltage-sensitive dye, 11850

Imidazoline receptor, 1795Imitation, 6282Immature hippocampus, 597Immediate-early gene, 1507, 1616, 10020, 12237Immune cell, 4350Immune challenge, prenatal, 4752Immune response, 11083Immunity, 11437

innate, 143Immunization, intranasal, 4717Immunocytochemistry, 1893, 2871, 4289Immunogold labeling, postembedding, 8040Immunohistochemistry, 2684, 4740, 8653, 12137Immunoprecipitation, chromatin, 10376Immunoproteasome, 1624Immunoreactivity, 7093Immunostaining, 11083Immunotherapy, 4717, 5340, 11437, 11923Implied motion, 7942Import, protein, 9057Impregnation, Golgi, 3514Imprinting, genomic, 5383Impulse, corticotectal, 2250Impulse control, 4638Impulsivity, 186, 3164, 13213Inactivation, 4228, 13373

calcium-dependent, 2522, 10690cumulative, 6238slow, 3412transient, 3791

Inactivation mechanism, 11833Inactivation no afterpotential D, 8570INAD. See Inactivation no afterpotential DIncentive learning, 7163, 8368Independent component analysis, 10222Index, lateralization, 9494Indicator of cyclic adenosine monophosphate using Epac, 12807Indirect touch, 5582Individual difference, 13213Induction

axon, 7619neural, 2820

Infant rat, 6737Infectivity, prion, 11753Inference, state-based, 8360Inferior colliculus, 279, 2499, 3889, 4455, 5948, 7468


Inferior frontal cortex, 117Inferior frontal gyrus, 6282, 7629Inferior olive, 5990, 12067Inferior parietal lobule, 3783Inferotemporal cortex, 801, 6761, 10524, 11187, 12186

posterior, 8523Inflammation, 143, 4350, 4672, 4752, 5709, 6413, 6716, 8206,

8923, 9703, 10281, 10558, 11413, 11437, 11652, 12852,12904

brain, 1880chronic, 953

Inflammatory mediator, 3864Information, 2652

cross-modal, 11844Shannon, 4526somatosensory, 4015temporal, 10141visual, 4444

Information processing, 6945sensory, 9860

Information theory, 3889, 8254, 9030, 9216Infralimbic cortex, 5733Ingestive behavior, 411Inhibitor/Inhibition, 180, 559, 873, 1833, 2614, 2767, 3646, 4206,

4247, 4526, 4826, 4880, 6346, 6924, 7156, 7362, 8377,8800, 9413, 10756, 10899, 11403, 11850, 12198, 12447,13250, 13373, 13443, 13537

efferent, 9482extrasynaptic, 3357feedforward, 1219, 3056histone deacetylase, 11174latent, 3169ML-7 myosin light chain kinase, 11606myelin, 1006prepulse, 5091presynaptic, 2278, 4015, 4216, 12427protein synthesis, 3010recurrent, 13297response, 5224retrograde, 6841synaptic, 10407, 11720tonic, 3713, 6979, 9323transgenic, 12700

Inhibitory balance, excitatory to, 7189Inhibitory circuit, 10358Inhibitory control, 3164, 6469, 7348Inhibitory interneuron, 5069, 11682Inhibitory motor area, 186Inhibitory neuron mouse, green fluorescent protein-expressing,

10796Inhibitory neurotransmission, 1749, 7826Inhibitory postsynaptic current, 1465, 4216, 4763, 9413

�-aminobutyric acidergic, 1795miniature, 86

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, 1219, 8559Inhibitory synapse, 4586, 7321, 8502, 12274, 12758Inhibitory system, descending, 1787Inhibitory transmission, 3245Initial segment, 1854, 1935, 7172

axon, 2599Initiation

movement, 2487translation, 7135

Injection, intracerebral, 731Injury/Ischemia, 1269, 2157, 2413, 3045, 4796, 5309, 5329, 6413,

7082, 8069, 10430, 13114. See also Traumabrain (See Brain injury/ischemia)cerebral (See Cerebral ischemia)cerebrovascular (See Stroke)contusion, 9841diffuse traumatic brain, 3130global, 6851global cerebral, 7974hypoxia-ischemia, 3045, 13007nerve (See Nerve injury)neural, 7532

neuronal, 5329peripheral nerve, 11197spinal cord, 1803, 3377, 4308, 4672, 4729, 5347, 5591, 7405,

7849, 9713, 10564, 11120, 11948, 12537traumatic brain (See Traumatic brain injury)

Innate immunity, 143Inner ear, 2147, 5265, 6181, 6190, 10188, 10438Innervation, 5017, 8243

cutaneous C-fiber, 1953multiple, 6563

Inositol triphosphate, 5180, 5656, 6259, 9983Inositol triphosphate receptor, 2661, 8278, 10916Input

endogenous, 9239exogenous, 9239ipsilateral, 5970synaptic, 1539thalamocortical, 1219trigeminal, 8838vestibular, 73, 8838visual, 10368

Insect, 8900, 12118Insensitivity, magnesium ion, 2673Insertion, membrane, 9609In situ hybridization, 467, 5420, 13390

fluorescent, 775Insomnia, 13400InsP. See Inositol triphosphateInstability, oculomotor, 9873Insula, 4437Insulin-like growth factor, 2207

IGF-I, 6259IGF-II, 585

Intact neural circuit, 10380Intake, food, 10043, 11052Integrator/Integration, 3981, 9084

interhemispheric, 8804nonlinear, 2088optimal, 4188path, 4266sensorimotor, 3454sensory, 4139, 7898, 9173, 11138synaptic, 8267, 11786, 11938, 12023temporal, 3002

Integrin, 223, 830, 1179, 1418, 1923, 7665�1, 3444, 11208

Integrin-linked kinase, 830Intelligence, 10235Intention, motor, 3615, 3642, 7265, 9376, 10091Interacting protein-1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, 9462Interaction, 4519

bimanual, 7121cell-cell, 1880center-surround, 2614, 11403competitive, 9239dynamical, 9272electrostatic, 2031emotional-cognitive, 2072hand-object, 3783neuron-glia, 2673, 3319, 5370, 6958, 8881protein-protein, 2522social, 10387

Interaural level difference, 3889Interaural time difference, 3889, 5948Interface, dimer, 10033Interference, 9520, 12186

emotional, 2072RNA, 4460, 5727, 6082, 6119, 7820, 8195, 10209

Interferon-�, 5143Interferon response, 7820Interhemispheric integration, 8804Interhemispheric neural network, 8523Interhemispheric variant, middle, 7640Interictal epileptiform discharge, 7082Interkinetic migration, 13218Interleukin 6, 5565, 10709, 12089

Intermediate filament, 10006Intermediolateral column, 1823Internal desynchronization, 2531Internalization, receptor, 953Internal model, 7121Internal store, 7565Interneuron, 597, 1646, 2684, 3154, 3434, 4613, 5320, 5628, 5901,

7082, 7362, 7380, 8377, 8537, 8691, 8787, 9923, 10508,10756, 10796, 11295, 11720, 12325, 12487, 13297, 13443

aminergic, 8278�-aminobutyric acidergic, 3875, 12996axoaxonic, 11881calretinin, 609commissural, 5320, 6509excitatory spinal, 8477fast-spiking, 1219inhibitory, 5069, 11682locomotor-related, 8477spinal, 3505

Interneuronal network, spinal, 2871�-Internexin, 10006Interpolaris nucleus, 10548Interpositus, 10569Intersectin, 13202Interspike interval, 3412Intracellular calcium, 696Intracellular calcium ion store, 12127Intracellular chloride, 5117Intracellular C-terminal domain, amyloid, 6377Intracellular labeling, 2871Intracellular patch electrochemistry, 9304Intracellular recording, 448, 2652, 5665, 12587, 13363

in vivo, 12023Intracellular signaling, 585, 685, 3496, 5649, 7139, 13505Intracellular synaptic potential, 4535Intracerebral hemorrhage, 10281Intracerebral injection, 731Intracortical connection, 13363Intracranial self-administration, 723Intracranial self-stimulation, 11665Intramembrane-cleaving protease, 12081Intranasal immunization, 4717Intraneuronal amyloid �, 10129Intraparietal cortex, 1314

lateral, 3731Intraparietal sulcus, 8176, 13194Intrinsic activity, 11961Intrinsic bursting, 2250Intrinsic circuitry photostimulation, 4763Intrinsic hand muscle, 2260In utero electroporation, 4460Invariance, cue, 4370, 11695Inverse agonist, 3141Invertebrate, 7898, 9030, 12682In vitro, 4015, 12033In vivo, 1247, 4015, 6728, 12308, 13363In vivo imaging, 3594In vivo intracellular recording, 12023In vivo patch clamp, 1787In vivo recording, 8857

intracellular, 12023In vivo voltammetry, 3206Involuntary visuomotor response, 5301Iododeoxyuridine, 12089Ion. See specific ion by nameIon channel, 4492, 4880, 5411, 6851, 10362, 12137, 12566

acid-sensing 1a, 5329, 5800calcium (See Calcium ion channel)hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated, 7995ligand-gated, 2031potassium (See Potassium ion channel)

Ion channel modulation, 10677Ion transport, 9944IP3. See Inositol triphosphateIPE. See Intracellular patch electrochemistryIPL. See Inferior parietal lobule


IPSC. See Inhibitory postsynaptic currentIpsilateral input, 5970Ipsilateral response, 180IPSP. See Inhibitory postsynaptic potentialIQ domain, 10777Ischemia. See Injury/IschemiaIsolectin B4, 7281Isolectin B4-lectin, 1953�5-�4 Isomerase, 3�-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/, 6749ITD. See Interaural time differenceIvermectin, 9006

J

Jamming avoidance response, 9173Japanese ideogram writing, 8523JIP-1. See c-Jun N-terminal kinase interacting protein-1JNK. See c-Jun N-terminal kinaseJoint coding, 9098Joint stiffness, 4995Jun, 971Junction

axoglial, 5230gap (See Gap junction)glial septate, 3319neuromuscular, 333, 934, 4004, 4841, 6873, 8040, 9293, 11267,

12283, 13493temporoparietal, 8074

Jun kinase. See c-Jun N-terminal kinaseJuxtacellular labeling, 300

K

KA. See KainateKainate, 1688, 2852, 3561, 7650

perirhinal, 3561Kainate receptor, 3220, 4178, 10033Kainic acid, 3923Kallmann’s syndrome, 6834Kanji, 8523Katanin, 3120KCC. See Potassium-chloride cotransporterKCNK, 7362KCNQ, 3757, 7950KCNQ2, 2053KCNQ channel, 10253Kenyon cell, 265Ketamine, 2767Kinase, 1164, 4509, 7995

checkpoint 1, 8819extracellular (See Extracellular signal-regulated)focal adhesion, 9743guanylate (See Guanylate kinase)integrin-linked, 830JNK (See c-Jun N-terminal kinase)Lim, 1006LIM-, 1579membrane-associated guanylate, 2914, 7875microtubule-associated protein kinase, 13344mitogen-activated (See Mitogen-activated)myosin light chain (See Myosin light chain kinase)myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate, 8999PI (See Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)protein (See Protein kinase)receptor tyrosine, 2124Rho, 1006Src-family, 8680Src tyrosine, 12943stress-activated protein, 971tyrosine (See Tyrosine kinase)

A-Kinase anchoring protein, 2391Kindling, 8295Kinematics, 7933Kinesthesia, 3783Kinetics, 671, 7337

fusion pore, 372

Kir3, 4289, 12251Kiss-and-run, 372, 3030Kiss1 mRNA, 6687Kisspeptin, 6687Klinefelter syndrome, 2335Knock-in mouse, 3845, 4985Knock-out, 908, 5673, 6269, 9323, 9975, 11615, 11753, 12251,

13089adenosine A2a receptor conditional, 13548bdnf, 7189conditional (See Conditional knock-out)Cre-mediated conditional Bmpr1a, 1896

Knock-out mouse, 241, 355, 862, 1275, 1688, 1971, 2814, 4602,4630, 4660, 5091, 5554, 6543, 8829, 9006, 10315, 11670,11798, 12143, 12374

conditional, 3169, 8428Fmr1, 7151metabotropic glutamate receptor 6, 11857

Krox20/Egr2/Zif268, 9771Kv. See Voltage-gated potassiumKW-6002, 13548

L

Labeled-line model, 8988Labeling

anterograde, 12873intracellular, 2871juxtacellular, 300postembedding immunogold, 8040retrograde, 2788, 7680, 9646, 12789

Lactate, 7093Lactation, 10667Lamellipodia, 12956Lamina, basal, 1179Laminar fate, 13218Laminaris, nucleus, 5948Laminar origin of projection, 7348Lamina terminalis, organum vasculosum, 9069, 9205Lamination, 1767, 9404

cortical, 4460Laminin, 830, 1179, 3829Language, 2964, 4917, 5470, 6523, 7390, 7629, 8069, 10376,

11138Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel, 5059,

5428, 11833Large dense core granule, 6637Large dense core vesicle, 8999Large-field visual motion, 5301Laser axotomy, 7444Laser-capture microdissection, 10939Late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, 1334Late long-term potentiation, 3951Latency, 8009, 8221

activation, 11709Latent inhibition, 3169Lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, 11324Lateral diffusion, 7046, 8502Lateral geniculate nucleus, 5190, 5786, 11148, 13443

dorsal, 12873Lateral hypothalamus, 13037Lateral intraparietal cortex, 3731Laterality, 6469Lateralization, 2964Lateralization index, 9494Lateral occipital complex, 11695Lateral occipital cortex, 13128Lateral orbitofrontal cortex, 7870Lateral septum, 9142LAURA. See Local autoregressive averageLayer 4, 13363Layered network, 4526Layer/Layering, 6924

external granular, 1896paralemniscal, 9538

Layer 5 pyramidal neuron, 3465

LC. See Light chainLCM. See Laser-capture microdissectionLDCV. See Large dense core vesicleLeanness, 389Learned helplessness, 13264Learning, 319, 873, 908, 1026, 1507, 2072, 2808, 3154, 3169, 3309,

3330, 3713, 3933, 4036, 4139, 6230, 6314, 6573, 6737,7151, 8428, 8451, 8662, 8702, 8800, 8847, 8892, 9135,9355, 9560, 11187, 11313, 11554, 11637, 11881, 11888,12466, 12537, 12656, 12700, 13311, 13428, 13437

associative, 2449, 6077, 6603, 8702, 8829, 9355, 11041conditional motor, 117correlation-based, 5604discrimination, 8810emotional, 6458habit, 1016Hebbian (See Hebbian learning)human perceptual, 12708incentive, 7163, 8368motor (See Motor learning)observational, 13194olfactory, 6603perceptual (See Perceptual learning)procedural, 1986reinforcement, 12885reversal, 8360reward-dependent stochastic Hebbian, 3731sequence, 4111spatial, 1844, 7555statistical, 7629visuomotor, 1986vocal, 7390

Leech, 8009Left hemisphere, 3783Lemniscal barrel, 9538Lenalidomide, 2467Lentiviral vector, 1531Lentivirus, 1635, 9713, 11670Leptin, 241, 6643Lesion, 9892

conditioning, 5565excitotoxic, 4111fornix, 1507N-methyl-D-aspartate, 2583, 4111neurotoxin, 193reversible, 158, 5224selective, 4546

Lethal phenotype, 4660Leucokinin, 7860Leukemia, megakaryoblastic acute, 10020Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor �, 1823Leukocyte, 4350, 12826Leukodystrophy, 3109, 8206, 11162lev-11, 169Level difference, interaural, 3889Levetiracetam, 1303Levodopa, 8101Lewy body, 3685, 9227LeX, 8609Lexical-semantics, 6523LFP. See Local field potentialLGN. See Lateral geniculate nucleusLHRH. See Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormoneLhx3, 3256Lhx5, 7640Licking, 4126Lidocaine, 7555LIF. See Leukemia inhibitory factorLigand

fibroblast-associated cell-surface, 2467fluorescent, 953tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing, 3299

Ligand-gated channel, 13156Ligand-gated ion channel, 2031Ligase, DNA, 5524Ligation, spinal nerve, 13318


Light, 5028, 9153, 9413constant, 2531

Light adaptation, 12351Light chain 3, 8057Light chain, myosin. See Myosin light chainLight damage, 11929Limbic system, 1699Limb movement, 8310LIM domain-only 4, 8398LIM kinase, 1579

LIMK1, 6533Lim kinase, 1006LINCL. See Late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosisLineage, 5534, 8609

cell, 9722Linearity of summation, 3002Linear model, generalized, 4126Linear nucleus raphe, 723Link, tip, 7022Link antigen, tip, 7022Lipase

diacylglycerol, 4740, 5628membrane, 2369

Lipid, 5628Lipid binding protein, brain, 3102Lipid microdomain, 2777Lipid raft, 4841, 8748, 11743Lipofuscinosis, late infantile neuronal ceroid, 1334Lipopolysaccharide, 3813, 10709Lipoprotein receptor LR11, 418, 1596Lipoprotein receptor-related protein, low-density, 11197Lis1, 2132Lissencephaly, 2132Listening in silence, 273Listing’s law, 2732Lithium, 6031, 9022Live-cell imaging, 3390, 10925Live imaging, 5017, 13054LMO. See LIM domain-onlyLmp2, 1624Lmx1b, 12781L1 neural cell adhesion molecule, 11532Loading, cell, 7870Lobar degeneration, frontotemporal, 6354Lobe

frontal, 7305, 11138medial temporal, 792, 2235, 4111, 4546, 7547, 7674, 10232,

11304, 12186parietal (See Parietal lobe)superior parietal, 2704temporal (See Temporal lobe)

Lobule, parietalinferior, 3783superior, 435, 3679, 13515

Local autoregressive average source estimation, 1293Local bend response, 8009Local field potential, 4535, 6318, 7779, 8148, 12415Localization, 4046

dendritic, 7131mRNA, 8622, 13390receptor, 8115sound, 279, 3889, 5948, 7468, 9820spatial, 12summing, 9820

Local progenitor, 609Local protein synthesis, 152, 12977Local spectral reverse correlation, 3269Local translation, 152, 2184Locking, phase, 11462Locomotion, 1175, 1704, 4026, 4901, 5320, 5684, 6509, 9107,

10199, 10564, 11615, 12537fictive, 1486

Locomotion control, 1486Locomotor activity, 12781Locomotor impairment, 3923Locomotor-related interneuron, 8477

Locus, quantitative trait, 5756Locus ceruleus, 467, 1343, 4118, 4426, 7416Long-latency ON response, 11857Long-range coordination, 8168Long-term depression, 319, 1128, 1199, 1721, 1923, 2380, 2391,

2544, 3561, 3626, 3745, 4004, 4155, 4166, 4198, 4803,4820, 4870, 5153, 5628, 6089, 6269, 6610, 7147, 7181,7723, 8289, 10270, 11001, 11811, 12362, 12456

Long-term memory, 4596, 5204, 8352Long-term plasticity, 7919Long-term potentiation, 223, 256, 319, 716, 1077, 1199, 1507,

1721, 1844, 2000, 2041, 2413, 3002, 3309, 3474, 3496,3514, 3561, 3933, 4166, 4178, 4198, 4803, 4949, 5153,5767, 6269, 6610, 7147, 7181, 7723, 8289, 8428, 8517,9006, 9130, 9673, 10461, 10888, 11001, 11208, 12143,12362, 12456, 12647, 12717, 12943, 13428, 13474

early, 3951late, 3951presynaptic, 9332

Long-term synaptic plasticity, 1026, 5204Looming, visual, 3454Looptail, 2147Losartan, 9205Loss-of-function, 5840Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein, 11197Low threshold, 1833LPA. See Lysophosphatidic acidLPS. See LipopolysaccharideLR11, 418LRP. See Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related proteinLTD. See Long-term depressionLTP. See Long-term potentiationL-type calcium channel, 10690

CaV1.3, 6259L-type calcium ion channel, 12647Luminance, 3634, 6346, 13537Lurcher, 8057Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, 6834LXXLL motif, 11061c17,20-Lyase, cytochrome P450 17�-hydroxylase/, 6749Lymnaea, 4139, 6298Lymphocyte, 3396, 11437

cytotoxic T, 4577Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1, 2767Lysophospholipid, 9579Lysosomal storage disease, 1334Lysosome, 2777

M

Macaque, 138, 2101, 2487, 4444, 4826, 6761, 8988, 9117, 9567,9683, 11023, 11347, 12789. See also Monkey; Primate

Macaque brain, 7348Macaque V2, 7581mAChR. See Muscarinic acetylcholine receptorMacrophage, 328, 981, 3087, 7460, 8206, 11413Macrophage-monocyte, 1098Macular degeneration, 5411MAGE. See Melanoma antigen proteinMAGI-2. See Membrane-associated guanylate kinase, WW and

postsynaptic density 95/disc large/zonula occludens-1 do-main containing 2

Mag-indo-1, 311Magnesium, 10899Magnesium ion insensitivity, 2673Magnesium unblock, 5825Magnetic resonance, nuclear, 13202Magnetic resonance imaging, 355, 7007, 8069

functional (See Functional magnetic resonance imaging)Magnetic stimulation

repetitive, 9629transcranial (See Transcranial magnetic stimulation)

Magnetoencephalography, 490, 3532, 3981, 4046, 6052, 7523,10879

Magnocellular neuron, 7565Magnocellular pathway, 8715

Magnocellular stream, 12789Magnus, raphe, 1190MAGUK. See Membrane-associated guanylate kinaseMain olfactory bulb, 12023Main olfactory epithelium, 1961, 7375Maintenance, 1539Major depressive disorder, 1864Major histocompatibility complex, 1961Major intrinsic protein, 7811MAL. See Megakaryoblastic acute leukemiaMaladaptive plasticity, 716MALDI-TOF. See Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-

of-flight mass spectrometryMale aggressiveness, 7375Male rat, 1699Manduca sexta, 8900Manganese superoxide dismutase, 4329Mania, 9022Manipulation

dexterous, 9015expectancy, 381object, 9736

Manual response, reflexive, 5301MAP. See Microtubule-associated protein; Mitogen-activated

proteinMAPK. See Mitogen-activated protein kinaseMap/Mapping, 1247, 6082, 8069

brain, 7962cortical, 2692, 3679, 10057electrophysiological, 10667orientation, 7680retinal, 862retinogeniculate, 12873sensory, 10508spatial, 5484stimulus-response, 2704topographic, 4970

Map plasticity, 4155MARCKS. See Myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrateMarginal zone, 5215, 9404Marker, 4082

�-aminobutyric acidergic, 1604Markov model, 10958

hidden, 11023Masking, 948Mass, migrating, 6834Matching, template, 10727Matching behavior, 3731Maternal behavior, 2583Maternal care, 2434Maternal stress, 3309Math1, 9184Mathematical model, 7337, 10796Mating, 3292Mating behavior, 169Matrix, extracellular, 508, 1923, 3491, 4082, 4406, 7405, 9841Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass

spectrometry, 518Matrix metalloproteinase, 2207, 5347, 10939

membrane-type 5, 2300MMP2, 5996, 11474MMP9, 5996, 10281

Maturation, 11844synapse, 3594synaptic, 11208

Mauthner cell, 3454Maxi-potassium, 6181Maze

elevated plus, 6031radial arm water, 13279T-maze, 8428water (See Water maze)

MBP. See Myelin basic proteinMCAO. See Middle cerebral artery occlusionMCH. See Melanin-concentrating hormoneMCP. See Monocyte chemoattractant protein


M-current, 2053, 2599, 3757, 7950, 9084, 9340, 10253, 12325MDMA. See MethylenedioxymethamphetamineMechanical context, 1470Mechanical reconfiguration, 10743Mechanism

inactivation, 11833nongenomic, 4104presynaptic, 109, 862signaling, 2661

Mechanoelectric transduction, 12526Mechanoreceptor, gastric, 11052Mechanosensory hair cell, 5265Mechanosensory system, 2757, 10992Mechanotransduction, 2060, 3864, 7022, 9944MeCP2. See Methyl CpG binding protein 2Medial ganglionic eminence, 7380Medial nucleus

of the trapezoid body, 1366ventral posterior, 13363

Medial pontine reticular formation, 8931Medial prefrontal cortex, 4236, 5733, 6422, 8931, 9264, 9656,

13264Medial preoptic area, 1699Medial preoptic nucleus, 9205Medial superior temporal area, 73Medial temporal lobe, 792, 2235, 4111, 4546, 7547, 7674, 10232,

11304, 12186Median preoptic nucleus, 3037, 9426Mediated conditioning, 8305Mediator, inflammatory, 3864Medulla, 126, 3721, 6330

adrenal, 1823ventromedial, 1190

Medullablastoma, 8388Medulla oblongata, 10305Medullary surface, ventral, 7230MEF. See Myocyte enhancer factorMEG. See MagnetoencephalographyMegakaryoblastic acute leukemia, 10020MEK. See Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinaseMelanin-concentrating hormone, 389, 10372Melanoma antigen protein D1, 5383Melanotrophs, 10599Melatonin, 9153Melioration, 3731Memantine, 3923Membrane, 10631

basilar, 3992plasma (See Plasma membrane)

Membrane-associated guanylate kinase, 2914, 7875Membrane-associated guanylate kinase, WW and postsynaptic

density 95/disc large/zonula occludens-1 domain containing2, 7875

Membrane attack complex, 10177Membrane capacitance, 632, 3030Membrane conductance, 9084Membrane diffusion, 12362Membrane disruption, 3130Membrane fusion, 5456Membrane insertion, 9609Membrane lipase, 2369Membrane potential, 9983

mitochondrial, 11111Membrane protein mobility, 6386Membrane resealing, 3130Membrane-type 5 matrix metalloproteinase, 2300Memory, 319, 873, 908, 916, 1026, 1661, 2041, 2072, 2235, 2808,

3010, 3292, 3309, 3514, 3713, 3933, 3951, 4139, 4596,4852, 4870, 4917, 5198, 5484, 5835, 5888, 6213, 6230,6314, 6573, 6677, 7151, 7416, 7919, 8352, 8428, 8662,8702, 8892, 9135, 9355, 9560, 10051, 10232, 11554, 11582,11637, 12466, 12537, 12682, 12700, 13311, 13428, 13437

configural, 12186declarative (See Declarative memory)episodic, 926, 1407, 3154, 7523episodic-like, 4071

explicit, 792extinction, 9503face, 926fear (See Fear memory)long-term, 4596, 5204, 8352motor, 11888nondeclarative, 7547nonspatial, 2907nonspatial associative, 1562prospective, 7305recognition, 1979, 3561relational, 8352short-term (See Short-term memory)spatial, 1175, 1844, 8048, 11637, 13428for temporal order, 2907trace fear, 8923visual working, 4465working (See Working memory)

Memory consolidation, 7555, 12914Memory disorder model, declarative, 908Memory effect, subsequent, 7523Memory formation, 2808, 6069, 11637Memory impairment, 3923Memory reconsolidation, 5881, 6298Memory retrieval, 6298Memory system, multiple, 4111Memory-trace reactivation, 10727Meninges, 10514Mental imagery, 8074Mental retardation, Fragile X. See Fragile XmEPSC. See Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currentMesencephalicus lateralis dorsalis, 2499Meshwork, trabecular, 11903Mesio-temporal lobe epilepsy, 4701Mesolimbic system, 10789Mesotocin, 6749Messenger

retrograde, 7189, 11513second, 10461

Messenger RNA, 8339Metabolism, energy, 13123Metabotropic glutamate, 12602Metabotropic glutamate receptor, 971, 1128, 2167, 2474, 2544,

4166, 4318, 4870, 6337, 6573, 6893, 6958, 7151, 7575,8388, 8492, 10270, 11001, 13443

mGluR1, 6935mGluR2/3, 8531mGluR4, 7222mGluR5, 1604, 5628, 6935

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 knock-out mouse, 11857Metalloproteinase, matrix. See Matrix metalloproteinaseMetaplasticity, 7181, 7368, 7575Metastin, 6687Methoxyamine, 10949Methyl CpG binding protein 2, 319N-Methyl-D-aspartate, 406, 1128, 1199, 1314, 3561, 3813, 4559,

5370, 5511, 6509, 6704, 8148, 10270, 12717N-Methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, 3923N-Methyl-D-aspartate channel, 708N-Methyl-D-aspartate lesion, 2583, 4111N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor, 210, 763, 981, 1065, 1077, 1138,

1164, 1355, 1562, 1604, 1721, 1813, 1833, 2000, 2174,2269, 2522, 2673, 2914, 2951, 3169, 3309, 3345, 4071,4338, 4509, 4690, 4803, 5393, 5825, 7181, 8409, 8517,8549, 9312, 9332, 9548, 9935, 10051, 10420, 10899, 11001,12456, 12647

N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor-NR2A subunit, 10667Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 290Methyl-phenyl-tetrahydropyridine, 440, 4681, 8101Methyl-phenyl-tetrahydropyridine toxicity, 7222Methylxanthine, 535Metrics, spike distance, 3889MGE. See Medial ganglionic eminencemGluR. See Metabotropic glutamate receptorMHC. See Major histocompatibility complexMice. See Mouse

Microarray, 345, 5347, 5565, 5673, 9881, 9956, 10362, 13390gene, 7532gene expression, 6031

Microdialysis, 8092, 8955, 10939, 13264Microdissection, 9956

laser-capture, 10939Microdomain, lipid, 2777Microelectrode, 4406Microelectrode array, 8148Microencephaly, 7885Microfilament, 7139Microglia, 143, 1343, 1688, 1730, 1880, 3345, 4308, 4383, 4644,

5340, 6823, 8206, 8680, 9365, 10558, 11397, 11652, 11753,12633, 12826

Microglial activation, 11644Microhemorrhage, 5340Microinjection, 9695

aggregate, 8160Microneurography, 11287Microscopy

confocal, 1088, 11624electron, 1749, 4198, 4289, 5017, 5511, 6364, 8040, 12487fluorescence, 2313, 4630, 9609multiphoton, 1045total internal reflection, 3404two-photon, 2000, 4118, 11001

Microstimulation, 6791Microtubule, 2132, 3120, 4318, 10164, 11992, 12956Microtubule-associated protein

MAP1B, 8057MAP1b, 3120

Microtubule-associated protein kinase, 13344Microtubule-associated protein kinase kinase, 13344Midbrain, 1407, 9750Midbrain neuron, dopaminergic, 11644Middle cerebral artery occlusion, 6413Middle interhemispheric variant, 7640Middle temporal area, 8988Middle temporal visual area, 893, 2941, 3981, 7779, 11987Midget bipolar cell, 3908Midget ganglion cell, 3908Midline, ventral, 8909Midline guidance, 882Migraine, 8332Migrating mass, 6834Migration, 1646, 1767, 1913, 3109, 3182, 5017, 5901, 5996, 6627,

9404, 10452, 11120, 11992cell (See Cell migration)interkinetic, 13218neuronal, 2041, 2132, 4701, 7293, 10624, 13357neuronal cell, 742radial, 6924tangential, 13273

Mild cognitive impairment, 10222Mineralocorticoid, 411Mineralocorticoid receptor, 3951, 9130Miniature excitatory postsynaptic current, 86, 5456, 10043Miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current, 86Minocycline, 11644Mint/X11, 13089mIPSC. See Miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currentMirroring, 13067Mirror neuron, 6282, 7942Mirror neuron system, 1133Mirror system, 9736, 13194Misfolding, 12408

protein, 8160Mislocalization, 7607Misrouting, axonal, 9873Mist1, 7860Mitochondria, 810, 1688, 4147, 4329, 5167, 5256, 6011, 6851,

7035, 7839, 9057, 11174, 12314, 13123Mitochondrial function, 109Mitochondrial membrane potential, 11111Mitochondrial translocation, 7974


Mitogen-activated protein kinase, 246, 971, 1026, 3551, 3951,4318, 4774, 5709, 8662, 9439, 10020, 12439, 12984

p38, 8680, 11974, 12427Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, 971Mitral cell, 2269, 3646, 8857, 11709, 12996MKK. See Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinaseMLd. See Mesencephalicus lateralis dorsalisMMP. See Matrix metalloproteinaseMNTB. See Medial nucleus, of the trapezoid bodyMOB. See Main olfactory bulbMobility, membrane protein, 6386Model/Modeling, 2652, 3567, 6704, 9673, 13454

animal (See Animal model)Bayesian, 4188, 8360chronic stroke animal, 3444compartmental, 8559, 13474computational, 1314, 3667, 6153, 8176, 9761conditional mouse, 5083declarative memory disorder, 908diffusion, 8965forward, 4188generalized linear, 4126internal, 7121labeled-line, 8988Markov, 10958, 11023mathematical, 7337, 10796mouse (See Mouse model)quantitative, 9873rat, 1635ratio, 8988vector average, 8988

Modificationepigenetic, 1864posttranslational, 518

Modifier gene, 5756Modulator/Modulation, 1616, 7707. See also

Neuromodulator/Neuromodulation�-aminobutyric acidergic, 3721, 8537autonomic, 1190contextual, 8804cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element, 8235ion channel, 10677by neurotransmitter, 5059nociceptive, 1190pain, 4437presynaptic, 86reflex gain, 9272

Module, cerebellar, 12067MOE. See Main olfactory epitheliumMolecular layer of cerebellum, 2635Molecule

adhesion (See Adhesion molecule)cell adhesion (See Cell adhesion molecule)guidance, 3087neural cell adhesion, 10888, 11532small, 5288synaptic adhesion, 6968synaptic scaffolding, 7875

Mollusk, 518opisthobranch, 2010

Momentum, representational, 7942Monitoring

error, 7156output, 7305

Monkey, 73, 138, 1117, 2579, 3656, 4228, 6589, 7468, 8310, 8715,8988, 9567, 9639, 10091, 10524, 12471. See also Macaque;Primate

awake, 6554New World, 3908peer-reared rhesus, 4638rhesus (See Rhesus monkey)

Monkey area 3b, 180Monoamine, 1088, 8758Monoamine oxidase, 6124Monoclonal antibody, 4082, 9394, 10636Monocular deprivation, 1057, 7368

Monocyte, 1098Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, 3182�-Monooxygenase, peptidylglycine, 7860Monophosphate

cyclic adenosine (See Cyclic adenosine monophosphate)cyclic guanosine, 742, 4930, 7730, 11513

Monte Carlo, 13240Mood, 10332MOR23. See Mouse odorant receptor gene number 23Morphine, 398, 2583, 2788, 3010, 4624, 6330Morphology, 1154, 7035

dendritic, 13287Morphometry, 5470

voxel-based, 6314, 7007, 10235Mossy fiber, 3474, 11786Mossy fiber rosette, 12067Mossy fiber sprouting, 4095Mossy fiber synapse, 597Motif, LXXLL, 11061Motility, 2419, 8881

colon, 2798spine, 3

Motion, 502, 3981, 6518, 7265biological, 2894implied, 7942large-field visual, 5301self-, 564visual (See Visual motion)

Motion analysis, 7849Motion detection, 2881Motion perception, 8988Motion processing, 12479

visual, 2941, 11987Motivation, 217, 4063, 6399, 8305, 11665Motoneuron, 934, 1516, 3256, 4796, 5872, 5920, 8512, 8774, 9250,

10614, 11397, 11798, 13297, 13413hypoglossal, 4880pudendal, 10717spinal, 542survival, 11014

Motoneuron disease, 41, 8622Motoneuron pool, 12769Motoneuron protein, survival of, 8622Motor, 1906, 5990, 6518, 7265Motor activity, 6518, 7265

oral-, 3412Motor area

inhibitory, 186pre-supplementary, 2579, 6354primary, 6288

Motor control, 1016, 1133, 1175, 2260, 2871, 3697, 4188, 4995,6096, 7056, 7265, 7791, 8176, 10154, 10569, 10925, 12537

directional, 5574vocal-, 7105

Motor coordination, 1470Motor cortex, 2215, 5574, 5819, 6096, 7942, 9015, 12466, 13067Motor cortical function, 5574Motor intention, 3615, 3642, 7265, 9376, 10091Motor learning, 1077, 1986, 3642, 6288, 7121, 7741, 8829, 9107,

10376, 10564, 10569, 10883conditional, 117

Motor memory, 11888Motor neuron. See MotoneuronMotor nucleus, phonatory, 7105Motor pattern, 1486, 12118Motor pattern generation, 6238Motor planning, 3697, 12479Motor preparation, 2704, 3697, 5448Motor program, 1016Motor system, 2487, 2964, 9736Mouse, 851, 1077, 1247, 1562, 2115, 3021, 4455, 4740, 4880, 4956,

5028, 5277, 5756, 6431, 6509, 6897, 7116, 7849, 7984,8243, 10057, 10292, 10709, 11257, 11554, 11775, 12023.See also Rat

bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic, 7659conditional knock-out, 3169, 8428

cyclic nucleotide-phosphodiesterase-enhanced green fluores-cent protein, 9722

Fmr1 knock-out, 7151G93A, 2467glial fibrillary acidic protein-green fluorescent protein, 2673green fluorescent protein-expressing inhibitory neuron, 10796knock-in, 3845, 4985knock-out (See Knock-out mouse)metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 knock-out, 11857mutant, 143, 3056, 12576pmn, 10614postnatal, 3281R/2, 10452shiverer, 6651transgenic (See Transgenic mouse)twitcher, 4383Z/AP reporter, 655

Mouse brain endothelial cell, 5996Mouse development, 882Mouse embryo, 8909Mouse model, 9771, 12609

conditional, 5083Mouse mutation, 10188Mouse odorant receptor gene number 23, 10508Mouse spinal cord, 8477Mouse strain, 5591Movement, 6518, 7265, 10883

arm (See Arm movement)cell, 742eye (See Eye movement)head, 5616limb, 8310pursuit eye, 5616rate of cell, 742reaching, 3679reaching arm, 5301targeted, 4995

Movement analysis, 3505Movement control, arm, 9272Movement initiation, 2487Movement phase, 3505Movement planning, 10154Movement selection, 7452mPar6�, 10624mPFC. See Medial prefrontal cortexMPTP. See Methyl-phenyl-tetrahydropyridinemRNA, 7143

Cav3.1, 11072Kiss1, 6687

mRNA-binding protein, 5204mRNA localization, 8622, 13390mRNA trafficking, 7131, 8339mRNA translation, 7135MRTF-A, 10020MS. See Multiple sclerosisMST. See Medial superior temporalMT. See Middle temporal visual areaMTL. See Medial temporal lobeMuller cell, 13523Muller glia, 6303Multichannel single-unit recording, 9860Multielectrode array, 8465, 11857Multielectrode recording, 1739Multiforme, glioblastoma, 6781Multifunctional circuitry, 10925Multifunctionality, 10743Multimerization, 963Multimodality, 12799Multiphoton imaging, 11870Multiphoton microscopy, 1045Multiple innervation, 6563Multiple memory system, 4111Multiple neuron, 10141Multiple sclerosis, 6823, 8206, 10967, 11387, 12174, 12904Multiple single-unit recording, 10727Multisensory activation, 7491


Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, 3745, 6004, 7950, 9983M1, 4015

Muscarinic effect, 2215Muscarinic enhancement, 6249Muscarinic receptor, 9520

M1, 11588Muscimol, 11599, 12387, 13264Muscle, 2732, 3423, 4995, 13413

intrinsic hand, 2260Muscle afferent

group III, 4796group IV, 4796

Muscle degeneration, 810Muscle-specific tyrosine kinase receptor, 4841, 7919Muscular atrophy

bulbar, 12106spinal, 8622, 10397, 11014, 12106

Muscular dystrophy, 2841Mushroom body, 265, 8734Mushroom spine, 3Music, 8647MuSK. See Muscle-specific tyrosine kinase receptorMutagenesis, 10033Mutant, 5008, 9282, 13102

Bmpr1b, 1896null, 5673

Mutant mouse, 143, 3056, 12576Mutated, ataxia-telangiectasia, 7767Mutation, 2645, 2714, 11423, 12576

mouse, 10188Myelin, 328, 508, 757, 1439, 1854, 1991, 3109, 5143, 5230, 7665,

10110, 10967, 11387, 11743, 12174, 12242, 12339, 12904Myelination, 1179, 1275, 2207, 5849, 9881, 11278Myelin basic protein, 11278Myelin gene, 9722Myelin inhibition, 1006Myelinopathy, 9771Myelin protein zero, 2358, 3079Myelin repair, 7907Myoblast, 5739Myocilin, 11903Myocyte enhancer factor 2, 440Myosin Ic, 10243, 10777Myosin IIIa, 10243Myosin light chain kinase, 11606Myosin light chain kinase inhibitor ML-7, 11606Myosin VIIa, 2060Myosin XVa, 10243Myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate, 8999

N

nAChR. See Nicotinic acetylcholine receptorNAD. See Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotideNaloxone, 12694Naltrexone, 5720Nanotechnology, 1893Natriuretic peptide

atrial, 7811brain, 696

Natural stimulation pattern, 6945Nav1.6, 7172Nav1.8, 246, 10499Navigation, 4266, 6096Ncad. See CadherinNCAM. See Neural cell adhesion moleculeNcf1. See Neutrophil cytosolic factor 1NCoR. See Nuclear receptor corepressorNE. See NorepinephrineNear-infrared spectroscopy, 4940Necdin, 5383, 12003Necrosis factor. See Tumor necrosis factorNedd. See Neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally

downregulatedNeedle

placebo acupuncture, 381

steitberger, 381Negative affect, 4415Negative symptom, 11403Negative variation, contingent, 5448Negativity, error-related, 4063Neocortex, 1045, 2571, 3465, 4891, 5069, 6153, 6924, 7424, 13218,

13273Neocortex development, 1057Neocortical potentiation, 7395Neocortical pyramidal cell, 6704Neonatal behavior, 4660Neonatal convulsion, benign familial, 2053Neonatal period, 3045, 3662, 3721Neonate, 10100Nerve

auditory, 96, 279, 11462, 13076optic, 3087, 7532, 7619, 7730, 12633peripheral, 2101, 2124, 6364, 9646, 10646phrenic, 5872sciatic, 3079sensory, 3864trigeminal, 5756

Nerve growth factor, 2923, 3798, 5288, 7281, 8588, 9646, 10847,11974

Nerve injury, 3551, 6439, 6651, 7460peripheral, 11197

Nerve ligation, spinal, 13318Nervous system

autonomic, 8672central (See Central nervous system)enteric, 2798peripheral, 9771sympathetic, 241, 5420

Nestin, 6873Nestin Cre, 9593Netrin, 6119, 13328Netrin-1, 1913, 3192, 9743Network, 573, 1661, 2197, 8465, 11881, 12294

attractor neural, 622default mode, 10222interhemispheric neural, 8523layered, 4526neural (See Neural network)one-dimensional, 4526scale-free connected, 8465spinal interneuronal, 2871trans-Golgi, 12748winner-take-all, 4763

Neu, 6873Neural cell adhesion molecule, 10888

NCAM L1, 11532Neural circuit, 9355, 13537

intact, 10380Neural code/coding, 2499, 7056, 7433, 8254, 9030, 9761, 10232,

12206Neural control of breathing, 300Neural crest, 6651Neural degeneration, primary, 2115Neural development, 5684Neural dynamics, 3667Neural ensemble, 12415Neuralgia, trigeminal, 10646Neural induction, 2820Neural injury, 7532Neural network, 3567, 8633, 12921

attractor, 622interhemispheric, 8523

Neural plasticity, 9130Neural precursor, 609, 2820, 3182, 3491, 4082, 11682, 12620Neural precursor cell, 2321

adult, 3377Neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally downregulated

4 –2, 8195Neural progenitor, 1551, 3182, 7885Neural progenitor cell, 5996, 13114Neural specification, 5037

Neural stem cell, 2326, 5402, 6803, 7640, 7839, 8609, 10452,11359, 12544

Neural tracer, 11257Neural tube closure, 2147Neuregulin, 3079, 7619, 8417, 11295Neurite, 3829, 6019, 12735Neurite curvature, 8734Neurite extension, 10624Neurite outgrowth, 152, 5591, 9394, 9512Neuritis, dystrophic, 6533Neuroadaptation, 5673NeuroAIDS, 1098, 4577Neuroanatomy, 5277, 7674, 10235Neurobiotin, 10292Neuroblast, 5534, 11359Neuroblastoma, 10658Neurodegeneration, 143, 429, 662, 810, 1334, 2830, 3514, 3685,

4500, 6103, 6771, 7532, 8057, 9975, 10068, 10349, 10536,12408, 12439, 12497, 13123

neuronal, 6533Neurodegenerative disease, 644, 8160Neurodevelopment, 6893Neurodevelopmental disorder, 319Neuroendocrine cell, 10599Neuroendocrine control, 6643Neuroendocrine system, 11961, 13037Neuroendocrine tissue, 2814Neuroethology, 3454, 4995, 8221, 9135, 9619, 10542Neuroexocytosis, 7826Neurofibrillary tangle, 10636Neurofibromatosis 2, 3390Neurofilament, 10006, 12106Neurofilament inclusion disease, 10006Neurogenesis, 3, 1107, 1269, 2326, 2820, 3182, 3491, 3514, 4082,

4359, 4752, 6627, 7272, 9135, 9703, 10508, 10514, 11061,11413, 11948, 12237, 12497, 12620, 12956, 13007

adult, 609, 2321, 4095, 11359, 12089precocious, 13218

Neurogenetics, 8734Neuroglial switch, 5037Neurogranin, 6230Neurohormone, 10599Neuroimaging, 63, 6052, 8647

electrical, 1293functional, 7156

Neuroimmunology, 731Neuroinflammation, 662, 1281, 1343, 3182, 4644, 9365, 11397,

12826Neuroligin, 4256Neurological recovery, 3377Neuromedin B, 10387Neuromodulator/Neuromodulation, 518, 685, 696, 2599, 3589,

7056, 12325, 12682, 13373Neuromuscular junction, 333, 934, 4004, 4841, 6873, 8040, 9293,

11267, 12283, 13493Neuromuscular system, 3256, 7056Neuron, 1730, 1893, 2300, 3120, 3130, 3281, 3396, 4054, 4277,

4481, 5673, 6823, 8465, 8819, 9860, 10438, 11072, 12127,13123. See also Interneuron; Motoneuron

�-aminobutyric acidergic, 5383, 7826, 12274binaural, 96CA1 hippocampal, 7974CA1 pyramidal, 13474cerebellar granule, 2241, 7767cholinergic, 585, 1588, 9038cortical, 13344corticotectal dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 12471dopamine, 5240dopaminergic, 2798, 4567, 9530, 12127dopaminergic midbrain, 11644dopaminergic nigrostriatal, 4500dorsal raphe nucleus, 5554dorsal root ganglion, 9743embryonic stem cell-derived, 6968glossopharyngeal, 9482glutamatergic, 4660


hippocampal, 1813, 5288, 6496, 9609, 10164, 11575, 13344hippocampal CA1, 7974histamine, 10292layer 5 pyramidal, 3465magnocellular, 7565mirror, 6282, 7942motor (See Motoneuron)multiple, 10141nigrostriatal, 10789olfactory receptor, 3367olfactory sensory, 1961orexin, 10043primary afferent, 11974primary sensory, 9512principal, 5794projection, 3367proopiomelanocortin, 5649Purkinje (See Purkinje neuron)pyramidal (See Pyramidal neuron)pyramidal-like principal, 7995reticulospinal, 4026sensory (See Sensory neuron)serotonergic, 8955, 12781spiny stellate, 708, 1219spiral ganglion, 1991, 3541striatal, 4690, 11174sympathetic, 2777, 11588, 13344sympathetic preganglionic, 1823, 2923wide dynamic range, 4298

Neuronal activity, 2579, 13344Neuronal apoptosis, 41, 6082, 9365, 9996Neuronal cell death, 6985Neuronal cell migration, 742Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, late infantile, 1334Neuronal connectivity, 3999Neuronal death, 429, 775, 1343, 2241, 3345, 4649, 5309, 5709,

9810, 10281programmed, 12735

Neuronal density, 7674Neuronal development, 3, 13344Neuronal differentiation, 5955, 11532Neuronal ensemble, 5574Neuronal ensemble activity, 9860Neuronal growth, 13344Neuronal injury, 5329Neuronal loss, 10129Neuronal migration, 2041, 2132, 4701, 7293, 10624, 13357Neuronal neurodegeneration, 6533Neuronal nitric oxide synthase, 12672Neuronal pentraxin, 6269, 12735Neuronal plasticity, 126, 4298Neuronal polarity, 8115, 10624, 10626, 10633Neuronal progenitor cell, 9593Neuronal reverberation, 10727Neuronal tracing, 193Neuron degeneration, Purkinje, 7839Neuron-glia interaction, 2673, 3319, 5370, 6958, 8881Neuron system, mirror, 1133Neuron transfection, 7189Neuropathic pain, 1281, 8680, 10499, 11974, 12566Neuropathology, 6019, 7640, 7674, 8484, 9810, 10646, 11437,

12735, 13114, 13384Neuropathy, 1179, 2115, 3551, 6364, 11287

Charcot-Marie-Tooth, 2358peripheral, 10299, 10397

Neuropeptide, 573, 5091, 5910, 6163, 8126NPY, 6637, 7707

Neurophysiology, 1117, 2487behavioral, 7305

Neuropilin, 1730, 4961Neuroplasticity, 3444, 8004Neuroprotection, 1088, 1635, 1730, 3923, 4509, 4649, 4672, 7222,

7502, 8484, 9394, 10332, 10514, 12439, 12497Neurosecretion, 1303, 13531Neuroserpin, 10614Neurosphere, 6803

Neurosteroid, 11034Neurosteroid biosynthesis, 6749Neurotoxin lesion, 193Neurotoxin/Neurotoxicity, 981, 1088, 4930, 6124, 7597, 11522Neurotransmitter/Neurotransmission, 1303, 1588, 2369, 5901,

7513, 8537, 8983, 8999inhibitory, 1749, 7826modulation by, 5059

Neurotransmitter receptor, 2458Neurotransmitter release, 333, 585, 2692, 11670, 13089Neurotransmitter transporter, 12055Neurotransplantation, 6406, 7405Neurotrophic factor, 2777, 9750

brain-derived, 1457, 3899, 5288, 5709, 8320, 9250, 9646,10911, 10916, 11041, 11487, 11637, 13218, 13531

ciliary, 1823, 5978, 12089, 13523GDNF (See Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor)

Neurotrophin, 126, 2923, 3496, 7756, 7839, 11487, 12439, 12748,13076, 13218, 13531

NT-3, 9713Neurotrophin receptor, 3496, 5288

p75, 5739, 7756, 11974Neurovascular coupling, 4940, 13007Neurturin, 1953, 8588Neutrophil cytosolic factor 1, 12904New World monkey, 3908NF. See Neurofibromatosis; Nuclear factorNFT. See Neurofibrillary tangleNG2 cell. See PolydendrocyteNGF. See Nerve growth factorNHE. See Sodium ion/hydrogen ion exchangeNiche, stem cell, 12089Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, 9794Nicotine, 4681, 8707, 9780

prenatal, 21Nicotine-dependent catecholamine, 13017Nicotine self-administration, 1872Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, 265, 1711, 4681, 4841, 6004,

8707, 11295Nicotinic antagonist, 13180Nicotinic cholinergic receptor, 723Nicotinic receptor, 11599, 13076Night blindness, 6863Nigrostriatal neuron, 10789

dopaminergic, 4500Nigrostriatal system, 3942NIRS. See Near-infrared spectroscopyNitration, 6124, 10636Nitrative stress, 41Nitric oxide, 143, 4930, 6997, 7395, 8512, 9482, 10430, 11540Nitric oxide synthase, 7730, 11513

endothelial, 12672neuronal, 12672

Nitrogen species, reactive, 61243-Nitropropionic acid, 11371NMDA. See Methyl-D-aspartateNMJ. See Neuromuscular junctionNMR. See Nuclear magnetic resonanceNO. See Nitric oxideNocebo effect, 12014Nociceptive modulation, 1190Nociceptive withdrawal reflex, 3505Nociceptor/Nociception, 246, 559, 1833, 2981, 3662, 5109, 5215,

5492, 6163, 6716, 7281, 7984, 8441, 9385, 10879, 12512,12852

silent, 3864Node of Ranvier, 1935, 2599, 5230Nodose ganglion, 10911Nogo, 1006, 1386, 5591, 12242Nogo-66 receptor, 1386, 13279Noise, 96, 1677, 3541, 3959, 8787, 9030

channel, 5240Noise-induced hearing loss, 2115Nomifensine, 9010Nondeclarative memory, 7547Nongenomic mechanism, 4104

Nonhomologous DNA end joining, 5524Nonhuman primate, 2321, 4681, 6695Nonlinear capacitance, 12727Nonlinear integration, 2088Non-Poisson spiking, 801Nonrapid eye movement sleep, 6213, 9426Nonspatial associative memory, 1562Nonspatial memory, 2907Nonspiking, 2652Nonstationary fluctuation analysis, 1677Noradrenaline, 3292, 11442, 12664Norepinephrine, 241, 467, 2184, 4426, 11442Normal volunteer, 3783NOS. See Nitric oxide synthaseNotch, 3821, 4359

spectral, 3889Notch1, 3102Novel experience, 10727Novelty, 7723Noxa, 12896Noxious cold, 10646Noxious heat sensation, 1953NP. See NeuropeptideNP rat. See Alcohol-nonpreferring ratNR1, 908NR2A, 2956

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-NR2A subunit, 10667NR2A/NR2B ratio, 12456NR2B, 2956, 8517NR2B receptor, 406NREM. See Nonrapid eye movement sleepNrf2. See Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2NRG. See NeuregulinNR1 subunit, 1065NR2 subunit, 5825nRt. See Thalamic reticular nucleusNT. See NeurotrophinNTR. See Neurotrophin receptorNTS. See Nucleus, of the solitary tractN-type calcium channel, 13373Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, 10514Nuclear factor �B, 143, 3541, 3813, 4870, 6803Nuclear magnetic resonance, 13202Nuclear receptor corepressor, 11474Nucleotide, 1688, 3798. See also Cyclic nucleotide; Hyper-

polarization-activated cyclic nucleotideNucleotide exchange factor, guanine, 12397Nucleotide receptor, 9340Nucleus, 8484

amygdala central, 3791, 6077anterior olfactory, 12023anterior thalamic, 2907anteroventral periventricular, 6687arcuate, 1507, 6687caudate, 609, 5360central (See Central nucleus)cerebellar, 12226, 12656cuneate, 4015deep cerebellar, 12656dorsal lateral geniculate, 12873dorsal raphe (See Dorsal raphe nucleus)facial, 1516fastigial, 3066gracile, 4015interpolaris, 10548lateral geniculate (See Lateral geniculate nucleus)medial (See Medial nucleus)medial preoptic, 9205median preoptic, 3037, 9426parabrachial, 4860paraventricular, 12967phonatory motor, 7105raphe (See Dorsal raphe nucleus; Raphe nucleus)retrotrapezoid, 10305of the solitary tract, 411, 6131, 9666subthalamic, 7321, 10768, 12921


suprachiasmatic, 9434, 11615, 12219, 12984supramammillary, 723thalamic (See Thalamic nucleus)thalamic paraventricular, 2434thalamic reticular, 4444, 6813trigeminal, 300, 10548ventral cochlear, 96ventral posterior medial, 13363

Nucleus accumbens, 217, 971, 2513, 4901, 6450, 12374Nucleus accumbens core, 6004Nucleus accumbens shell, 11324Nucleus laminaris, 5948Nucleus raphe. See Raphe nucleusNucleus reticularis thalami. See Thalamic reticular nucleusNucleus stria terminalis. See Bed nucleus of the stria terminalisNucleus tractus solitarius. See Nucleus, of the solitary tractNull mutant, 5673Nurr1, 4567Nystagmus, congenital, 9873

O

Obesity, 7116, 10043, 11052Object discrimination, 7547, 10524Object manipulation, 9736Object processing, 11695Object recognition, 785, 801, 1293, 2894, 6473, 9639, 12043Object recognition task, 5083Object/shape perception, 8804Observation, action, 1133, 9736Observational learning, 13194Occipital area, 13025Occipital complex, lateral, 11695Occipital cortex, lateral, 13128Occipitotemporal cortex, 6052Occlusion, middle cerebral artery, 6413Octavolateralis, 13328Octopamine, 1486, 10082Ocular dominance, 2951, 11554Ocular dominance plasticity, 1057, 7368Ocular-following response, 5301Oculomotor instability, 9873Oculomotor system, 3656, 12479Odor, 2907Odorant receptor gene number 23, mouse, 10508Odor coding, 9892Odor discrimination, 9892Odor transduction, 1961Off-line processing, 12914Off-target effect, 7820OFQ. See Orphanin FQOHC. See Outer hair cellOHDA. See HydroxydopamineOKR. See Optokinetic responseOld/new effect, 7523Olfaction/Olfactory system, 233, 1247, 1661, 3281, 3292, 3367,

6737, 7707, 8727, 9892, 11938, 12023, 12219, 12996Olfactory bulb, 30, 1803, 2684, 3646, 6737, 8857, 9892, 11257,

11709main, 12023

Olfactory code, 8857Olfactory ensheathing cell, 5347, 11120Olfactory epithelium, 9902

main, 1961Olfactory learning, 6603Olfactory nucleus, anterior, 12023Olfactory receptor, 9902Olfactory receptor neuron, 3367Olfactory sensory neuron, 1961Olig2. See Oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2Oligodendrocyte, 757, 1275, 1439, 1854, 2157, 2207, 3045, 3109,

3220, 3377, 5143, 5288, 5638, 5849, 6781, 7665, 9881,10110, 10967, 10984, 11948, 12174, 12339, 12633, 12672

Oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2, 1275, 7907Oligodendrocyte precursor, 1913, 5037, 7619Oligodendrocyte precursor cell, 328

Oligodendrocyte progenitor, 3829Oligodendrogenesis, adult, 7907Oligodeoxynucleotide, antisense, 5881Oligomer, 6011Oligomerization, 7014, 10407Olive, inferior, 5990, 12067Olivocochlear system, 10315Omega-3 fatty acid, 4672Oncogene homolog, glioma-associated, 9282Oncogenomics, 12544One-dimensional network, 4526ON response, long-latency, 11857Ontology, gene, 11083OPC. See Progenitor cellOperant conditioning, 2443, 6573Ophthalmic branch, 5756Opiate, 5720, 5894, 7163, 12694Opioid, 398, 12251�-Opioid, 2788�-Opioid, 2788Opioid receptor, 4036, 8332, 13318�-Opioid receptor, 953�-Opioid receptor, 9743�-Opioid receptor, 4298, 5777, 12602Opioid receptor like-1 receptor, 13048Opisthobranch mollusk, 2010Opponent process, 12033Optical imaging, 1057, 2313, 11775Optical technology, 10380Optic chiasm, 6911Optic flow, 73, 5616Optic nerve, 3087, 7532, 7619, 7730, 12633Optic tectum, 12799Optimal integration, 4188Optimality, 7477, 10154Optimization, 7791Optokinetic response, 11554

reversed, 9873Oral-motor activity, 3412Ora transientless, 7245Orbital cortex, 8368Orbitofrontal cortex, 4852, 5160, 6885

lateral, 7870Order, 12708

temporal, memory for, 2907Orexin, 398, 10372, 10658, 13400Orexin neuron, 10043Organic cation transporter, 8758Organization, 916Organ of Corti, 7659Organotype, 1045Organotypic culture, 1531Organotypic slice, 8881Organum vasculosum lamina terminalis, 9069, 9205Orientation, 6473, 6485, 6589, 9098, 13567

hair bundle, 2147spatial, 622, 2881

Orientation column, 3434Orientation map, 7680Orienting, head-restrained, 9820ORL. See Opioid receptor likeOrphanin FQ, 13048ort. See Ora transientlessOscillator/Oscillation, 490, 1661, 1739, 3567, 3646, 4247, 6249,

6518, 6728, 8633, 9494, 12219, 12921, 13485�, 8168cholinergically induced, 9923dual, 2531gamma, 2767, 9923slow sleep, 5665subthreshold, 3412

Oscillatory activity, �, 4940Oscillatory response, 7919Osmoreceptor, 9069Osteoarthritis, 9385Otx2, 5955

Outer hair cell, 3992, 12727Outgrowth

axon, 6040dendrite, 10916neurite, 152, 5591, 9394, 9512

Outpost, Golgi, 10631Output monitoring, 7305Ovalbumin antigen, 731Ovariectomy, 535OVLT. See Organum vasculosum lamina terminalisOwl, barn, 5948Oxidase

cytochrome, 6062monoamine, 6124

Oxidation, 1688, 4672protein, 5256

Oxidative glutamate toxicity, 10514Oxidative stress, 3220, 3933, 4329, 4774, 10514, 11111, 11162Oxide, nitric. See Nitric oxideOxidizing/reducing agent, 5329Oxygenase, 5256Oxygenation, 11522

cerebral, 3662Oxygen-glucose deprivation, 1396Oxygen species, reactive, 1880, 11111, 11540, 12904Oxytocin, 10717

P

P2. See Purinergic receptorp11, 10499p25, 10536p35, 1646p38, 8295p52, 12896p53, 6377, 7257, 7974p75, 5288, 12748P300, 821PACAP. See Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptidePacemaker, 5240Packing, 2358Pain, 126, 246, 381, 559, 1281, 1787, 2403, 3079, 3589, 3864, 4198,

4298, 4308, 4350, 5109, 5215, 5492, 5777, 6163, 6330,7281, 8126, 8332, 8441, 8578, 8588, 8923, 10646, 10879,11287, 11454, 11501, 12014, 12033, 12852, 13048

chronic, 12055, 12165neuropathic, 1281, 8680, 10499, 11974, 12566spontaneous, 1281thermal, 12165

Pain behavior, 10499Painful stimulation, 3505Pain modulation, 4437Paired-pulse, 841Paired-pulse depression, 372Paired-pulse facilitation, 10796Paired recording, 1465Paired transcranial magnetic stimulation, 7452Pallidus

globus, 6318, 6554, 8653, 12921raphe, 1190

Pallium, 11562, 13273Palmitoylated peptide, 7950Palmitoylation, 12758Palsy, cerebral, 4359PAMAM-Arg. See Plasmid/arginine-grafted polyamidoamine

dendrimerPancreatitis-associated protein, 7460Panic, 7093PAP. See Pancreatitis-associated proteinmPar6�, 10624Parabrachial nucleus, 4860Parahippocampal region, 5835Paralemniscal layer, 9538Paralemniscal pathway, 10548Parallel fiber, 3245, 3626, 8289, 11786Paralysis, temperature-sensitive, 2369


Paranode, 5230Paraparesis, tropical spastic, 10006Parasitic attractor, 158Paraventricular hypothalamus, 6131, 11893Paraventricular nucleus, 12967

thalamic, 2434Par complex, 10626Parental behavior, 2335Paried recording, 12487Parietal area, 1133, 8310, 9239Parietal cortex, 1429, 2487, 3615, 3656, 5098, 9015, 9805

posterior, 117, 435, 6314, 9162, 9376Parietal lobe, 6282

superior, 2704Parietal lobule

inferior, 3783superior, 435, 3679, 13515

Parietal reach region, 10091Parieto-occipital cortex, 7962Parietotemporal region, 10700Parkin, 3685Parkinson, 3942, 9996, 10558, 11230, 11644Parkinsonism, experimental, 4500, 7222Parkinson’s disease, 440, 2321, 2424, 2914, 3567, 3685, 3875,

4681, 5256, 6985, 7272, 7321, 7502, 8101, 9365, 9448,9750, 10068, 10577, 10768, 11915, 13548

Paroxysmal activity, 6153Particle tracking, single, 8502Partition, polysomal, 9743Parvalbumin, 1604, 3434, 9038Parvocellular pathway, 3908, 8715, 11148Parvocellular stream, 12789Passive viewing, 9805Patch clamp, 708, 1128, 1260, 2652, 4763, 5329, 5411, 6728, 6997,

7212, 7513, 7707, 8267, 8537, 9323, 9413, 9695, 10043,10717, 11833, 12314, 12487, 13373

in vivo, 1787whole-cell, 3229, 6668

Patch clamp electrophysiology, 7811Patch electrochemistry, intracellular, 9304Patch recording, perforated, 11432Pathfinding, 5656

axon, 1418Path integration, 4266Path/Pathway

central autonomic, 10305cyclic adenosine monophosphate, 4624cyclic adenosine monophosphate transduction, 6143disease-modifying, 10349early visual, 11763endocytic, 1596magnocellular, 8715paralemniscal, 10548parvocellular, 3908, 8715, 11148perforant, 429phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, 8388reflex, 2871secretory, 10631signaling, 4104, 10461signal transduction, 6439temporoammonic, 11850thalamocortical, 10057what, 1293where, 1293

Pattern generator/generation, 1470, 9619, 10743central, 991, 3505, 5320, 8838, 9107, 10925, 12294motor, 6238vocal, 7105

Pattern/Patterning, 1154flight, 8278motor, 1486, 12118natural stimulation, 6945spatiotemporal activity, 8148spike, 9030

Pavlovian conditioning, 5894, 12700, 13556. See also Classicalconditioning

Pax3, 5739Pax6, 3066, 9184Pax7, 5739Paxillin, 1418PBSC. See Peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cellPC. See PheochromocytomaPCDH. See ProtocadherinPCNA. See Proliferating cell nuclear antigenPCR. See Polymerase chain reactionPDE. See PhosphodiesterasePDGF. See Platelet-derived growth factorPDZ. See Postsynaptic density 95/disc large/zonula occludens-1Pediatrics, 3662Pedunculopontine tegmentum, 8931Peer-reared rhesus monkey, 4638Pentraxin, neuronal, 6269, 12735Peptidase, tripeptidyl, 1334Peptide, 6637. See also Neuropeptide

amyloid, 3845amyloid �, 2290, 3821, 4644, 4717, 9047, 10480, 11111, 11437,

11652, 12081, 13102, 13428atrial natriuretic, 7811brain natriuretic, 696calcitonin gene-related, 8332fluorescent-peptide, 4118natriuretic (See Natriuretic peptide)palmitoylated, 7950

Peptidylarginine deiminase, 11387Peptidylglycine �-monooxygenase, 7860Percept, bistable, 502Perception, 1945, 5198, 5990, 8176, 13025

cross-modal, 12260Gestalt, 8168human gait, 2894motion, 8988object/shape, 8804sensory, 8727spatial, 12, 5616speech, 7629stereoscopic depth, 9098tactile, 6473, 6485temporal, 12708visual, 12, 2235, 12186

Perception deficit, 11403Perceptual learning, 6589

human, 12708Perforant pathway, 429Perforated patch recording, 11432Performance, 7433, 10883Perfusion, 8069Periaqueductal gray, 126, 2583, 3423Period

critical, 7368delay, 12479sensitive, 6737

Period, 2531Period gene, 6406Peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell, 3444Peripheral glia, 3319Peripheral nerve, 2101, 2124, 6364, 9646, 10646Peripheral nerve injury, 11197Peripheral nervous system, 9771Peripheral neuropathy, 10299, 10397Peripheral sensitization, 12852Perirhinal cortex, 6761, 9162Perirhinal kainate, 3561Periventricular nucleus, anteroventral, 6687Periventricular white matter, 3045Permeability, 13156Peroxynitrite, 41, 8512, 11540Persistent sodium current, 3412, 3465, 8559Personality, 5160PET. See Positron emission tomographyPFC. See Prefrontal cortexPG. See ProstaglandinpH, 5800, 9851, 9944

vesicular, 9304Phagocytosis, 10558, 11413, 12904Pharmacology, 2403, 9385, 13180Phase 2 detoxification enzyme, 10514Phase locking, 11462Phase shift, 9434PHCCC. See Phenyl-(hydroxyimino)cyclopropachromen-

carboxamidePhenotype, 5277, 10646, 13102

lethal, 4660N-Phenyl-(hydroxyimino)cyclopropachromen-carboxamide, 8388Pheochromocytoma 12, 3798, 9304Pheochromocytoma 12 cell, 9996Pheromone, 7375, 8727pHluorin, 7046PHM. See Peptidylglycine �-monooxygenasePhonatory motor nucleus, 7105Phonological processing, 10700Phosphatase

ceramide-activated protein, 2290protein (See Protein phosphatase; Protein tyrosine phosphatase)Slingshot, 1006

Phosphate-activated glutaminase, 4660Phosphatidylinositol biphosphate, 4835, 7950, 10777, 11588,

12816Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, 2167, 4481, 4509, 5456, 9439,

10626, 11197, 12439Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway, 8388Phosphene, 11347Phosphodiesterase, 4472. See also Cyclic nucleotide-phosphodiesterasePhosphoinositide 3-kinase, 1026, 10199, 12943Phospholipase, 2227

PLA2, 11111, 11588PLC, 2661, 8278PLC �2, 3971

Phospholipid, 12544Phosphorylation, 246, 632, 2041, 2645, 5131, 6103, 8570, 9153,

9227, 9394, 10488, 10808, 11670cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding

protein, 9548protein kinase C, 5059tyrosine, 2544, 4690, 5872, 13357

Photic timing, 12984Photic transmission, 9434Photoablation, 7898Photobleaching, 7046, 12127

fluorescence recovery after, 6190, 7597Photolabeling, 11599Photoreceptor, 203, 1036, 1146, 2555, 6863, 7201, 9153, 11929

cone, 5800Photostimulation, intrinsic circuitry, 4763Phototransduction, 1036, 4472, 6863, 12816, 13523Phrenic nerve, 5872pH signaling, 7230Physiology, 12294, 13537

somatosensory, 180PI. See Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinasePICK. See Protein interacting with C kinase; Protein kinasePicrotoxin, 1396PIP2. See Phosphatidylinositol biphosphatePiriform cortex, 4852, 6737, 9548, 12219PITC. See Posterior inferior temporal cortexPituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, 12984Pituitary gland, 10599PK. See Protein kinasePK2. See Prokineticin 2PKR. See Prokineticin receptorPL. See PhospholipasePlacebo, 381, 12014Placebo acupuncture needle, 381Placebo analgesia, 381Place cell, 622, 3154, 4266, 12237, 12415, 13485Place conditioning, 6450Place field, 13485Place preference, conditioned, 3010, 4956Planar polarity, 5265


Planning, 9761, 11313motor, 3697, 12479movement, 10154

Plaque, amyloid, 10129a�, 1386

Plasma membrane, 3141, 8502Plasma membrane calcium ion-ATPase, 311, 7201

PMCA2, 6386Plasma membrane calcium pump, 8183Plasmid/arginine-grafted polyamidoamine dendrimer, 6413Plasminogen, 13017Plasminogen activator, 10614

tissue, 7839Plasticity, 3, 1164, 1465, 1516, 1624, 1945, 2571, 3367, 3561, 4046,

4970, 6089, 6096, 6163, 6314, 7293, 7321, 7405, 8691,8734, 8881, 9548, 10020, 10461, 10508, 10564, 10590,10856, 11588, 11811, 12242, 12656, 12717, 13437

activity-dependent, 1199axon arbor, 3594bidirectional, 6610, 7337cortical, 8025, 10667dendritic, 5248developmental, 5698, 10358experience-dependent, 4155, 11775homeostatic, 10362, 13474long-term, 7919long-term synaptic, 1026, 5204maladaptive, 716neural, 9130neuronal, 126, 4298ocular dominance, 1057, 7368short-term, 372, 2692, 4004, 4155short-term synaptic, 1366, 6945spike timing-dependent, 5604, 9673, 11001spike timing-dependent synaptic, 7424spinal cord, 12537synaptic (See Synaptic plasticity)visual, 11554

Plate, floor, 8909Platelet-derived growth factor, 6781Pleiotrophin, 9646Plexin, 1730, 4961Plexus, choroid, 7640PLP. See Proteolipid protein; Pyramidal-like principal neuronPMBSF, 6062PMCA. See Plasma membrane calcium ion-ATPasep38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, 8680, 11974, 12427pmn mouse, 10614Pneumotaxic center, 300p75 neurotrophin receptor, 5739, 7756, 11974Poisson hypothesis test, 801Polarity, 10631

neuronal, 8115, 10624, 10626, 10633planar, 5265tissue, 2147

Poleprefrontal, 11454temporal, 7328

Polyamidoamine dendrimer, plasmid/arginine-grafted, 6413Polydendrocyte, 3829, 4729Polyglutamine, 1635, 2830, 6019, 7597, 11474, 12106Polymerase-�, DNA, 10949Polymerase chain reaction, 11083

reverse transcription-, 9646Polymorphism, 1407, 1864, 8955

genetic, 12609single-nucleotide, 9227

Polypeptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating, 12984PolyQ. See PolyglutaminePolysialic acid, 10888Polysomal partition, 9743POMC. See ProopiomelanocortinPons, 4394, 6040, 10305

dorsolateral, 300ventrolateral, 300

Pontine reticular formation, 4922

medial, 8931Pool

motoneuron, 12769rapidly recycling vesicle, 10270readily releasable, 4216, 10911storage, 3206synaptic vesicle, 11208vesicle (See Vesicle pool)

Pooling, 5948Population bursting, hypoglossal, 2623Population coding, 3615, 3667, 5604, 13454Population vector hypothesis, 5574Pore, fusion, 3030Pore kinetics, fusion, 372Position, body, 8074Positron emission tomography, 3589, 4638, 5777, 7328Posner task, 9629Postembedding immunogold labeling, 8040Posterior inferior temporal cortex, 8523Posterior medial nucleus, ventral, 13363Posterior parietal cortex, 117, 435, 6314, 9162, 9376Post-injury recovery, 1269Postnatal mouse, 3281Postrema, area, 9695Postsynaptic current, 2555, 4394

�-aminobutyric acidergic inhibitory, 1795AMPA-excitatory, 5794excitatory (See Excitatory postsynaptic current)inhibitory (See Inhibitory postsynaptic current)miniature excitatory, 86, 5456, 10043miniature inhibitory, 86recurrent excitatory, 4095slow excitatory, 6935

Postsynaptic density, 7693, 11267PSD-95, 763, 1355, 2343, 4256, 7035, 7151, 10164

Postsynaptic density 95/disc large/zonula occludens-1, 963, 7875Postsynaptic density 95/disc large/zonula occludens-1 binding do-

main, 8115Postsynaptic density 95/disc large/zonula occludens-1 domain,

763, 2174, 2300, 2380Postsynaptic differentiation, 4256Postsynaptic efficacy, 6337Postsynaptic potential

excitatory (See Excitatory postsynaptic potential)inhibitory, 1219, 8559

Posttetanic potentiation, 5786Posttranslational modification, 518Post-traumatic stress disorder, 1571, 5733Potassium, Twik-related acid-sensitive, 7362Potassium buffering, 5438Potassium channel, 1803, 1844, 3757, 4602, 5649, 6131, 7362,

9340, 10984, 12325, 13505calcium-activated, 6181large-conductance calcium-activated, 5059, 5428, 11833sodium-activated, 5059voltage-gated (See Voltage-gated potassium channel)

Potassium-chloride cotransporter 2, 11432Potassium concentration, extracellular, 6153Potassium ion channel, 5240, 12143

ether-a-go-go-related gene-like, 169Potassium ion/chloride ion cotransporter, 8943Potassium ion current, 10847

A-type, 12274Potential

action (See Action potential)afterdepolarizing, 11961auditory evoked, 1293backpropagating action, 30, 10420, 12143chloride ion reversal, 7321dendritic action, 30event-related, 926, 1293, 1979, 12043evoked (See Evoked potential)excitatory postsynaptic (See Excitatory postsynaptic potential)giant depolarizing, 2326inhibitory postsynaptic, 1219, 8559intracellular synaptic, 4535

local field, 4535, 6318, 7779, 8148, 12415membrane (See Membrane potential)mitochondrial membrane, 11111resting, 12526steady-state visual-evoked, 4940transient receptor (See Transient receptor potential)visual-evoked (See Visual-evoked potential)

Potentiated startle, fear, 10387Potentiation, 13428

activity-dependent, 8999early long-term, 3951of feeding, 7163late long-term, 3951long-term (See Long-term potentiation)neocortical, 7395posttetanic, 5786presynaptic long-term, 9332

PP. See Protein phosphatasePPC. See Posterior parietal cortexPPF. See Paired-pulse facilitationPrader-Willi syndrome, 5383, 12003P rat. See Alcohol-preferring ratPre-Botzinger Complex, 2623, 11870Precentral sulcus, superior, 2724Precision, 3767

spike time, 9084Precision grip, 9015Precocious neurogenesis, 13218Preconditioning, sensory, 8305Precursor

granule cell, 830neural (See Neural precursor)oligodendrocyte, 1913, 5037, 7619

Precursor celladult neural, 3377neural (See Neural precursor cell)oligodendrocyte, 328

Precursor protein. See Amyloid precursor proteinPredator detection, 10542Predatory hunting, 2583Prediction, 3767Prediction error, 3791, 4036, 6077, 9530Preference, 7245

alcohol, 8320conditioned place, 3010, 4956sucrose, 8235

Prefrontal cortex, 186, 671, 792, 916, 1211, 1429, 2449, 2933, 4465,4535, 4803, 5709, 6458, 7156, 8004, 8148, 9162, 10646,11023, 11187, 11239, 11313, 11501, 11726, 12165, 12308,12471, 12967, 13143

dorsolateral (See Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex)dorsomedial, 5224medial, 4236, 5733, 6422, 8931, 9264, 9656, 13264ventrolateral, 13515ventromedial, 4415, 8360, 9503, 11379

Prefrontal pole, 11454Preganglionic sympathetic neuron, 1823, 2923Pregnenolone, 11034Prelimbic cortex, 2933, 5049, 13143Premotor area, 3697, 6288, 12266Premotor cortex, 117, 3330, 4465, 5448, 7452

dorsal, 2724Premotor system, 2964Pre-M1 region, 2031Prenatal immune challenge, 4752Prenatal nicotine, 21Prenatal period, 3045, 3721Preoptic area

medial, 1699ventrolateral, 3037, 9426

Preoptic nucleusmedial, 9205median, 3037, 9426

Preparation, motor, 2704, 3697, 5448Preparatory attention, 2745Preparatory period, 2704


Preparatory set, 10091Prepulse inhibition, 5091Presenilin, 429, 3821, 3845, 5180, 6377, 12081Pressor area, caudal, 5420Prestin, 12727Pre-supplementary motor area, 2579, 6354Presynapse, 406, 5863, 6618, 7565, 8137, 9666, 10270, 10796,

13443Presynaptic calcium ion current, 1366Presynaptic calcium ion dynamics, 6238Presynaptic excitability, 6979Presynaptic inhibition, 2278, 4015, 4216, 12427Presynaptic long-term potentiation, 9332Presynaptic mechanism, 109, 862Presynaptic modulation, 86Presynaptic receptor, 3292Presynaptic regulation, 963, 1588, 7071Presynaptic signaling, 3474Presynaptic specificity, 7348Presynaptic suppression, 2991Primary afferent, 1833Primary afferent neuron, 11974Primary motor area, 6288Primary neural degeneration, 2115Primary sensory neuron, 9512Primary somatosensory cortex, 5970Primary visual cortex, 138, 4826, 5965, 9117, 10826, 11987, 12789Primate, 4519, 5190, 5360, 5929, 10826, 11023, 11148, 11313,

12885. See also Human; Macaque; Monkeynonhuman, 2321, 4681, 6695

Priming, 792, 4803, 6523, 13054conceptual, 926

Principal components analysis, 9860Principal neuron, 5794Prion, 12408Prion infectivity, 11753Prion protein, 12408Prism adaptation, 1986Probability

choice, 7779, 9567release (See Release probability)synaptic release, 372

Procedural learning, 1986Process/Processing, 12838

auditory, 7477, 12708binocular, 4370chemosensory, 4139configural, 2894dual, 1979information (See Information processing)motion, 12479object, 11695off-line, 12914opponent, 12033phonological, 10700sensory, 4426sensory information, 9860spatial, 11763visual motion, 2941, 11987

Production, sequence, 991Profile

expression, 12544gene, 9722

Progenitor, 1045local, 609neural, 1551, 3182, 7885

Progenitor cell, 7380, 10452neural, 5996, 13114neuronal, 9593

Progesterone, 6687Program, motor, 1016Programmed cell death, 542, 6851Programmed neuronal death, 12735Programming, 3840Projection

laminar origin of, 7348

retinogeniculate, 6269retinotectal, 10868thalamocortical, 3056

Projection neuron, 3367Prokineticin, 6716Prokineticin 2, 11615Prokineticin receptor 1, 6716Prolactin, 8126Prolactin receptor, 8126Proliferating cell nuclear antigen, 775Proliferation, 830, 1107, 1439, 2124, 2157, 5955, 7272, 8388, 8417,

9448, 11120cell, 5402, 6873

Promotor regulation, 13463Proopiomelanocortin, 2814, 11072Proopiomelanocortin neuron, 5649Propagation, 1935. See also BackpropagationProperty, small-world, 63Proportional scaling, 991Proprioception, 5604, 13297Prosaposin, 13076Prospective memory, 7305Prostaglandin, 4383Protease, 10281, 12374

intramembrane-cleaving, 12081Proteasome, 4949, 5402, 11333, 11423Proteasome activity, 1624Proteasome degradation, 5131, 6985Protection. See NeuroprotectionProtein. See also specific protein by name

actin-binding, 152adaptor (See Adaptor protein)A-kinase anchoring, 2391allosteric, 2031AMPA receptor binding, 2300amyloid (See Amyloid)Bcl-2-associated death, 4481brain lipid binding, 3102cAMP (See Cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-

binding protein)cellular Fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-1�-

converting enzyme-inhibitory, 3299collapsin response mediator, 2241, 4961CPEB (See Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding

protein)CREB (See Cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-

binding protein)enhanced yellow fluorescent, 13123Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin, 75714 –3–3, 9153Fragile X mental retardation, 2413, 5727, 7135, 7147, 7151GFAP (See Glial fibrillary acidic protein)glutamate receptor-interacting, 5028green fluorescent (See Green fluorescent protein)growth arrest-specific protein 6, 5638GTP-binding, 1239, 12397heat shock (See Heat shock protein)hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatitis-associated,

7460MAGE-D1, 5383major intrinsic, 7811MeCP2 (See Methyl CpG binding protein 2)mRNA-binding, 5204myelin basic (See Myelin basic protein)pancreatitis-associated, 7460prion, 12408proteolipid (See Proteolipid protein)QKI RNA-binding, 11278RNA-binding, 6496rtTA, 6873scaffolding, 2343, 8492small GTP-binding, 12397soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein

receptor, 7826survival of motoneuron, 8622synaptic GTPase-activating, 763

tau, 644transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory, 8600tyrosine kinase B-enhanced green fluorescent, 11487VAMP-enhanced green fluorescent, 10813wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein-related, 5849yellow fluorescent, 355zip-code binding, 7135

Protein aggregation, 8160, 10068Protein degradation, 4949, 13054Protein import, 9057Protein interacting with C kinase 1, 2380, 3192, 3626, 5028Protein kinase, 2513, 5109, 12700

CaMK (See Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase; Cal-cium ion/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase)

cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent, 1138, 12807MAPK (See Mitogen-activated protein kinase)myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate, 8999PKA, 2391, 2692, 4338, 5393, 6298, 10209, 12118PKA type II, 1026PKC, 311, 585, 632, 1795, 3192, 3404, 4820, 8570, 8847PKC�, 6337PKC-�, 8999stress-activated, 971

Protein kinase C phosphorylation, 5059Protein misfolding, 8160Protein mobility, membrane, 6386Protein oxidation, 5256Protein phosphatase

ceramide-activated, 2290PP2A, 9293PP2B, 1635

Protein-protein interaction, 2522Protein stability, 5131Protein structure, 2635Protein synthesis, 2167, 4949, 5524, 6298, 6935, 7143, 7147,

11811, 12700, 13390local, 152, 12977

Protein synthesis inhibitor, 3010Protein translation, 2413Protein translocation, 1146Protein turnover, 13054Protein tyrosine phosphatase, 2544, 5872

receptor �, 5872receptor �, 5872

Protein tyrosine phosphatase substrate-1, Src homology 2 domain-containing, 12397

Protein zero, myelin, 2358, 3079Proteoglycan, 508, 3829, 4406, 10856

chondroitin sulfate, 4729, 9841Proteolipid protein, 2458, 11278Proteolipid protein-related disorder, 11743Proteolysis, 1923, 4054, 4559, 12081Proteolytic cleavage, 51Protocadherin 15, 2060, 7022Proton-gated current, 5800PrP. See Prion proteinPRV. See Pseudorabies virusPS. See PresenilinPSD. See Postsynaptic densityPseudorabies virus, 3423Psychoacoustics, 785Psychopharmacology, 1979Psychophysics, 8767, 9098, 9639, 12466Psychosis, 8025, 10577Psychostimulant, 193, 3206, 5091, 8025, 9196, 11041PTP. See Posttetanic potentiation; Protein tyrosine phosphatasePTSD. See Post-traumatic stress disorderPuberty, female, 51, 13167Pudendal motoneuron, 10717Pulleys, 2732Pulse, tactile, 5819Pumilio 2, 6496Pump, 12283

calcium, 6172Punishment, 9530, 11379Pupil dilation, 4415


Pupillary size, 7416Purine, 8092Purinergic receptor, 6163, 6958

P2X, 9482P2X4, 9006P2Y, 3798, 9340

Purinergic signaling, 7230Purkinje cell, 86, 1531, 1896, 2278, 2991, 4740, 5153, 5428, 6563,

6841, 6997, 7767, 8289, 8829, 9975, 10916, 11753, 12067,12226, 12576

Purkinje neuron, 3626, 4602, 6897, 12861Purkinje neuron degeneration, 7839Pursuit, 2732, 7607

smooth, 458, 4519, 6354, 13515Pursuit eye movement, 5616Putamen, 6554, 6583PVN. See Paraventricular nucleusPyramidal cell, 597, 671, 2571, 2991, 4394, 8267, 10756, 11249,

11413, 11938, 11992, 12274, 12447hippocampal, 4740neocortical, 6704

Pyramidal-like principal neuron, 7995Pyramidal neuron, 3474, 8787, 9340

CA1, 13474layer 5, 3465

Q

Qft. See QuerkopfQKI RNA-binding protein, 11278qkv. See QuakingviableQTL. See Quantitative trait locusQuakingviable, 11278Quantal analysis, 12487Quantal frequency, 12647Quantal size, 12055Quantam dot, 1893Quantitative model, 9873Quantitative trait locus, 5756Quantum dot tracking, 9609Quaternary structure, 8492Querkopf, 11359Quinolinic acid, 11532Quipazine, 10564

R

Rabbit retina, 13250Rabies virus, 12789Rac, 3390Rac1, 4811, 7151, 10110RACK1, 1457Raclopride, 6583Radial arm water maze, 13279Radial glia, 1551, 11562Radial glial cell, 1045Radial migration, 6924Raft, 5978

lipid, 4841, 8748, 11743RanBPM, 4961Random-dot stimulus, 11726Random walk, 12206RANTES. See Chemokine, CCL5Rapamycin, 8048Raphe, 1864Raphe magnus, 1190Raphe nucleus, 530

caudal linear, 723central linear, 723dorsal (See Dorsal raphe nucleus)

Raphe pallidus, 1190Rapid eye movement sleep, 3037, 8092, 8931, 10577Rapidly recycling vesicle pool, 10270Rapsyn, 4841RAR. See Retinoic acid receptorRas, 1721

Ras-guanine nucleotide-releasing factorRas-GRF1, 1721Ras-GRF2, 1721

Rat, 1448, 1739, 2449, 2907, 2914, 3229, 3377, 3791, 4111, 4763,5008, 5049, 5224, 5484, 5881, 6330, 6518, 6603, 7272,7974, 8409, 8451, 9520, 9923, 10051, 10847, 11041, 11324,11342, 11413, 11665, 12198, 12206, 12914, 13143, 13485.See also Mouse

alcohol-nonpreferring, 1872alcohol-preferring, 1872freely moving, 8025infant, 6737male, 1699

Rate coding, 4526Rate of cell movement, 742Ratio, NR2A/NR2B, 12456Ratio model, 8988Ratio schedule, fixed, 4126Rat model, 1635Rcad. See Cadherinrcm, 5756RD. See Retinal degenerationReaching, 4188, 6288, 10154Reaching arm movement, 5301Reaching movement, 3679Reach region, parietal, 10091Reaction time, 1314, 3697, 3981, 5448, 10091, 10879

serial, 1016, 4111Reactivation, memory-trace, 10727Reactive astrogliosis, 8295Reactive nitrogen species, 6124Reactive oxygen species, 1880, 11111, 11540, 12904Readily releasable pool, 4216, 10911Reading, 6052, 7328, 11131Reading ability-matched control group, 10700Reafference, 9619Reagent, redox, 5329Rebound burst firing, 11072Recall, 9560

free, 9162Receptive field, 2101, 4406, 6346, 6473, 6485, 7477, 9683, 10826,

11148, 11763, 13363, 13567vibrissal, 10548

Receptor, 2227, 2881, 8727, 9780, 11575. See also specific type, e.g.Photoreceptor

acetylcholine (See Acetylcholine receptor)adenosine (See Adenosine receptor)adrenergic (See Adrenergic receptor/Adrenoceptor)AMPA (See AMPA receptor)AMPA-type glutamate, 2278angiotensin-II type 1, 9205apolipoprotein, 12943axon guidance, 3999cholinergic (See Cholinergic receptor)dopamine (See Dopamine receptor)dopaminergic, 12308Eph, 882epidermal growth factor, 4277, 7532, 12748ErbB, 6873, 11295erythropoietin, 1269estrogen, 1448extrajunctional acetylcholine, 8983GABA (See Aminobutyric acid receptor)G�q-coupled, 5059glucocorticoid, 1971, 3951, 9130glutamate (See Glutamate receptor)glycine, 4880, 8502, 9413G-protein-coupled (See G-protein-coupled receptor)gustatory, 6143heteromeric, 2080hormone, 54025-HT (See Serotonin receptor)imidazoline, 1795inositol triphosphate, 2661, 8278, 10916kainate, 4178, 10033

leukemia inhibitory factor (See Leukemia inhibitory factorreceptor)

metabotropic glutamate (See Metabotropic glutamatereceptor)

mineralocorticoid, 3951, 9130muscarinic, 9520muscarinic acetylcholine, 3745, 4015, 6004, 7950, 9983muscle-specific tyrosine kinase, 4841, 7919neurotrophin, 3496, 5288nicotinic acetylcholine, 265, 1711, 4681, 4841, 6004, 8707,

11295nicotinic cholinergic, 723NMDA (See Methyl-D-aspartate receptor)Nogo-66, 1386, 13279NR2B, 406nucleotide, 9340olfactory (See Olfactory receptor)opioid (See Opioid receptor)p75 neurotrophin, 5739, 7756, 11974presynaptic, 3292prokineticin 1, 6716prolactin, 8126purinergic (See Purinergic receptor)receptor related to tyrosine kinase, 5840retinoic acid, 3281ryanodine, 1759, 5180serotonin (See Serotonin receptor)stretch, 5910surface, 1499tumor necrosis factor, 9703tyrosine kinase (See Tyrosine kinase receptor)with tyrosine kinase activity, 11230vanilloid (See Vanilloid receptor)

Receptor corepressor, nuclear, 11474Receptor internalization, 953Receptor localization, 8115Receptor neuron, olfactory, 3367Receptor potential. See Transient receptor potentialReceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase �, 5872Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase �, 5872Receptor related to tyrosine kinase receptor, 5840Receptor trafficking, 4690, 5309, 6163, 8549, 9902, 12943

AMPA, 12362Receptor tyrosine kinase, 2124Recognition, 5835, 13025

associative, 9162object (See Object recognition)social, 1961visual word, 8523word (See Word recognition)

Recognition memory, 1979, 3561Recombinant human erythropoietin, 5996Recombinase

Cre, 355, 655, 8609, 9593cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element, 8417

Recombination, DNA, 5524Reconfiguration, mechanical, 10743Reconsolidation, 3010, 5524, 9560, 10051, 11582, 12700, 12977

memory, 5881, 6298Reconstruction, three-dimensional, 109, 5017, 5511, 7348, 11249Recording

awake, 2250ensemble, 622ensemble unit, 8025extracellular, 4444, 5720, 6458, 8857extracellular single-unit, 10292intracellular (See Intracellular recording)multichannel single-unit, 9860multielectrode, 1739multiple single-unit, 10727paired, 1465paried, 12487perforated patch, 11432single-cell, 11726single-unit (See Single-unit recording)urodynamic, 8672


in vivo, 8857in vivo intracellular, 12023whole-cell, 265, 7380, 12206

Recoveryfluorescence, after photobleaching, 6190, 7597functional, 7849, 11532, 13007neurological, 3377post-injury, 1269stroke, 3491

Recruitment, 4054Recurrent collateral, 5920Recurrent excitatory postsynaptic current, 4095Recurrent inhibition, 13297Recycling, synaptic vesicle, 6668, 11606Recycling vesicle pool, rapidly, 10270REDD1, 9996Redox reagent, 5329Reeler, 9184reeler, 3066Reelin, 1646, 1767, 4701, 4752, 13357Reference frame, 5616

spatial, 7491Reflex, 3524. See also Startle

baroreceptor, 5420blink, 716nociceptive withdrawal, 3505spinal, 3505vestibulo-ocular, 564

H-Reflex conditioning, 12537Reflex gain modulation, 9272Reflexive manual response, 5301Reflex pathway, 2871Refractory effect, 4046Reg, 7460Regenerating gene, 7460Regeneration, 328, 2881, 3087, 3256, 4359, 4729, 5565, 5591,

6303, 6364, 6439, 6627, 7293, 7405, 8672, 9713, 10856,11948, 13007

axon, 4406, 5347, 12242central nervous system, 1006

Regionparahippocampal, 5835parietotemporal, 10700pre-M1, 2031second somatosensory, 13567

Regression, dendritic, 1531Regularity, 801Regulation

blood pressure, 5420chloride, 10407emotion, 4415estrogen, 11072feedback, 11961gene, 4985presynaptic, 963, 1588, 7071promotor, 13463retrograde, 6968suprachiasmatic, 6406transcriptional, 7131translational, 9743transsynaptic, 12152

Regulator of G-protein signaling 9, 4472RGS9 –1, 2522RGS9 –2, 2522

Regulatory protein, transmembrane AMPA receptor, 7875Regulatory volume decrease, 10177Rehabilitation, 12537, 13194Reinforcement, 6004, 9196Reinforcement learning, 12885Reinnervation, 9646Reinstatement, 1231, 1579, 1872, 3584, 9967, 10372RelA, 12896Relapse, 1872, 5881, 5894, 8531, 9967

ethanol, 1231Relational memory, 8352Relative disparity, 9098

Relative timing, 12708Releasable pool. See Readily releasable poolRelease, 13017

�-aminobutyric acid, 597, 9332asynchronous, 13493ATP, 1378basal transmitter, 6238calcium ion, 10916glutamate, 1366, 4660, 9312neurotransmitter, 333, 585, 2692, 11670, 13089synaptic vesicle, 210, 1303, 2197, 2313, 5863transmitter (See Transmitter release)vesicular zinc, 6089

Release probability, 1239, 4155, 4216, 6131, 10796, 12647synaptic, 372

Reliability, 5910REM. See Rapid eye movement sleepRemifentanil, 6004Remyelination, 328, 1803, 3377, 7665, 12672Reorienting, 9629Repair, 1688, 10856, 11948, 12174

brain, 12089central nervous system, 5591DNA, 10949myelin, 7907

Repetitive magnetic stimulation, 9629Repetitive stimulation, 11606Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, 8523, 12466Repetitive transcranial stimulation, 1945Replication, DNA, 10949Reporter, A-kinase activity, 12807Representation, 10232

allocentric spatial, 4546cortical, 7477feedback, 2745sequence, 13194topographical, 1986

Representational momentum, 7942Rescue

cell, 7839transgenic, 11423

Resealing, membrane, 3130Resonance, electrical, 12526Resonance imaging. See Functional magnetic resonance imaging;

Magnetic resonance imagingRespiration, 3721, 4660, 4860, 10305, 12294, 13123Respiratory control, central, 7230Respiratory rhythm, 11870Response, 3971

�-aminobutyric acid, 6554blood oxygenation level-dependent, 5819conditioned, 6583conditioned emotional, 6573DNA damage, 7767evoked, 4046frequency, 3767graded, 13454hemodynamic, 4940, 11821homeostatic, 10177immune, 11083interferon, 7820involuntary visuomotor, 5301ipsilateral, 180jamming avoidance, 9173local bend, 8009long-latency ON, 11857ocular-following, 5301optokinetic, 11554oscillatory, 7919reflexive manual, 5301reversed optokinetic, 9873startle, 3454

Response conflict, 4063, 5224Response inhibition, 5224Resting connectivity, 13338Resting potential, 12526

Restricted diffusion, 9609Resurgent sodium current, 1935, 3412RET, 11230Retardation. See Fragile XRetention, 5049

endoplasmic reticulum-, 7014Reticular formation, 7105

brainstem, 4426medial pontine, 8931pontine, 4922

Reticular nucleus, thalamic, 4444, 6813Reticulata, substantia nigra pars, 10768Reticulospinal neuron, 4026Reticulum, endoplasmic. See Endoplasmic reticulumRetigabine, 2053Retina, 203, 696, 862, 1036, 1146, 1759, 2555, 2841, 2862, 3959,

4206, 4472, 5028, 5190, 5248, 6303, 6346, 6543, 6863,6979, 7172, 7201, 9153, 9413, 9434, 10868, 11624, 11857,11903, 11929, 12873, 13523

rabbit, 13250Retinal degeneration, 1036, 11929, 12816Retinal ganglion cell, 3087, 3604, 5347, 6269, 6911, 7172, 7619,

8082, 8254, 11857, 11903, 12633, 12807, 13250Retinal ganglion cell axon, 9873Retinal map, 862Retinal wave, 5190Retinitis pigmentosa, 203Retinogeniculate map, 12873Retinogeniculate projection, 6269Retinoic acid, 3281Retinoic acid receptor, 3281Retinoid-related orphan receptor �, 1531Retinotectal projection, 10868, 12873Retinotectal system, 862, 3594, 3604, 6082, 7575Retinotopy, 5965, 8804, 13128Retraction, 862Retrieval, 821, 5049, 12914

memory, 6298Retrieval-dependent amnesia, 11582Retrograde amnesia, 4852, 13311Retrograde axon transport, 12106Retrograde inhibition, 6841Retrograde labeling, 2788, 7680, 9646, 12789Retrograde messenger, 7189, 11513Retrograde regulation, 6968Retrograde signaling, 2343Retrotrapezoid nucleus, 10305Rett syndrome, 319, 10911Reverberation, neuronal, 10727Reversal, 5083, 7791Reversal learning, 8360Reversal potential, chloride ion, 7321Reverse correlation, 2614

local spectral, 3269Reversed optokinetic response, 9873Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, 9646Reversible lesion, 158, 5224Reward, 398, 723, 4901, 4970, 5160, 5360, 6399, 6761, 6885, 7468,

7718, 8915, 10789, 11379asymmetric, 6695

Reward-dependent stochastic Hebbian learning, 3731Reward sensitivity, 13213Reward uncertainty, 3667Rewired auditory cortex, 3021RGC. See Retinal ganglion cellRGS9. See Regulator of G-protein signaling 9rhEPO. See Recombinant human erythropoietinRhesus monkey, 9820

peer-reared, 4638RhoA, 5727Rhodopsin, 203, 1146Rho GTPase, 1418, 7151, 10110, 10624, 10633Rho kinase, 1006Rhythm, 991, 2474, 5008, 12294

circadian, 479, 6406, 8662, 9434, 10472, 11615, 12219, 13400respiratory, 11870


theta, 6518, 9038, 13485Rhythm coordination, 8477Rhythm generation, 2623, 4026Rhythmic activity, 5320Ribbon synapse, 2555, 7659Ribonucleoparticles, 6496Ribonucleoprotein biogenesis, small nuclear, 11014Ribosome, 7143Risk-taking, 6469, 6885R/2 mouse, 10452RNA. See also mRNA; tRNA

messenger, 8339short hairpin, 6413, 7820small interfering, 2241, 5727, 7811

RNA-binding protein, 6496QKI, 11278

RNA granule, 8622RNA interference, 4460, 5727, 6082, 6119, 7820, 8195, 10209RNA trafficking, 2184, 5204, 7139Robo, 6911, 8082Robotic training, 10564Rod, 1759, 3959, 4472, 5248, 13523Rodent. See specific type. e.g. MouseRod vision, 3959Root ganglion, dorsal. See Dorsal root ganglionROR. See Retinoid-related orphan receptorROS. See Reactive oxygen speciesRosenthal fiber, 11162Rosette, mossy fiber, 12067Rotation, visuomotor, 3642Rotenone, 4318, 4481Roughness, 785, 5582RRP. See Readily releasable poolRSVP, 9683RT. See Reaction timeRTK. See Receptor, with tyrosine kinase activityrTMS. See Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulationRTP801, 9996RT-PCR. See Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactionrtTA protein, 6873R-type calcium spike, 6249Rules, 7305, 11239Runway, 6004Ryanodine, 3482, 5656Ryanodine receptor, 1759, 2661, 5180Ryk. See Receptor related to tyrosine kinase

S

Saccade, 12, 1117, 2724, 3656, 4228, 4922, 5098, 5360, 5965, 6695,7468, 7607, 7741, 12885

Saccadic suppression, 5965Sag, voltage, 3229SAGE. See Serial Analysis of Gene ExpressionsAHP. See Slow afterhyperpolarizationSalamander, tiger, 2555Salience, 7607, 10789

visual, 4228Salt appetite, 411Saltatory conduction, 1854Same/different task, 11726Sampling, sparse, 273SAPK. See Stress-activated protein kinaseSaposin, 13076Saralasin, 9205Sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion-ATPase, 311, 8278S100B gene, 6873SCA. See Spinocerebellar ataxiaScaffold, 5230Scaffolding molecule, synaptic, 7875Scaffolding protein, 2343, 8492Scale-free connected network, 8465Scale/Scaling

proportional, 991spatial, 3532synaptic, 13474

SCAM. See Substituted cysteine accessibility methodScar, glial, 4729Scene discrimination, 7547SCH 23390, 3855Schaffer collateral, 10270Schaffer collateral terminal, 13428Schedule, fixed ratio, 4126Schema, body, 6282Schizophrenia, 158, 1604, 2449, 2767, 3169, 8168, 8810, 9022,

10577, 11403Schwann cell, 508, 1179, 2124, 2157, 2358, 3079, 3390, 8417,

9646, 9771, 11197cochlear, 1991terminal, 6873

SCI. See Spinal cord injurySciatic nerve, 3079Sclerosis

Ammon’s horn, 4701amyotrophic lateral, 2738, 4147, 8774, 9250, 11397, 11798multiple, 6823, 8206, 10967, 11387, 12174, 12904

Sclerosis complex, tuberous, 8048SCN. See Suprachiasmatic nucleusSCN1A, 2714, 10958Search, visual, 3532, 3656Second messenger, 10461Second-order conditional sequence, 4111Second-order stimulus, 4370Second somatosensory region, 6473, 6485, 13567Secretase, 12838�-Secretase, 3821, 3845, 6377Secretion, 6637Secretory pathway, 10631Secretory vesicle, 11915Seeking-taking schedule, 12694Segment

axon initial, 2599initial, 1935, 7172word, 7629

Segmental coordination, 1486Segregation, stream, 7477Seizure, 5277, 8943, 10100, 11083, 12447

absence, 3056, 6813benign familial neonatal convulsion, 2053febrile (See Febrile seizure)spontaneous, 11342

Selectionaction, 3567, 12921behavioral, 2583movement, 7452target, 4228, 12799

Selective attention, 3169Selective lesion, 4546Selectivity

color, 3908shape, 3269stimulus, 10524

Self, 8074Self-administration, 2645, 3584, 4901, 8004, 11324, 12694

intracranial, 723nicotine, 1872

Self-motion, 564Self-renewal, 4359Self-stimulation, intracranial, 11665Semantic dementia, 5198Semantics, 6523Semaphorin, 1730, 4961

Sema1A, 3999Sema3A, 1418, 2923, 2971

Sensation, noxious heat, 1953Sensing, active, 8221Sensitive period, 6737Sensitivity/Sensitization, 246, 559, 3164, 3805, 4308, 4956, 5109,

6677, 12033, 12682. See also Desensitizationbehavioral, 11041contrast, 11987excitotoxic, 10177

peripheral, 12852reward, 13213spectral, 12351tetrodotoxin, 7984thermal, 8578

Sensorimotor adaptation, 3330Sensorimotor control, 1704Sensorimotor cortex, 9272Sensorimotor coupling, 1945Sensorimotor dysfunction, 7007Sensorimotor integration, 3454Sensorimotor system, 2964, 4860, 4917, 8221, 8838Sensorimotor transformation, 9376Sensorin, 1026Sensory axon, 4729Sensory coding, 1247, 8009, 9216, 10542Sensory cortex, 4437Sensory deprivation, 8451Sensory discrimination, 1314Sensory information processing, 9860Sensory integration, 4139, 7898, 9173, 11138Sensory map, 10508Sensory motor. See SensorimotorSensory nerve, 3864Sensory neuron, 311, 2981, 5109, 6131, 6439, 7898, 8578, 12566,

12852olfactory, 1961primary, 9512

Sensory perception, 8727Sensory preconditioning, 8305Sensory processing, 4426Sensory system, 7433, 11893

ascending, 9713Septate junction, glial, 3319Septohippocampal system, 9038Septum, 4908

lateral, 9142Sequence

behavioral, 2579first-order conditional, 4111second-order conditional, 4111temporal, 5990

Sequence disambiguation, 13143Sequence learning, 4111Sequence production, 991Sequence representation, 13194Sequential-egocentric strategy, 4071SERCA. See Sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion-ATPaseSerial Analysis of Gene Expression, 7234Serial reaction time, 1016, 4111Serotonergic neuron, 8955, 12781Serotonin, 290, 530, 2010, 2623, 3524, 4492, 6431, 6509, 8662,

8758, 8955, 10387, 12664, 12682, 13102, 13264Serotonin receptor, 3524, 8332

5-HT1a, 1864, 5091, 55545-HT2a, 2623

Serotonin transporter, 4638, 5554, 6431, 8955SERT. See Serotonin transporterSet, preparatory, 10091Set-shift, 8810Set-shifting task, attentional, 9656Sex chromosome, 2335Sex difference, 5777, 13048Sexual behavior, 1699, 7375Sexual dimorphism, 1439, 8734SH. See Src homologyShaft, dendritic, 4586Shank, 6259SHANK-HOMER, 7151Shannon information, 4526Shape discrimination, 12043Shape perception, 8804Shape selectivity, 3269Shaping, hand, 2260Sharp wave, 2088, 12415ShcA, 7885


Shedding, ectodomain, 51Shell, nucleus accumbens, 11324Shh. See Sonic hedgehogShift

attention, 138phase, 9434

Shiverer mouse, 6651Shortening, 3524Short hairpin RNA, 6413, 7820Short-term memory, 4596, 8352Short-term memory of rule, 2745Short-term plasticity, 372, 2692, 4004, 4155Short-term synaptic plasticity, 1366, 6945SHPS-1. See Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine

phosphatase substrate-1SHPS-s. See Src homology domain-containing protein tyrosine

phosphatase substrate-1shRNA. See Short hairpin RNASI. See Primary somatosensory cortexSIDS. See Sudden infant death syndrome� receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase, 5872Signaling mechanism, 2661Signaling pathway, 4104, 10461Signal/Signaling, 2041, 7885

calcium ion, 10677, 12127estrogen, 9439intracellular, 585, 685, 3496, 5649, 7139, 13505pH, 7230presynaptic, 3474purinergic, 7230regulator of G-protein signaling 9, 4472retrograde, 2343suppressor of cytokine, 5143vestibular, 5616

Signal transducer and activator of transcriptionSTAT1, 5143STAT3, 9512

Signal transduction, 2227, 2777, 4509, 7756, 8931, 10480, 12439,13287

Signal transduction pathway, 6439SII. See Second somatosensory regionSilence, listening in, 273Silent nociceptor, 3864Silent state, 5665Silent synapse, 8137, 12647Simian immunodeficiency virus, 4577Sindbis virus, 6103Sine wave grating, 2941Single-cell, 6589Single-cell analysis, 10362Single-cell recording, 11726Single-chain variable fragment, 11923Single channel, 1499, 10899Single-neuron computation, 3454Single-nucleotide polymorphism, 9227Single particle tracking, 8502Single-trial analysis, 3615, 8965, 10925Single-unit, 622, 2499Single-unit recording

extracellular, 10292multichannel, 9860multiple, 10727

siRNA. See Small interfering RNA�-Site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme, 418, 9913,

12838BACE1, 10536

SIV. See Simian immunodeficiency virussix1, 10438Size, quantal, 12055Size filter, 13156Skeleton. See CytoskeletonSKF 82958. See Chloro-APB hydrobromideSKF96365, 12512Skin, 8578SKVI, 5028Slack, 5059

Sleep, 1749, 2474, 5554, 6213, 8092, 10577, 11615, 13037, 13400daytime, 8976nonrapid eye movement, 6213, 9426rapid eye movement, 3037, 8092, 8931, 10577slow-wave, 5665, 12587, 12914

Sleep deprivation, 3037, 9426, 12456Sleep diurnality, 9426Sleep homeostasis, 3037Sleep oscillation, slow, 5665Sleep spindle, 8976Slice, 1906, 2215, 3646, 7201

acute, 8148brain, 7230hippocampal, 10488organotypic, 8881tangential, 708

Slice culture, 1913Slick, 5059Slingshot phosphatase, 1006Slit, 6911, 8082Slo channel, 5059Slow afterhyperpolarization, 8787Slow excitatory postsynaptic current, 6935Slow inactivation, 3412Slow sleep oscillation, 5665Slow-wave sleep, 5665, 12587, 12914Sluggishness, binaural, 279SMA. See Spinal muscular atrophySmall GTP-binding protein, 12397Small interfering RNA, 2241, 5727, 7811Small molecule, 5288Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein biogenesis, 11014Small-world property, 63SMN. See Survival of motoneuronSmoking, 8707Smooth pursuit, 458, 4519, 6354, 13515SNAP. See Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment

protein; Synaptosomal-associated proteinSNARE. See Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment

protein receptorSNP. See Single-nucleotide polymorphismSOC. See Second-order conditionalSocial behavior, 7718Social interaction, 10387Social recognition, 1961SOCS. See Suppressor of cytokine signalingSOD. See Superoxide dismutaseSodium-activated potassium channel, 5059Sodium calcium exchanger, 8183Sodium channel, 479, 671, 1803, 2714, 3465, 4602, 7172, 7281,

7984, 10100, 10958, 12852Nav1.6, 7172

Sodium current, 11961persistent, 3412, 3465, 8559resurgent, 1935, 3412

Sodium ion, 9851Sodium ion current, 10847Sodium ion/hydrogen ion exchange, 9944Sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter, 1396Software, 8734Solitary tract, 7433

nucleus of the, 411, 6131, 9666Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein re-

ceptor, 5767, 6668, 12544Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein re-

ceptor protein, 7826Somatosensation, 948, 1355, 2692, 4406, 6330, 7491, 7933, 8691,

11844, 12512, 13231Somatosensory coding, 5582Somatosensory cortex, 490, 708, 1219, 2101, 4338, 5393, 5819,

5970, 6473, 6485, 8409, 10646, 10879, 12198, 12596, 13567Somatosensory information, 4015Somatosensory physiology, 180Somatosensory region, second, 6473, 6485, 13567Somatosensory system. See SomatosensationSomatosensory thalamus, 9860

Somatostatin, 5069, 10796Somatotopy, 3679, 6485Song, 2499, 7390, 10376Songbird, 9619. See also BirdsongSong system. See Birdsong; SongbirdSonic hedgehog, 830, 3256, 5037, 7619SorLA. See Lipoprotein receptor LR11Sorting, spike, 10141Sound, 1293, 4785Sound localization, 279, 3889, 5948, 7468, 9820Source analysis, 821Source estimation, local autoregressive average, 1293Source imaging, 11695SP600125, 9462Spacing, branch, 1154Sparks, 7565Sparse coding, 7477Sparseness, 10232Sparse sampling, 273Spastic paraparesis, tropical, 10006Spatial attention, 564, 9494, 12799Spatial behavior, 12237Spatial cognition, 5470, 11637Spatial feature, 4465Spatial frequency, 2941, 3269Spatial learning, 1844, 7555Spatial localization, 12Spatial map, 5484Spatial memory, 1175, 1844, 8048, 11637, 13428Spatial orientation, 622, 2881Spatial perception, 12, 5616Spatial processing, 11763Spatial reference frame, 7491Spatial representation, allocentric, 4546Spatial scale, 3532Spatial transformation, 2101, 5604Spatiotemporal activity pattern, 8148Spatiotemporal frequency, 11987SPE-4. See Spermatogenesis defectiveSpecialization, functional, 8647Specificity/Specification, 11562

antigen, 731cell, 11682neural, 5037presynaptic, 7348synapse, 7046

Spectral component, 7779Spectral notch, 3889Spectral reverse correlation, local, 3269Spectral sensitivity, 12351Spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-

flight mass, 518Spectroscopy, 3662

near-infrared, 4940Speech, 4860, 7328, 7390, 8647, 9619, 10376, 11131Speech perception, 7629Speed coding, 8988Speed tuning, 2941, 11987Spermatogenesis defective, 3821Spheroid, 2738Sphincter, 6997Spike distance metrics, 3889Spike frequency adaptation, 2053Spike-narrowing, 2010Spike pattern, 9030Spike sorting, 10141Spike/Spiking

complex, 7741dendritic, 5428, 6704, 12717non-Poisson, 801R-type calcium, 6249

Spike time precision, 9084Spike timing, 1677, 4178, 7056, 9216, 10420Spike timing-dependent plasticity, 5604, 9673, 11001Spike timing-dependent synaptic plasticity, 7424Spike train, 801, 2499, 4602


Spike train analysis, 801Spike triplet, 9673Spike-wave discharge, 6813Spillover, 2269, 4289

glutamate, 210Spinal cord, 559, 851, 2157, 2419, 3256, 3551, 4298, 5037, 5320,

5656, 5684, 6330, 6509, 8332, 8672, 8680, 8909, 10614,10717, 10856, 12769, 13297, 13413

mouse, 8477Spinal cord injury, 1803, 3377, 4308, 4672, 4729, 5347, 5591, 7405,

7849, 9713, 10564, 11120, 11948, 12537Spinal cord plasticity, 12537Spinal dorsal horn, 851Spinal interneuron, 3505

excitatory, 8477Spinal interneuronal network, 2871Spinal motoneuron, 542Spinal muscular atrophy, 8622, 10397, 11014, 12106Spinal nerve ligation, 13318Spinal reflex, 3505Spindle, 12914

sleep, 8976Spine, 3, 763, 1776, 2971, 4811, 6103, 10590, 11001, 12152. See

also Spinaldendritic, 1813, 3021, 3245, 7151, 7820, 8183, 11249mushroom, 3

Spine motility, 3Spinocerebellar ataxia type 8, 9975Spinocerebellar tract, ventral, 300Spinothalamic tract, 5215Spiny stellate neuron, 708, 1219Spiral ganglion neuron, 1991, 3541SPL. See Superior parietal lobuleSplice variant, 10690

flip/flop, 11220Splicing, alternative, 1065, 2635, 6172, 10690Spontaneous activity, 4535, 5190, 8148, 12769, 12807Spontaneous alternation, 13384Spontaneous contraction, 2443Spontaneous firing, 12576Spontaneous fusion, 6668Spontaneous pain, 1281Spontaneous seizure, 11342Spontaneous synaptic event, 597Sprouting, 2923, 3087, 6873

mossy fiber, 4095Squirrel, 7680S-R. See Stimulus-responseSrc, 3798, 4318, 12397Src-family kinase, 8680Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase

substrate-1, 12397Src tyrosine kinase, 12943SRT. See Serial reaction timeS1S2. See Subunit agonist binding domainS-SCAM. See Synaptic scaffolding moleculessVEP. See Steady-state visual-evoked potentialStability, protein, 5131Stargazin, 7875, 8600Starmaze, 4071Startle, 3855. See also Reflex

fear potentiated, 10387Startle response, 3454Starvation, 10082STAT. See Signal transducer and activator of transcriptionState, 6213

active, 5665silent, 5665up and down, 12587

State-based inference, 8360State dependence, 3505Statistical decision theory, 10154Statistical learning, 7629Statistics, image, 6346Status epilepticus, 9703, 11083Staurosporine, 7257

STDP. See Spike timing-dependent plasticity; Spike timing-dependent synaptic plasticity

Steady-state visual-evoked potential, 4940Steitberger needle, 381Stellate cell, 4613, 6997, 9935

cerebellar, 9332Stellate neuron, spiny, 708, 1219Stem cell, 1045, 3256, 4082, 6303, 6651, 9703, 11948, 13007

central nervous system, 7907embryonic (See Embryonic stem cell)neural, 2326, 5402, 6803, 7640, 7839, 8609, 10452, 11359,

12544peripheral blood hematopoietic, 3444

Stem cell factor, 12497Stem cell niche, 12089Stem loop structure, double-stranded, 5204Stereoacuity, 9098Stereocilia, 6172, 6386, 7022, 10188, 10243Stereociliary bundle, 5265Stereology, 7674Stereopsis, 4370Stereoscopic depth perception, 9098Steroid, 4104. See also NeurosteroidSTG. See Stomatogastric ganglionStiffness, joint, 4995Stimulant, 8235Stimulation pattern, natural, 6945Stimulation/Stimulus, 11347

bilateral, 5970deep brain (See Deep brain stimulation)electrical, 873, 5492, 12885electrosensory, 9173high-frequency, 841high-frequency deep brain, 10768painful, 3505paired transcranial magnetic, 7452random-dot, 11726repetitive, 11606repetitive magnetic, 9629repetitive transcranial, 1945repetitive transcranial magnetic, 8523, 12466second-order, 4370tactile, 2101transcranial magnetic (See Transcranial magnetic stimulation)vibrotactile, 948visual, 6761

Stimulus-response compatability, 9376Stimulus-response mapping, 2704Stimulus selectivity, 10524Stochastic Hebbian learning, reward-dependent, 3731Stomatogastric ganglion, 5910Storage disease, lysosomal, 1334Storage pool, 3206Store

calcium, 6958, 9579internal, 7565intracellular calcium ion, 12127

Strategy, 7305allocentric, 4071foveal, 564sequential-egocentric, 4071

Streamdorsal, 3679, 8176dorsal visual, 7962magnocellular, 12789parvocellular, 12789ventral visual, 12186

Stream segregation, 7477Stress, 1448, 2434, 3210, 3951, 4908, 5500, 5709, 5733, 5777,

6643, 6677, 6737, 7870, 8758, 9047, 9142, 9205, 11637,12456, 12967, 13264

acute swim, 9130chronic, 3813early life, 4638hypotonic, 10177maternal, 3309

nitrative, 41oxidative, 3220, 3933, 4329, 4774, 10514, 11111, 11162

Stress-activated protein kinase, 971Stress disorder, post-traumatic, 1571, 5733Stress granule, 2413, 6496Stretch-activated channel, 5656Stretch receptor, 5910Striatal neuron, 4690, 11174Striate cortex, 893, 5965, 9567Stria terminalis. See Bed nucleus of the stria terminalisStriatum, 117, 217, 290, 535, 609, 971, 1795, 2080, 2424, 2522,

2808, 3805, 3875, 4394, 4649, 5160, 6318, 6399, 6627,6695, 8235, 8653, 10808, 11371, 11532, 11811, 12587,13493

dorsal, 3584ventral, 1016, 2449, 8368, 9530, 13213

Stroke, 3491, 6096, 7082, 8069Stroke animal model, chronic, 3444Stroke recovery, 3491Stroop, 2933Structure, 2852, 11599, 12081

channel, 11833crystal, 7650double-stranded stem loop, 5204protein, 2635temporal, 991

Subependyma, 10452Subependymal zone, 1107Subfornical organ, 2022, 7093, 9205Subpallium, 11562, 13273Subsequent memory effect, 7523Substance P, 851, 2623, 4198, 5109, 8332Substantia gelatinosa, 1787Substantia innominata, 3791Substantia nigra, 440, 2321, 6077, 7272, 12251Substantia nigra pars reticulata, 10768Substituted cysteine accessibility method, 2031, 12081, 13156Subthalamic nucleus, 7321, 10768, 12921Subthreshold oscillation, 3412Subunit

�2�, 12576�1E calcium, 6249auxiliary �, 11833B’, 9293� (See � subunit)cholera toxin b, 12067�, 1499�2, 2590GluR2, 5309N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-NR2A, 10667NR1, 1065NR2, 5825

Subunit agonist binding domain, 10033Subunit composition, 1749Subventricular zone, 1269, 4082, 4359, 6627, 12956, 13114Subventricular zone astrocyte, 7907Success, history of, 2745Sucrose preference, 8235Sudden infant death syndrome, 21Su(H). See Suppressor of HairlessSulcus, 5470

anterior ectosylvian, 11844intraparietal, 8176, 13194superior precentral, 2724

Sulfatase 1, 5037Summation, 8267, 8767

excitatory postsynaptic potential, 3002linearity of, 3002

Summing localization, 9820Superior cervical ganglion, 3745, 11588Superior cervical ganglion cell, 7950Superior colliculus, 2250, 12471, 12799, 12873Superior parietal lobe, 2704Superior parietal lobule, 435, 3679, 13515Superior precentral sulcus, 2724Superior temporal area, medial, 73


Superoxide, 3933Superoxide dismutase, 4147

extracellular, 3933manganese, 4329SOD1, 2467SOD2, 5167

Supplementary eye field, 458, 6354, 13515Supporting cell, 6190Suppression, 3767

cross-orientation, 4826presynaptic, 2991saccadic, 5965surround, 4826, 9117

Suppression of excitation, depolarization-induced, 5428, 9935Suppressor of cytokine signaling

SOCS1, 5143SOCS3, 9512

Suppressor of Hairless, 3102Suprachiasmatic nucleus, 9434, 11615, 12219, 12984Suprachiasmatic regulation, 6406Supramammillary nucleus, 723Surface, 3634

ventral medullary, 7230Surface expression, 7014Surface receptor, 1499Surprise, 6077Surround suppression, 4826, 9117Survival, 7665, 7885, 13089

cell, 5888, 6803Survival motoneuron, 11014Survival of motoneuron protein, 8622Susceptibility gene, 1499Sustained attention, 273SV2. See Synaptic vesicle protein 2SVZ. See Subventricular zoneSweet taste, 6143Swelling

astrocyte, 4774axonal dystrophic, 8057

Swim stress, acute, 9130Switch, neuroglial, 5037Sympathetic nervous system, 241, 5420Sympathetic neuron, 2777, 11588, 13344

preganglionic, 1823, 2923Synapse, 448, 1164, 2174, 2300, 2313, 2343, 2369, 3604, 4026,

4811, 5309, 5673, 5863, 6011, 6668, 7143, 8492, 8774,8847, 9780, 9923, 11423, 11670, 12283, 12544, 13054,13493

afferent, 3971calyx of Held, 5698dendrodendritic, 3292excitatory, 2991, 7131, 12274glutamatergic, 5794inhibitory, 4586, 7321, 8502, 12274, 12758mossy fiber, 597ribbon, 2555, 7659silent, 8137, 12647

Synapse formation, 6439, 10813. See also SynaptogenesisSynapse maturation, 3594Synapse specificity, 7046Synapsin, 3206, 5786Synaptic activity, 2215, 4586Synaptic adhesion molecule, 6968Synaptic capture, 256Synaptic communication, 12861, 13531Synaptic conductance, 13537Synaptic depression, 841, 2250, 4826, 6968, 12427Synaptic development, 5117Synaptic event, spontaneous, 597Synaptic filtering, 6945Synaptic GTPase-activating protein, 763Synaptic homeostasis, 333Synaptic inhibition, 10407, 11720Synaptic input, 1539Synaptic integration, 8267, 11786, 11938, 12023Synaptic maturation, 11208

Synaptic plasticity, 223, 319, 1721, 1923, 2167, 2174, 2197, 2380,2391, 2808, 2951, 3210, 3309, 3404, 3496, 3745, 4004,4166, 4198, 4406, 5456, 5767, 5810, 5863, 5888, 6131,6230, 6269, 6439, 6841, 6935, 7071, 7131, 7135, 7143,7151, 7181, 7395, 7575, 7693, 7849, 8137, 8339, 8517,8847, 8983, 9332, 10209, 10420, 11001, 11513, 12362,12943, 12977, 13390, 13428

long-term, 1026, 5204short-term, 1366, 6945spike timing-dependent, 7424

Synaptic potential, intracellular, 4535Synaptic Ras GTPase-activating protein, 1355Synaptic release probability, 372Synaptic scaffolding molecule, 7875Synaptic scaling, 13474Synaptic tagging, 256Synaptic terminal, 5786Synaptic transmission, 109, 1239, 1303, 1759, 2197, 2313, 3056,

4095, 4660, 4891, 5153, 5786, 5863, 6131, 7071, 7212,7513, 7820, 7898, 8537, 8549, 8633, 8847, 11083, 11295,11333, 11786, 13531

basal, 223Synaptic vesicle, 7212, 12055, 13202Synaptic vesicle cluster, 5786Synaptic vesicle pool, 11208Synaptic vesicle protein 2, 1303Synaptic vesicle recycling, 6668, 11606Synaptic vesicle release, 210, 1303, 2197, 2313, 5863Synaptic vesicle topology, 109Synaptic vesicle transport, 11487Synaptogenesis, 655, 1711, 1776, 3245, 3594, 4256, 4406, 6040,

7151, 7189, 9293, 10199, 10813, 11267, 11487, 12152,12758, 13531. See also Synapse formation

ectopic, 5248Synaptophysin, 7035Synaptosomal-associated protein 25, 3971, 7826Synaptotagmin, 632, 2635, 12544, 13493Synchrony/Synchronization, 96, 490, 1661, 3567, 3646, 4206,

4247, 6213, 8168, 8254, 8465, 9312, 12206, 12996Synergy, grip-lift, 2260SynGAP. See Synaptic GTPase-activating protein; Synaptic Ras

GTPase-activating proteinSyntaxin, 2369Syntenin, 963Synthase, nitric oxide. See Nitric oxide synthaseSynthesis, protein. See Protein synthesisSynthesis inhibitor, protein, 3010Synthetase, tRNA, 10397Synuclein, 6985, 9304�-Synuclein, 3685, 3942, 7502, 9227, 10068, 10558Synucleinopathy, 41System xc-, 3345, 10514Syt. See Synaptotagmin

T

Tacrolimus, 3335Tactile decision, 12596Tactile discrimination, 3767, 12596Tactile form, 13567Tactile perception, 6473, 6485Tactile pulse, 5819Tactile stimulus, 2101Tag/Tagging

dendritic, 256hemagglutinin epitope, 8195synaptic, 256

Tail-flick, 13048Talk, cross, 8881Tangential migration, 13273Tangential slice, 708Tangle, neurofibrillary, 10636Target choice, 7607Targeted movement, 4995Target selection, 4228, 12799Target/Targeting, 953, 3141

apical, 6172axon, 5872, 11257gene, 1386, 3245, 12242

TARP. See Transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteinTASK. See Twik-related acid-sensitive potassiumTask

attentional set-shifting, 9656discrimination, 96object recognition, 5083Posner, 9629same/different, 11726visuomotor conditional, 2724

Task dependence, 10524Task difficulty, 8965Task-induced deactivation, 13338Task-switching, 1429, 11239Taste, 2227, 4126, 7433, 8900, 12664

sweet, 6143Taste aversion, conditioned, 8800Taste bud, 3971, 8243Tau, 3120, 5083, 9047, 10636Tauopathy, 644, 2738, 6103Tau protein, 644Taurine, 3721Tbr1, 3066Tbr2, 3066, 9184T-cell, 4717, 11437T-cell homing, CD8�, 731T-current amplitude, 11072Tectum, optic, 12799Tegmental area, ventral, 2788, 4901, 5720Tegmentum, pedunculopontine, 8931Telemetry, 7105Telencephalin, 1776Telencephalon, 9282Temperament, 6399Temperature, 2590, 5215, 7245, 10590, 12118Temperature activation, 4835Temperature dependence, 6945Temperature-sensitive paralysis, 2369Template matching, 10727Temporal area, 2941, 8767

medial superior, 73middle, 8988middle visual, 893, 2941, 3981, 7779, 11987

Temporal coding, 279, 801, 4785, 8221, 8900, 9173, 9683Temporal cortex, inferior, 11187

posterior, 8523Temporal fidelity, 5698Temporal information, 10141Temporal integration, 3002Temporal lobe, 3561

medial, 792, 2235, 4111, 4546, 7547, 7674, 10232, 11304,12186

Temporal lobe epilepsy, 4613, 11850mesio-, 4701

Temporal order, memory for, 2907Temporal perception, 12708Temporal pole, 7328Temporal sequence, 5990Temporal structure, 991Temporoammonic pathway, 11850Temporoparietal cortex, 7328Temporoparietal junction, 8074Tenascin-R, 7849Teratogen, 9404Terminal

axon, 3021, 12283Schaffer collateral, 13428synaptic, 5786

Terminal action potential backfiring, 6238Terminal Schwann cell, 6873Terminus, amino, 10636Testosterone, 13384Tet-On, 6873Tetracycline, 12700, 13123


Tetrahydrocannabinol, 4901, 5810Tetramerization, 3757Tetrode, 10141Tetrodotoxin, 8983Tetrodotoxin sensitivity, 7984Texture, 5582, 6346Tg. See Transgenic mouseTGF. See Transforming growth factorTH. See Tyrosine hydroxylaseThalamic nucleus, anterior, 2907Thalamic paraventricular nucleus, 2434Thalamic reticular nucleus, 4444, 6813Thalamocortical input, 1219Thalamocortical pathway, 10057Thalamocortical projection, 3056Thalamus, 841, 2474, 4426, 4444, 5215, 5786, 5955, 6813, 8633,

8647, 8707, 9282, 12055, 13443. See also Hypothalamussomatosensory, 9860ventrobasal, 8441

Thalidomide, 2467THC. See TetrahydrocannabinolTherapeutic development, 9439Therapy, 13279

estrogen, 9439gene, 4500, 9713, 11342

Thermal conditioning, 3899Thermal pain, 12165Thermal sensitivity, 8578Thermoregulation, 1190Thermosensation, 7444Thermotaxis, 7444, 9355Thermotolerance, 12118Theta, 2088, 6249Theta rhythm, 6518, 9038, 13485Thirst, 411, 9069Three-dimensional reconstruction, 109, 5017, 5511, 7348, 11249Threshold, low, 1833Thrombin, 10281�-Thymosin, 152Thyroid transcription factor 1, 13167Tiam-1, 10633Tiger salamander, 2555Time, 7452, 8702

gastrointestinal transit, 2798reaction (See Reaction time)serial reaction, 1016, 4111

Time difference, interaural, 3889, 5948Time-lapse, 1539Time-lapse imaging, 1913, 4586, 7693, 10813Timeless, 2531Time precision, spike, 9084Timing, 5448, 12656

photic, 12984relative, 12708spike (See Spike timing)

Timing diagram, 8965Tip link, 7022Tip link antigen, 7022Tissue, neuroendocrine, 2814Tissue plasminogen activator, 7839Tissue polarity, 2147TLA. See Tip link antigenT-lymphocyte, 8206T-maze, 8428TMS. See Transcranial magnetic stimulationTNF. See Tumor necrosis factorTolerance, 4509, 5810Tomography, positron emission. See Positron emission tomographyTonic contraction, 2443Tonic inhibition, 3713, 6979, 9323Top-down feedback, 9117Topographical representation, 1986Topographic map, 4970Topography, 5098, 5511

visual, 7962Topology, synaptic vesicle, 109

Torpor, 10590Torsion, 2732Total internal reflection microscopy, 3404Touch, 948, 10879

active, 8451, 9538direct, 5582indirect, 5582

Touch discrimination, 8009Toxin/Toxicity. See also Excitotoxin/Excitotoxicity; Neurotoxin/Neu-

rotoxicity; specific type, e.g. Conotoxincholera (See Cholera toxin)methyl-phenyl-tetrahydropyridine, 7222oxidative glutamate, 10514

TPH. See Tryptophan hydroxylaseTPJ. See Temporoparietal junctionTPP1. See Tripeptidyl peptidase ITrabecular meshwork, 11903Trace analysis, evolutionary, 12727Trace conditioning, 6062, 8702Trace eyeblink conditioning, 8829Trace fear memory, 8923Tracer

neural, 11257transsynaptic, 12789

Tracingcurve, 138neuronal, 193

Trackingquantum dot, 9609single particle, 8502visual, 7607

Traffic/Trafficking, 1571, 2000, 2358, 2513, 2590, 3192, 4690,4820, 5028, 5309, 6019, 6163, 7014, 7046, 8115, 8549,9902, 9913, 11220, 11670, 11743, 12758, 12838, 12943

cell, 1098mRNA, 7131, 8339receptor (See Receptor trafficking)RNA, 2184, 5204, 7139vesicle, 1239

TRAIL. See Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligandTrain, spike. See Spike trainTraining, 3330, 4785

robotic, 10564Transactivation, 9250Transcranial magnetic stimulation, 458, 2260, 3330, 6469, 7452,

7942, 9272paired, 7452repetitive, 8523, 12466

Transcranial stimulation, repetitive, 1945Transcription, 4509, 7257, 8339, 8398, 9471, 11359Transcriptional regulation, 7131Transcription factor, 550, 1864, 2820, 3256, 4649, 5888, 7116,

9196, 12226, 12781basic helix-loop-helix, 1275Olig2, 1275, 7907thyroid 1, 13167

Transcriptome, 5277, 9956Transducin, 6863Transduction, 10992. See also Phototransduction

mechanoelectric, 12526odor, 1961signal (See Signal transducer; Signal transduction)

Transduction pathwaycyclic adenosine monophosphate, 6143signal, 6439

Transfection, neuron, 7189Transfer, gene, 5008

viral, 109, 4624Transfer function, 11462Transformation

sensorimotor, 9376spatial, 2101, 5604visuomotor, 1986visuospatial, 1117

Transforming growth factor �, 8417Transgene/Transgenics, 203, 2358

Transgenic inhibition, 12700Transgenic mouse, 365, 644, 1386, 2808, 3079, 4104, 4147, 4298,

4500, 5069, 5143, 5167, 6911, 7640, 10129, 11903, 13123bacterial artificial chromosome, 7659

Transgenic rescue, 11423Trans-Golgi network, 12748Transient

calcium, 7337calcium ion, 2458

Transient inactivation, 3791Transient receptor potential, 5656, 8570Transient receptor potential channel, 10658, 11974, 12816

TRPM8, 4835TRPV1, 4835

Transient receptor potential vanilloid, 2981, 5109, 9069TRPV1, 2403, 6716, 8126, 8588

Transit time, gastrointestinal, 2798Translation, 11811

axon, 10397local, 152, 2184mRNA, 7135protein, 2413

Translational control, 12977Translational regulation, 9743Translation initiation, 7135Translocation

mitochondrial, 7974protein, 1146

Translocation arrest, 9057Transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory protein, 7875, 8600Transmitter release, 5698, 10270, 13240

basal, 6238Transmitter/Transmission, 8983, 12294. See also Neurotransmitter/

Neurotransmission�-aminobutyric acidergic, 5117basal synaptic, 223cholinergic, 265excitatory, 3210gap junction-mediated, 8477glutamatergic, 4015, 5117inhibitory, 3245photic, 9434synaptic (See Synaptic transmission)

Transplantation, 1803, 3109bone marrow, 11753cell, 6651heterotopic/heterochronic, 11682ultrasound-guided, 6924

Transport chain, electron, 5256Transport/Transporter, 6200, 7035, 7139, 10480

axon (See Axon transport)choline, 6200, 9851dopamine, 1407, 3918, 8195, 9010endosomal sorting complexes required for, 542excitatory amino acid, 7659GABA (See �-Aminobutyric acid transporter)glutamate (See Glutamate transporter)glutamate-aspartate, 6563, 7659glycine 1, 3169, 12769ion, 9944neurotransmitter, 12055organic cation, 8758retrograde axon, 12106serotonin, 4638, 5554, 6431, 8955synaptic vesicle, 11487vesicular, 12748vesicular glutamate, 597

Transsynaptic change, 9548Transsynaptic regulation, 12152Transsynaptic tracer, 12789Trauma, 3087. See also Injury/IschemiaTraumatic brain injury, 731, 7234, 11540

diffuse, 3130Traveling wave, 11462Trehalose, 6143Tremor, 8101


essential, 841Trial-to-trial variability, 801Trigeminal afferent, 8332Trigeminal ganglion, 7933, 8126, 9216, 12512Trigeminal input, 8838Trigeminal nerve, 5756Trigeminal neuralgia, 10646Trigeminal nucleus, 300, 10548Tripeptidyl peptidase I, 1334Triphosphate, inositol. See Inositol triphosphateTritonia diomedea, 2010trk. See Tyrosine kinasetRNA synthetase, 10397Trophic factor, 12497Trophic factor deprivation, 8512Tropical spastic paraparesis, 10006Tropism, 8866Tropomyosin, 169TRP. See Transient receptor potentialTRPM. See Transient receptor potential melastatinTRPV. See Transient receptor potential vanilloidTrypsin accessibility, 11833Tryptophan hydroxylase 1, 530TSE, 9494TTF. See Thyroid transcription factorTTX. See TetrodotoxinT-type calcium current, 2474, 6249Tube, neural. See Neural tubeTuberous sclerosis complex, 8048Tubulin, 6124, 6303, 7139Tufted cell, external, 11257Tumor, brain, 12544Tumor clonality, 6781Tumor environment, 6781Tumor necrosis factor, 246, 4644, 9365

TNF-�, 51, 143, 2467, 5638, 10558, 11197, 11387, 11397Tumor necrosis factor receptor, 9703Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, 3299Tuning, 12023

coarse-to-fine, 11763contrast, 5301directional, 2941, 7791dynamic, 11763frequency, 6181speed, 2941, 11987

Turner syndrome, 7007Turnover, 2814, 11743

protein, 1305426S proteasome, 1624Twik-related acid-sensitive potassium, 7362Twins, 10235twitcher mouse, 4383Two-hybrid, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, 10677Two-photon, 3021Two-photon glutamate uncaging, 8183Two-photon imaging, 6841Two-photon microscopy, 2000, 4118, 11001Tyramine, 1486Tyrosine, 290Tyrosine hydroxylase, 3942, 4567, 10068Tyrosine kinase, 655, 7756, 11575

receptor, 2124Src, 12943TrkA, 6019, 7281TrkB, 126, 1516, 4277, 5739, 11041

Tyrosine kinase activity, receptor with, 11230Tyrosine kinase B-enhanced green fluorescent protein, 11487Tyrosine kinase receptor, 9250

muscle-specific, 4841, 7919receptor related to, 5840

Tyrosine phosphataseprotein (See Protein tyrosine phosphatase)

Tyrosine phosphorylation, 2544, 4690, 5872, 13357

U

Ubiquitin, 11423Ubiquitination, 6985, 7234, 8195Ucn. See UrocortinUltrasound-guided transplantation, 6924Umami, 2227Unblocking, 4036

magnesium, 5825UNC-5, 3192UNC-49, 1711unc-103, 169Uncaging, two-photon glutamate, 8183Uncertainty, reward, 3667Unc5h3, 5756Unconditioned fear, 233Unit, single. See Single-unitUnit recording, 6554, 6761

ensemble, 8025Up and down state, 12587Up state, 4535Uptake, 8758

calcium ion, 311, 8428glucose, 5978glutamate, 4774

URB597. See Cyclohexylcarbamic acid-carbamoyl biphenyl-yl esterUrethane, 6213Urinary bladder, 10847Urocortin 2, 5500, 9142Urodynamic recording, 8672Usher syndrome, 6543

V

V1. See Primary visual cortex; Striate cortex; Visual area; Visualcortex

Vaccination, 5340, 11437Vacuolar protein sorting 10, 1596Vagus, 11052Valproate, 7502VAMP-enhanced green fluorescent protein, 10813Vangl2, 2147Van Gogh, 5265Vanilloid receptor 1, 9385Variability, 3697, 7433

correlated, 8254, 13338trial-to-trial, 801

Variable fragment, single-chain, 11923Variant

explained, 10727flip/flop splice, 11220splice, 10690

Variation, contingent negative, 5448Vascular bed, 365Vascular endothelial growth factor, 12439

VEGF-A, 6803Vasopressin, 2335

arginine, 6131Vasotocin, 6749VBM. See Voxel-based morphometryVector

lentiviral, 1531viral, 11665

Vector averaging, 12479Vector averaging model, 8988Vector field, 13567Vector hypothesis, population, 5574VEGF. See Vascular endothelial growth factorVentral cochlear nucleus, 96Ventral medullary surface, 7230Ventral midline, 8909Ventral posterior medial nucleus, 13363Ventral root avulsion, 8672Ventral spinocerebellar tract, 300Ventral striatum, 1016, 2449, 8368, 9530, 13213Ventral tegmental area, 2788, 4901, 5720

Ventral visual stream, 12186Ventricular zone, 12544Ventrobasal thalamus, 8441Ventrolateral pons, 300Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, 13515Ventrolateral preoptic area, 3037, 9426Ventromedial medulla, 1190Ventromedial prefrontal cortex, 4415, 8360, 9503, 11379Ventroptin, 10868VEP. See Visual-evoked potentialVergence angle, 564Vesicle, 13240

dense core (See Dense core vesicle)large dense core, 8999secretory, 11915synaptic (See Synaptic vesicle)

Vesicle pool, 11333rapidly recycling, 10270synaptic, 11208

Vesicle recycling, synaptic, 6668, 11606Vesicle release, synaptic, 210, 2197, 2313, 5863Vesicle topology, synaptic, 109Vesicle trafficking, 1239Vesicle transport, synaptic, 11487Vesicular �-aminobutyric acid transporter, 597Vesicular glutamate transporter 1, 597Vesicular pH, 9304Vesicular transport, 12748Vesicular zinc release, 6089Vestibular afferent, 13180Vestibular efferent, 13180Vestibular hair cell, 10253Vestibular input, 73, 8838Vestibular signal, 5616Vestibular system, 2881, 4922Vestibulo-ocular reflex, 564VGAT. See Vesicular �-aminobutyric acid transporterVGLUT. See Vesicular glutamate transporterVia-point, 7791Vibration, flutter, 13231Vibrissa, 4426, 6518, 8838, 9216, 10548, 12198, 13363. See also

WhiskerVibrissal receptive field, 10548Vibrissal system, 7933Vibrotactile stimulus, 948Viewing

free, 3656passive, 9805

Vigilance, 4426, 10292Viral gene transfer, 109, 4624Viral vector, 11665Virus, 981, 11413Visceral afferent, 12642Vision, 138, 801, 893, 1146, 1175, 2614, 2652, 3615, 5604, 5929,

5965, 7491, 7581, 8254, 8570, 8715, 9736, 11148, 11187,12789, 13454

binocular, 9098color, 3908, 11148rod, 3959

Visual acuity, 13250Visual area

middle temporal, 893, 2941, 3981, 7779, 11987V2, 7581, 9567V4, 13128

Visual attention, 1429Visual cognition, 9639Visual cortex, 893, 2250, 3434, 4940, 7368, 7680, 8804, 10524,

10813, 11487, 11695, 11775, 11821, 11857, 12274, 13128,13537

early, 3269, 3634, 4370, 12260primary, 138, 4826, 5965, 9117, 10826, 11987, 12789

Visual cue, 11347, 12260Visual deprivation, 2951Visual development, 1057Visual discrimination, 6589Visual-evoked potential, 12043


steady-state, 4940Visual feedback, 10368Visual information, 4444Visual input, 10368Visual looming, 3454Visual motion, 73, 2614, 2894, 7779, 7898, 11403

large-field, 5301Visual motion processing, 2941, 11987Visual pathway, early, 11763Visual perception, 12, 2235, 12186Visual plasticity, 11554Visual salience, 4228Visual search, 3532, 3656Visual stimulus, 6761Visual stream

dorsal, 7962ventral, 12186

Visual system, 3087, 4596, 5117, 6052, 6791, 8082, 13025Drosophila, 3999

Visual topography, 7962Visual tracking, 7607Visual word recognition, 8523Visual working memory, 4465Visuomotor conditional task, 2724Visuomotor control, 10883Visuomotor learning, 1986Visuomotor response, involuntary, 5301Visuomotor rotation, 3642Visuomotor system, 8310Visuomotor transformation, 1986Visuospatial dysfunction, 7007Visuospatial transformation, 1117vmPFC. See Ventromedial prefrontal cortexVNO. See Vomeronasal organVocal expression, 13067Vocalization, 4785, 4860, 7105, 11023, 11138

guinea pig pup, 10387Vocal learning, 7390Vocal-motor control, 7105Vocal pattern generator, 7105Voltage, 7565, 9983Voltage clamp, 6131, 12033, 12566Voltage-gated potassium channel, 2684, 9609

Kv2.1, 685, 13505Kv4.2, 12274Kv4.3, 12274Kv7, 7950

Voltage sag, 3229Voltage-sensitive dye imaging, 11850Voltammetry, in vivo, 3206Volume

blood, 11522brain, 6354

Volume decrease, regulatory, 10177Volunteer, normal, 3783Vomeronasal organ, 7375VOR. See Vestibulo-ocular reflexVoxel-based morphometry, 6314, 7007, 10235VPM. See Ventral posterior medial nucleusVPS10. See Vacuolar protein sorting 10VR. See Vanilloid receptorVTA. See Ventral tegmental areaVulnerability, genetic, 1872VZ. See Ventricular zone

W

Wakefulness, 12587Walking, 1175

random, 12206Wallerian degeneration, 2124, 9794WASP. See Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome proteinWater maze, 11034

radial arm, 13279WAVE. See Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family verprolin ho-

mologous proteinWave

calcium ion, 1378retinal, 5190sharp, 2088, 12415traveling, 11462

Wave grating, sine, 2941Wavelet, 63WCST. See Wisconsin Card Sorting TestWeaver, 11644Weber fraction, 12596Wedge, glial, 882Weight

body, 389, 5649cone, 12351

What pathway, 1293Where pathway, 1293Whisker, 448, 6062, 6518, 8838. See also VibrissaWhisking, 6518, 8451, 10548White matter, 3045, 7007

periventricular, 3045Whole-cell patch clamp, 3229, 6668Whole-cell recording, 265, 7380, 12206Wide dynamic range neuron, 4298Winner-take-all, 12799Winner-take-all network, 4763Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, 2745

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family verprolin homologousprotein 1, 5849

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein-related protein, 5849Withdrawal, 2788, 5720

conditioned, 5894gill, 2443

Withdrawal reflex, nociceptive, 3505Wlds, 9794Wnt5a, 5840Word recognition, 6523

visual, 8523Word segmentation, 7629Working memory, 223, 821, 1175, 3667, 3918, 7523, 10120, 10709,

11313, 11726, 13143, 13231, 13338visual, 4465

Wortmannin, 11606Wrist, 3642Writing, Japanese ideogram, 8523

X

X11, 13089xCT. See Cystine/glutamate exchangeXenopus, 1418, 3594, 4026, 7575Xenopus oocyte, 9851

Y

Yellow fluorescent protein, 355enhanced, 13123

YFP. See Yellow fluorescent protein

Z

Z/AP reporter mouse, 655ZBP. See Zip-code binding proteinZebra finch, 7390, 9010, 10376Zebrafish, 3604, 5684, 6303, 7293, 9873, 10438, 13328, 13400Zebrin, 12067Zero, myelin protein, 2358, 3079Zic2, 7640Zif268, 5888, 12694Zif268, 4956Zinc, 6851, 10430Zinc release, vesicular, 6089Zip-code binding protein, 7135Zone

active (See Active zone)marginal, 5215, 9404subependymal, 1107subventricular (See Subventricular zone)ventricular, 12544


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