subject-verb agreement · title: subject-verb agreement author: se7en created date: 12/19/2011...

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SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

• The verb of a sentence must agree with its subject.

• The subject and the verb must agree in number:

both must be singular, or

both must be plural

• Examples:

Singular Plural

The student sings. Your children sing.

The bird does migrate. Those birds do migrate.

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• In order to find out if the subject and verb agree, you need to be able to identify the subject of the sentence.

• The subject of a sentence is:

usually a noun phrase which may be

a noun or a pronoun

can also be a finite or a non-finite clause


• Basically, there are 4 kinds of subject-verb concord with different types of subjects:

concord where the subject is a noun

concord where the subject is a pronoun

concord where the subject is a non-finite clause

concord where the subject is a finite clause


Examples: The boy walks to school every day.

(singular verb)The boys walk to school every day.

(plural verb)

Concord where the Subject is a Noun

If the subject is a singular noun we use a singular verb

If the subject is a plural noun we use a plural verb


Concord where the Subject is a Pronoun

If the subject is a pronoun he, she or it we use a singular verb

If the subject is a pronoun I, you, we or they we use a plural verb

Examples: He walks to school every day.

(singular verb)They walk to school every day.

(plural verb)


Concord where the Subject is *a Non-finite Clause

*A non-finite clause is a clause with a non-finite verb.*A non-finite verb may be an infinitive, or a participle.

If the subject is a non-finite clause (singular) we use a singular verb

Examples: To complete the race requires good stamina.

(singular verb)Bringing all these things wastes lots of time.

(singular verb)


*A finite clause is a clause with a finite verb.

Concord where the Subject is *a Finite Clause

If the subject is a finite clause (singular) we use a singular verb

Examples:

Whether there is any connection between them remains unknown.

(singular verb)


• In summary…

BUT

The rules suggested is only limited to

the present-tense verb.

singular subject + ‘s form of the verbplural subject + base form of the verb


• However, the verb be, whether it functions as a main verb or an auxiliary verb, has different forms in both the present and past tenses.

In the PRESENT tense In the PAST tense

Subject Verb Subject Verb

I am I was

You

are

You

wereWe We

They They

Noun-plural in number Noun-plural in number

He

is

HewasShe She

It It

Noun-singular in number Noun-singular in number

Finite/Non-finite clause Finite/Non-finite clause10neirma19_ldsii_2012

• The other two primary auxiliary verbs, have and do must also agree with their subjects when they are used in the present or past tenses as indicated below:

In the PRESENT tense In the PAST tense

Subject Verb Subject Verb

I

have

do

I

had

did

You You

We We

They They

Noun-plural in number Noun-plural in number

Hehas

does

He

She She

It It

Noun-singular in number Noun-singular in number

Finite/Non-finite clause Finite/Non-finite clause11neirma19_ldsii_2012

Here are some useful hints that will help you to decipher where your subject is and where it is

not.


Position of a Subject

in a Sentence

- Most likely, the verb will agree with the first noun to the left of the verb.

The Supreme Court judge decides the appropriate penalty.

Subject: judge Verb: decides

The committee members were satisfied with the resolution.

Subject: members Verb: were


- Occasionally, a sentence has the subject after the verb instead of before it. This strategy is often used for poetic effect.

Over the ripples glides a small canoe.

Subject: a small canoe Verb: glides

There was a well-known writer at the meeting.

Subject: a well-known writer Verb: was


- You will not find the subject in a modifying phrase (MP), a phrase that starts with a preposition, a gerund or a relative pronoun and that modifies the meaning of the noun/subject under discussion.

- a preposition:

The group of students is going on a field trip.

Subject: the group MP: of studentsVerb: is


- A gerund:

- A relative pronoun:

The survey covering seven colleges reveals a growth in enrollment.

Subject: the survey MP: covering seven colleges Verb: reveals

The speaker whom you saw at the lecture is one of the state senators from Minnesota.

Subject: the speaker MP: whom you saw at the lecture Verb: is


Some

Subject-Verb Agreement Rules

for

Singular & Plural Subjects

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When the subject is made up of an uncountable noun, it takes a singular verb. Uncountable nouns are singular.

e.g.: traffic, apparatus, furniture, knowledge, advice, machinery, homework, equipment, clothing, scenery, luggage, baggage, information, stationery, medicine, oil, rice, coffee, milk, etc.

Examples:a. My luggage was missing when I returned to the hotel.b. This medicine makes me feel drowsy.


When the subject is made up of a noun that is plural in form but singular in meaning, it takes a singular verb. This type of nouns is also uncountable.

e.g.: Some diseases: measles, mumps, rickets, tuberculosis, appendicitis, etc.Some names : classics, linguistics, mathematics, phonetics, statistics, etc.Some games : cards, billiards, draughts, darts, checkers, etc.Others : news, politics, athletics, savings, etc.

Examples:a. Measles takes a long time to get over. d. Statistics is a difficult subject.b. All my savings has been stolen. e. The news is on at six.c. Darts is often played in the club.

*Some of these nouns can take a plural verb when they have a more specific meaning.

Examples:a. These darts are too light for me. (the objects, not the game)b. The latest statistics have been made available. (some figures)


When the subject is a plural noun that does not have a singular form, it takes a plural verb.

e.g.: Clothing: clothes, pants, pajamas, shorts, trousers, trunks, etc.Tools : bellows, pincers, pliers, scissors, shears, tongs, etc.Others : belongings, spectacles (glasses), surroundings, goods,

etc.

Examples:a. His swimming trunks have been stolen.b. The old clothes were kept in the store-room.c. Your scissors are not sharp at all.

*A pair of scissors is kept inside the drawer.d. The surroundings of this house are really beautiful.

e. My spectacles are very expensive.


When the subject is a plural noun that does not have a plural form, it takes a plural verb.

e.g.: cattle, police, vermin, people, gentry, etc.

Examples:a. The cattle are grazing in the field.b. The police have set up several roadblocks recently.c. Vermin destroy our property and carry disease.d. These poultry are mine.e. Who are these people?


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When the subject is made up of a noun with a plural form(i.e. ending in –s) which can be singular or plural in meaning, it can either take a singular or plural verb depending on the meaning.e.g.: crossroads, means, series, headquarters, barracks, species, etc.

Taking a singular verb when the meaning is singularExamples:a. At the bottom of the hill, there is a dangerous crossroads.b. A useful means of transport in Kelantan is the trishaw.c. A new series of story books has just been published.d. I stay in the new barracks which has all the facilities.e. The police headquarters is at Bukit Aman.

Taking a plural verb when the meaning is pluralExamples:a. The fastest means of transport are not always the most comfortable.b. There are three crossroads before you turn left.c. Two new series of video films have just arrived from Japan.d. All the barracks are occupied by the soldiers.e. All the government headquarters have received the directive.

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When the subject is made up of a noun which has no plural form but can be singular or plural in meaning, it can either take a singular or plural verb depending on the meaning. e.g.: sheep, aircraft, fish, Japanese, Chinese, Vietnamese, Portuguese, Swiss,

Taking a singular verb when the meaning is singularExamples:a. This sheep looks very cute.b. The aircraft belongs to the President.c. A Japanese was killed in the accident. d. There is a fish in the drain.

Taking a plural verb when the meaning is pluralExamples:a. Those sheep are mine.b. All the aircraft have been grounded for servicing.c. Two Japanese were killed in the crash.d. There are a lot of fish in the pond.

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When the subject is made up of a collective noun that is singular in form,it can either take a singular or plural verb depending on the meaning.e.g.: family, audience, committee, jury, team, crew, government, crowd, gang,

group, fleet, herd, swarm, staff, army, flock, etc.

Taking a singular verb when the collective noun suggests one number as a wholeExamples:a. My family consists of four members. d. The audience is small tonight.b. The team runs during the practice. e. The jury is sequestered. c. The committee decides how to proceed.

Taking a plural verb when the collective noun suggests individual persons or thingsExamples:a. My family are cleaning the house for the New Year.b. The audience were rushing forward to shake hands with her.c. The jury are having an argument.

*A collective noun can be plural. When it is plural in form,

it takes a plural verb.

Examples:

a. All the teams have arrived.

b. A few committees are to be set up soon.

*When a collective noun is preceded by

a(n), each, every, this or that,

it usually takes a singular verb.

Examples:

a. A team which practices regularly is more likely to win.

b. Every committee is headed by a chairman.

c. This musical group has performed all over the world.


When the subject is made up of an indefinite pronoun,it takes a singular verb.

e.g.: anybody, somebody, everybody, nobody, anyone, someone, everyone, no one, anything, something, everything, nothing

Examples:a. No one gives orders except me.b. Something has fallen into the river.c. Does everybody turn up?d. Anyone who wants to pursue higher education has to pass

entrance exams.a. Everyone on the committee is welcome to express his/her ideas.


When the subject is made up of a plural noun phrase that denotes quantities or amounts, it takes a singular verb.

Examples:a. Ten dollars doesn’t buy as much as it used to.b. Two years is a long time to wait.c. Three kilos of carrots is far too much.d. Twenty five miles is a long way to walk in one day.e. Ten shillings is the same as fifty pence.


When the subject is made up of a plural noun phrase that indicates the title of a book/film or the name of a place, it takes a singular verb.

Examples:a. “Star Wars” was a very successful film.b. “The Three Musketeers” was written by Alexander Dumas.c. The Philippines produces a lot of sugar.


Some


for

Compound Subjects


When the subject is made up of two or more noun phrases linked by and, it takes a plural verb.

Examples:a. A boy and a girl are walking in the garden.b. Were John and Mary present last night?c. Mother and I are going to K.L tomorrow.d. Two goats and a cow were slaughtered for the feast.e. Wheat and rice are cereals.

When the subject is made up of two noun phrases linked by andbut they refer to a single idea, it takes a singular verb.

Examples:a. Coffee and milk is a refreshing drink.b. Slow and steady wins the race.c. Time and tide waits for no man


When the subject is made up of two or more noun phrases beginning with every/each and linked by and, it takes a singular verb.

Examples:a. Every man and every child needs to pay for the show.b. Each man and each woman is given a ticket to the show.c. Each book and magazine has to be accounted for.d. Every man, woman and child has the right to live.


When the subject is made up of two or more singular noun phrases linked by or or nor, it takes singular verb.

Examples:a. The book or the pen is in the drawer.b. Zana or Amira is taking the offer.

When the subject is made up of two noun phrases, one is singular and one is plural, and are linked by or or nor, the verbs agrees with the noun phrase nearer to it.

Examples:a. The boy or his friends run every day.b. His friends or the boy runs every day.


When the subject is made up of two noun phrases linked by either…or or neither…nor,the verb agrees with the noun phrase nearer to it.

Examples:a. Either you or I am wrong.b. Either he or his friends have arrived.c. Neither the teacher nor the pupils were present.d. Neither the players not the coach agrees to come.


When the subject is made up of two noun phrases linked by not only…but also/but, the verb agrees with the noun phrase nearer to it.

Examples:a. Not only the teacher but also the pupils were present.b. Not only the pupils but the teacher was present.c. Not only you but I am blamed by her.d. Not only I but also you are blamed by her.


When the subject is made up of a noun phrase followed byas well as / together with / along with / besides / including / accompanied by / in addition to + noun phrase,the verb agrees with the first noun phrase.

Examples:a. My brother, as well as his friends, is planning a trip to K.L.b. All the teachers, together with the headmaster, are present.c. The President, accompanied by his wife, is travelling to India.d. All of the books, including yours, are in that box.e. The mayor, as well as his brothers, is going to prison.


When the subject is made up of two noun phrases, one is positive and one is negative, the verb agrees with the positive subject.

Examples:a. The department members but not the chairman have decided

not to teach on Valentine’s Day.b. It is not the faculty members but the President who decides this

issue.c. It was the speaker, not his ideas, that has provoked the students

to riot.


If the subject is preceded by other quantifying pronouns such as all, some, any, a lot, most, many, etc.,it takes either a singular or plural verb depending on whether the noun phrase is singular or plural.

Examples:a. Some of it is genuine.b. Most of the copies are seized in the raid.c. Some of the beads are missing.d. Some of the water is gone.


When the subject is made up of a plural countable noun preceded by either of, neither of or none of, it takes a plural or singular verb.

Examples:a. None of the boys has/have come.b. Neither of my brothers know/knows music.c. Either of them is/are good.d. None of you claim/claims responsibility for this accident?

When the subject is made of an uncountable noun preceded by either of, neither of or none of, it takes a singular verb.

Examples: a. Neither of the medicine cures the illness.b. None of the milk belongs to me.


When the subject is made up of a noun phrase preceded by the number of, it takes a singular verb.

Examples:a. The number of students is 30.b. The number of patients registered at the clinic is increasing.

When the subject is made up of a noun phrase preceded by a number of, it takes a plural verb.

Examples:a. A number of students are joining the trip.b. A number of passengers were injured when the bus crashed.


When the subject is made up of a noun phrase preceded by heaps of, tons of, lots f, a lot of, or the rest of, it can either take a singular or plural verb depending on the noun phrase it refers to.

Examples:a. A lot of strange things have been happening recently.b. A lot of work has already been done.c. The rest of it is to be finished by tomorrow.d. There was lots of rubbish lying on the street.e. There were lots of children playing on the street.f. Heaps of money has been wasted on this project.g. Heaps of mistakes have been made.


When the subject refers to a quantity of something, it takes a singular verb.

Examples:a. All the bread is mouldy.b. Some money has been stolen.c. No damage has been done.d. Two-fifths of the vineyard was destroyed by fire. e. Forty percent of the student’s body is in favour of changing the policy.

When the subject refers to a number of separate items, it takes a plural verb.

Examples:a. All the apples are mouldy.b. Some books have been stolen.c. No losses have been incurred.d. Two-fifths of the troops were lost in the battle.e. Forty percent of the students are in favour of changing

the policy.41neirma19_ldsii_2012

When the subject is made up of a noun phrase followed by a modifier, the verb agrees with the noun phrase, not the modifying phrase.

Examples:a. A man of talents is difficult to find nowadays.b. The children of En. Rahman come to school by bus.c. The man who had committed the various crimes was arrested last night.

When the subject is made up of a noun phrase followed by a modifier beginning with a relative pronoun like who, which, or that, the verb agrees with the noun phrase directly in front of the pronoun.Examples:a. En. Rahim is the house owner who has lodged the complaint.b. En. Rahim is one of the house owners who have lodged the complaint.

*In the following pattern, the verb agrees with noun phrase preceding it.Examples:a. I have the book that you are going to buy.


When the sentence begins with there and here,

the verb agrees with the noun phrase that comes after it.

Examples:

a. There are many questions.

b. There is no reason for this.

c. Here are two apples.


Summary

of




Rule Subject Verb

(1) The subject, ‘________’ , is a singular noun(Nisha reads the book.)

Therefore, it takes a singular verb, ‘______’

(2) The subject, ‘________’, is a plural noun(The books belong to Zafik.)

Therefore, it takes a plural verb, ‘________’

(3) The subject, ‘________’ is an uncountable noun(This medicine makes me feel drowsy.)


(4) The subject, ‘________, is a noun that is plural in form but singular in meaning(Linguistics is my favourite subject)


(5) The subject, ‘________’, is a plural noun that does not have a singular form(Jiex’s spectacles are very expensive.)


(6) The subject, ‘________’, is a plural noun that does not have a plural form(The people are queuing outside the stadium.)


(7) The subject, ‘________’ refers to singular meaning(The police headquarters is at Bukit Aman.)(This sheep looks very cute.)(Fahim’s family consists of four members).



Rule Subject Verb

(8) The subject, ‘________’ refers to plural meaning(All the governments headquarters have received the directive.)(Those sheep are Eko’s.)(Afiq’s family are cleaning the house for the feast.)


(9) The subject, ‘________’ is an indefinite pronoun(Something has fallen into the river.)


(10) The subject, ‘________’ is preceded by ‘each/every’(Each student reads the novel.)


(11) The subject, ‘________’ is a noun phrase denoting quantities/amounts(Ten dollars doesn’t buy as much as it used to.)(All the bread is mouldy.)


(12) The subject, ‘________’ is a noun phrase referring to a number of separate items(Some books have been stolen.)(Forty percent of the students are in favour of changing the policy.

Therefore, it takes a plural verb, ‘______’

(13) The subject, ‘________’ is a noun phrase, indicating the name of place / title of a book/film



Rule Subject Verb

14 The subject, ‘________’ is a singular noun phrase preceded by ‘quantifying pronouns/heaps of/tons of/a lot of/the rest of’(Some of it is genuine.)(The rest of it is to be finished by tomorrow.)


15 The subject, ‘________’ is a plural noun phrase preceded by ‘quantifying pronouns/heaps of/tons of/a lot of/the rest’(Some of the beads are missing.)(A lot of strange things have been happening recently.)


16 The subject, ‘________’ is an uncountable noun phrase preceded by ‘quantifying pronouns/either of/neither of/none of heaps of/tons of/a lot of/the rest’(Neither of the medicine cures the illness.)(Tons of work has yet to be completed.)


17 The subject, ‘______’, is made up of two/more noun phrases linked by ‘and’(Farhana and Jannah are walking in the garden.)



Rule Subject Verb

18 The subject, ‘______’, is made up of two/more noun phrases linked by ‘and’ but they refer to a single idea(Coffee and milk is Amar’s favourite.)


19 The subject, ‘______’, is made up of two/more noun phrases beginning with ‘each/every’ and linked by ‘and’(Each man and each woman is given a ticket to the show.)


20 The subject, ‘______’, is made up of two/more singular noun phrases linked by ‘or/nor’(Acu or Intan is taking the order.)


21 The subject is ‘______’ and the noun phrase nearer to the verb is ‘________’, which is a singular noun phrase(His friends or Farhan sings in the shower.)(Either you or Chen is wrong.)(Not only his housemates but Mat is scolded by the houseowner.)



Rule Subject Verb

22 The subject is ‘______’ and the noun phrase nearer to the verb is ‘________’, which is a plural noun phrase(Iwan or his friends play futsal every evening.)(Neither Saidatul or her group members were present.)(Not only Chen but her sisters want to go the carnival.)


23 The subject, ‘_______’, is made up of a noun phrase followed by another noun phrase preceded by ‘as well as/together with/along with/besides/including/accompanied by/in addition to’ and the first noun is ‘________’, which is a singular noun phrase(Syakir, as well as his brothers, is planning a trip to K.L.)


24 The subject, ‘_______’, is made up of a noun phrase followed by another noun phrase preceded by ‘as well as/together with/along with/besides/including/accompanied by / in addition to’ and the first noun is ‘________’, which is a plural noun phrase(All the books, including Jowy’s, are in that box.)



Rule Subject Verb

25 The subject, ‘_______’, is made up of two noun phrases, one is positive and one is negative, and the positive subject is ‘_________’, which is a singular noun phrase(It is not the faculty member but the President who decides this issue.)


26 The subject, ‘_______’, is made up of two noun phrases, one is positive and one is negative, and the positive subject is ‘_________’, which is a plural noun phrase(The department members but not the chairman have decided not to teach on Valentine’s Day.)


27 The subject, ‘________’, is made up of a noun phrase followed by a modifying phrase, and the noun phrase is ‘_________’, which is singular noun phrase(A man of talents is difficult to find nowadays.)


28 The subject, ‘________’, is made up of a noun phrase followed by a modifying phrase, and the noun phrase is ‘_________’, which is plural noun phrase(The children of En. Hafiz come to school by bus.)


Exercises


Practice 1Underline the correct words in the brackets. In some sentences, both answers are possible.

(1) An Indian headdress and two beaded moccasins (was, were) in the museum window.(2) Every teacher and every pupil in this school (agree, agrees) to donate RM1.00 to the School

Building Fund.(3) The surroundings of this housing area (need, needs) a major clean-up.(4) Neither the students nor the teacher (is, are) willing to come for extra class.(5) Linguistics (help, helps) us to understand language better.(6) The police (has, have) announced a reward of RM100, 000 for information leading to the arrest of

the kidnappers.(7) Fashionable clothes that (is, are) on display here (has, have) been imported from USA.(8) How he committed so many crimes (was, were) still unknown.(9) The traffic in most big cities (is, are) very heavy.(10) There (was, were) a big crowd of people outside the stadium.(11) The crowd of spectators (is, are) pushing one another to get closer to the front.(12) Six meters (is, are) a lot of material for a dress.(13) Two bags of cement (is, are) needed to repair the floor.(14) Not only teachers but the principle (attend, attends) our graduation dinner.(15) Something (is, are) better than nothing.(16) None of the trainees (complain, complains) about the new ruling.(17) Tea and milk (has, have) always been my favourite drink.(18) Either Peter of I (was, were) supposed to attend the meeting.(19) The United Nations (was, were) formed to preserve world peace.(20) Eating five servings of fruits and vegetables daily (provide, provides) all the essentials vitamins we

require.52neirma19_ldsii_2012

Practice 2Underline the correct words in the brackets.

(1) A lot of women (dye, dyes) their hair.(2) A squadron of fighters (has, have) been sent to the Middle East.(3) Three squadrons of fighters (has, have) been sent to the Middle East.(4) Five pounds (was, were) a lot of money when I was young.(5) No-one (believe, believes) you.(6) A lot of paint (has, have) been wasted.(7) The rest of the players (is, are) to be chosen tomorrow.(8) A thousand of his supporters (is, are) planning to march through the town in protest.(9) A dozen eggs (is, are) needed for this recipe.(10) A dozen eggs (seems, seem) far too much.(11) A large number of children (was, were) found to be suffering from malnutrition.(12) There (was, were) $100 in that envelope.(13) There (was, were) a hundred angry women waiting to see him.(14) People like her (is, are) really infuriating.(15) Shingles (is, are) very unpleasant.(16) Droughts (is, are) played on the same type of board as chess.(17) Snakes and ladders (is, are) a favourite game of ours.(18) The droughts in this room (is, are) dreadful.(19) A number of protesters (was, were) arrested.(20) The police (was, were) called to the scene. 53neirma19_ldsii_2012

Practice 3Select one answer from the choices provided after each sentence.

(1) Some of the grain (appear, appears) to be contaminated.(2) Either the physicians in this hospital or the chief administrator (is, are) going to have to

make a decision.(3) (Is, Are) my boss or my sisters in the union going to win this grievance?(4) Some of the votes (seem, seems) to have been miscounted.(5) Kara Wolters, together with her teammates, (present, presents) a formidable opponent

on the basketball court.(6) Three-quarters of the students (is, are) against the tuition hike.(7) Three-quarters of the students body (is, are) against the tuition hike.(8) One of my best friends (is, are) performing at Istana Budaya this week.(9) The students and instructors each (hope, hopes) for a new facility by next year.(10) Rice and beans, my favourite dish, (remind, reminds) me of my native Puerto

Rico.(11) Not only cows, but a horse (is, are) eating grass.(12) The cattle (is, are) grazing in the field.(13) Good news (has, have) come; my friend (has, have) won a prize.(14) The sum of fifty cents (was, were) paid to him.(15) Both are good speaker; neither of them (make, makes) mistakes.


Practice 4

Read the passage below and fill in the blanks with the correct verb to agree with its

subject. Write your answer in the spaces provided below. An example is given.

The fine city if Norwich

Norwich is a “fine city” according to the signs which (0) welcome (welcome)

you as you (1) _________ (arrive) on the city outskirts. There (2) ________ (be)

interesting city walks through the old, narrow streets and by the river, and there are

many medieval buildings. Boat trips regularly (3) _________ (leave) the city to join

the River Yare into the famous Norfolk Broads. These are man-made waterways

which (4) _________ (cover) much of the east Norfolk to the coast.

Thousands of visitors (5) _________ (come) to Norwich every year. They

(6) __________ (enjoy) exploring the city which has many old buildings, some of

which (7) ___________ (date) back hundreds of years. The Castle stands on a

mound and now (8) _________ (serve) as the regions principle museum, with a

variety of displays. The most famous building, however, (9) _________ (be) the

cathedral, which (10) _________(lie) off an attractive street, Tombland. The spire of

the cathedral dominates the city of Salisbury has a higher spire.55neirma19_ldsii_2012

Practice 5There are five sentences below. Each sentence contains an error. Correct the error and explain the error in the spaces provided. An example is given.

Example: The trees over the hill is green.Correction : The trees over the hills are green.Explanation : The subject (trees) is a plural noun. Therefore, the verb that

follows should also be plural (are).

(1) China, a country with many people, grow a lot of rice.Correction :Explanation :

(2) Each of the girls sing well.Correction :Explanation :


(3) My neighbour’s friends often sits around the pool partying and drinking too much.Correction :Explanation :

(4) The serving bowl or the canisters goes on the shelf.Correction :Explanation :

(5) Neither Mona nor Wani are available.Correction :Explanation :


subject-verb agreement · title: subject-verb agreement author: se7en created date: 12/19/2011...

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