SUBJECT - SURVEYING PRACTICAL – ISUB.CODE - CE6311

Handle by,

Dr.M. KANNANAssistant Professor,

Department of Civil Engg,PITS.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

All the students are instructed wear protective uniform and shoes before entering in to the lab.

Before starting the exercise students should have a clear idea about the principles of that experiment.

All students are advised to come with completed record and the observation of previous experiments, defaulters will not be allowed to do their experiments.

Don’t operate any instrument without getting concern staff members prior permission.

All instruments are costly. hence handle them carefully, to avoid fine for any breakage.

Utmost care must be taken to avert any possible injury while on lab work. Incase anything occur immediately report to the staff members.

OBJECTIVES

• At the end of the course the student will posses knowledge about Survey field techniques

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

• 1. Study of chains and its accessories

• 2. Aligning, Ranging and Chaining

• 3. Chain Traversing

• 4. Compass Traversing

• 5. Plane table surveying: Radiation

CONT….

• 6. Plane table surveying: Intersection

• 7. Plane table surveying: Traversing

• 8. Plane table surveying: Resection – Three point problem

• 9. Plane table surveying: Resection – Two point problem

CONT….

• 10. Study of levels and leveling staff

• 11. Fly leveling using Dumpy level

• 12. Fly leveling using tilting level

• 13. Check leveling

• 14. LS and CS

• 15. Contouring

• 16. Study of theodolite

INSTRUMENTS IN CHAIN SURVEYING

Chain Cross staff Plumb bob Ranging rod Arrows

COMPASS SURVEY

Utility of Compass in Survey :• Very useful for mountain, forestry, geological and other types of survey works. • The permanently mounted circular spirit level ensures easy and fast leveling. • Ensures greater degree of accuracy.

INSTRUMENTS USED

Dumpy Level with Tripod Cross Staff

Dumpy Level

Position to stand with Level staff

THEODOLITE

LIST OF EQUIPMENTS

• 1. Total Station• 2. Theodolites • 3. Dumpy level • 4. Plain table • 5. Pocket stereoscope• 6. Ranging rods• 7. Levelling staff• 8. Cross staff• 9. Chains• 10. Tapes• 11. Arrows

URL’S:

• www.surveyhistory.org• wwwww.indiastudychannel.com • w.compasssurveying.com• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_table • www.whycos.org/fck_editor/.../Levelling_and_surveyin

g.pdf• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodolite• academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/.../core/.../

elevation.html• www.icmsurveysystems.com/surveying_techniques.htm

REFERENCES

1. James M. Anderson and Edward M. Mikhail, Surveying, Theory and Practice, 7th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2001.

2. Bannister and S. Raymond, "Surveying", 7th Edition, Longman 2004.

3. Roy S.K., "Fundamentals of Surveying", 2nd Edition, Prentice‟ Hall of India, 2004.

4. Arora K.R., Surveying Vol I & II, Standard Book house , 10th Edition 2008

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Measuring Distance

• The historical method for measuring distance is the surveying chain.– One of the first chains used

in the U.S. was the Gunter’s chain.

– The Gunter’s chain was a series of links attached to a handle which included an adjustment for wear.

– The chain was 22 yards (66 ft) long.

• Modern chains are metal strips 100 feet long.

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Modern Chains

Modern surveying chains are three standard types. Fully graduated

First foot (cut chain)

Extended foot (add chain)

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Reading Surveying Steel Chain

• The first step in reading a surveying chain is to determine the units that are used.

• Knowing that the chain is 100 feet long, having numbers from 0 to 100 indicates that each number is one foot of distance.

• Each foot has nine (9) lines (10 spaces), therefore each line represents 1/10 or 1/10 of a foot.

• The reading for this example is 98.6 ft.

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Reading A Cut Chain

• The first foot or cut chain gets its name from the fact that the whole foot reading at the head of the chain must be reduced “cut” by the partial foot.

• In this example the pin at the head is on 99 feet and the rear pin is on 0.4 feet. The distance is 99 - 0.4 or 98.6 feet.

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Reading An Add Chain

• The extended foot (add) chain gets its name because an additional foot is added to each end of the chain.

• The partial foot is added to the foot value at the head of the chain.

• In this example the head pin is on 99 feet an the rear pin is at 0.7 feet. The distance is 99 + 0.7 or 99.7 ft.

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Steel chain on holder

1. Hold holder vertical in the left hand.

2. Attach 100 foot end of the tape with the numbers up.

3. Wind tape up rotating the handle clockwise.

4. Remember to wipe tape with a dry cloth as it is wound onto the handle.

To rewind chain on holder:

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Odometer Wheel

Odometer wheels use different units on the odometers.

Insure you know the measuring units before you start to use the wheel.

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Optical range finder

One of two main types of range finders.

The second type uses lasers. These are more popular today.

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Laser Tape

The most popular type of range finder.

Many different models.

Many different features.

Many different prices. (Precision)

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Multiple signals are used to determine partial cycles.

Laser light and other signals travel at the speed of light.

If you know speed and time, you can calculate distance.

Velocity =Distance

Time Distance = Velocity x Time

Principles of Laser Measuring

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Hand level

This is the simplest type of hand level. It is useful for estimating slope & elevation changes.

This instrument is called the Abney level. It can be used to measure slope, vertical angles and stadia distances.

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Stadia Distance

• Measuring distance by stadia requires the ability to read a surveying rod.

• The Philadelphia style rod measures to 1/100 (0.01) feet.

• Red numbers are whole feet.• Black numbers are 1/10’s of a foot.• Bars are 1/100’s of a foot.

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Rod with

Target

The use of a target improves the accuracy of the readings and increases the readable distance between the rod and the instrument.

A rod with target can be used four ways.1. Direct read2. Indirect read3. High rod4. Extended rod

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Distance by stadia

Top Stadia Cross hair

Elevation Cross hair

Bottom Stadia Cross hair

Distance=(TSR - BSR) x SF

What is the stadia distance for the illustration? 47 ft

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Dumpy (Wye) Level

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Leveling a four (4) legged instrument

Left thumb rule

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Automatic Level

Automatic levels get their name because one of the internal lenses is mounted on a pendulum.

All the operator must do is get it close to level.

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Laser Level

The one we use is non-visible, non-rotating.

The primary options for survey quality laser levels are:

Visible or non-visible

Rotating or non-rotating

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Transit

Transits are the most versatile instrument.

They are also the most complicated.

Most have been supplanted by total stations.

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Vernier scale

Vernier scale

Main scale reading

What is the reading for this Vernier scale? 26.5o

Line of coincident

Mechanical instruments use Vernier scales to improve the precision of the instrument.

The Vernier scale divides the last unit on the main scale into another set of fractional parts.

The main scale is read at the zero (0) on the Vernier scale.

The Vernier scale is read at the line of coincident.

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Double Vernier Scale

The double Vernier uses the same steps.

When reading a double Vernier you must determine which side of the Vernier should be read.

This is determined by the direction of rotation of the instrument.

[Note: the Vernier scale rotates]

Clockwise rotation (right turned) = Left side

Counter clockwise rotation (Left turned) = Right side

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Rocking the rod

Rocking the rod should be used when a rod level is not available.

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Range pole

Surveyors nail

Plumb Bob

Additional Equipment

ALL THE BEST

Thank u