subject index » -::.vf|ebm.bmj.com/content/ebmed/3/6/199.full.pdfchd, and all-cause mortality, 115...

SUBJECT INDEX »:-::.vf|

c : • • : • • . • A .

•Abortion• . •:; Bleeding occurred in one fifth of recognised pregnancies,: •••'::.: before the twentieth week, and over half of these•'•.••..••-••:' m i s c a r r i e d , 5 8

.Accidental falls• •• :•'• Review; Multiple risk factor modification reduces falls in

; elderly persons, 80.: Acetaminophen

; A nonprescription combination analgesic alleviated•: migraine headaches, ISO•Aaclovir

. Oral aciclovir shortened duration of symptoms in herpetic••'•••'••: g i n g i v o s t o m a t i t i s , 16

: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome• .HIV-1 RNA levels and CD4+ cell counts predicted disease

progression in HIV infection, 23Ritonavir reduced AIDS complications and risk for death

,:: in HIV-1 infection, 186Administration, cutaneous

8-hour transdennal nicotine patch use and hourly smokingin pregnant women produced similar nicotine concen-trations, 91

. AdolescenceFluoxetine decreased depressive symptoms in children and

adolescents with nonpsychotic major depressivedisorder, 10S

Nebulised ipratropium combined with albuterol led toimproved pulmonary function in children with severeasthma (Letter), 103

Adrenal cortex hormonesUse of inhaled corticosteroids was associated with the

development of cataracts, 24Adrenergic p-antagonists

Review: Corticosteroids reduce relapse rate, p-agonist use,and hospitalisation rate in acute asthma exacerbationafter initial assessment, 9

Review: Diuretics are more efficacious than p-blockers asfirst-line therapy for elderly patients with hypertension, 174

AgedA 6-point risk score predicted which elderly patients

would fall in hospital, 96Calcium and vitamin D reduced nonvertebral fractures

and bone loss, 57Donepezil was safe and effective in Alzheimer disease, 179Genotype testing improved the clinical diagnosis of

Alzheimer disease, 1.56Greater duration of customary physical activity increased

survival in older persons, 90Review: Diuretics are more efficacious than P-blockers as

first-line therapy for elderly patients with hypertension, 174Review: Few depressed elderly inpatients improve, 124Review: Heterocyclic arrtidepressants and rational

psychological therapies reduce depression in olderambulatory patients, 152

Review: Multiple risk factor modification reduces falls inelderly persons, 80

Review: Screening may not improve vision in olderpersons, 182

Review: Tacrine has some benefits and many adverseeffects in Alzheimer disease, 178

Some lifestyle and dietary habits were associated withall-cause and coronary heart disease mortality inelderly persons, 125

AlbuminuriaReview: Microalbuminuria predicts overall mortality and

cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 27

AlbuterolCombining nebulised ipratropium and albuterol improved

FEVj but did not improve symptoms or quality of lifein COPD, 120

Alcohol drinkingAlcohol consumption was not associated with cognitive

performance or brain atrophy in older Australian men, 26Review: Benz.odiazepines are more effective than

neuroleptics in reducing delirium and seizures inalcohol withdrawal, 1 i

Alcohol withdrawal deliriumReview: Benzodiazepines are more effective than

neuroleptics in reducing delirium and seizures inalcohol withdrawal, 11

AlendronateAlendronate reduced new fractures in postmenopausal

women who had low bone-mineral density and existingvertebral fractures, 119

Alternative medicineEvidence-based medicine and complementary medicine

(EBM Note), 168Alzheimer disease

Donepezil improved cognitive and global function inmild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease, 155

Donepezil was safe and effective in Alzheimer disease, 179Genotype testing improved the clinical diagnosis of

Alzheimer disease, 156Ginkgo biloba safely and modestly improved dementia, 81Review: Uterine has some benefits and many adverse

effects in Alzheimer disease, 178Aminosalicylic acids

Review: 5-aminosalicylic acid induces remission inulcerative colitis, 142

Review: 5-aminosalicylic acid maintains remission inulcerative colitis, 143

AmiodaroneReview: Amiodarone reduces all-cause mortality in

patients at risk for sudden cardiac death, 113Review: Amiodarone reduces mortality after MI and for

congestive heart failure, 112Amniotomy

Early amniotomy increased the rate of fetal heartdecelerations, 18

Anastomosis, surgicalOmentoplasty did not prevent anastomotic leakage after

colonic or rectal resection, 189Angina pectoris

Enoxaparin reduced combined coronary events in unstableangina and non-Q~wave MI at 14 and 30 days, 43

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pi Review; Medical therapy, angioplasty, and bypass surgeryare effective for stable angina in patients at differentrisk levels, 187

Angina, unstableSerial ECGs were more sensitive than an initial ECG for

diagnosing chest pain, 123Tirofiban plus heparin was more effective than heparin

alone for unstable angina and non-Q-wave MI, 176Angioplasty

Vein or polytetrafiuoroethylene patch closure after carotidendarterectomy reduced stroke and recurrent stenosis, 188

Angioplasty, transluminal, percutaneous coronaryCoronary angioplasty led to more nonfatal Mis than

medical therapy in patients with coronary arterydisease, 44

Review: Early angioplasty improves outcomes for patientswith myocardial infarction, 83

Review: Medical therapy, angioplasty, and bypass surgeryare effective for stable angina in patients at differentrisk levels, 187

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitorsACE inhibitor use was associated with severe

hypoglycernia in patients with diabetes mellitus, 61Review; Survival benefit for early ACE inhibitor therapy

is greater in some subgroups of patients withacute MI, 175

Ankle injuriesUse of Ottawa ankle rules reduced radiography requests

for patients who had acute ankle or midfoot injuries, 31Antibiotic prophylaxis

Review; Prophylactic antibiotics reduce mortality incritically ill adults, 139

AntibioticsPrescribing antibiotics for sore throat increased

reattendance, 53Review; Antibiotics do not resolve acute cough, 183Review; Antibiotics provide modest benefit for acute otitis

media, 14Review: Antibiotics reduce the already low complication

rate and shorten the duration of symptoms in sorethroat at day 3 but not day 7, 52

Anticholesteremic agentsLovastatin reduced coronary events in heaithy persons

with low HDL cholesterol levels, 172Anticoagulants

Enoxaparin had lower costs than unfractionated heparinfor acute coronary syndrome, 193

Warfarin plus aspirin prevented ischemic heart disease inhigh-risk men, 114

AnticonvuisantsReview; Prophylactic antiepileptic drugs reduce early

seizure after head injury but not death or neurologicaldisability, 137

Treatment after first seizure did not increase seizureremission periods in patients with a first tonic-clonicseizure, 138

Antidepressive agentsReview; Few depressed elderly inpatients improve, 124

Review: Heterocyclic antidepressants and rationalpsychological therapies reduce depression in olderambulatory patients, 152

Antidepressive agents, tricyclicReview: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors differ from

tricyclic antidepressants in adverse events, 86Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were less

cost-effective for initial treatment than tricyclicantidepressants, 87

Antihypertensive agentsLow-dose aspirin reduced the risk for cardiovascular

events in treated hypertension, 173Review: Diuretics are more efficacious than |3-blockers . \

as first-line therapy for elderly patients with .hypertension, 174 :

Anti-inflammatory agents .Review: Low-dose, short-term corticosteroids reduce joint :...

tenderness and pain in adults who have rheumatoid .'.'.. •.arthritis, 145 \

Anti-inflammatory agents, nonsteroidal ;.:;Review: Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are ••..-••

effective and safe for pain, 108 : •:;•.':.•..Antipsychotic agents ••• [•.;

An educational session on tardive dyskinesia increasedpatients' knowledge at 6 months without affecting . ... .compliance or clinical stability, 153 • :-: :i

Apolipoproteins E ! ":"=-"!"G e n o t y p e t e s t i n g i m p r o v e d t h e cl inical d i a g n o s i s o f .-. .•;••'•

Alzheimer disease, 156 • : :::Arterial occlusive diseases .••• :.::

Thrombolysis had benefit similar to that of surgery for ...;./.acute arterial leg occlusion but had more hemorrhagicir-:••:.complications, 144 . : ,. . :...

Arthritis, rheumatoid . V .. : ::-

Review; Low-dose, short-term corticosteroids reduce joint;.::

tenderness and pain in adults who have rheumatoid. : . :: ::;:

arthritis, 145 . : ;: : •:•..;.

Asphyxia neonatorum . '. ^ x VDelivery at night or during the summer was associated- ^v.-^y

with an increased risk for infant death related to aii.: ::;;.::; ::

intrapartum event, 192 . :r ••;.•>;:

Aspirin '•.-.:;.-. '•; ';.•. •.•• •'•':

A n o n p r e s c r i p t i o n c o m b i n a t i o n a n a l g e s i c a l l e v i a t e d . ,: : .;• :;f:m i g r a i n e h e a d a c h e s , 1 5 0 :••-••:• ^:-;fi

Feedback to general practitioners increased prescribing -.of;. .V:aspirin to patients with ischaemic heart disease, 63 \-^x.;;;:;.

Low-dose aspirin reduced the risk for cardiovascular^, •, C; ::;i :•events m treated hypertension, 173 ' .. ;..r;ili:;:

Tirofiban plus heparin was more effective than hepann .:; •• ::.;|aione for unstable angina and non-Q-wave MI,.U?. W*:';.,M

Asthma : . :Inactivated influenza vaccine decreased pulmonary

function in asthma except when colds were ,:

considered, 148Nebulised ipratropium combined with aibute:

improved pulmonary function in childrenasthma (Letter), 103

200 Subject Index Evidence-Based Medicine November;



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;:...: Review: Coiticosteroids reduce relapse rate, p-agonist use,]•;.'•-.. and hospitalisation rate in acute asthma exacerbation.; •;. • • after initial assessment, 9;... . Review: Limited asthma education reduces emergency•V '•:. department visits but does not improve patient

outcomes, 121

B• Bacterial infections;;• Review: Prophylactic antifungal treatment decreases

systemic fungal infection but not mortality in cancer• :. complicated by neutropenia, 20:: Bandages

Review: High-compression bandages, stockings, and Unna'sboot improve heaiing rates in venous ieg ulcers, 54

BeclomethasoneUse of inhaied corcicosteroids was associated with the

: development of cataracts, 24..Bed rest

Review: Advice to stay active is effective for acutelow-back pain but bed rest is not, 109

: BiochemistryOn the need for evidence-based clinical biochemistry

(EBM Note), 7: Biopsy. Biopsy taken at orchidopexy was associated with an

increased risk for testicular cancer in boys withcryptorchidism, 28

Bone densityCalcium and vitamin D reduced nonvertebral fractures

and bone loss, 57Botulinum toxin type A

Botulinum toxin promoted healing and symptomatic reliefof chronic anal fissure, 141

Breast neoplasmsExtending screening marnmography to include younger

women minimally increased life expectancy with largeincreases in cost, 95

Pregnancy after breast cancer treatment was not associatedwith an increased risk for death, 60

Radiotherapy added to adjuvant chemotherapy reducedrecurrence and improved survival in stages II and IIIbreast cancer, 76

Radiotherapy added to adjuvant chemotherapy reducedrecurrence rates in premenopausal women withnode-positive breast cancer, 77

Review: Recent HRT increases the risk for breastcancer, 93

Bronchodilator agentsCombining nebulised ipratropium and albutero! improved

FEVj but did not improve symptoms or quality of lifeinCOPD, 120

CaffeineA nonprescription combination analgesic alleviated

migraine headaches, 150

CalciumCalcium and vitamin D reduced nonvertebral fractures

and bone loss, 57Calcium supplements during normal pregnancy did not

prevent pre-eclampsia or other related disorders, 56Calcium-channel blockers

Review: Calcium antagonists reduce death anddependence in subarachnoid hemorrhage, 138

Cardiovascular diseasesA model predicted the benefits of hyperlipidemia and

hypertension therapy in high-risk primary preventionand secondary prevention, 194

Low-dose aspirin reduced the risk for cardiovascularevents in treated hypertension, 173

Review: Microalbuminuria predicts overall mortality andcardiovascular mortality and morbidity in non-insulin-dependent diabetes rnellitus, 27

Carotid stenosisVein or polytetrafluoroethylene patch closure after carotid

endarterectorny reduced stroke and recurrent stenosis, 188Cataract

Use of inhaled corticosteroids was associated with thedevelopment of cataracts, 24

CatheterizationReview: Heparin reduces central venous and pulmonary

artery catheter clots, 111Central venous catheterization

A catheter coated with minocycline and rifarnpm reducedbloodstream infections, 49

Antiseptic catheters reduced catheter-reiated infectionsand were well tolerated, 48

Cerebral aneurysm.Review: Calcium antagonists reduce death and

dependence in subarachnoid hemorrhage, 138Cerebrovascular disorders

Acute stroke unit care improved quality of life at 5 years, 185Early discharge to community care was as effective as

conventional care for stroke, 82Review: HMGcoA reductase inhibitors reduce stroke,

CHD, and all-cause mortality, 115Review: Lowering cholesterol levels with statin drugs reduces

fatal and nonfatal strokes and total mortality, 41Review: Statins prevent stroke, especially in patients with

coronary heart disease, 10Review: Stroke and death from carotid endarterectomy are

predicted by 5 clinical and 3 angiographic factors, 92Stroke unit care improved survival and function for 5 years

after an acute stroke, 42Cervical neoplasms

Deferred treatment of cervical abnormalities resulted inpoor follow-up and delayed treatment of seriousdisease, 19

Cesarean sectionEarly amniotomy increased the rate of fetal heart

decelerations, 18Chemotherapy, adjuvant

Radiotherapy added to adjuvant chemotherapy reducedrecurrence and improved survival in stages II and IIIbreast cancer, 76

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Radiotherapy added to adjuvant chemotherapy reducedrecurrence rates in premenopausal women withnode-positive breast cancer, 77

Child abuseHome visits by nurses reduced child abuse and neglect, 74

ChildrenDidanosine alone or zidovudine plus didanosine was more

effective than zidovudine alone for children with HIVinfection, 15

Fluoxetine decreased depressive symptoms in children andadolescents with nonpsychotic major depressivedisorder, 105

Nebulised ipratropium combined with albuterol led toimproved pulmonary function in children with severeasthma (Letter), 103

Oral aciclovir shortened duration of symptoms in herpeticgingivostomatitis, 16

Single-dose vitamin A reduced the severity of shigellosis inBangladeshi children, 180

ChlorhexidineAntiseptic catheters reduced catheter-related infections

and were well tolerated, 48Chlorpromazine

Review: Chlorpromazine reduces relapse and leads togreater global improvement but increases adverseevents in schizophrenia, 171

CholesterolLovastatin reduced coronary events in healthy persons

with low HDL cholesterol levels, 172Review: Lowering cholesterol levels with statin drugs reduces

fatal and nonfatal strokes and total mortality, 41Cholinesterase inhibitors

Donepezil was safe and effective in Alzheimer disease, 179Citalopram

Review; Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors areeffective for mixed chronic pain, 12

Ciinicai competenceReview: Subtle clinical findings can detect left-sided

heart failure in adults, 22Cognition

Alcohol consumption was not associated with cognitiveperformance or brain atrophy in older Australian men, 26

Donepezil improved cognitive and global function inmild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease, 155

Donepezil was safe and effective in Alzheimer disease, 179Ginkgo biloba safely and modestly improved dementia, 81Review: Tacrine has some benefits and many adverse

effects in Alzheimer disease, 178Colectomy

Omentoplasty did not prevent anastomotic leakage aftercolonic or rectal resection, 189

Colitis, ulcerativeReview: 5-aminosaiicylic acid induces remission in

ulcerative colitis, 142Review: 5~aminosalicylic acid maintains remission in

ulcerative colitis, 143Colonoscopy

Addition of intensive follow-up procedures to standardfollow-up did not improve survival in patients withcoloreccal cancer, 140

Colorectal neoplasmsAddition of intensive follow-up procedures to standard

follow-up did not improve survival in patients withcolorectal cancer, 140

ColposcopyDeferred treatment of cervical abnormalities resulted in

poor follow-up and delayed treatment of seriousdisease, 19

Common coldInactivated influenza vaccine decreased pulmonary function

in asthma except when colds were considered, 148Community health nursing

Home visits by nurses improved some maternal and childoutcomes, 75

Home visits by nurses reduced child abuse and neglect, 74Community health services

Early discharge to community care was as effective asconventional care for stroke, 82

Community-acquired infectionsReview: Clinical assessment is inaccurate for diagnosing

community-acquired pneumonia, 89Coronary angiography •.:. •

Conservative management was more effective thaninvasive management in acute non-Q-wave MI, 177 :.

Coronary artery bypass ••: :••Review: Medical therapy, angioplasty, and bypass surgery -V:

are effective for stable angina in patients at different . :-risk levels, 187 .

Coronary disease . :

A model predicted the benefits of hyperlipidemia and ..;.: .:;•hypertension therapy in high-risk primary prevention;.and secondary prevention, 194 ;•:•'

Coronary angioplasty led to more nonfatal Mis than :: ;••' .medical therapy in patients with coronary artery ."•."• ;disease, 44 . . . :: :.i

Enoxaparin had lower costs than unfractionated heparih. v:for acute coronary syndrome, 193 :: '••::

Lovastatin reduced coronary events in healthy persons..:.;;with low H D L cholesterol levels, 172 . • ; ;-:

Review: Statins prevent stroke, especially in patients with : •:coronary heart disease, 10 V . ::

:;:;

Some lifestyle and dietary habits were associated with.:\."•:..:all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality in . •••'•/••;'•.elderly persons, 125

Cost of illness .: .:••.•Loss-of-Iife cost for paediatric illness associated with. V:.).

parental smoking was estimated at U.S. $8.2 billion^ : ; . .

per year, 64 :•:; > V.Cost-benefit analysis . • .-.:. •;

:: ;•.;:•.

A p r o g r a m m e o f n i e t h a d o n e m a i n t e n a n c e c o m b i n e d w i t h •.•;.moderate counselling services was cost-effective, 94;:..: ;:

Evidence-based medicine and cost-effectiveness: uneasy,:;;,;:.bedfellows? (EBM Note), 133 ': '' ..;::;;:;:;::;

S e l e c t i v e s e r o t o n i n r e u p t a k e i n h i b i t o r s w e r e l e s s •••••••; '••';;%:*cost-effective for initial treatment than tricyclic .:.:;.;,;. j ;antidepressants, 87 -v;.;;.::M-/

C o s t savings V ; .--V:: • sEnoxaparin had iower costs than unfractionated hepsnn;;.i:::.::

for acute coronary syndrome, 193 - :.\i:-^>C

; . ; • ; . .

202 Subject index Evidence-Based Medicine November/Deceml

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i; V? Review: Provision of costing information changes:: :;: •.;.• physician behaviour and reduces costs, 62•;

:Costs and cost analysis••.••'•. Loss-of-life cost for paediatric illness associated with: : ;•.: parental smoking was estimated at U.S. $8.2 billion:; : per year, 64•Cough;: . ..Review; Antibiotics do not resolve acute cough, 183Counseling•:: A programme of methadone maintenance combined with

•v;;•'•• moderate counselling services was cost-effective, 94:::': :Review: Patient education and counseling increase': '."•• preventive behaviors, 85Critical care.;;:.Review: Prophylactic antibiotics reduce mortality in'..- critically ill adults, 139Cryptorchidism;: Biopsy taken at orchidopexy was associated with an;•.. increased risk for testicular cancer in boys with.:..'.: cryptorchidism, 28

^Deafness;•?::;: Review: Antibiotics provide modest benefit for acute otitis;W. media, 14^Decision treesg\ Review: A prediction guide that includes clinical assess-I:.:' ment and noninvasive tests is accurate for diagnosingif: deep venous thrombosis, 157^Dementia::• Ginkgo biioba safely and modestly improved dementia, 81^Depression••:'• 2 questions were as good as more questions for detecting•;: depression, 21•: Review: Heterocyclic antidepressants and rational;• psychological therapies reduce depression in older:! ambulatory patients, 152

Review: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors differh. from tricyclic antidepressants in adverse events, 86: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were less:'•• cost-effective for initial treatment than tricyclic

antidepressants, 87; Depressive disorder

Fluoxetine decreased depressive symptoms in childrenand adolescents with nonpsychotic majordepressive disorder, 105

Review: Few depressed elderly inpatients improve, 124Dexamethasone

Review: Dexamethasone reduces hearing loss in childhoodHib meningitis and in pneumococcai meningitis whengiven early, 73

Diabetes mellitusACE inhibitor use was associated with severe

hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus, 61Review: Prompted follow-up by specialists and GPs

produces similar outcomes for diabetes mellitus, 88

Diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependentReview: Intensive insulin therapy for type 1 diabetes

mellitus increases risk for severe hypoglycemia, andpump therapy increases ketoacidosis, 50

Diabetes meilkus, non-insulin-dependentAntihypertensive therapy with nisoldipine resulted in

more Mis than therapy with enalapril in type 2 diabetesmellitus, 191

Review: Improved glycaemic control reduces microvascularcomplications in type 2 diabetes mellitus, 147

Review: Microalbuminuria predicts overall mortality andcardiovascular mortality and morbidity in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 27

Diabetic ketoacidosisReview: Intensive insulin therapy for type 1 diabetes


DiarrheaQuadrivalent rotavirus vaccine reduced dehydrating

diarrhoea in infants, 78Zinc supplementation reduced diarrhoea in young, poor

Guatemalan children, 13Didanosine

Didanosine alone or zidovudine plus didanosine was moreeffective than zidovudine alone for children withHIV infection, 15

DietSome lifestyle and dietaiy habits were associated with all-

cause and coronary heart disease mortality in elderlypersons, 125

DonepezilDonepesii improved cognitive and global function in

mild-to-moderate Akheimer disease, 155Donepezil was safe and effective in Alzheimer disease, 179

Duodenal ulcerOmeprazoie healed ulcers and maintained remission better

than ranitidine, 117Omeprazole maintained remission from ulcers better than

misoprostol, 116Dysentery, bacillary

Sing!e-dose vitamin A reduced the severity of shigellosis inBangladeshi children, 180

Dyskinesia, drug-inducedAn educational session on tardive dyskinesia increased

patients' knowledge at 6 months without affectingcompliance or clinical stability, 153

E

Education, continuingReview: Effectiveness of local opinion leaders varies, 29

Education, medical, continuingEvidence-based medicine on the wards: report from an

evidence-based minion (EBM Note), 101Review: Provision, of costing information changes

physician behaviour and reduces costs, 62Electrocardiography

Serial ECGs were more sensitive than an initial ECG fordiagnosing chest pain, 123




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Electromagnetic fieldsChiidhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia was not linked

to magnetic-field exposure from power lines, 59Emergency services, hospitai

Benefit from thrombolysis in acute MI was predicted inthe emergency department, 32


EnalaprilAntihypertensive therapy with nisoldipine resulted in


Endarterectomy, carotidReview: Stroke and death from carotid endarterectomy are

predicted by 5 ciinicai and 3 angiographic factors, 92Vein or polytetrafluoroediylene patch closure after carotid

endarterectomy reduced stroke and recurrent stenosis, 188Enoxaparin

Enoxaparin had lower costs than unfractionated heparinfor acute coronary syndrome, 193

Enoxaparin reduced combined coronary events in unstableangina and non-Q-wave MI at 14 and 30 days, 43

Enzyme inhibitorsFinasteride reduced symptoms and need for surgery for

benign prostatic hyperplasia, 107Epilepsy, tonic-clonic


Estrogen replacement therapyPostmenopausal hormone use was associated with

decreased total mortality, 25Review: Recent HRT increases the risk for breast cancer, 93

Evidence-based medicineApplying the results of trials and systematic reviews to

individual patients (EBM Note), 16SAsk, and ye shall retrieve (EBM Note), 100Commentary on applying the results of trials and system-

atic reviews to individual patients (EBM Note), 167Evidence-based medicine and complementary medicine

(EBM Note), 168Evidence-based medicine and cost-effectiveness: uneasy

bedfellows? (EBM Note), 133Evidence-based medicine on the wards: report from an

evidence-based minion (EBM Note), 101Evidence-Based Nursing: an introduction (EBM Note), 3 7Evidence-based paediatrics (EBM Note), 134On the need for evidence-based ciinicai biochemistry

(EBM Note), 7Using Best Evidence in clinical practice (EBM Note), 39

ExerciseSome lifestyle and dietary habits were associated with

all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality inelderly persons, 125

Written and verbal advice from general practitioners ledto an increase in self-reported physical activity forsedentary patients, 154

FFalls

A 6-point risk score predicted which elderly patientswould fall in hospital, 96

Family practiceA streptococcal antigen detection test had low sensitivity

and high specificity for detecting group A p-haemolyticstreptococcus, 190

Wri t t en and verbal advice from general practitioners ledto an increase in self-reported physical activity forsedentary patients, 154

Feedback

Feedback to general practitioners increased prescribing ofaspirin to patients with ischaemic heart disease, 63

Fetal deathDelivery at night or dur ing the summer was associated

with an increased risk for infant death related to anintrapartum event, 192

Fetal membranesEarly amniotomy increased the rate of fetal hear t

decelerations, 18Fetal moni tor ing

Early amniotomy increased the rate of fetal heartdecelerations, 18

FeverReview: Antibiotics reduce the already low complication

rate and shorten the duration of symptoms in sore ;throat at day 3 but no t day 7, 52

Fibrinolytic agentsTirofiban plus heparin was more effective than heparin

alone for unstable angina and non-Q-wave M I , 176 . . :Finasteride . .:

Finasteride reduced symptoms and need for surgery for .benign prostatic hyperplasia, 107

Fissure in ano ;•••:Botuiimim toxin promoted healing and symptomatic relief .

of chronic anal fissure, 141 ,:•';Fluconazole

Review: Prophylactic antifungal t rea tment decreases .."•;••.systemic fungal infection but no t mortal i ty in cancer :.complicated by neutropenia, 20 . ..

Fluoxetine . ..:.Fluoxetine decreased depressive symptoms in children and ••'•

adolescents with nonpsychotic major depressive .:....disorder, 105 V..

Review: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors areeffective for mixed chronic pain, 12 ^:.';\-.

Fluticasone •:•::;•Fiuticasone reduced the severity of exacerbations in :: '(•.-.';

patients with C O P D , 149 . :'.••Fluvoxaraine ' .7." .••.

Review: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are . •/.'•%• •.effective for mixed chronic pain, 12 . . :;; :|.:

Foot injuries . : .••Use of Ottawa ankle rules reduced radiography requests. ; •:::

for patients w h o had acute ankle o r midfoot injuries, J i •

204 Subject Index

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. Forecasting.•• .Benefit from thrombolysis in acute MI was predicted in. : ''••' the emergency department, 32Fractures

.'•' . :Alendronate reduced new fractures in postmenopausalV women who had low bone-mineral density and existing

•-.'• '.'..' vertebral fractures, 119'. •. Calcium and vitamin D reduced nonvertebral fractures. : arid bone loss, 57

; Grucocorticoids.: Review: Corticosteroids reduce relapse rate, p-agonlst use,

and hospitalisation rate in acute asthma exacerbationafter initial assessment, 9

Goserelin'••:•/ Radiotherapy plus goserelin improved S-year survival in

locally advanced prostate cancer, 79Graves disease

Radioiodine plus prednisone prevented development orprogression of ophthalmopathy in patients with GraveshypertSiyroidism, 84

GuatemalaZinc supplementation reduced diarrhoea in young, poor

Guatemalan children, 13

HHead injuries

Review: Prophylactic antiepileptic drugs reduce earlyseizure after head injury but not death or neurologicaldisability, 137

HeadacheReview: Antibiotics reduce the already low complication

rate and shorten the duration of symptoms in sorethroat at day 3 but not day 7,52

Health personnelReview: Plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine is safe and

effective for health care workers, 55Health promotion


Heart failure, congestiveReview: Amiodarone reduces all-cause mortality in

patients at risk for sudden cardiac death, 113Review: Amiodarone reduces mortality after MI and for

congestive heart failure, 112HELLP syndrome

Calcium supplements during normal pregnancy did notprevent pre-eclampsia or other related disorders, 56

HemorrhageBleeding occurred in one fifth of recognised pregnancies

before the twentieth week, and over half of thesemiscarried, 58

HeparinEnoxaparin had lower costs than unfractionated heparin

for acute coronary syndrome, 193Review: Heparin and mechanical devices reduce deep

venous thrombosis in elderly patients having surgeryfor hip fracture, 146

Review: Heparin reduces central venous and pulmonaryartery catheter clots, 111

Tirofiban plus heparin was more effective than heparinalone for unstable angina and non-Q-wave MI, 176

Heparin, low-molecular-weightEnoxaparin reduced combined coronary events in unstable

angina and non-Q-wave MI at 14 and 30 days, 43Low-molecular-weight heparin and unfractionated heparin

were equally effective for acute pulmonary embolism, 45Hepatitis B vaccines

Review: Plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine is safe andeffective for health care workers, 55

Hip fracturesReview: Heparin and mechanical devices reduce deep

venous thrombosis in elderly patients having surgeryfor hip fracture, 146

HIVDidanosine alone or zidovudine plus didanosine was more

effective than zidovudine alone for children with HIVinfection, 15

Indinavir plus zidovudine and lamivudine reduced HIVRNA levels in most HIV-infected persons withprevious antiretroviral treatment, 46

Indinavir plus zidovudine and lamivudine reduced theprogression to AIDS in patients with previouszidovudine therapy, 47

Ritonavir reduced AIDS complications and risk for deathin HIV-1 infection, 186

HIV protease inhibitorsIndinavir plus zidovudine and lamivudine reduced HFV

RNA levels in most HIV-infected persons withprevious antiretroviral treatment, 46

Indinavir plus zidovudine and lamivudine reduced theprogression to AIDS in patients with previouszidovudine therapy, 47

Home care servicesA home-based intervention reduced the frequency of

hospital readmissions and out-of-hospitai deaths afterdischarge, 122

Review: Hospital-at-home care does not improve patienthealth outcomes, 181

HomocysteineHigh homocysteine levels were associated with increased

CHD in men, 160Hospital units

Acute stroke unit care improved quality of life at 5 years, 185Hospitalization

A 6-point risk score predicted which elderly patientswould fall in hospital, 96

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A home-based intervention reduced the frequency ofhospital readmissions and aut-of-hospital deaths afterdischarge, 122

ACE inhibitor use was associated with severehypoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus, 61

Review: Corticosteroids reduce relapse rate, p-agonist use,and hospitalisation rate in acute asthma exacerbationafter initial assessment, 9

Stroke unit care improved survival and function for 5 yearsafter an acute stroke, 42

Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitorsReview: HMGcoA reductase inhibitors reduce stroke,

CHD, and all-cause mortality, 115Hypercholesterolemia

Review: HMGcoA reductase inhibitors reduce stroke,CHD, and all-cause mortality, I IS

HyperglycemiaReview: Improved glycaemic control reduces microvas-

cular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus, 147Hypertension

Antihypertensive therapy with nisoldipine resulted inmore Mis than therapy with enalapril in type 2 diabetesmellitus, 191


Low-dose aspirin reduced the risk for cardiovascularevents in treated hypertension, 173

Review: Diuretics are more efficacious than p-blockers asfirst-line therapy for elderly patients with hypertension, 174

HypoglycemiaACE inhibitor use was associated with severe

hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus, 61Review: Intensive insulin therapy for type 1 diabetes


I

ImmobilizationContinuing to engage in normal activities after neck-

sprain injury led to fewer symptoms than didimmobilisation and sick leave, 110

Infant mortalityDelivery at night or during the summer was associated

with an increased risk for infant death related to anintrapartum event, 192

Infant welfareHome visits by nurses improved some maternal and child

outcomes, 75Infection

Review: Heparin reduces central venous and pulmonaryartery catheter dots, 111

Influenza vaccineInactivated influenza vaccine decreased pulmonary function

in asthma except when colds were considered, 148Insulin

Review: Improved glycaemic control reduces microvascularcomplications in type 2 diabetes mellitus, 147

Review: Intensive insulin therapy for type 1 diabetesmellitus increases risk for severe hypoglycemia, andpump therapy increases ketoacidosis, 50

Ipracj'opiumCombining nebulised ipratropium and aibuterol improved

FEVj but did not improve symptoms or quality of lifeinCOPD,120

Nebulised ipratropium combined with aibuterol led toimproved pulmonary function in children with severeasthma (Letter), 103

ItraconazoleReview: Prophylactic antifiingal treatment decreases

systemic fungal infection but not mortality in cancercomplicated by neutropenia, 20

KKetoconazole

Review: Prophylactic antifiingal treatment decreasessystemic fungal infection but not mortality in cancercomplicated by neutropenia, 20

KnowledgeAsk, and ye shall retrieve (EBM Note), 100

LaborEarly amniotomy increased the rate of fetal heart

decelerations, 18Leadership

Review: Effectiveness of local opinion leaders varies, 29Leg ulcer

Review: High-compression bandages, stockings, and Unna'sboot improve healing rates in venous leg ulcers, 54

Leukemia, lymphocytic, acuteChildhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia was not linked

to magnetic-fieid exposure from power lines, 59 • ".Life expectancy

A model predicted the benefits of hyperlipidemia andhypertension therapy in high-risk primary prevention,and secondary prevention, 194

LovastatinLovastatin reduced coronary events in healthy persons

with low HDL cholesterol levels, 172 :.Review: Statins prevent stroke, especially in patients with

coronary heart disease, 10Low back pain . : • (

Review: Advice to stay active is effective for acute . •low-back pain but bed rest is not, 109

Lung diseases :

Prophylactic chest physiotherapy reduced pulmonary ..':•complications after major abdominal surgery, 106 ••.•;..•

Lung diseases, obstructive . :: :;Combining nebulised ipratropium and aibuterol improved-:

FEV, but did not improve symptoms or quality of life:- :

i nCOPD, 120 "'[••:::Fluticasone reduced the severity of exacerbations in ... :

patients with COPD, 149 . ,.;

206 Subject Index Evidence-Based Medicine November/Decembsr 1



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g neoplasmsReview: Nonsmokers exposed to other peopled tobacco

i&..$. smoke have an increased risk for lung cancer, 126

il'v MnMammography;,:;\V"- Extending screening niammography to include youngerWv. women minimally increased life expectancy with large• •:; •. increases in cost, 95•••/JVEanipulation, orthopedic:.;;: ;.. Injections cured synovial shoulder complaints and•;.;, manipulation cured shoulder-girdle complaints, 17ffiMass screening:: ;: Extending screening mammography to include youngeri!:f: women minimally increased life expectancy with largeffrr increases in cost, 95^Mastectomy•::' Radiotherapy added to adjuvant chemotherapy reduced'i:y-. recurrence and improved survival in stages II and III£•: breast cancer, 76.::.. Radiotherapy added to adjuvant chemotherapy reduced; • recurrence rates in premenopausal women with• node-positive breast cancer, 77

• /Maternal welfareV Home visits by nurses improved some maternal and child

•:. outcomes, 75•Medical history taking

Review; Clinical assessment is inaccurate for diagnosing• community-acquired pneumonia, 89: Meni ngids, bacte ria 1;•• Review: Dexamethasone reduces hearing loss in childhood• Hib meningitis and in pneumococcal meningitis when

given early, 73Methadone

A programme of methadone maintenance combined withmoderate counselling services was cost-effective, 94

MethimazoleRadioiodine plus prednisone prevented development or

progression of ophthalmopathy in patients with Graveshyperthyroidism, 84

MiconazoieReview: Prophylactic antifungal treatment decreases


MigraineA nonprescription combination analgesic alleviated

migraine headaches, 150High-dose riboflavin reduced the frequency of migraine

headaches, 151Minocyciine

A catheter coated with minocyciine and rifampin reducedbloodstream infections, 49

MisoprostolGrneprazole maintained remission from ulcers better than

misoprostol, 116

MortalityA home-based intervention reduced the frequency of

hospital readmissions and out-of-hospital deaths afterdischarge, 122

Coronary angioplasty led to more nonfatal Mis thanmedical therapy in patients with coronary arterydisease, 44


HIV-1 RNA levels and CD4* cell counts predicted diseaseprogression in HIV infection, 23

Postmenopausal hormone use was associated withdecreased total mortality, 25

Review: Amiodarone reduces all-cause mortality inpatients at risk for sadden cardiac death, 113

Review: Amiodarone reduces mortality after MI and forcongestive heart failure, 112

Review: Lowering cholesterol levels with statin drugsreduces fatal and nonfatai strokes and total mortality, 41

Review: Microalbuminuria predicts overall mortality andcardiovascular mortality and morbidity in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 27

Review: Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation reducesmortality and need for intubation in the intensive careunit, 51

Review: Stroke and death from carotid endarterectomy arepredicted by 5 clinical and 3 angiographic factors, 92

Stroke unit care improved survival and function for 5 yearsafter an acute stroke, 42

Myocardial infarctionBenefit from thronibolysis in acute MI was predicted in

the emergency department, 32Conservative management was more effective than

invasive management in acute non-Q-wave MI, 177Coronary angioplasty led to more nonfatal Mis than



High homocysteine levels were associated with increasedCHD in men, 160

Review: Amiodarone reduces all-cause mortality inpatients at risk for sudden cardiac death, 113

Review: Amiodarone reduces mortality after MI and forcongestive heart failure, 112

Review: Early angioplasty improves outcomes for patientswith myocardial infarction, 83

Review: Survival benefit for early ACE inhibitor therapyis greater in some subgroups of patients withacute MI, 175


Myocardial ischemiaFeedback to general practitioners increased prescribing of

aspirin to patients with ischaemic heart disease, 63




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Myocardial revascularizationConservative management was more effective than

invasive management in acute non-Q-wave MI, 177

N

Narcotic dependenceA programme of methadone maintenance combined with

moderate counselling services was cost-effective, 94Nebulizers and vaporizers

Fluticasone reduced the severity of exacerbations inpatients with COPD, 149

Use of inhaled corticosteroids was associated with thedevelopment of cataracts, 24

NeutropeniaReview: Prophylactic antifungal treatment decreases


Nicotine8-hour transdermai nicotine patch use and hourly

smoking in pregnant women produced similar nicotineconcentrations, 91

NisoldipineAntihypertensive therapy with nisoldipine resulted in


Nurses' Health StudyPostmenopausal hormone use was associated with

decreased total mortality, 25Nursing

Evidence-Based Nursing; an introduction (EBM Note), 3 7

OOccupational diseases, prevention and control

Review: Plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine is safe andeffective for health care workers, 55

Odds ratiosOdds ratios revisited (Letter), 71

Office visitsPrescribing antibiotics for sore throat increased

reattendance, 53Omentum

Omentoplasty did not prevent anastomotic leakage aftercolonic or rectal resection, 189

OmeprazoleOmeprazole healed ulcers and maintained remission better

than ranitidine, 117Omeprazole maintained remission from ulcers better than

misoprostol, 116Orchidopexy

Biopsy taken at orchidopexy was associated with anincreased risk for testicular cancer in boys withcryptorchidism, 28

Osteoporosis, postmenopausalAlendronate reduced new fractures in postmenopausal

women who had low bone-mineral density and existingvertebral fractures, 119

Otitis mediaReview: Antibiotics provide modest benefit for acute otitis

media, 14

Ottawa ankle rulesUse of Ottawa ankle rules reduced radiography requests

for patients who had acute ankle or midfoot injuries, 31Outreach visits

Review: Educational outreach visits combined withadditional interventions reduce inappropriateprescribing by physicians, 128

PainA nonprescription combination analgesic alleviated

migraine headaches, 150Continuing to engage in normal activities after neck-

sprain injury led to fewer symptoms than didimmobilisation and sick leave, 110

Injections cured synovial shoulder complaints andmanipulation cured shoulder-girdle complaints, 17

Review: Antibiotics provide modest benefit for acute otitismedia, 14

Review: Low-dose, short-term corticosteroids reduce jointtenderness and pain in adults who have rheumatoidarthritis, 145

Review: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors areeffective for mixed chronic pain, 12

Review: Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs areeffective and safe for pain, 108

ParoxetineReview: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are

effective for mixed chronic pain, 12Patient compliance


Patient dischargeA home-based intervention reduced the frequency of

hospital readmissions and out-of-hospitai deaths after.;.discharge, 122

Early discharge to community care was as effective asconventional care for stroke, 82 . • '".•

Patient education ;An educational session on tardive dyskinesia increased ,;

patients' knowledge at 6 months without affecting ::

compliance or clinical stability, 15 3 •; :

Review: Limited asthma education reduces emergency ;. .department visits but does not improve patientoutcomes, 121 ..:

Review: Patient education and counseling increasepreventive behaviors, 85 •"-'.-

Patientreadmission .. ;.::A home-based intervention reduced the frequency of •.-.-.-i;;.:-v

hospital readmissions and out-of-hospital deaths after :•:•••discharge, 122 : . . .

Peak expiratory flow rate . •...: •!Inactivated influenza vaccine decreased pulmonary function. ..

in asthma except when colds were considered, 148: :. .} ••• :•Pediatrics . . :

:..:Evidence-based paediatrics (EBM Note), 134 :•'•'•;; :

Penicillin V ^:.:..:Prescribing antibiotics for sore throat increased .. -: :i ;:

reattendance, 53 ii-:

;:i p

208 Subject Index tvaiertce-Based Medicine November/Deteraber 19??-IV | Evl



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| : penik erectionr:-:-:•.••. Sildenafil improved sexual fbnction in erecdie dysfunction, 184$;fharyngitis';• • •'••: • A streptococcal antigen detection test had low sensitivity:•••:::• '•-. and high specificity for detecting group A p-haemolytic.;•:•. '••••• s t r e p t o c o c c u s , i 9 0

;...:: ^.Prescribing antibiotics for sore throat increased::

:\:. reattendance, 53

;•.:•'•/••' .Review: Antibiotics reduce the already low complication••..:. rate and shorten the duration of symptoms in sore:':: :

:. throat at day 3 but not day 7, 52i :

:Phosphodiesterase inhibitors:'•:.••• Sildenafil improved sexual function in erectile% :• dysfunction, 184"•.Physical examination::•. Review: A prediction guide that includes clinical assessment;:.;. and noninvasive tests is accurate for diagnosing deep.;-'.-.."• venous thrombosis, 157: •, ;. Review: Clinical assessment is inaccurate for diagnosing:;

: community-acquired pneumonia, 89; :. Review: Subtle clinical findings can detect left-sided heart••:-;• failure in adults, 22:. Physical fitnessi;; Greater duration of customary physical activity increased,;. survival in older persons, 90;:: Physical therapy:.. Injections cured synovial shoulder complaints andi': manipulation cured shoulder-girdle complaints, 17: Prophylactic chest physiotherapy reduced pulmonaryi complications after major abdominal surgery, 106I Physician's practice patternsi. Review: Educational outreach visits combined with•;: additional interventions reduce inappropriate

prescribing by physicians, 128Review: Effectiveness of local opinion leaders varies, 29

: Review: Provision of costing information changes;.'•. physician behaviour and reduces costs, 62!: Plant extracts• Ginkgo biloba safely and modestly improved dementia, 81Platelet aggregation inhibitors

Warfarin plus aspirin prevented ischemic heart disease in: high-risk men, 114; Plethysmography

Review: Noninvasive tests are useful only for symptomaticdeep venous thrombosis, 158

PneumoniaReview: Clinical assessment is inaccurate for diagnosing

community-acquired pneumonia, 89Postnatal care

Home visits by nurses improved some maternal and childoutcomes, 75

Home visits by nurses reduced child abuse and neglect, 74Postoperative complications

Prophylactic chest physiotherapy reduced pulmonarycomplications after major abdominal surgery, 10(5

Practice guidelineReview: Benzodiazepines are more effective than

nenroleptics in reducing delirium and seizures inalcohol withdrawal, 11

Review: Clinical practice guidelines may not improvepatient outcomes in primary care, 30

PravastatinReview: Statins prevent stroke, especially in patients with

coronary heart disease, 10Prednisolone

Review: Low-dose, short-term cordcosteroids reduce jointtenderness and pain in adults who have rheumatoidarthritis, 145

PrednisoneRadioiodine plus prednisone prevented development or

progression of ophthalmopathy in patients with Graveshyperthyroidism, 84

Pre-eclampsiaCalcium supplements during normal pregnancy did not

prevent pre-eclampsia or other related disorders, 56Pregnancy outcome

Bleeding occurred in one fifth of recognised pregnanciesbefore the twentieth week, and over half of thesemiscarried, 58

Pregnancy8-hour transdermal nicotine patch use and hourly

smoking in pregnant women produced similarnicotine concentrations, 91


Pregnancy after breast cancer treatment was not associatedwith an increased risk for death, 60

Prenatal careHome visits by nurses improved some maternal and child

outcomes, 75Home visits by nurses reduced child abuse and neglect, 74

Prescription feesReview: Provision of costing information changes

physician behaviour and reduces costs, 62Prescriptions, non-drug


Primary care2 questions were as good as more questions for detecting

depression, 21Review: Clinical practice guidelines may not improve

patient outcomes in primary care, 3 0Review: Prompted follow-up by specialists and GPs

produces similar outcomes for diabetes mellitus, 88Primary prevention

A model predicted the benefits of hyperlipidemia andhypertension therapy in high-risk primary preventionand secondary prevention, 194

Review: Patient education and counseling increasepreventive behaviors, 85

ProbabilityClinical prediction guides (EBM Note), 5On some clinically useful measures of the accuracy of

diagnostic tests (EBM Note), 68Prognosis

HIV-1 RNA levels and CD4* cell counts predicted diseaseprogression in HIV infection, 2 3

Evidence-Based Medicine November/December ] 998 Subject Index 209



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Prostat ic hyperplasiaFinasteride reduced symptoms and need for surgery for

benign prostat ic hyperplasia, 107Prostat ic neoplasms

Radiotherapy plus goserelin improved 5-year survival inlocally advanced prostate cancer, 79

Psychotherapy, rational-emotiveReview: Heterocycl ic antidepressants and rational

psychological therapies reduce depression in olderambulatory patients, 152

Psychotic disorders

An educational session on tardive dyskinesia increasedpat ients ' knowledge at 6 months without affecting-compliance or clinical stability, 153

Pulmonary embolismLow-molecular-weight heparin and unfractionated heparin

were equally effective for acute pulmonary embolism, 45Pulmonary function tests

Nebul ised ipra t ropium combined with albuterol led toimproved pu lmonary function in children with severeasthma (Letter) , 103

Qual i ty of lifeAcute stroke unit care improved quality of life at 5 years, 185

Quest ionnaires2 questions were as good as more questions for detect ing

depression, 21

R

RadiographyUse of Ottawa ankle rules reduced radiography requests

for patients who had acute ankle or midfoot injuries, 31Radiography, thoracic

Addit ion of intensive follow-up procedures to standardfollow-up did not improve survival in patients withcolorectal cancer, 140

Radioiodine therapyRadioiodine plus prednisone prevented development or

progression of ophtha lmopathy in patients with Graveshyperthyroidism, 84

RadiotherapyRadiotherapy added to adjuvant chemotherapy reduced

recurrence and improved survival in stages II and IIIbreast cancer, 76

Radiotherapy added to adjuvant chemotherapy reducedrecurrence rates in prenienopausal women with node -positive breast cancer, 77

Radiotherapy plus goserelin improved 5-year survival iniocally advanced prostate cancer, 79

Randomised Intervent ion Trea tmen t of Angina (RITA-2)Coronary angioplasty led to more nonfatal M i s than


Ranit idine

Omeprazo le healed ulcers and maintained remissionbetter than ranitidine, 117

ReadingEvidence-based medicine on the wards: repor t from an

evidence-based minion (EBM Note ) , 101Recurrence

15 years of follow-up of nonaffective functional psychoticdisorders showed a high risk for relapse, suicide, andchronicity, 159

Review: Chiorpromazine reduces relapse and leads togreater global improvement but increases adverseevents in schizophrenia, 171

Review: Cort icosteroids reduce relapse rate, fj-agonist use,and hospkalisation rate in acute asthma exacerbationafter initial assessment, 9

Trea tment after first seizure did no t increase seizureremission periods in patients with a first tonic-clonicseizure, 118

Reference standardsO n some clinically useful measures of the accuracy of

diagnostic tests (EBM Note ) , 68Rehabili tation

Early discharge to communi ty care was as effective asconventional care for stroke, 82

Reminder systemsReview: P rompted follow-up by specialists and G P s

produces similar outcomes for diabetes mellitus, 88Remission induction

Review: 5-aminosalicyHc acid induces remission inulcerative colitis, 142

Review: 5-aminosajicylic acid maintains remission inulcerative colitis, 143

Respiratory insufficiencyReview: Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation

reduces mortali ty and need for intubat ion in theintensive care unit, 51

Respiratory tract infectionsReview: Prophylact ic antibiotics reduce mortali ty in

critically ill adults, 139Riboflavin

High-dose riboflavin reduced the frequency of migraine .headaches, 151

RifarnpinA catheter coated with minocycline and rifampin reduced;

bloodstream infections, 49 . ,:

Risk assessmentApplying the results of trials and systematic reviews to : . : .

individual patients (EBM Note ) , 165Commen ta ry on applying the results of trials and . :

systematic reviews to individual patients ,::

(EBM Note ) , 167 V...'O d d s ratios revisited (Letter) , 71 .-'••...-.

Ritonavir ,.'..•'•.•Ritonavir reduced AIDS complications and risk for death.-

in HIV-1 infection, 186 • : :-Rotavinis /..-•••. :

Quadrivalent rotavirus vaccine reduced dehydrat ing ... .-.••diarrhoea in infants, 78 ,.::;:

210 Subj-ct hid.-* Evidence-Based Medicine November/December 1

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• Rural health: Zinc supplementation reduced diarrhoea in young, poor

.:: Guatemalan children, 13

^Schizophrenia:•. 15 years of follow-up of nonaffective functional psychotic

disorders showed a high risk for relapse, suicide, andchronicity, 159

• Review: Chlorpromazine reduces relapse and leads togreater global improvement but increases adverseevents in schizophrenia, 171

SeizuresReview: Benzodiazepines are more effective than

neuroleptics in reducing delirium and seizures inalcohol withdrawal, 11

: Review: Prophylactic antiepileptic drugs reduce earlyseizure after head injury but not death or neurologicaldisability, 137


Sensitivity and specificityOn some clinically useful measures of the accuracy of

diagnostic tests (EBM Note), 68On the need for evidence-based clinical biochemistry

(EBM Note), 7Septicemia

A catheter coated with minocycline and rifampin reducedbloodstream infections, 49

Antiseptic catheters reduced catheter-related infectionsand were well tolerated, 48

Serotonin uptake inhibitorsReview: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors differ from

tricyclic anrJdepressants in adverse events, 86Review: Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors are

effective for mixed chronic pain, 12Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were less

cost-effective for initial treatment than tricyclicantidepressants, 87

Sexual dysfunctionSildenafil improved sexual function in erectile

dysfunction, 184Shigella

Single-dose vitamin A reduced the severity of shigellosis inBangladeshi children, 180

ShoulderInjections cured synovial shoulder complaints and

manipulation cured shoulder-girdle complaints, 17Silver sulfadiazine

Antiseptic catheters reduced catheter-related infectionsand were well tolerated, 48

Smoking8-hour transdermaf nicotine patch use and hourly

smoking in pregnant women produced similarnicotine concentrations, 91

Loss-of-life cost for paediatric illness associated withparental smoking was estimated at U.S. $8.2 billionper year, 64

Review: Maternal smoking is associated with an increasedrisk for SIDS, 127

Review: Nonsmokers exposed to other people's tobaccosmoke have an increased risk for lung cancer, 126

Stomach ulcerOmeprazole healed ulcers and maintained remission better

than ramtidine, 117Omeprazole maintained remission from ulcers better than

misoprostol, 116Stomatitis, herpetic

Oral adclovir shortened duration of symptoms in herpeticgingivostomatitis, 16

Streptococcal infectionsA streptococcal antigen detection test had low sensitivity

and high specificity for detecting group A [3-haemoEyticstreptococcus, 190

Stroke unitStroke unit care improved survival and function for 5 years

after an acute stroke, 42Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Review: Calcium antagonists reduce death anddependence in subarachnoid hemorrhage, 138

Sudden infant deathReview: Maternal smoking is associated with an increased

risk for SIDS, 127Sulfasalazine

Review: 5-aminosalicyiic acid induces remission inulcerative colitis, 142

Review: 5-aminosaiicylic acid maintains remission inulcerative colitis, 143

Survival rateConservative management was more effective than

invasive management in acute non-Q-wave MI, 177Greater duration of customary physical activity increased

survival in older persons, 90Radiotherapy plus goserelin improved 5-year survival in

locally advanced prostate cancer, 79Review: Survival benefit for early ACE inhibitor therapy

is greater in some subgroups of patients withacute MI, 175

'lacrineReview: Tacrine has some benefits and many adverse

effects in Alzheimer disease, 178Testicular neoplasms

Biopsy taken at orchidopexy was associated with anincreased risk for testicular cancer in boys withcryptorchidism, 28

ThromboembolismLow-molecular-weight heparin and unfractionated heparin

were equally effective for acute pulmonary embolism, 45

_A.i

[:•<:;}

Evidence-Based Medicine November/December 1998 Subject Index 2 1 !



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Thrombolytic therapyBenefit from thrombolysis in acute MI was predicted in

the emergency department, 32Review: Early angioplasty improves outcomes for patients

with myocardial infarction, 83Thrombolysis had benefit similar to that of surgery for

acute arterial leg occlusion but had more hemorrhagiccomplications, 144

ThrombophlebitisClinical prediction guides (EBM Note), 5Review: A prediction guide that includes clinical

assessment and noninvasive tests is accurate fordiagnosing deep venous thrombosis, 157

Review: Heparin and mechanical devices reduce deepvenous thrombosis in elderly patients having surgeryfor hip fracture, 146


ThrombosisReview: Heparin reduces central venous and pulmonary

artery catheter clots, 111Warfarin plus aspirin prevented ischemic heart disease in

high-risk men, 114Tobacco smoke pollution

Loss~of-life cost for paediatric illness associated withparental smoking was estimated at U.S. $8.2 billionper year, 64

Review: Maternal smoking is associated with an increasedrisk for SIDS, 127

Review: Nonsmokers exposed to other people's tobaccosmoke have an increased risk for lung cancer, 126

Tomography, X-ray computedAddition of intensive follow-up procedures to standard

follow-up did not improve survival in patients withcolorectal cancer, 140

TriamcinoloneInjections cured synovia 1 shoulder complaints and

manipulation cured shouider-girdle complaints, 17Ultrasonography


UrokinaseThrombolysis had benefit similar to that of surgery for

acute arterial leg occlusion but had more hemorrhagiccomplications, 144

VVaginal smears

Deferred treatment of cervical abnormalities resulted inpoor follow-up and delayed treatment of seriousdisease, 19

Ventilators, mechanicalReview: Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation

reduces mortality and need for intubation in theintensive care unit, 51

Ventricular dysfunctionReview: Subtle clinical findings can detect left-sided heart

failure in adults, 22Veterans

Alcohol consumption was not associated with cognitiveperformance or brain atrophy in older Australian men, 26

Viral loadHIV-1 RNA levels and CD4+ cell counts predicted disease

progression in HIV infection, 2 3Viral vaccines

Quadrivalent rotavirus vaccine reduced dehydratingdiarrhoea in infants, 78

Vision disordersReview: Screening may not improve vision in older

persons, 182Vision screening

Review: Screening may not improve vision in olderpersons, 182

Vitamin ASingle-dose vitamin A reduced the severity of shigellosis in

Bangladeshi children, 180Vitamin D

Calcium and vitamin D reduced nonvertebral fractures andbone loss, 57

WWhiplash injuries

Continuing to engage in normal activities afterneck-sprain injury led to fewer symptoms than did :immobilisation and sick leave, 110

Wound healingReview: High-compression bandages, stockings, and Unna!s

boot improve healing rates in venous leg ulcers, 54

ZidovudineDidanosine alone or zidovudine plus didanosine was more

effective than zidovudine alone for children withHIV infection, 15

Indinavir plus zidovudine and lamivudine reduced HIV .RNA levels in most HIV-infected persons with previous.:antiretroviral treatment, 46

Indinavir plus zidovudine and kmivudine reduced the ...';progression to AIDS in patients with previouszidovudine therapy, 47

ZincZinc supplementation reduced diarrhoea in young, '..-:.

poor Guatemalan children, 13 ,;...•:•:•

212 Subject Index Evidence-Based Medicine November/December 1



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