Subject Index

A

Abzyme328 Acceptor 248 Acetaldehyde 150,230,321 Acetate kinase 110 Acetobacter sp. 181,312 Acetone cyanohydrin 243, 291 Acetyl-eoA 20 Acetylcholine esterase 52, 62 Acetylglucosamine 250 Acetyllactosamine 250 Acetylrnannosamine 229 N-Acetylneuraminic acid 229 Acid anhydride 283, 284 Acid phosphatase 105 Acilletobacter sp. 204, 206

lo~ii 58 Acremollium sp. 130 Acrylamide 127 Acrylonitrile 127 Activated charcoal 313

esters 280 Activation energy 16, 17 Active site

rnap77 rnodel78 pocket 79

Acyl donor 280 migration 66, 272, 288 transfer 26, 279

Acyl-enzyrne intennediate 25, 38, 126 Acylase-method 48 Acyloin 232, 241 Acyloxynitrile 97 Addition reaction 240 Adenylate kinase 114 Adsorption 272,312 Aerosol OT 319

Agar 317 Agarose314 Aglycon 250, 254 Agrobacterium sp. 252 Agrochemical4 AIDS 225, 296 Alanine 44 Albumin 316 Alcaligenes faecalis 131 Alcohol dehydrogenase 149, 151 Aldehyde 223

dehydrogenase 182 Aldol-reaction 219 Aldolase 219 Aldose 227 Alginate 317 Alkaline phosphatase 106, 224

protease 47 Alkaloid 213 Alkyne261 Allene 67, 169,261 Allergy 7 Allyl

alcohol 95 bromide 164 hydroperoxide 208

Alternative fit 57, 160 Aluminium oxide 313 Amberlite 314 Amidase 48,124, 131

rnethod48 Amide synthesis 298 Amination 245 Amine 298 Amino acid 46

amide 48 0-310 racemase 46 synthesis 44

Amino sugar 96

348

Aminoacylase 48 Aminoadipate 150 Aminoalcohol 124 Aminobenzoic acid 130 Aminobenzonitrile 130 Aminolysis

epoxide 124 ester 300

a-Aminonitrile 131,241 Aminopeptidase 48 Aminophosphonic acid 50 Ammonia 109, 240, 298 AMP-ADP-A TP interconversion 110, 111 Anion exchange resin 291 Anisaldehyde 233 Anomeric center 247, 252

control 254 Anti-inflammatory agent 68, 267 Antigen 330 Arene-oxide 194 Aristeromycin 107 Armentomycin 170 Arsenate 224 Arthrobacter sp. 58

lipase 100 Artificial enzyme 323 Aryloxypropionic nitrile 133 Asparagine 9 Aspartame 302 Aspartate 118 Aspartic acid 44, 71 Aspergillus sp. 48, 83

lipase 98 niger 90, 122 O1yzae 53, 71, 254

Asymmetric synthesis 5 Asymmetrization

meso-diol 256, 285 prochiral diester 57, 285

ATP20, 105 recycling 108

Autooxidation 312 Auxiliary reagent 5

substrate 147 Azeotropic distillation 278 Azidoalcohol 124 Azidolysis of epoxide 124 Aziridine 121,241 Azlactone 89

B

Bacillus coagulans 66 stearothelmophilus 159 subtilis 66

Bacteridium sp. 127 Baeyer-Villiger reaction 203 Baker's yeast 47, 232,235,244

D-enzyme inhibition 163

L-enzyme inhibition 164 ester hydrolysis 67 substrate mode1165 reduction of aldehyde 161

of ketone 161 of C=C-bond 168

sulfoxidation 200 Barbituric acid 262

Index

Beauveria bassianalsulfurescens 123, 169, 192

Benzaldehyde 233 Bichiral ester 10 1 Bidentate ligand 287 Bio-imprinting 326 Biomass 8 Biotechnology 7 Biotin 20, 63 Biphasic medium 80, 87, 95, 101,243,

273 Bound water 271,276,279 Brevibacterium sp. 125, 127

ammoniagenes 66 imperiale 133

Brevicomin 106, 225 Bromoperoxidase 259 Biicherer-Bergs synthesis 50 Bulk water 9,271 tett-Butyl hydroperoxide 202

c Cl-Synthon 127 C2-Synthon 219 C3-Synthon 86 C=C-Bond, reduction 168 Caldariomyces fumago 202, 259 Camphor hydroxylase 188 Candida sp. 83

antarctica 307 lipase 90, 103, 301, 307

model 93 Carbamate kinase 109 Carbamic acid 109 Carbamoyl phosphate 109 N-Carbamoyl-a-amino acid 50 Carbohydrate 7, 84 Carbon dioxide 47, 277 Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase 175 Carbonic anhydrase 47 Carbovir 52 Carboxamide 125 Carboxyl-esterase NP 53 Carboxylation 20 Carboxylic acid 126 Carotenoid 162, 173 K-Carragenan 317 Carrier 308 Cassava 124

Index

Castanospennine 296 Catalase 182, 186, 308 Catalytic antibody 328 Catalytic triad 25,82,98, 101 Cathode 175 Celite 272, 275, 313 Cellulose 313, 314 Chelation 124 Chemical

energy 20 operator 11, 14, 24, 327

Chemoselectivity 4, 72, 272 control 309

Chemotactic agent 299 Chiral acid, resolution by aminolysis 298 Chiral alcohol, resolution by aminolysis

298 Chiral amine, resolution by aminolysis 298 Chiral pool 6 Chirality, central, axial, planar 13 Chloroethyl ester 47, 281 Chlorohydrin 172 Chloroketone 172 Chloroperoxidase 198, 202, 259 Chloropropionic acid 102, 267 Cholesterol 191

esterase 52, 84, 89 Chromobacterium sp.lipase 100,296 ex-Chymotrypsin 27, 47, 53, 57, 60, 69,

78, 84, 89, 271 model 47

Cineole 192 Cinnamaldehyde 233 Cispentacin 52 Citrate 71 Citronellol 172 Claisen-rearrangement 3, 331 Clostridia sp. 168 Cobalt 125 Cofactor 7, 8, 20, 108, 322

recycling 145,207 coupled enzyme 146 coupled substrate 146 electrochemical 146 enzymatic 146 photochemical 146

Conglomerate 5 Conversion 30, 35, 36, 39 Coordinated metal 21 Cope-rearrangement 3 Copolymer 324 Coryllebacterium sp. 266

equi 201 Co-solvent 75, 243, 254, 273 Cosubstrate 145

coupled enzyme system 148,207 coupled substrate system 147

Covalent attachment 314 Criegee-intermediate 203

Critical micellar concentration 80 Cross-linking 316 Crotonaldehyde 244 Crown-ether 287 Cryoenzymology 6, 273 Crystallography 77, 101 Curminghamella echinulata 196 Curtius-rearrangement 57 Curvulariafalcata 151, 152 Cutinase 101 Cyanide 124, 127 Cyanogenic

glucoside 124 plant 241

Cyanohydrin 100, 124, 131,240,290 Cyanolipid 124 Cyanomethyl ester 280 Cyanopyrazine 130 Cyanopyridines 129 Cyanuric chloride 324 Cyclohexadienediols 212

349

Cyclohexanone mono-oxygenase 202, 204 Cyclohexene oxide 121 Cyclopropanes 261 Cysteine 126 Cytidine triphosphate 20, 111 Cytochrome bs 189 Cytochrome P-450 188 Cytosolic epoxide hydrolase 117

D

DAHP Synthetase 230 Dairy industry 256 Deactivation 6, 7, 9, 75, 273,312 Decarboxylation 69. 232 Dehalogenase 266 Dehalogenation 259, 264 Dehydrase 243 Dehydrogenase 44,145,235,307

substrate size 152 Dehydroglutarnate 70 Deoxyribose-5-phosphate 230

aldolase 230 Deoxysugar 223 Dephosphorylation 106 Deracemization 123, 182,291 Desolvation 12 Detergent industry 21 Detoxification 117 Di-oxygenase 186, 199.208,211 Diabetics 303 Dialysis tubing 320 Diaphorase 308 Diastereoselectivity 4, 167 FlZ-Diastereotopic ester 57 Diclofop68 Dielectric constant 275,311 Diels-Alder reaction 3,212,331

350

Diffusion 277 rate limiting 274

Dihalide 260 Dihydrodiol dehydrogenase 211 Dihydropyrimidinase 50 Dihydroxyacetone 113, 159,224

arsenate 224 phosphate 105, 114, 220, 222

substitutes 223 Dihydroxylation of aromatics 211 Dihydroxyphenylalanine 44,195 Diketone 166 Diketopiperazine 47 Diene 169 Diolide 296, 297 Dio1167,221 Dioxetane 116, 208 Dipole moment 275 Disaccharide 253 Discrimination

enantioface 15 enantiotopos 14

Distal 210 Distomer4 Disulfide 264

bridge 9, 10,329 Dithioacetal ester 95 DOPA 44, 195 Double-sieving 41

E

Ecosystem 264 Elder tree 241 Electronic effect 86 Elimination 240, 331 Enantioconvergent hydrolysis 121 Enantioface differentiation 26, 168 Enantiomer

biological effects 5 differentiation 13, 32, 33

Enantiomeric ratio 35, 37 Enantioselective inhibition 103

phosphorylation 114 Enantioselectivity 4, 26, 37, 272

control by solvent 309 inversion by solvent 310

Enantiotopic face 17 group 17

Enantiotopos differentiation 27, 28 Endo-peroxide 208 Enkephalin amide 303 Enoate reductase 168, 174 Enol 282

ester 91, 282 lac tones 284

Enthalpy 77 Entrapment 164, 317

Entropy 12,77 Environment 3, 124

Index

Enzymatic resolution, sequential 41, 43 Enzymation 7, 8 Enzyme

classification 18 conformation 11 deactivation 9, 10 inhibition 245 isolated 8 mechanism 15 model 10 sources 21 structure 9 surface 9 transition-state 17 unit 19

Enzyme Commission 18 Enzyme-substrate complex 16 (-)-Ephedrine 232 Epichlorohydrin 315 Epimerization 249 Epoxidation of alkene 145, 196, 198 Epoxide 116,316

hydrolase 116, 117,266 mechanism 118 substrate-type 118

Epoxy alcohol 87 Equilibrium constant 38 Ester synthesis 278 Esterase 24, 44, 52

method 46 microbial 66

Esterification 41, 43, 278, 284 Ethanolamine 241 Eudismic ratio 4 Eukaryotic cell 116 Eupergit C 316 Eutomer4

F

FAD 146,241 Fatty acid synthetase 162 Fermentation 7, 8

conditions 161 Ferredoxin 189 Ferro-electric liquid crystal 131 Ferrocenylethanol 290 Flavin 20, 146, 190,203

mononucleotide 182 Flavor 206 Fluoride 267 Fluorine 260 Fluorohydrin 266 Fluorosugar 223 Fluvalinate 44 FMN 146 Food industry 21

Index

Fonnaldehyde cyanohydrin 281 Fonnate dehydrogenase 148, 175 Fonnation of C-C bond 219 Fosfomycin 198 Fragrance 192, 284 Free energy 9, 17, 76 Freon 277 Fructose-l,6-diphosphate aldolase 222 Fuculose-l-phosphate aldolase 228 Fumarase 243 Fumaric acid 244 Fusarium solani pisi 101,244

G

Galactosidase 254 Galactosyl transferase 249 Gas-membrane 321 Genetic engineering 323 Geotrichum candidum 78, 159

lipase 101 Geraniol 172 Geranyl acetone 244 Gibb's-equation 77 Gluconolactone 148 Glucopyranoside 278 Glucose

dehydrogenase 148 oxidase 186 6-phosphate 105, 112, 149,250

dehydrogenase 149 Glutamate 150

dehydrogenase 150 Glutamic acid 44, 71 Glutamine 9 Glutardialdehyde 316 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate 222, 230 Glycerol 80, 114, 159

dehydrogenase 159 Glycerol kinase 114,224

model 114 Glycine 9 Glycohydrolase 247, 250 Glycol 182, 208, 211

monoester 118 Glycolysis 219 Glyconeogenesis 219 Glycoprotein 247 Glycosidase 247, 250

mechanism 252 Glycosyl

fluoride 253 transfer 247 transferase 247

Glycosylation 253 Grahamimycin 96 Grignard reagent 241 Growing culture 8 Guanosin triphosphate 20, 111

Gum-tree 241

H

Halido-hydrolase 266 Haloacid dehalogenase 267 Haloamines 264 Haloethyl ester 280 Halogen 260 Halogenation 259

alkene 260 alkyne 261 aromatic 262 C-H group 262 N- and S-atom 264

Halohydrin 260, 289 epoxidase 265

Haloketone 261, 262 Halolactone 260 Halolactonization 260 Halometabolite 259 Haloperoxidase 259, 262 Helical chirality 64 3,4-M Helicity 121 Helminthosporium sativum 122 Hemoprotein 189 Hepatic epoxide hydrolase 117 Herbicide 267 Hexokinase 112, 149 Hexose 219 High-pressure 277 Hildebrandt solubility parameter 275 Histidine 118, 125,221 Horse liver

351

alcohol dehydrogenase 153, 183,307, 308

model 155 esterase 52, 55

Horseradish peroxidase 202, 260 Humicola lanuginosa 294 Hydantoinase 45 Hydantoin 50 Hydrazide 26, 298, 303 Hydrazine 298 Hydrazinolysis 26, 298 Hydrocarbon 273 Hydrocyanic acid 100, 240, 243 Hydrogen bonding 312, 330 Hydrogen peroxide 182, 198,308 Hydrogenase 150, 175 Hydrolase 19 Hydrolysis

amide24,44 epoxide 116 ester 24, 52

mechanism 24 nitrile 124 peptide 9 spontaneous 33, 89

352

Hydroperoxide 190,209,293 fatty acid 294

Hydroxamic acid 26 Hydroxyacid 183,241 Hydroxyaldehyde 96, 226

P-Hydroxybutyrate 191 Hydroxyketone 159 Hydroxylamine 26 Hydroxylase 196 Hydroxylation 145, 196,309

alkane 190 aromatic 193

Hydroxynitrile 97, 131 Hydroxypyruvate 232 Hypohalous acid 260

I

Imidazole 158 Imidocarbonate 315 Immobilization 8, 161,272,312

adsorption 272, 312 covalent 283

hnmobilized cell 8 In-situ racemization 90, 132, 292 Induced-fit 11, 272 Inducer 127 Industrial effluents 127 Inhibition 7, 147, 161, 162, 181, 194,

271,273 Inhibitor 204 Inositol 212 Insulin 304 Interesterification 26, 279 Interface 80 Interfacial activation 80 Inversion 266

configuration 117, 123 in-situ 34

Iodide 267 Iodoperoxidase 259 Ionic binding 312, 314 Ionization state 275 Iron atom 125, 189,208 Irreversible reaction 280 Isoenzyme 93 Isomerase 19 Isomerization 331

J

Juvenile hormone 122

K

Katal19 lIDO synthetase 230

Ketoacid 262 reduction 164

Ketoadipate 150 Ketoester 91

reduction 164 Ketoglutarate 150 Ketone, a,p-unsaturated 169 Ketorolac 72 Ketose 227 Kinase 108, 149 Kinetic

control 226 resolution 4,31,36

alcohol 286 phosphate ester 105

Kinetics 16, 81 double step 31 irreversible reaction 35 Michaelis-Menten 35 reversible reaction 38 single step 30

Kro-value 312

L

Lactam 46, 51, 193, 284 Lactamase-method 51 Lactate 166,267,321

dehydrogenase 159,321 Lactobacillus kefir 153 Lacto1183, 185

Index

Lactone 89, 183, 190,204,284, 330 a,p-unsaturated 169 hydrolysis 89 synthesis 296, 297

Leaving group 34 Leloir pathway 247 Leuconostoc mesenteroides 149, 150 Leukotriene 89 Ligase 19 Linoleic acid 209 Lipase 11,24,47,80,273,306

chemical modification 104 lid 80 mechanism 80 sterlc requirement 83 substrate-type 82

Lipoxygenase 208, 209 Lithiocholic acid 191 Liver microsome 117 Lock and Key mechanism 10 Log P 275, 294 Lyase 19,44, 114, 219, 240 Lyophilization 9 Lysine 44, 220, 283, 303

Index

M

Macrolide 2CJ7 Magnesium ion 232 Magnetite 325 Maillard-reaction 283 Malic acid 244 Malonic diester 57 Mandelic acid 131, 166 Mannosamine 230 Mass-transfer 80, 320

coefficient 274 Matrix 317 Mediator 150, 175 Medium engineering 75, 101,309 Membrane 318

enclosed-enzymatic-catalysis 320 meso-dicarboxylate 59, 61, 86 meso-diol, oxidation 184 meso-substrate 28, 29, 54 meso-trick 30, 57, 60, 81 Mesophilic organism 10 Metabolism 174 Metal-porphyrin 20 Metallo-enzyme 124 Methanotroph 196 Methionine 44 Methioninol 104 Methorphan103 Methoxycarbonyl phosphate 110 Methyl-D-glucoside 254 Methylaspartase 243 Micelle 319 Michael-adduct 298 Michael addition 212, 23-5 Michaelis-Menten 80,160 Micro-pH 277, 284 Microbial

contamination 271 epoxidation 116 epoxide hydrolase 122

Micrococcus sp. 127 Microsomal epoxide hydrolase 117 Mild conditions 3, 6, 55 Millet 124,241 Mixed anhydride 50 Model 77, 95, 115,

hydroxylation 193 Modified enzyme 323 Molecular modelling 78 Molecular sieve 278, 283 Mono-oxygenase 186, 188, 196, 199 Monophasic solvent 101,273,274 Mosher's acid 71 Mucor sp. 78, 84

javanicus 153 lipase 98

Muscone 191 Mutant 190. 204

N

N20 277 NAD+/NADH 20,112,145,196,308 NADP+/NADPH 20, 105, 145 Naproxen 68

esterase 53 Nerolidol 244 Nicotinamide 129

cofactor 146 NIH-shift 194 Nitrilase 124, 126

mechanism 126 Nitrile

aliphatic 124 aromatic 124 hydratase 124, 125, 126

enantioselectivity 133 hydrolysis

pathway 125 chemoselective 127 enantioselective 131 regioselective 130

Nitro compound, a,~-unsaturated 169 Nitro-tyrosine 104 Nitrophenyl acetate 80 Nitrous acid 51 Nocardia sp. 130

corallilla 198 Nojirimycin 225 Nomenclature, enantiotopos, -face 14 Non-competitive inhibition 103 Nucleophilicity 280 Nucleoside triphosphate 108

o Octano1275 Oligosaccharide 247 Oncogenesis 247 Optical purity

detennination 37 product and substrate 37

Optimization of selectivity 73, 101 solvent variation 310 water content 311

Organic solvent 3,80,267,270 Organometallic

aldehyde 154 compound 289

Orotidine-5'-pyrophosphorylase 114 Oxazolinone 284 Oxazolones 304 Oxidase 145, 186, 198,307

flavoprotein 186 heme-protein 186

353

354

Oxidation 181 alcohols. aldehydes 181 polyols 181

Oxidoreductase 19. 160 Oxime ester 280. 281 Oxygen 186. 308

activation 188 Oxygenase 20. 145. 186 Oxygenation 20.186.187 Oxynitrilase 240. 291

p

x-x Stacking 9 PAF-Antagonist 285 Pantothenic acid 181 Pantoyllactone 67. 181 Papain 53. 69. 70. 328 Paraoxon 204 Partition coefficient 274.275 PEG-enzyme 323 Penicillin acylase 50. 53. 71 Penicillin G 71 Penicillium sp. 48

spinulosum 198 Pentose phosphate pathway 231 Pepsin 53 Peptide 44

synthesis 299 kinetic control 301 thermodynamic control 300

Peracid 26. 203 synthesis 306

Peroxidase 186. 309 Peroxidation 20 Peroxide 209 Pesticide 5 pH 243. 275. 277. 290. 312

range 3 selectivity enhancement 76

Pharmaceutical 4 Phase-distribution 273 Phenol 195.308 Phenylacetate 71 Phenylacetonitrile 124 Phenylalanine 44. 48 Phenylglycine 44 Pheromone 162. 172.225 Phosphatase 105 Phosphate

donor 108 ester 105

formation 107 Phospho-lipase 84 Phosphoenol pyruvate 109. 250 Phosphoglucomutase 250 Phospholipid 114 Phosphonic esters 330

Index

Phosphorylation 20. 105. 108. 224 chemoselective. enantioselective 114

Photochemical reaction 331 Phytol 172 Pichia miso 66 Picolinamide 129 Pig liver esterase 27. 32. 46. 52. 54. 60.

62.74.98.301 acetone-powder 64 substrate model 78

Pinitol212 Platelet-activating-factor 98 Polyhydroxy compound. regioselective

protection 294 Polymerization 194.272 Polyol dehydrogenase 228 Polyphenoloxidase 194.271.309 Polyprenyl pyrophosphate 105 Polysaccharide 247 Polyvinyl acetate 315 Porcine pancreatic lipase 84. 90. 98. 272.

281.286.294.301 Porous glass 314 Prelog's rule 151. 159. 161. 166. 172.

233.235 Prenalterol 196 Primary structure 9 Prochiral 28

center 58 dinitrile 131

Product inhibition 127.249 Product toxicity 198 Productivity number 20.146 Progesterone 190 Prokaryotic cell 1 l6 Proline 302 Propargylic amide 298 i-Propenyl acetate 282. 286 Propionitrile 132 Prostaglandin 55. 62. 86 Prostethic group 241 Protease 24. 44. 53

esterase-activity 69 Protein purification 21 Proteus sp. 168 Proximal 211 Pseudomonas sp. 48. 52. 84.153. 181

chlororapis 127 lipase 94. 103. 286. 289. 293. 307 oleovorans 196 putida 211. 267

Pyrazinamide 129 Pyrenophorin 297 Pyrethroid 100. 241 Pyridoxal-phosphate 20 Pyrroloquinoline quinone 126. 146.308 Pyruvate 150. 229. 321

decarboxylase 232 kinase 109

Index

Q Quasi-irreversible 280 Quinone 194, 308

R

Rabbit muscle aldolase 223 Racemic temperature 76 Racemization 33, 46, 51, 243, 272

in situ 33 Radical 175 Rate

acceleration 2, 16,332 constant 30, 35

Rearrangement 169 Redox cofactor 145 Reduction 145

aldehyde 151 ketone 151, 157

Reductive alkylation 104 amination 150,232,241 dehalogenation 265

Regioselective hydrolysis 55, 70 hydroxylation 193 oxidation 182 phosphorylation 112

Regioselectivity 4, 84, 294 control by solvent 309

Remote center 95 Repeated resolution 33 Residual

activity 314 water 9

Resolution, alcohol 256 Resting cell 8 Retention of configuration 123,252, 266 Retro-fat 71 Reverse

hydrolysis 252 micelle 319

Reversible reaction 279 Rhamnulose-1-phosphate aldolase 228 Rhizopus javanicus 294

nigricans 66 Rhodococcus sp. 48, 52, 130

butanica 132 elythropolis 181 rhodochrous 127, 128

Ribokinase 114 Ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase 107 Ribose 114

5-phosphate 114 Ricinine 124 Rubredoxin 196

355

s Saccharomyces cerevisiae 149 161 Salt bridge 9 ' SAM 20 Sandalwood 241 Schiffs base 45, 124,220 283 314 316 Selectivity 6 '"

double step 41 enhancement

base addition 284 microbial reduction 161

variation by immobilization 312 Selenium 327 Semisynthetic enzyme 327 Separation of E/Z-isomers 55 Sephadex 314 Serine hydrolase 24, 25 Serine-hydroxymethyl transferase 231 SF6 277 Sharpless epoxidation 87, 116, 287, 293 Shear force 312 Sialic acid 229

aldolase 229 Side-reaction 272 Silica 272 Sobrerol 311 Sodium dithionite 146 Solid protein 276 Solvation-substitution 12 Soybean lipoxygenase 209, 210 SPAC-reaction 95 Space-time yield, 312 Spacer arm 322 Specific activity 20 Specificity 4 Spontaneous hydrolysis 119 Staphylococcus epidermidis 159 Starch 314 Steapsin 89 Stereoselectivity

control by solvent 309 control by supercritical fluid 277

Steric hindrance 118 Steroid 121, 190,261,262,274,320

ester 52 Strecker synthesis 131 Streptomyces sp. 260

griseus 72 Structural water 9, 271 Styrene oxide 122 Substrate

binding 104 inhibition 127 model 78, 93 modification 73,96, 101 161 193 specificity 272 " tolerance 3

356

Subtilisin 47, 53, 71, 78, 271, 273, 276, 327

Sulfenic acid 264 Sulfenyl halide 264 Sulfhydryl residue 126 Sulfone 171, 199 a-Sulfonyloxy nitrile 241 Sulfoxidation 199,200 Sulfoxide 95, 171, 199 Sulfur, chiral 95 Supercritical gas 277 Support 312 Surfactant 278,319 Sweetener 299 Synthetic membrane 320

T

Temperature 254, 286, 312 range 3,6

Terpene alcohol 122, 244 Tetrahedral intermediate 190 Tetranitromethane 104 Theoretical yield 33, 51 Thermoanaerobacter ethaflolicus 160 Thermoanaerobium brockii 151, 156,208 Thelmodynamic control 226 Thermolysin 47 Thermophilic

enzyme 159 organism 10

Thiamine pyrophosphate 231, 233 Thiirane 121 Thioacetal201

ester 81 ether 171, 200

Thiol hydrolase 24 Three-point attachment 12 Threonine 106, 303 Tocopherol 191, 235 T oru/opsis candida 131 Total turnover number 146 Tranexamic acid 130 trans-1,2-diols 117 Trans-cyanation 243 Transamination 20,124 Transesterification 279 Transferase 19, 114 Transglycosylation 253 Transition-state 16 Transketolase 221, 231 Transpeptidation 300 Transport phenomena 20 Trehalose 250

phosphorylase 250 Trichloroethyl ester 281 Trifluoroacetaldehyde 235 Trifluoroethanol235,281 Trifluoroethyl ester 47

Triglyceride 80 Triolein 80 Trypsin 53 Tryptophan 44, 48 Turnover number 108, 309 Twistanone 153 Two-step resolution 38 Tyrian purple dye 259

u Ultrafiltration 320 Uridine monophosphate 113 Unnatural substance 3 Unsaturated

carboxaldehyde 169 carboxylic acid 169 ester 169

Index

Uridine triphosphate 20, Ill, 248 Ursodeoxycholic acid 191

v VA-Epoxy Biosynth 316 Valine 44 Van der Waals 9, 312, 330 Vanadate 158,224 Vesicle 319 Vinegar 312 Vinyl acetate 282, 286 Viologen 175 Vitamin 172,235

B 67

w Walden-inversion 120 Water 6, 271

activity 300 addition 243 monolayer 271 scavenger 278

Wax ester 10 1 Whole cell 160

x Xenobiotic 116

y

Yeast alcohol dehydrogenase 152,321 reduction 170, 171

z Zn2+ enzyme 221

K. Schiigerl, University of Hannovcer, FRG

Solvent Extraction in Biotechnology Recovery of Primary and Secondary Metabolites

1994. VIII, 213 pp. 130 figs. 48 tabs. ISBN 3-540-57694-0

This book deals with the recovery and purification of primary and secondary metabolites by solvent extraction. It considers in detail the reaction engineering principles which are important for downstream processes and describes the recovery of low­molecular metabolites. Practical examples are given for the recovery of different metabolites as well as for the calculation of the extraction processes necessary for equipment design. Besides solvent extraction, novel separation techniques with liquid membrane, microemulsion and reversed micelles are also presented.

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