sub-regional workshop on measuring violence against women henrica a.f.m. (henriette) jansen unece,...

Sub-regional workshop on measuring

violence against women

Henrica A.F.M. (Henriette) Jansen

UNECE, Geneva27-29 April 2011

1

Goals of the workshop (1)• Conceptual understanding of gender-based

violence, its characteristics, causes and impact on women and children.

• Understanding of the goals of the survey module and its use in a dedicated survey or as part of another survey.

• Knowledge of the ways of adapting and translating the survey module, including combining the module with optional modules on other subjects.

2

Goals of the workshop (2)• Understanding of the UN indicators on violence

against women and the way they are retrieved from the data collected with the module, including knowledge of software options.

• Knowledge of the specific aspects of interviewing skills and ethical and safety guidelines in surveys on violence against women

• Advice on selection, training, supervision and support of interviewers for surveys on violence against women.

3

Day 11. Introduction and expectations2. Ground rules3. Sex and gender4. What is violence against women, its

consequences and causes? 5. Presentations from countries6. VAW indicators (Friends of the Chair)7. Demonstration interview – UNECE VAW module

4

Day 2

1. VAW module and question by question explanation

2. Movie ‘Las Mofas Magicas’ (Daniel Rebner) 3. Dedicated survey vs. Add-on module4. Examples of other modules5. Ethical and safety issues

5

Day 31. Selection and training of interviewers2. Training and interviewer manuals (including

interview techniques) 3. Monitoring and supervision of interviewers4. Code book and table shells5. Data entry and analysis options6. Planning the use of the module for individual

countries7. Wrap-up

6

Day 1

7

Ground Rules

• Regular attendance• Be respectful• Ask for help when you don’t understand• Listen without judgement or criticism• Be willing to challenge your beliefs• Honor confidentiality• No one is required to share more than they

want to8

Defining Sex and Gender

• Sex refers to the biological differences between men and women. They are generally permanent and universal.

• Gender refers to the norms, roles and social relations between men and women. It is socially constructed and varies from society to society. Gender roles can be changed.

9

Sex and gender quizSex and gender quiz

1. This study collected [gender/sex]-disaggregated data. This study collected sex-disaggregated data.2. The health ministry developed a [gender/sex]-sensitive

HIV policy. The health ministry developed a gender-sensitive HIV

policy.3. My company has staffing policies on [gender/sex]

balance. My company has staffing policies on sex balance.4. What is your [gender/sex]? Male or female? What is your sex? Male or female?

10

Violence against women

11

ACTIVITY

• Types of violence against women

• Consequences of violence against women

• Underlying reasons/causes of violence against women

12

What is violence against women?

“ any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life".

(United Nations, 1993)

13

Violence against women includes:

• partner abuse• sexual abuse of girls• rape, including marital rape• dowry related violence• female genital mutilation• trafficking in women• forced prostitution• sexual harassment at the workplace• violence condoned or carried out by the state (i.e. rape in

war)14

Definition of domestic violence

• A pattern of assaultive and coercive behaviors,

• including physical, sexual and psychological attacks, as well as economic coercion,

• used by adults or adolescents against family members, most commonly against their current or former intimate partners.

15

“So I take a blanket and I spend the night with my children out in the cold because he is hitting me too much. I have to take the kids to stop him hitting them too. I would go out in the fields and sleep there all night. I have done that more than ten times…”

Woman interviewed in Peru

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Common types of abusive behaviors

• Physical abuse • Sexual abuse• Psychological abuse• Use of economics• Use of children to control an adult victim

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Examples of physical abuse

• Slapping• Shaking• Beating with fist or object• Strangulation• Burning• Kicking• Threats with knife or gun

18

Examples of sexual abuse

• Coerced sex through threats or intimidation• Coerced sex through physical force• Forcing unwanted sexual acts• Forcing sex in front of others• Forcing sex with others

19

Examples of psychological abuse

• Isolation from others• Excessive jealousy • Control her activities• Verbal aggression• Intimidation through destruction of property• Harassment or stalking • Threats of violence• Constant belittling and humiliation

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Examples of economic abuse

• With-holding funds• Spending family funds• Making most financial decisions• Not contributing financially to the family• Controlling the victim’s access to health care,

employment, etc.

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Examples of using children to control an adult victim

• Physical and sexual abuse of children

• Hostage taking of children

• Custody battles

• Using children to monitor the adult victim

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How common is physical or sexual violence in How common is physical or sexual violence in women’s lives? (WHO study)women’s lives? (WHO study)

0

20

40

60

80

100

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Prevalence of physical or sexual violence against women by anyone (partners and others), since age 15 years

23

24

How common is partner violence?

● In most sites, 4 out of 5 women who have been abused (by anybody: partners and others) reported being abused by a partner.

● Between 15% (Japan) and 71% (Ethiopia) of ever-partnered women experienced physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner.

(WHO study, 2005)

Pregnancy is not necessarily a protected time

“He hit me in the belly and made me miscarry two babies - identical or fraternal twins, I don’t know. I went to the hospital with heavy bleeding and they cleaned me up”

Woman interviewed in Peru

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Physical violence usually occurs together with sexual and emotional violence

• Globally, one-third to one-half of all physically abused women also report sexual violence

• Almost all physically abused women also experience severe emotional abuse

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Causes and Consequences of Violence against Women

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Health Consequences of Abuse

• Fatal Outcomes– homicide– suicide– maternal deaths– Aids related deaths

• Non-fatal outcomes– physical– mental– injurious health behaviors– reproductive health

• For example:– unwanted pregnancy– chronic pain syndromes– injury– depression– alcohol/drug use– STDs/HIV– Irritable bowel syndrome– gynecological disorders

28

Other consequences of violence

For women:

• own health• financial status• ability to work• ability to function• participate in society

For children:

• low birthweight• emotional well-being• behavioural difficulties • problems at school• injuries• leave home

29

Domestic violence is learned behavior:

• learned through observation• learned through personal experience• learned in culture • learned in family • learned in communities, schools, friends, etc.

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It may be aggravated, but not caused by

• illness • heredity• alcohol and drugs • lack of self-control• economic problems• anger/stress • the victim’s behavior or problems in the

relationship

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Violence is learned behavior

Boys growing up in families where father is violent are three times more likely to become perpetrators of partner violence in their adulthood

(study in Serbia 2003).

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Violence against women is a product of gender subordination

Four issues are consistently associated with societies with high levels of domestic violence:

– norms of male entitlement/ownership of women

– male control of wealth in the family

– notions of masculinity tied to male

dominance/honor

– male control of decision making

33

Cultural differences in the meaning of violence:

• In large parts of the developing world, wife beating is seen as a form of “correction” or chastisement

• Beating is acceptable as long as it is for “just cause”

• Acceptability depends on who does what to whom, for what reason

34

Beating as discipline

• “I think that if the wife is guilty, the husband has the right to hit her…If I have done something wrong…nobody should defend me. But if I haven’t done something wrong, I have a right to be defended.”

-- Indigenous woman, Mexico

• “If it is a great mistake, then the husband is justified in beating his wife. Why not? A cow will not be obedient without beatings”

-- Rural man, Tamil Nadu, India

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An ecological framework for understanding violence

IndividualRelationshipCommunitySociety

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Conclusion

• Domestic and especially partner violence against women affects many women around the world -- with grave consequences for them and their children

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UN VAW indicators

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Required indicator outputs (core set) 1

1. Total and age-specific rate of women subject to physical violence in the last 12 months by severity of violence, relationship to perpetrator(s) and frequency

2. Total and age -specific rate of women subject to physical violence during lifetime by severity of violence, relationship to perpetrator(s) and frequency

3. Total and age-specific rate of women subject to sexual violence in the last 12 months by severity of violence, relationship to perpetrator(s) and frequency

4. Total and age-specific rate of women subject to sexual violence during lifetime by severity of violence, relationship to perpetrator(s) and frequency

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Required indicator outputs (core set) 2 5. Total and age-specific rate of ever-partnered women subject to sexual

and/or physical violence by current or former intimate partner in the last 12 months by frequency

6. Total and age-specific rate of ever-partnered women subject to sexual and/or physical violence by current or former intimate partner during lifetime by frequency

7. Total and age specific rate of women subjected to psychological violence in the past 12 months by the intimate partner

8. Total and age specific rate of women subjected to economic violence in the past 12 months by the intimate partner

9. Total and age specific rate of women subjected to female genital mutilation

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Required classifications for the indicators

• 1-4: severity (for physical violence)• 1-4: relationship to perpetrator• 1-6: frequency

Denominators• 1-4: all women• 5-8: ever partnered

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Group activity

• What can you measure with VAW surveys that you cannot get from administrative records?

• What are some of the risks of VAW surveys and propose strategies on how to address these.

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Day 2

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UNECE VAW module.Aims:

• To obtain reliable estimates for the main indicators of violence against women

• To obtain an impression of the extent to which violence is not reported to authorities

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Criteria that were considered for the VAW module

• Set of indicators should be addressed (as a minimum)

• Building on instruments that have been well tested and validated across cultures

• Enabling comparative results (also with surveys already done)

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Structure of VAW module• Questions on demographic characteristics

of respondent (besides age in particular partnership status and partnership history)

• Questions on partner violence: psychological, economic, physical, sexual

• Questions on violence by others since age 15: physical and sexual

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SECTION ON VIOLENCE BY PARTNERS

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Intimate Partner violence: 2 sets of questions

• A) Questions for current or most recent partner • B) Questions for any other previous partner

– Acts of controlling behaviour– Acts of economic violence– Acts of emotional abuse– Acts of physical violence– Acts of sexual violence

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Measurement of controlling behaviour by partner

• He tries to keep you from seeing your friends?• He tries to restrict contact with your family of birth?• He insists on knowing where you are at all times?• He ignores you and treats you indifferently?• He gets angry if you speak with another man?• He is often suspicious that you are unfaithful?• He expects you to ask his permission before seeking

health care for yourself?

49

Measurement of economic abuse by partner

• He refuses to give you enough money for household expenses, even when he has money for other things?

• [other questions if applicable]

50

Measurement of emotional violence by partner

• Insulted you or made you feel bad about yourself? • Belittled or humiliated you in front of other

people?• Done things to scare or intimidate you on purpose

(e.g. by the way he looked at you, by yelling and smashing things)?

• Verbally threatened to hurt you or someone you care about?

51

Measurement of physical violence by partner

• Slapped or threw something at that could hurt you?• Pushed or shoved you or pulled your hair?

• Hit with his fist or with anything else that could hurt you?

• Kicked, dragged or beat you up?• Choked or burnt you on purpose?• Threatened with or actually used a gun, knife or

other weapon against you?

Moderate

Severe52

Measurement of sexual violence by partner

Were you ever forced to have sexual intercourse when you did not want to?Did you ever have sexual intercourse you did not want because you were afraid of what he might do?Ever force you to do something sexual that you did not want or that you found degrading or humiliating?

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Reference period

• For each of the acts of abuse or violence (controlling behaviours, economical, emotional, physical and sexual violence): – past 12 months – lifetime

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Frequency

• For acts of emotional, physical and sexual violence, and for both past 12 months and before past 12 months: Once, few, many times

In test module for events of physical and sexual violence in the past 12 months:

• 1) daily, weekly, monthly, less than 1/month• 2) estimated absolute count

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Severity

For physical partner violence and sexual partner violence: – nature of act– Injuries as direct effect of any physical or sexual

violence (asking for specific injuries)– Miscarriage as direct effect– Self reported impact on physical or mental wellbeing– Are you ever afraid of partner (never, sometimes,

many times, all the time)

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• Partner violence questions are separately asked for – current or most recent partner – any previous partner(s)

• Type of relationship with partner (married, living together, dating) is collected for the previous partners who were violent for each set of controlling behaviours, emotional, physical and sexual violence

Type of partner relationship

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Non reporting of violence

• One question at the end -- referring to any type of partner violence reported:

“Who have you told about your (previous) partner’s behaviour?” (pre-coded list)

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Beware of gender bias in prevalence of domestic violence: incidents and gender (British Crime Survey)

Women Men % against women

Ratio: Women: men

Victims 657,000 356,000 65% 1.8

Average number incidents per victim

20 7 2.9

Total incidents 12.9 million

2.5 million

84% 5.2

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SECTION ONVIOLENCE BY OTHERS THAN PARTNERS

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Measurement of physical violence by others than partners

• Since the age of 15, has anyone ever hit, beaten, kicked or done anything else to hurt you physically? Threw something at you? Pushed you or pulled your hair? Choked or burnt you on purpose? Threatened with or actually used a gun, knife or other weapon against you?

• PROBE: – Anyone else?– How about a relative? How about someone at school

or work? How about a friend or neighbour? A stranger or anyone else?

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Perpetrators, reference period and severity

• Pre-coded list of perpetrators (incl. Sex)• For each of the perpetrators mentioned:

– How many times did this happen since you were 15 y: once, few, many

– How many times did this happen in the past 12 months: once, few, many

– For the each of (max 3) most serious perpetrators: 3 questions on injuries and timing of injuries

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1. Measurement of sexual violence by others than partners – Rape

• Since the age of 15, has anyone ever forced you into sexual intercourse when you did not want to for example by threatening you, holding you down or putting you in a situation that you could not say no. Remember to include people you have known as well as strangers. Please at this point exclude attempts to force you.

• Who did this to you? (followed by probes)

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2. Measurement of other forms of sexual violence by others

• Since the age of 15, has anyone attempted to force you into a sexual act you did not want, attempted to force you into sexual intercourse (which did not take place), touched you sexually, or did anything else sexually that you did not want. Remember to include people you have known as well as strangers.

• Who did this to you? (followed by probes)

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Perpetrators and reference period sexual violence (both sets)

• Pre-coded list of perpetrators– Includes sex of perpetrator

• For each of the perpetrators mentioned:– How many times did this happen since you

were 15: once , few, many– How many times did this happen in the past

12 months: once, few, many

• Severity: rape vs. other sexual abuse

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Questionnaire format principles

• Lower cast should be read out• CAPITALS should NOT be read out• Numerical response codes(1, 2, 3,...) : only one

response allowed• Alphabetical response codes (A, B, C...): more than

one response is allowed• Questions should be asked as written• Always put a mark for a question asked• Follow skip patterns exactly

66

Dedicated survey vs. Module on VAW

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Module vs dedicated survey

• To raise awareness about the problem• To influence policy• To monitor trends• To contribute to indicators at global level• To compare between countries• To understand more about violence, the

associations, risk and protective factors

Shortmodule

Special survey

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• Suitability of vehicle survey• Sample issues and representativeness• Interviewers, (extra) special training• Placement of module• How to introduce/explain the module to

respondents• Measure to protect safety for interviewers and

respondents• Need to provide support and referrals• Emotional support for interviewers• Risk of higher levels of non-disclosure

Challenges for module

69

Example of dedicated survey:Women’s Health and Life Experiences

WHO Questionnaire outline

• Section 1: Respondent and her community

• Section 2: General Health• Section 3: Reproductive

health• Section 4: Children• Section 5: Current or most

recent partner• Section 6: Attitudes toward

gender roles

• Section 7: Respondent and her partner

• Section 8: Injuries• Section 9: Impact and

coping• Section 10: Other

experiences• Section 11: Financial

autonomy• Section 12: Completion of

the interview70

Discussion: Other modules

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Ethical and safety measures

72

Putting women’s safety first in violence research

• 1. Safety of respondents and research team• 2. Studies need to be methodologically sound• 3. Confidentiality for safety and data quality• 4. Selection and training of team members• 5. Actions to reducing distress to respondents• 6. Possibilities of referral, support mechanisms• 7. Proper interpretation and use of study results• 8. Violence questions in other surveys

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1. Safety of respondents and research team

• Interviews only in a private setting, participant should feel free to reschedule or relocate

• Frame the study not in terms of violence (but further information should be give as part of consent procedure)

• Only one woman per household• Train interviewers to handle interruptions (e.g.

Dummy questions, rescheduling)• Logistics and budget planning should consider

safety

74

2. Studies need to be methodologically sound

• Ethically it is unacceptable to conduct a poorly designed study that cannot address the aims

• Practically too: too low estimates can be used to question the importance of violence

• Avoid loaded terms as abuse, rape, violence• Give attention to wording, length of interview,

multiple opportunities for disclosure, etc.• When results unexpected, discuss findings with key

informants, community groups before dissemination

75

3. Confidentiality for safety and data quality

• Address this in training of interviewers; no interviewers working in their own community

• Confidentiality procedures, consent process• Handling of names• Presentation of findings: no one community

or individual can be identified• Handling of photograph• Handling of the press and publicity

76

Fieldwork Brazil

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4. Selection and training of team members

• Sex, skill, attitude and training of interviewer• Training should include introduction on

gender and violence • Training as opportunity for research staff to

come to terms with own experiences• Role of interviewers: Not counselling, not

trying to "save" respondents• Addressing emotional needs of team

members

78

5. Actions to reducing distress to respondents

• Ask all questions in supportive and non-judgemental manner

• Train interviewers to deal with distress• Train when and how to terminate interview

(if woman does not want to continue or if continuing would be detrimental)

• All interviews should end in a positive manner

79

• "Somehow it made me feel good, because it was something that I had never told anyone before. Now I’ve told someone".

• --Respondent, Brazil

80

6. Possibilities of referral, support mechanisms

• If possible meet prior to field work with potential providers of support

• Develop information sheet and offer to all respondents – either small enough to be hidden or include a range of other services

• For-warn potential service providers• Where few resources exist, consider having a

trained counsellor or women's advocate accompany the teams

81

7. Proper interpretation and use of study results

• Research findings should be fed into ongoing advocacy, policy-making and intervention activities

• Involve advocacy and service groups etc from the beginning as part of research team or advisory committee. Also in use and advocacy

• Researchers need to be proactive in ensuring that research findings are interpreted appropriately by public and media

82

8. Violence questions in other surveys

• Be aware of the challenges of ensuring data quality and ensuring respondent safety

• It makes sense only of research team is willing and able to address basic ethical and methodological guidelines.

83

”We were so naïve. When we first added questions on violence into our survey on contraceptive use we did nothing special…it never occurred to us that we would have problems. Later we found out that three women had been severely beaten for participating in our survey. We felt awful and realized then that we were in over our heads..

(Researcher from Mexico)

84

Minimum conditions for using a short module

• Measures to protect safety of respondents and

interviewers

• Crisis intervention and referrals to specialized

services for respondents who need this

• Special training and emotional support and

follow-up for interviewers

85

Day 3

87

Selection and training of interviewers

88

Topics

• Manuals and materials• Selection and recruitment of fieldstaff• Training of field staff including piloting• Support for field staff and respondents• Field supervision and monitoring• Team dynamics• Lessons learned

89

Materials with UNECE VAW module

• Question by question explanation• Training program for interviewers with training

facilitators manual and PPT• Interviewer manual including ethical and safety

measures• [Outline for feedback report and guides for

debriefing interviewers]• Code book and analysis plan for the VAW indicators• SPSS recodes and syntaxes

90

Selection of interviewers• Female interviewers and supervisors• Good interviewers and supervisors are critical

to the success of the study• Selection process very important - consider

criteria, base selection on attitudes, motivation as well as competency

• Over - sample for interviewers • Trust your gut feelings – if you think there

may be a problem with someone, get rid of them

• Ask peers who would be good supervisors91

Goals of interviewer training• To increase sensitivity of participants to

gender issues;• To develop a basic understanding of gender-

based violence, its characteristics, causes and impact on the health of women and children;

• To understand the goals of the study/module;• To learn skills for interviewing, taking into

account safety and ethical guidelines;• To become familiar with the questionnaire /

module (and protocol)

92

Example of training scheduleDay 1• Sensitization to concepts of

gender and violence• Presentations from advocacy

groups/NGOs • Exposure to support options

for women living with violence

• Aim and overview of the study questionnaire

• Interviewing techniques and safety measures

93

Day 2• Detailed question by

question explanation of questionnaire• Role-plays on approaching the household and

using the complete questionnaire, practice how to respond if interview interrupted or if respondent becomes distressed and other difficult situations

94

Day 3-5• Sampling procedures,

including repeated visits to reduce non-response• Pilot testing of questionnaire/module and all field

procedures, including logistics, safety measures, supervisory procedures, debriefing and feedback sessions

• Final adjustments to questionnaire and field procedures

• Separate sessions for supervisors on supervisory procedures

95

Interviewer training

Use multiple training techniques:• Group work, brainstorming, presentations,

discussion, role plays, games, energizers, film, demonstration, involving others (‘victims’, psychologists/councellers)

96

Practical recommendationsImportance of good planning - pays off in the

endAllow sufficient time for training of field

supervisorsUse pilot study (field practice) also practice

training for the field supervisors/editors and data entry staff

Start with the easy area - often rural locationStart slow, need to have ongoing

training/briefings in particular in first weeks97

98

Office support Peru

Field work – immediately following the training!

99

100

Support for interviewers – give them breaks / time off if needed

Peru

101

Lessons learnedTraining and fieldwork

• Ensure opportunities during training to interview victims of violence

• Training and pilot essential phases for finalizing questionnaire

• Imaginative strategies to reduce non-response• Privacy is hard to ensure - share strategies• Provide opportunities (e.g. phone number) for

respondents to check legitimacy of interview• Issues around random selection eligible women

Reducing non-response• Importance of working with gate-keepers to

communities such as health workers• Importance of getting to eligible women

(once started, most will finish)• Will often need to hold interviews in

evening and weekends• More than three return visits may be

needed, especially in urban sites

102

Evidence of importance of training: Special training vs professional interviewers

(dedicated survey, Serbia, 2003)

Inexperienced,3 week training

Professional,1 day training

Response rate 93% 86%Disclosure rate 26% 21%Respondent satisfaction – with violence

46% 29%

Respondent satisfaction – without violence

46%

38%

“... I hardly could pull myself together not to cry. I wanted to get out of the house as soon as possible and cry out loud.... I hardly made it to the car; as soon as I told my whole team they all burst out in tears. The most painful thing for me was not being able to do anything. At the end I thought that this very research is about hope, and I have done my part.” (interviewer)

104

“Maybe I was mediating by listening to her for half an hour, and it was worth the world when at the end she thanks me and tells me she felt worthy.”

(interviewer)

105

Research as social action

• For interviewers: a life-changing experience, with many going on working on women issues

• For respondents: their awareness was raised, they were listened to, and they were made to feel worthy

106

Supervising and monitoring interviewers

107

Team composition & dynamics• Be attentive to how construct teams - don’t

let people choose their teams• Attention to team building• Study will bring out the best & worst in

everyone• Allow adequate time for de-briefing, giving

feedback, providing support• Tension between quality and quantity• Develop strategies to handle burn out, team

interpersonal problems. • Importance of field diaries.

108

Supervisor questionnaire

Short questionnaire:• Used to see if interviewers doing their job• Not to check violence prevalence

• Questions are not repeated from questionnaire but deal with: – What were the questions about? – How did you feel about the interview? – Were you treated well?

109

Monitoring form

• Daily and weekly monitoring per team, per cluster and per interviewer

• Per interviewer: monitor response rate and disclosure rate

110

DATA PROCESSING

111

Topics

• Code book• Data analysis plan• Dummy tables for report• Data entry options• Syntax files for calculating indicators

112

Code book

113

114

Data entry options

• Suggestion: use CSPro – share among countries using the same module

• If other program used, advisable to maintain same database structure.

Data entry

Interactive error checking 100 % double entry

115

Data entry - suggestions

• Training –start with people who know data entry

• Include data enterers and manager in some of training (questionnaire description)

• Additional training on data entry (using questionnaires from pilot)

• Entry should be concurrent with collection: need enough people and computers– Allows opportunities for feedback from data entry

to field-workers– Can send back questionnaires to field 116

Discussion:Data entry options

117

Analysis plan

118

Indicator Denominator Numerator Relationship SeverityFrequency Comments

1Total and age specific rate of women subjected to physical violence in the last 12 months by severity of violence, relationship to the perpetrator and frequency

All women that receive the module, total and in 5 year age groups

All women that experienced physical partner violence and/or non partner violence in the last 12 months

Partners, relatives, friends/ acquantances/ strangers/ others (to be decided)

Severe for partner violence: injuries and/or miscarriage and/or acts c-f (else moderate); Severe for non-partner violence: physical violence with injuries

Once, few times, many times

Need to include the missing answers on partner violence from those who were not partnered and recode them as "no"

2Total and age specific rate of women subjected to physical violence during lifetime by severity of violence, relationship to the perpetrator and frequency


All women that experienced physical partner violence and/or non partner violence in their life (for non-partners since age 15)


Severe for partner violence: injuries and/or miscarriage and/or acts c-f (else moderate);Severe for non-partner violence: physical violence with injuries



3Total and age specific rate of women subjected to sexual violence in the last 12 months by severity of violence, relationship to the perpetrator and frequency


All women that experienced sexual partner violence and/or non partner violence in the last 12 months


Severe for partner violence: any forced sexual intercourse; for non-partner violence: rape (else moderate)



4Total and age specific rate of women subjected to sexual violence during lifetime by severity of violence, relationship to the perpetrator and frequency


All women that experienced sexual partner violence and/or non partner violence in their life (for non-partners since age 15)


Severe for partner violence: any forced sexual intercourse; for non-partner violence: rape (else moderate)



119

Indicator Denominator Numerator Relationship SeverityFrequency Comments

5Total and age specific rate of ever-partnered women subjected to sexual and/or physical violence by current of former intimate partner in the last 12 months by frequency

All ever-partnered women that receive the module, total and in 5 year age groups

All women that experienced sexual and/or physical partner violence in the last 12 months

Current partners/ former partners (can be broken down in more detailed way)

Severe for non-partner violence: physical violence with injuries (note: not required for indicator 5)


To be explored for more detailed counts of incidents (collected in the test module)

6Total and age specific rate of ever-partnered women subjected to sexual and/or physical violence by current or former intimate partner during lifetime by frequency


All women that experienced physical partner violence and/or non partner violence in their life


Severe for non-partner violence: physical violence with injuries (note: not required for indicator 6)


Although not part of the indicator: To be explored for partner violence: health impacts, continuous living in fear as aspects of severity

7Total and age specific rate of women subjected to psychological violence in the past 12 months by the intimate partner


All women that experienced sexual and/or psychological partner violence in the last 12 months

Current partners/former partners (can be broken down in more detailed way)

Explore this indicator with and without controlling behaviours

8Total and age specific rate of women subjected to economic violence in the past 12 months by the intimate partner


All women that experienced sexual and/or economical partner violence in the last 12 months


Consider testing other questions on economic violence

120

Table shells (dummy tables)

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Recode and analysis syntaxes*** prsevpa - severity based on acts (first 2 acts only = moderate) IF (prphys = 0) prsevpa =0 .IF (V27aa = 1 | V27ab =1) prsevpa = 1 .IF (V27ac = 1 | V27ad = 1 | V27ae = 1 | V27af = 1) prsevpa = 2 .VARIABLE LABELS prsevpa 'severity phys violence by former partner (acts)'.VALUE LABELS prsevpa 0 'no phys violence' 1 'moderate phys violence only' 2 'severe phys

violence' .EXECUTE . *** prsevpi - severity based on injuries (first 2 acts only = moderate) IF (prphys = 0) prsevpi =0 .IF ( V40aa = 2 & V40ab = 2 & V40ac = 2 & V40ad = 2 ) prsevpi = 1 .IF (V40aa = 1 | V40ab = 1 | V40ac = 1 | V40ad = 1) prsevpi = 2. VARIABLE LABELS prsevpi 'severity phys violence by former partner (injuries)'.VALUE LABELS prsevpi 0 'no phys violence' 1 'phys violence no injuries' 2 'phys violence and

injuries' .EXECUTE . 122

Example tables

• Indicator 2 – Georgia (pilot test data)Summary table non-partner and partner violence

Age groupTotal

womenn (%) n (%) n (%) N

15-24 1 5.6 3 16.7 3 16.7 1824-34 10 26.3 10 26.3 16 42.1 3835-44 10 25.6 6 15.4 14 35.9 3945-54 16 32.0 3 6.0 18 36.0 5055-64 11 31.4 4 11.4 14 40.0 3565+ 3 15.0 1 5.0 4 20.0 20Total 51 25.5 27 13.5 69 34.5 200

Any non-partner perpetratorAny partner

Any partner or non-partner

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Summary table for partner and non-partner violence (by sex) by relationship by severity

Age groupTotal women

n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) N15-24 1 5.6 1 5.6 2 11.1 1 5.6 2 11.1 1824-34 3 7.9 7 18.4 6 15.8 4 10.5 5 13.2 11 28.9 3835-44 4 10.3 6 15.4 3 7.7 3 7.7 6 15.4 8 20.5 3945-54 4 8.0 12 24.0 2 4.0 1 2.0 6 12.0 12 24.0 5055-64 4 11.4 7 20.0 4 11.4 3 8.6 11 31.4 3565+ 3 15.0 1 5.0 1 5.0 3 15.0 20Total 16 8.0 35 17.5 13 6.5 14 7.0 22 11.0 47 23.5 200

any partner any non-partner total any partner or non-partner moderate severe moderate severe moderate severe

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Summary table by relationship by frequency

Age group

n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) N15-24 1 5.6 1 5.6 2 11.1 2 11.1 1 5.6 1824-34 1 2.6 4 10.5 5 13.2 3 7.9 6 15.8 1 2.6 2 5.3 8 21.1 6 15.8 3835-44 2 5.1 4 10.3 4 10.3 4 10.3 1 2.6 1 2.6 5 12.8 4 10.3 5 12.8 3945-54 9 18.0 7 14.0 1 2.0 1 2.0 1 2.0 1 2.0 9 18.0 8 16.0 5055-64 1 2.9 8 22.9 2 5.7 3 8.6 1 2.9 3 8.6 9 25.7 2 5.7 3565+ 2 10.0 1 5.0 1 5.0 1 5.0 2 10.0 1 5.0 20Total 4 2.0 27 13.5 20 10.0 13 6.5 11 5.5 3 1.5 12 6.0 34 17.0 23 11.5 200

any partner any non-partner total any partner or non-partner Total womenonce few many once few many once few many

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Activity:Planning the use of the module• Module to other survey or stand-alone • Type of vehicle survey/sources of funding• How to integrate module in this survey: placement, etc• Sampling strategy (for survey / module); sample size for

module; selection of eligible women • Type and number of interviewers , supervisors• Safety (incl. safe name) and support mechanisms• Training plan and duration• Data processing procedures• Timeline for the activity• Possible obstacles and strategies to overcome

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REALIZE that this is different from routine surveys

Ethical issues, including safe name Training of interviewers: very important!! Psychological support for interviewers and

respondents It is an intervention in itself:

• Survey as a participatory activity• Survey as transforming for interviewers and

researchers• Survey as awareness building among respondents

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[email protected]: Henriette Jansen

FOR MORE INFORMATION AND MATERIALS: http://www1.unece.org/stat/platform/display/VAW/Measuring+violence+against+women

Good luck!!

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mailto:[email protected]

sub-regional workshop on measuring violence against women henrica a.f.m. (henriette) jansen unece,...

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