Style Guide

CONTENTS b Grammar

Genes, alleles, proteins & phenotypes– Human– Mouse– Bacteria– Yeast– SummaryCaseHyphens & en rules– General hyphenation & en rule rules

b TablesTitleTable sizesReferencesAligning columns of dataFormatting footnotesBorders & shading

b FiguresTitleFormatting footnotesFormatting figures

b BoxesTitleBox sizesFormatting footnotesBorders & shadingExecutive summary

b ReferencesReferences not included in the reference section

References cited in reference section: numberingReferences in tables, figures & boxesJournal article referencesManuscripts in pressEpub ahead of printOnline onlySymposia/meetings/conferencesPostersBooksLegislation/guidanceNewspaper articlesPublished PhD thesesPrescribing informationPackage insertsCourt casesPatentsWebsitesReference annotationsReferencing in the news

b Definitions Defining abbreviations within sectionsUsing abbreviations in textFull stops in abbreviationsWhich words to abbreviate whereTwo-letter abbreviations for US statesComprehensive definition list for FMComprehensive definition list for FSComprehensive definition list for FS (CMT & BFS)

133455

6

23

24

2427272727282830303030303031313233

7777811

34

343838

40

41

48

53

1919192122

23

131314

CONTENTS

b FormattingSections & formats– Article title– Authors– Addresses– Telephone number– Fax number– Abstract– Text– Headings– Acknowledgements– Financial & competing interests disclosure– Ethical conduct– Required sections– Equations (FM & ER)– Equations (FS)– Numbers in text– Lists in text– Lists of values– Lists using bullet points

– Citations– What to cite where– Spread– News & views section

b AppendixAlt codesGreek symbolsAmino acid abbreviationsProofing symbolsGuide to figure & table permissions– When to ask authors about permissions– Adapted figures/tables– Creating/adapting figures in-house– Published figures/tables originally produced by the author– Once permission has been obtained

56565656575859595960

6060616161616262

67686869

70

7172

72

73

63636566

GRAMMAR

1

Genes, alleles, proteins & phenotypes b Human (Homo sapiens)

Gene•Genesymbolinupper-caselettersanditalics•MaybeincombinationwithArabicnumerals(notRoman)

Example ABC1

Is it referring to the gene?

•Ifthetextreferstoanyofthefollowing,thenitisreferringtothegeneandshouldbeitalicised:

Example •ABC1genotype•ABC1polymorphism•ABC1singlenucleotidepolymorphism•ABC1locus•ABC1promoter•ABC1encodes•ABC1expression•ABC1intron•ABC1exon•ABC1openreadingframe•ABC1transcription•ABC1translation•ABC1RNA•ABC1mRNA•ABC1splicevariant•ABC1sequence•ABC1silencing•ABC1mutation•ABC1upregulation•ABC1downregulation•ABC1overamplification•ABC1microarrayanalysis•ABC1Southernblotting•The5´regionofABC1•TheuntranslatedregionofABC1•PCRamplificationofABC1

GRAMMAR

2

Allele (different forms of a gene)

•Sameasgenesymbolandinitalics,withallele-specificsymbolusuallyseparatedbyanasterisk

Example • TheABC1*1allelicvariant...• PatientshomozygousforABC1*1…•PatientsheterozygousforABC1*1…•ABC1*1/*1homozygotes…•ABC1*1/*2heterozygotes…•PatientswithonecopyofABC1*1…

•Differentvariants/allelesofagenemayalsobewrittenaschangesinthenucleotidesataspecificregion,forexampleC123T

•C123Tisnotitalicisedasitisnotthesymbolforthegene–itmeansthataCischangedtoaTatposition123.ABC1wouldbeinitalicsasthisisthegene

Example ABC1C3435T

Protein•Proteinsymbolsameasgene,butnotinitalics

Is it referring to the protein?

•Iftextreferstothefollowingscenariosthismeanstheprotein

Example •ABC1catalyzestheformationof•ABC1metabolizes•ABC1bindsto•ABC1complex•ABC1receptor•ABC1convertstheinactiveformof•ABC1activates•ABC1substratesinclude•ABC1isencodedby•ABC1activesite•ABC1activity•ABC1concentration•ABC1synthesis/production•ABC1secretion•ABC1accumulation•ABC1enzyme•ABC1istheligandfor•ABC1antagonizes•ABC1westernblotting•TheantibodytargetsABC1•TheextracellulardomainofABC1•ThecytoplasmicdomainofABC1•ThetotalamountofABC1

GRAMMAR

3

b Mouse (Mus musculus)

Gene•Firstletterofgenesymbolisuppercase,remaininglowercaseandalllettersandnumbersareinitalics

•MaybeincombinationwithArabicnumerals(notRoman)

Example Abc1

•Whendescribingamutantmousestrainwhereagenehasbeenknockedout,usealower-casefirstlettertodescribethemutantstrain

Example •abc1mousestrain•abc1nullmouse

Allele•Sameasgenesymbolandinitalics•Therecessivealleleiswrittenwithaninitiallower-caseletter

Example •Abc1(dominantallele)•abc1(recessiveallele)

Protein•Proteinsymbolinuppercaseandnotinitalics(sameashuman)•Seeaboveforscenariostouse

b Bacteria

Gene

•Thegeneabbreviationisgiveninlowercase•Geneabbreviationispresentedinitalics•Eachgeneisassignedathree-letterdesignation,usuallyanabbreviationforthepathwayorforthephenotypeofmutants(e.g.,mutationsaffectinglactosedegradationaredesignatedlac)

•Differentgenesthataffectthesamepathwayaredistinguishedbyacapitalletterfollowingthethree-letterdesignation

Example lacZ

GRAMMAR

4

Allele

•Eachdifferentmutationinthepathwayisconsecutivelyassignedauniqueallelenumber•Theentiregenotypeisitalicised

Example lacZ19

Protein/phenotype

•Thephenotypeorproteinisusuallyindicatedwiththesamethree-letterdesignationasthegenotype,butphenotypes/proteinsbeginwithacapitalletterandarenotitalicisedorunderlined

Example LacZ

b Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Gene•Thegeneabbreviationcomprisesthreeitaliclower-caseletters,andanArabicnumber(e.g.,ade5)

Example ade5

•Thegeneabbreviationisstyledaccordingtothephenotypeoftheidentifyingmutationorthefunctionofthewild-typegene:lower-caseitalicforrecessive,upper-caseitalicfordominant

Example •CUP1(dominant)• cup1(recessive)

Allele•Alleledesignationsconsistofthegenesymbol,ahyphenandanitalicArabicnumber

Example act1-606

Protein•Proteinsarereferredtobytherelevantgenesymbol,arenonitalic,theinitialletterisuppercaseandthesuffix‘p’isusedtoavoidconfusionwiththephenotype(seebelow)

Example Ade5p

GRAMMAR

5

Phenotype•Phenotypesaredesignatedbyanonitalicthree-letterabbreviationcorrespondingtothegenesymbol.Theinitialletterisuppercase.Wild-typeormutantstatusisindicatedbyasuperscriptplusorminussign,respectively

Example Arg-asopposedtowild-typeArg+

b Summary

Format of genes, alleles & proteins for difference species

Gene (italics) Alleles (italics) ProteinsHuman ABC1 ABC*1 ABC1Mouse Abc1 Abc1 ABC1Yeast ABC1 abc1-1 Abc1Bacteria abc1 abc1 Abc1

Case•Fortheterms‘blacksandwhites’thefirstlettershouldalwaysbelowercase•‘western’and‘eastern’arealwayslowercaseunlessusingageographicalnamewitharecognisedstatus

•Itshouldalwaysbe‘southeastAsia’.Onlyuseuppercaseforsouth,eastetc.ifreferringtoageographicalnamewitharecognisedstatus(e.g.,SouthAfrica,sub-SaharanAfrica)

•Centuryisalwayslowercase(e.g.,20thcentury)•‘doi’isalwayslowercase•Itshouldbealower-casefirstletterforwesternandnorthernblottingetc.–onlySouthernblottingisuppercase(asthisisaperson’ssurname)

•Certainabbreviationsmustbeinloweroruppercase(thisisnormallyforunits,drugadministrationroutesanddosingfrequencies).Forunitabbreviationspleasesee page 37.Fordosingfrequenciesanddrugadministrationabbreviationspleasesee page 39

•Sentencecase:onlythefirstwordandanypropernouninatitle,headingorsubheadingarecapitalised

Example ThetechnologicaldevelopmentsinJapan(Note‘The’and‘Japan’arebothcapitalisedinaccordancewiththerule

•Titlecase:thefirstlettersofallwordsarecapitalisedwiththefollowingexceptions:− A,an,the,to,as− Coordinatingconjunctions(e.g.,for,and,nor,but,or,yet,so)− Partofapropernamethatislowercaseinthetext(e.g.,deorvon)− Prepositions(e.g.,ofandby)

Example AnalysisoftheCrystalStructurebyUsingMethodA

− Anexampleoftheuseoftitlecaseisinbookreferencesforthetitleofabook

GRAMMAR

6

Hyphens & en rules b General hyphenation & en rule rules

Hyphenation•Hyphensaremostlyusedtobreaksinglewordsintoparts,ortojoinordinarilyseparatewordsintosinglewords.Therearethreemaincaseswheretheyshouldbeused:− Incompoundwords(e.g.,apick-me-up,mother-in-law,good-hearted)− Tojoinprefixestootherwords(e.g.,pre-eminentorco-own)− Toshowwordbreaks(conditionalhyphens-thisareaddedinautomaticallybyInDesign)

•Onlyhyphenateunitsadjectively(e.g.,5-daystudy)•Fornumbersunderten,‘fold’shouldneverbeprecededbyahyphen(e.g.,twofold,threefold).Fornumbersovertenorwithdecimalpoints,ahyphenisrequired(e.g.,30-foldor1.5-fold)

•Alwayshyphenatetimes(e.g.,three-timesor4.5-times)•Alwayshyphenatethirdsandotherfractions(e.g.,two-thirds)•Alwaysusehyphens(andnotenrules)toseparatethree-letteraminoacidcodes

Foralistofwordsthatwealwayshyphenate,neverhyphenateorhyphenateadjectivelyplease click here

En rules•Theenruleiscommonlyusedtoindicateaclosedrangeofvalues,meaningarangewithclearlydefinedandnoninfiniteupperandlowerboundaries.Thismayincluderangessuchasthosebetweendates,timesornumbers

•Enrulesshouldbeusedforallnumberrangeswiththefollowingexceptions:− Whenyouuse‘between15and25%’− Whenyouuse‘rangesfrom12to30%’

•Alwaysuseanenrule:− Whenusingthewordscost–effectivenessorcase–control− Whentheauthorisdescribinganinteraction,hybridorcomplex(e.g.,blood–brainbarrier,cell–cellinteraction)

TABLES

7

Tables•Usedfordatathataredisplayedinmorethanonecolumn(ifdataisinonecolumnthisshouldbeaboxsee page 20

b Title•Shouldbeonesentencelong(notethisdoesnotmeanthenumberoflinesthetitleappearson,whichcanbemorethanone)

•Useafullstoptoseparatetablenumberandtitle•Putafullstopattheendofthetitle•Neverdefineawordinatitle•Donotincludeabbreviationsinthetitleunlesstheyarewordswedonotdefineorareverywordy•Donotincludeanyadditionalinformationthatcanbeputintoafootnote:

− Permissions− Referencesthatcanbeincludedinthefootnote

Example Table1.Dependenceofrenalimpairmentongeneticpolymorphismsintheanalyzedcandidategenes[40].Note:Reference[40]canbemovedtotheendofthefootnoteandformattedasapermissionline

b Table sizes‘Ologies,Healths,Stan-dalones,ManagementSeries,CPR

•1column•1column+indent(left-handindent=-35mmintabledesigner)• 2columns•2columns+indent(left-handindent=-35mmintabledesigner)• Landscape

BFS,CMT,CLI,CER •48,75,101,127,154and180mm• Landscape

TDE,FMC,BIO •65,111,134and180mm• Landscape

b References•Ifreferencesarelistedwithinatable,theseshouldalwaysbetakenoutandputinaseparatecolumn,whichshouldappearasthefinalcolumnofthetable(see‘Example-rightalignmentofcolumns’foranexample)

b Aligning columns of data•Generallyallcolumnsofdataandthecolumnheadingsshouldbeleftaligned

− Rightaligncolumnsofdata(andtheircolumnheadings)thatcontainonlynumbers,wherethisalignsthedecimalpoints/equivalentones/tens/hundredsetc.,andreferencecolumns

•Columnsofdatashouldneverbecentrealigned•Centrealigncolumnheadswhentheyrefertotwoormorecolumnsofdata•Iftherearemultiplecolumnheadsthatrefertotwoormorecolumnsofdatathereshouldbeagapbetweenthem

TABLES

8

Example-centrealignmentofcolumnheads

Example-rightalignmentofcolumns

b Formatting footnotes

Additional information•Anyadditionalinformationthatisnotincludedinthetableshouldbeincludedinthefootnote

Symbols •Explainanysymbolsthathavebeenusedinthetable

− Thefollowingsymbolsshouldbeusedinthisorder:†‡§¶#− Ifmorethanfivesymbolsarerequired,usethemdoubledinthesameorder(i.e.,††‡‡)− Whenasterisksareusedtoindicatep-values,theseshouldappearononelineandbeseparatedbyasemicolonwiththesentenceendingwithafullstop(e.g.,*p<0.01;**p=0.05.)

− Symbolsshouldbesuperscriptexceptforasterisks− Symbolsarenotseparatedfromthedefinitionbyacolonorspace− Generally,theexplanationforeachsymbol(exceptforasterisks)shouldbestartedonanewlineunlessthesentenceissoshortthiswouldbeaninappropriateuseofspace.Inthiscase,separateeachsymbolexplanationusingasemicolon,withafullstopattheend

Example(onaseparateline)

†Studyincluded101patients.‡Doesnotincludepatientswithapriorhistoryofmyocardialinfarction.

Example(onthesameline)

†101patients;‡n=43.

Table 1. Dependence of renal impairment on genetic polymorphisms in the analyzed candidate genes.

Chromosome n Mean change in eGFR (SEM) Ref.

A/A A/B B/B A/A A/B B/B

1 50 33 41 -25.9 (6.7) -6.22 (3.18) -11.4 (2.3) [45]

4 44 34 50 -11.4 (2.6) -8.55 (2.87) [66]

4 46 32 40 -11.6 (2.5) -8.05 (3.00) [88]

6 47 30 20 -9.42 (2.8) -10.8 (2.4) -17.2 (3.7) [90]

6 61 15 30 -10.5 (2.1) -8.97 (4.99) -8.75 (3.7) [97]

7 34 38 70 -8.78 (2.4) -10.9 (3.1) -12.5 (7.1) [98]

Table 1. Dependence of renal impairment on genetic polymorphisms in the analyzed candidate genes.

Chromosome Alleles n Mean change in eGFR (SEM)

A B A/A A/B B/B A/A A/B B/B

1 Present Deleted 5 33 41 -25.9 (6.7) -6.22 (3.18) -11.4 (2.3)

4 C T 44 34 -11.4 (2.6) -8.55 (2.87)

4 G A 46 32 -11.6 (2.5) -8.05 (3.00)

6 Active Inactive 47 30 2 -9.42 (2.8) -10.8 (2.4) -17.2 (3.7)

6 G T 61 15 3 -10.5 (2.1) -8.97 (4.99) -8.75 (3.7)

7 C A 34 38 7 -8.78 (2.4) -10.9 (3.1) -12.5 (7.1)

TABLES

9

Abbreviations•Allabbreviationsmustberedefinedintables,eveniftheyarealreadydefinedinthetext•Ifanabbreviationappearsinthetablebodythenitshouldbedefinedonaseparatelineinthefootnote

Example

•IfanabbreviationappearsinthetablebodyANDthefootnote,thenitshouldNOTbewritteninfullinthefootnotebutappearinitsabbreviatedformandbedefinedonaseparatelineinthefootnote

Example

Table 2. Influence of CYP3A genotypes on cyclosporine trough blood levels and dose requirements.

Pharmacokinetic parameters

CYP3A4 intron 6 p-value ANOVACC CT

CsA

CsA (n) 45 5 –

[CsA]0 (ng/ml) 88.8 (80.4–98.1) 126.4 (73.2–218.4) 0.033

[CsA]/Ldose (ng.ml-1 per mg/kg)

81.7 (72.1–92.6) 138.9 (96.5–200) 0.008

[CsA]/Ddose (ng.ml-1 per mg/kg)

38.3 (33.8–43.4) 61.6 (38.4–98.9) 0.019

Ldose (mg/kg) 1.09 (0.97–1.22) 0.91 (0.73–1.14) 0.33

Ddose (mg/kg) 2.07 (2.32–2.59) 2.05 (1.81–2.32) 0.47Values are given as geometric mean (95% CI). [CsA]

0 indicates the unadjusted CsA trough blood

levels. ANOVA: Analysis of variance; CsA: Cyclosporine; Ddose: Daily dose; Ldose: Last administered dose.

Table 1. Virus-supportive and antiviral properties of PI3K and interference with viral proteins.

Viruses Virus-supportive functions mediated by the PI3K/Akt module

Support (↑) orinhibition (↓)of PI3K/Akt-mediated functions by viral proteins

IAV Virus entryEndosomal acidificationInhibition of apoptosis ↑ A/NS1†

JUNV Virus entry

VSV Early replicationInhibition of autophagy ↓ G

RSV Inhibition of apoptosis (epithelial cells) Virus assembly

↑ NS1, NS2

†Direct interaction of the viral protein with the regulatory subunit p85 of PI3K.↓: Decrease; ↑: Increase; IAV: Influenza A virus; JUNV: Junin virus; RSV: Respiratory syncytial virus; VSV: Vesicular stomatitis virus.

TABLES

10

•IfanabbreviationappearsONLYinthefootnote,itshoulddefinedatitsfirstuseinthefootnoteandtheabbreviatedformshouldbeusedfortherestofthefootnote

Example

•IftheabbreviationappearslessthantwotimesaftertheinitialdefinitionthenDONOTdefineandinsteadwriteinfulleachtime

•Listabbreviationsinthefootnote− Inalphabeticalorder− Abbreviationfollowedbyacolonandthedefinition− Thatthefirstletterofthedefinitionisuppercase− Eachabbreviationseparatedbyasemicolon− Afullstopattheendofthelist

Example ACC:AmericanCollegeofCardiology;AHA:AmericanHeartAssociation;ECG:Electrocardiogram;HRT:Hormonereplacementtherapy.

Note:Makesurethatifawordneedstobeitalicorsmallcapsetc.thenitisinthissectionofthefootnote

Permissions•Ifatablehasbeentakenfromanothersource,theoriginalmustbecitedandreferenced,alongwithanypermissionsinformation(see‘Guide to figure & table permissions’ formoreinformationonwhenpermissionisneededanfhowtogainpermission)

•Ifthepermissiongrantedspecifiestheformatofthecitation,thismustbefollowed•Permissiontextmustbeonaseparatelinefromabbreviations•Fullstopattheendofthesection•Ifnoformathasbeenspecified,followexamplesbelow

Example •Reproducedwithpermissionfrom[ref].OR:ifithasbeenmodifiedin-house:•Modifiedwithpermissionfrom[ref].OR:ifdataonlywastakenfromanotherarticleandpermissionisnotrequired:•Datatakenfrom[ref].

Table 2. Histone deacetylase inhibitors in clinical trials for leukemia.

Chemical class Name Target Study phase

Short-chain fatty acids Phenylbutyrate Pan-inhibitor Phase I/II

Valproic acid Class I/IIa HDAC Phase II

Hydroxamic acids Vorinostat (SAHA) Pan-inhibitor Phase I/II

Panobinostat (LBH589) Pan-inhibitor Phase I/II

Belinostat (PXD101) Pan-inhibitor Phase I/II

Cyclic tetrapeptides Depsipeptide (FK228) Class I HDAC Phase I/II

Benzamides Entinostat (MS-275) Class I HDAC Phase I

Mocetinostat (MGCD-0103) Class I/IV HDAC Phase IHDAC inhibitors of different chemical classes of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are listed, and a full list of CLL-specific targets can be found at [301]. This resource also lists alternative therapies relevant to CLL treatment. HDAC: Histone deacetylase; SAHA: Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid.

TABLES

11

•Ifcopyrightneedstobeassignedtoaparticularpublisherandtheyhavenotspecificedawayofformattingthis,itshouldbeformattedasintheexamplebelow

Example Reproducedwithpermissionfrom[8]©Elsevier(2009).

Order of information in the footnote•Theinformationinthefootnotemustbelistedinthefollowingorder,witheachpartstartingonanewline:− Additionalinformationnotincludedinthetable− Explanationofsymbolsusedintable− Listofabbreviations− Permissions/referencinginformation

b Borders & shading

Ologies • Linesaroundthetableare1ptdarkgrey• Tabletitleisshadeddarkgreyandthefontiswhite• Tablecolumnheadisshadedlightgrey• Tablesubheadisshadedlightgrey• Ifsubheadings(taggedascolumnheads)comeunderaparticularcolumnheadthena1ptwhitelineisusedandthecolumnheadiscentred

• Ifasubheadisstraightafteracolumnheadthetwoareseparatedbya1ptwhiteline• Linesbetweenrowsinatableare0.5ptlightgrey• Tablefootnoteisseparatedbya1ptlightgreyline

Healths,Standalones,FMC

• Linesaroundthetableare1ptdarkgrey• Tabletitleisshadeddarkgreyandthefontiswhite• Tablecolumnheadisshadedlightgrey• Tablesubheadisshadedlightgrey• Ifsubheadings(taggedascolumnheads)comeunderaparticularcolumnheadthena1ptwhitelineisusedandthecolumnheadiscentred

• Ifasubheadisstraightafteracolumnheadthetwoareseparatedbya1ptwhiteline• Linesbetweenrowsinatableare0.5ptlightgrey• Tablefootnoteisseparatedbya1ptlightgreyline

Managementseries

• Linesaroundthetablearemajorcolour(e.g.,inDMTdarkgreen,inPMTblue)1pt• Tabletitleisshadedinthemajorcolourandthefontiswhite• TablecolumnheadisshadedPMTgrey• TablesubheadingisshadedPMTgrey• Ifsubheadings(taggedascolumnheads)comeunderaparticularcolumnheadthena1ptwhitelineisusedandthecolumnheadiscentred

• Ifasubheadisstraightafteracolumnheadthetwoareseparatedbya1ptwhiteline• Linesbetweenrowsinatableare0.5ptpantonecolour• Tablefootnoteisseparatedbyalinethatisthemajorcolourand0.5pt

CER • Linesaroundthetablearepantonecolour1pt• Tabletitleisshadedinthepantonecolourandthefontiswhite• Tablecolumnheadisshadedpantonecolour(20%tint)andthefontisblack• Tablesubheadingisshadedpantonecolour(20%tint)andthefontisblack• Ifsubheadings(taggedascolumnheads)comeunderaparticularcolumnheadthena1ptwhitelineisusedandthecolumnheadiscentred

• Ifasubheadisstraightafteracolumnheadthetwoareseparatedbya1ptwhiteline• Linesbetweenrowsinatableare0.25ptpantonecolour(30%tint)• Tablefootnoteisseparatedbya0.5ptpantonecolourline

TABLES

12

CPR • Linesaroundthetablearepantonecolour1pt• Tabletitleisshadedinthepantonecolourandthefontiswhite• TablecolumnheadisshadedinPMTgrey(20%tint)andthefontisblack• TablesubheadingisshadedinPMTgrey(20%tint)andthefontisblack• Ifsubheadings(taggedascolumnheads)comeunderaparticularcolumnheadthena1ptpan-tonecolourlineisusedandthecolumnheadiscentred

• Ifasubheadisstraightafteracolumnheadthetwoareseparatedbya1ptpantonecolourline• Linesbetweenrowsinatableare0.5ptpantonecolour(7%tint)• Tablefootnoteisseparatedbya0.5ptpantonecolourline

PPA • Linesaroundthetablearepantonecolour1pt• Tabletitleisshadedinthepantonecolourandthefontiswhite• Tablecolumnheadfontispantonecolourwithnoshading.Linebelowispantonecolour1pt• Tablesubheadfontisblackwitha1ptpantonecolourlineaboveandbelow• Ifsubheadings(taggedascolumnheads)comeunderaparticularcolumnheadthena1ptpan-tonecolourlineisusedandthecolumnheadiscentred

• Ifasubheadisstraightafteracolumnheadthetwoareseparatedbya1ptpantonecolourline• Linesbetweenrowsintableare0.5ptpantonecolorwith15%tint.• Tablefootnoteisseparatedby1ptlinepantonecolorwith15%tint

BIO • Linesaroundthetablearepantonecolour(2965C)1pt• Tabletitleisshadedinthepantonecolourandthefontiswhite• Tablecolumnheadisshadedpantonecoolgrey3C•Tablesubheadisshadedpantonecoolgrey3C• Ifsubheadings(taggedascolumnheads)comeunderaparticularcolumnheadthena1ptwhitelineisusedandthecolumnheadiscentred

• Ifasubheadisstraightafteracolumnheadthetwoareseparatedbya1ptwhiteline• Linesbetweenrowsinatableare0.5ptpantonecoolgrey3C•Tablefootnoteisseparatedbya1ptpantonecolourline

CLI • Linesaroundthetablearepantonecolour(307U)1pt• Tabletitleisshadedinthepantonecolourandthefontiswhite• Tablecolumnheadisshadedpantonecolour(20%tint)• Tablesubheadisshadedpantonecolour(20%tint)• Ifsubheadings(taggedascolumnheads)comeunderaparticularcolumnheadthena1ptwhitelineisusedandthecolumnheadiscentred

• Ifasubheadisstraightafteracolumnheadthetwoareseparatedbya1ptwhiteline• Linesbetweenrowsinatableare0.25ptpantonecolour(30%tint)• Tablefootnoteisseparatedbya0.5ptpantonecolourline

CMT • Linesaroundthetablearepantonecolour1pt• Tabletitleisshadedinthepantonecolourandthefontiswhite• Tablecolumnheadisshadedpantone314U(10%tint)• Tablesubheadisshadedpantone314U(10%tint)andthefontispantone314U(100%tint)• Ifsubheadings(taggedascolumnheads)comeunderaparticularcolumnheadthena1ptwhitelineisusedandthecolumnheadiscentred

• Ifasubheadisstraightafteracolumnheadthetwoareseparatedbya1ptwhiteline• Linesbetweenrowsinatableare0.5ptpantonecolour(50%tint)• Tablefootnoteisseparatedbya1ptpantonecolourline(50%tint)

BFS • Linesaroundthetablearepantonecolour1pt• Tabletitleisshadedinthepantonecolourandthefontiswhite• Tablecolumnheadisshadedorange(30%tint)andthefontisblack• Tablesubheadisshadedshadedorange(30%tint)andthefontisblue• Ifsubheadings(taggedascolumnheads)comeunderaparticularcolumnheadthena1ptbluelineisusedandthecolumnheadiscentred

• Ifasubheadisstraightafteracolumnheadthetwoareseparatedbya1ptblueline• Linesbetweenrowsinatableare0.5ptblue(50%tint)• Tablefootnoteisseparatedbya1ptblueline(50%tint)

FIGURES

13

Figures b Title

•Neverincludeatitleontheactualfigure-itshouldalwaysbeinthelegend•Allfigurecaptionsneedamaintitle.Titlesmustnotbethestartofthefootnote(e.g.,anexplanationofpart(A)).Ifyouhave(A),(B)etc.inthetitleasktheauthorforanewone

Example Correct

Figure 1. Influence of CYP3A4 intron 6 C>T SNP on cyclosporine pharmacokinetic parameters. (A) Cyclosporine trough blood concentration (ng/ml) and (B) Ddose-adjusted trough blood concentrations (ng/ml per mg/kg bodyweight) according to CYP3A4 intron 6 C>T polymorphism. Individual values (triangles) are reported. Y-axis is reported as a log scale. [CsA]

0: Unadjusted cyclosporine trough blood level; Ddose: Daily dose.

Example Incorrect

Figure 1. (A) Cyclosporine trough blood concentration (ng/ml) and (B) Ddose-adjusted trough blood concentrations (ng/ml per mg/kg bodyweight) according to CYP3A4 intron 6 C>T polymorphism. Individual values (triangles) are reported. Y-axis is reported as a log scale. [CsA]

0: Unadjusted cyclosporine trough blood level; Ddose: Daily dose.

OR

Figure 1. (A) Cyclosporine trough blood concentration (ng/ml). (B) Ddose-adjusted trough blood concentrations (ng/ml per mg/kg bodyweight) according to CYP3A4 intron 6 C>T polymorphism. Individual values (triangles) are reported. Y-axis is reported as a log scale. [CsA]

0: Unadjusted cyclosporine trough blood level; Ddose: Daily dose.

•Alljournals:− Titlegoesinlegendbelowfigure− Useafullstoptoseparatefigurenumberandtitle− Putafullstopattheendofthetitle− Titleshouldneverbemorethanonesentencelong(notethisdoesnotmeanthenumberoflinesthetitleappearson,whichcanbemorethanone)

− Titleisdistinguishedfromtherestofthelegendbybeingbolded

b Formatting footnotes

•Figuresshouldgenerallyberedrawninhousestyleunlesstheyarephotographsorunreproducible•ThefigureshouldfillthewholewidthofthepageinIllustrator•Thefigureshouldbelargeenoughtoensureclarity•Figurescanbemadelandscapetoensurethatthefontiskeptto8pt

FIGURES

14 15

b Formatting figures

Figure sizes•FM(includesologies,standalones,healths,managementseries,CPR)

− 1column(65mminIllustrator)− 1column+indent(111mminIllustrator;left-handindent=-35mmintabledesigner)− 2columns(134mminIllustrator)− 2columns+indent(180mminIllustrator;left-handindent=-35mmintabledesigner)

•BFS,CMT,CLIandCER− 48,75,101,127,154and180mm

•TDE,FMCandBIO− 65,111,134and180mm

Text•Helvetica,8pt•Sentencecase•Leftaligned

− Unlesscentredinacircle•Italicsshouldnotbeusedforemphasis–onlyforwordsthatwouldbeitalicisedinthetext(i.e.,invitro,invivoandgenes)

•Boldedtextcanbeusedtoemphasisetext•Textshouldneverberotated(unlessthetextisthetitleofthey-axisingraphs[itshouldthenberotated90°)

Lines•0.5ptweight•Defaultstyle

Arrows & arrowheads•Arrowheadstyle4

− Alwaysappliedtoa0.5ptweightlinewithnofill•ForIllustratorCS5usearrowheadstyle9

− Alwaysappliedtoa0.5ptweightlinewithnofill

Colours•Usecoloursfromswatchespaletteorjournalpantone(canbefoundhereV:\Install\Illustrator)

Backgrounds•Figuresshouldgenerallybeplacedonacolouredbackground•Backgroundcolourshould:

− Bethesameforallfigureswithinanarticle− Notdistractfromthefigureinanyway(colourtoobright,colourtoocontrastingortoocomplexuseofgradients)

FIGURES

1516

Graphs•Axistitlesshouldbebolded•Datapointsshouldbethesameoneachaxis(1.5mmisastandardlengthtouse)•Keysshouldbesurroundedbya0.5ptblacklineandhaveawhitefill•Awhitebackgroundshouldbeaddedtothespaceinsidethegraphtoensurethepointsstandoutfromtherestofthecolouredbackground

Attributing•Everyfigurethatyouhave‘addedvalueto’,inotherwordsanyfigurethatyouhaveenhancedbyredrawing,shouldbeattributedtoyourjournalbyusingourin-housewatermarks− Thisdoesnotincludegraphsorphotosoranythingwhereyouhavereproducedexactlywhattheauthorsentin

− Itcanincludepicturesthatyoureferencetoanothersourceifyouhavesignificantlyalteredit,andstateinthelegendthatitis‘Modifiedwithpermissionfrom…’

•Inthewatermarkthejournaltitle(initsabbreviatedformandinitalics)shouldbeplacedonthebottomofthefigurewiththecorrectyear

Example

Figure parts•IfafigurehasmultiplepartstheyshouldbelabelledA,B,Cetc.usingourhousestyleletterlabelssavedhereV:\Graphics and Design\Illustrator_figure_library

•Whenreferredtointhelegend,thefigurepartsshouldbebold,enclosedinbrackets(A),whicharealsobolded

Autophagy

Cathelicidin

Parkin

Lipid dropletMicrobicidal

activity

Autophagic complex

Antigenprocessing

Apoptosis

NOD2NF-κB

NF-κB

MRC1

TLR1 TLR2

VDR

Vitamin D

Mycobacterium leprae

Transcriptionregulation

Macrophage

Bcl2

LTA4H

HLA

LXA4PGE2

LXA4PGE2

ADRPPerlipin

TCR

Lymphocyte

IL-10

LTA

IFN-γIL-12

TNF

IL-6

IL-1

Cytochrome c

Mitochondrialmetabolism

CR

3

Future Microbiol. © Future Science Group (2011)

FIGURES

16

Symbols, arrows & arrowheads•Ifthefigureincludessymbols,arrowsorarrowheadsthesemustbeexplainedinthefootnote

Scale bars•Photoimagesshouldalwayshaveascalebar.Asktheauthorifthesearenotprovided

Error bars•Iferrorbarsareincludedinthefigure,thereshouldbeadescriptioninthelegendclarifyingwhattheyrepresent

Abbreviations•Allabbreviationsmustberedefinedinfigures,evenifalreadydefinedinthetext

If abbreviation occurs ONLY in figure:•Defineinthefootnoteintheabbreviationssection

Example

If abbreviation occurs in figure AND in the footnote text:•Useabbreviatedversionbothinthefigureandinthefootnotetext,andthendefineintheabbreviationssectionofthefootnote

Figure 1. Relative change in estimated glomerular filtration rate is dependent on cisplatin dose. eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Ch

ang

e in

eG

FR

(%

of

bas

elin

e)

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

20 40 60 80 100 120

Cisplatin dose (mg/m2)

r2 = 0.205

FIGURES

17

Example

If abbreviation occurs ONLY in the footnote text:•Writeinfullifonlyoccursonceortwiceandisn’tlong-winded•Writeinfullthefirsttimeanddefineafterwardsinbracketsifoccursmultipletimes(three-timesincludingitsabbreviationfollowingitsdefinition)

•Donotincludeabbreviationinabbreviationssectionoffootnote

Example

Figure 2. Combinatorial composition of Polycomb and mixed-lineage leukemia complexes. Protein composition of Polycomb repressive complex (PRC)1, PRC2 and MLL complex. PRC1 is very diverse owing to the existence of multiple orthologs of each core component, giving rise to a high combinatorial complexity. MLL: Mixed-lineage leukemia.

Polycomb repressive complex 1 Polycomb repressive complex 2

RING1ARING1B

PHC1PHC2PHC3

BMI1MEL18MBLRNSPC1

CBX2CBX4CBX6CBX7CBX8

PCPSC

RING

PH

EED SUZ12

RbAP46/48

JARID2

EZH1EZH2

PHF1MTF2PHF19

EZH

PCL

EED1EED2EED3EED4

MLL complex

MLL1MLL2MLL3MLL4SET1ASET1B

ASH2

DPY30RbBP5

MLL

WDR5

HIV cDNA

β-actin

CTRL 1 2

HIV cDNA

β-actin

H2O NL4–3luc CTRL 1 2

H2O NL4–3luc

Figure 4. Vesicular stomatitis virus/HIV infects both vaginal and rectal mucosa of CD1 mice. (A) Expression of HIV-1 cDNA in rectal samples of two CD1 mice. NL4–3luc plasmid was used as a positive CTRL and uninfected mice were used as a negative CTRL. (B) Expression of HIV-1 cDNA in vaginal samples of two CD1 mice. NL4–3luc plasmid was used as a positive CTRL and an uninfected mouse was used as a negative CTRL. CTRL: Control.

FIGURES

18

•Whenlistingabbreviationsintheabbreviationssectionofthefootnoteensure:− Theyareinalphabeticalorder− Theabbreviationisfollowedbyacolonandthedefinition− Thatthefirstletterofthedefinitionisuppercase− Thateachabbreviationisseparatedbyasemicolon− Thatafullstopisusedattheendofthelist

Example ACC:AmericanCollegeofCardiology;AHA:AmericanHeartAssociation;ECG:Electrocardiogram;HRT:Hormonereplacementtherapy.

Permissions•Ifthefigurehasbeentakenfromanothersource,theoriginalmustbecitedandreferenced,alongwithanypermissionsinformation

•Ifthepermissiongrantedspecifiestheformatofthecitation,thismustbefollowed•Permissiontextmustbeonaseparatelinefromabbreviations•Fullstopattheendofthesection•Ifnoformathasbeenspecified,followexamplesbelow

Example •Reproducedwithpermissionfrom[ref].OR:ifithasbeenmodifiedin-house:•Modifiedwithpermissionfrom[ref].

•Ifcopyrightneedstobeassignedtoaparticularpublisherandtheyhavenotspecificedawayofformattingthis,itshouldbeformattedasintheexamplebelow

Example Reproducedwithpermissionfrom[8]©Elsevier(2009).

Note:Ifa‘Reproduced’permissionlineisgiven,thenwecannotaddonthejournalwatermark

Order of information in the legend•Theinformationinthelegendmustbelistedinthefollowingorder,witheachpartstartingonanewline− Additionalinformationnotincludedinthetable− Explanationofsymbolsusedintable− Listofabbreviations− Permissions/referencinginformation

Gap between figure & footnote in InDesign•Gapshouldbe1.5pt

BOXES

19

Boxes•Usedfordatathatareonlydisplayedinonecolumn

b Title•Useafullstoptoseparateboxnumberandtitle•Putafullstopattheendofthetitle•Neverdefineawordinatitle•Titlesshouldnotincludeabbreviations;theyshouldbewritteninfullunlesstheyarewordswedonotdefineorareverywordy

•Donotincludeanyadditionalinformationthatcanbeputintoafootnote:− Permissions− Referencesthatcanbeincludedinthefootnote

b Box sizesFM •1column

•1column+indent(left-handindent=-35mmintabledesigner)• 2columns•2columns+indent(left-handindent=-35mmintabledesigner)

BFS,CMT,CLI,CER

•48,75,101,127,154and180mm

TDE,FMC,BIO •65,111,134and180mm

b Formatting footnotes

Additional information•Anyadditionalinformationthatisnotincludedinthebox

Symbols •Explainanysymbolsthathavebeenusedinthebox

− Thefollowingsymbolsshouldbeusedinthisorder:†‡§¶#− Ifmorethanfivesymbolsarerequired,usethemdoubled(i.e.,††)− Whenasterisksareusedtoindicatep-values,theseshouldappearononelineandbeseparatedbyasemicolon,withthesentenceendingwithafullstop(e.g.,*p<0.01;**p=0.05)(note:neverchangeanasteriskindicatingap-valuetothe†‡§¶#symbols)

− Symbolsshouldbesuperscript,exceptfortheasterisks− Symbolsarenotseparatedfromthedefinitionbyacolonorspace− Theexplanationforeachsymbolshouldbestartedonanewline(exceptforasterisks)andshouldhaveafullstopattheendunlesstheexplanationissoshortthatthiswouldbeapooruseofspace(ifthisisthecasethenseparatewithasemicolonandendsentencewithafullstop,asforthep-values)

Example †Studyincluded101patients.‡Doesnotincludepatientswithapriorhistoryofmyocardialinfarction.

BOXES

20

Abbreviations•Allabbreviationsmustberedefinedinboxes(includingkeyissuesandexecutivesummaries)evenifalreadydefinedinthetext

Fortherulesonwhenyoushoulddefineanabbreviationinthetextofthefootnoteorattheendofthefootnoteonaseparatelinepleaseseethe‘Tables’section

•Listabbreviationsinthefootnote− Inalphabeticalorder− Abbreviationfollowedbyacolonandthedefinition− Thatthefirstletterofthedefinitionisuppercase− Eachabbreviationseparatedbyasemicolon− Afullstopattheendofthelist

Example ACC:AmericanCollegeofCardiology;AHA:AmericanHeartAssociation;ECG:Electrocardiogram;HRT:Hormone-replacementtherapy.

Permissions•Ifaboxhasbeentakenfromanothersource,theoriginalmustbecitedandreferenced,alongwithanypermissionsinformation

•Ifthepermissiongrantedspecifiestheformatofthecitation,thismustbefollowed•Ifnoformathasbeenspecified,followtheexamplesbelow

− Afullstopisneededattheendofthesection

Example •Reproducedwithpermissionfrom[ref].OR:ifithasbeenmodifiedin-house:•Modifiedwithpermissionfrom[ref].OR:ifdataonlywastakenfromanotherarticleandpermissionisnotrequired:•Datatakenfrom[ref].

•Ifcopyrightneedstobeassignedtoaparticularpublisherandtheyhavenotspecificedawayofformattingthis,itshouldbeformattedasintheexamplebelow

Example Reproducedwithpermissionfrom[8]©Elsevier(2009).

BOXES

21

Order of information in the footnote•Theinformationinthefootnotemustbelistedinthefollowingorder,witheachpartstartingonanewline− Additionalinformationnotincludedinthebox− Explanationofsymbolsusedinthebox− Listofabbreviations− Permissions/referencinginformation

Example Subjectsweretreatedwiththefollowingdrugs:ibuprofen,duloxetineandcapsaicin.†n=101.ACC:AmericanCollegeofCardiology;AHA:AmericanHeartAssociation;ECG:Electrocardiogram;HRT:Hormonereplacementtherapy.Reproducedwithpermissionfrom[8].

b Borders & shadingOlogies • Linesaroundtheboxare1ptdarkgrey

•Boxtitleisshadeddarkgreyandthefontiswhite•Boxsubheadingisnotinaseparaterowbutthefontisbold•Boxfootnoteisseparatedbya1ptlightgreyline

Healths,Stan-dalones,FMC

• Linesaroundtheboxare1ptdarkgrey•Boxtitleisshadeddarkgreyandthefontiswhite•Boxsubheadingisnotinaseparaterowbutthefontisboldanditalic•Boxfootnoteisseparatedbya1ptlightgreyline

Managementseries

• Linesaroundtheboxaremajorcolour(e.g.,inDMTdarkgreen,inPMTblue)and1pt•Boxtitleisshadedinthemajorcolourandfontiswhite•Boxsubheadingisnotinaseparaterowbutthefontisbold•Boxfootnoteisseparatedbyalinethatisthemajorcolourand0.5pt

CPR • Linesaroundtheboxarepantonecolourand1pt•Boxtitleisshadedinthepantonecolourandfontiswhite•Boxsubheadingisnotinaseparaterowbutthefontissemibold•Boxfootnoteisseparatedbyalinethatisthepantonecolourand0.5pt

BFS • Linesaroundtheboxarepantonecolour1pt•Boxtitleisshadedinthepantonecolourandfontiswhite•Boxsubheadingisnotinaseparaterowbutthefontispantonecolourandsemibolditalic•Boxfootnoteisseparatedbyalinethatisthepantonecolourand0.5pt

CER,PPA • Linesaroundtheboxarepantonecolour1pt•Boxtitleisshadedinthepantonecolourandfontiswhite•Boxsubheadisnotinaseparaterowandisthesamefontastheboxbodytextbuthasnobullet•Boxfootnoteisseparatedby1ptlinepantonecolorwith15%tint

CLI • Linesaroundtheboxarepantonecolour1pt•Boxtitleisshadedinthepantonecolourandfontiswhite• Eachboxsubheadsectionisinaseparaterow(separatedbya0.25ptpantonecolourline),thesubheadtitleisboldandhasnobullet

•Boxfootnoteisseparatedbyalinethatisthepantonecolourand0.5ptCMT • Linesaroundtheboxarepantonecolour1pt

•Boxtitleisshadedinthepantonecolourandfontiswhite•Boxsubheadingisnotinaseparaterowbutisbluepantonecolourandsemibold•Boxfootnoteisseparatedbyalinethatisthepantonecolourand1pt

BOXES

22

BIO • Linesaroundtheboxarepantonecolour1pt•Boxtitleisshadedinthepantonecolourandfontiswhite•Boxsubheadingisnotinaseparaterowbutthefontisboldanditalic•Boxfootnoteisseparatedbyalinethatisthepantonecolourand1pt

b Executive summary•Iftherearenosubheadsthenallbulletsshouldbeinonerow•Iftherearesubheads,eachsubsectionshouldbeinadifferentrow(rowseparatedbya0.5ptline–colourwillbedependentonjournal[e.g.,instandalones,ologiesandhealthsitwouldbelightgrey)

•‘Introduction’cannotbeusedasasubhead.Iftheauthorsubmitsthisasasubhead,changeto‘Background’

Example-nosubheads Executive summary

� Accurate classification of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) subtype is essential in clinics due to different prognosis and patient treatment strategies depending on the tumor form.

� Highly specific and precise methods facilitating the distinction of morphologically challenging RCC cases is of great benefit for clinical diagnostics, especially when formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks can be used as a material source.

� Each RCC subtype has characteristic chromosomal imbalances and changes in gene expression, therefore the application of molecular approaches, such as virtual karyotyping and/or miRNA gene-expression profiling, is rational.

� Two sets of miRNAs have been proposed as a biomarker panel for renal tumor subtype discrimination. However, further detailed studies and validation procedures are warranted.

Example-withsubheads Executive summary

Background � To date, lithium represents the mainstay for bipolar treatment with only 30% of patients

fully responding to the therapy. Together with the development of potentially severe side effects, the relatively high fraction of not-responding or partially responding patients strongly support the need for biological predictors of lithium response and/or its side effects. Genetic studies have so far highlighted a number of genes as potentially involved in modulating the phenotype of response in bipolar patients but none has so far been extensively validated.

Materials & methods � Here, we report on an exploratory genome-wide scan followed by validation and extended

genotyping of a sample of 204 bipolar patients of Sardinian origin characterized for lithium response. We applied the scale for the evaluation of the response to lithium prophylaxes with three main approaches: for dichotomizing the sample in responders and nonresponders; for dichotomizing the sample in responders and others (that include partial and nonresponders); and as a continuous trait.

Results � Our findings highlighted several genes that are potentially involved in lithium response.

However, the different analytical approaches suggested the ACCN1 gene as the most significantly associated with lithium response. This gene codes for the acid-sensing ion channel 2, a cation channel mainly expressed in neurons and permeable to sodium and lithium.

Conclusion � If replicated in larger independent samples, our results could indicate ACCN1 as a potential

predictor of lithium response in bipolar patients.

REFERENCES

23

ReferencesNote: All reference sections are called ‘References’ in all companies (we no longer use ‘Bibliography’)

b References not included in the reference section•Thesearetaggedasreferencecitationinthetext•Thefollowingreferencesarecitedinthetextonly:

− UnpublishedData

Example • [SmithRA,WhiteRA,UnpublishedData].• [SmithRAetal.,UnpublishedData].

− PersonalCommunication

Example • [SmithRA,WhiteRA,Pers.Comm.].• [SmithRAetal.,Pers.Comm.].

− DataonFile

Example [SmithRA,WhiteRA,DataonFile].[Glaxosmithkline,DataonFile].[SmithRAetal.,DataonFile].

− Submitted

Example [SmithRA,WhiteRA.Celltherapy:ontheupcurve(2011),Submitted].

− Manuscriptinpreparation

Example [SmithRA,WhiteRA.Celltherapy:ontheupcurve(2011),Manuscriptinprepation].

− UnpublishedPhDtheses

Example [SmithRA,WhiteRA.Celltherapy:ontheupcurve(2011),UnpublishedData].

b References cited in reference section: numbering•Referencecitationsarenumberedinnumericalorderinthetext

− Firstreferencecitedwillbereference1

Patents•Citedintheirownsectionattheendofthereferencesection•Numberedfromthenext‘100’

Example • Ifthereferencelistendsatanynumberunder100,beginnumberingpatentsat101• Ifthelastreferenceisanywherefrom101to200,beginnumberingpatentsat201

REFERENCES

24

Websites•Citedintheirownsectionattheendofthereferencesection•Numberedfromthenext‘100’

Example • Ifthereferencelistendsatanynumberunder100,beginnumberingofwebsitesat101(unlesstherearepatents,inwhichcasepatentswouldbenumberedfrom101andwebsitesfrom201)

• Ifthelastreferenceisanywherefrom101to200,beginnumberingwebsitesat201(un-lesstherearepatents,inwhichcasepatentswouldbenumberedfrom201andwebsitesfrom301)

b References in tables, figures & boxes•Ifareferenceiscitedinthetextandinatable,figureorbox,itisnumberedaccordingtoitspositioninthetext

•IfareferenceisONLYcitedinatable,figureorbox,itshouldbeputattheendofthereferencelist,aftercitationsthathavebeencitedinthetextintheorderthatthebox/table/figureappears

b Journal article references

Authors•Listedasauthorsurnamefollowedbyauthorinitials(nointercedingpunctuationorspaces)•Listuptosixauthors•Forlistsofmorethansixauthors,reducetothefirstthreeauthorsfollowedbyetal.•SuffixessuchasJunior(Jr),Senior(Sr),3rdshouldcomeafterthename

− Thereisnosuperscriptonnumberssuchas1st,2nd,3rd

Example StorySJr,GrassbyJ3rd,TiFSnr

•Endauthorlistwithafullstop

Article title•Sentencecase,Romanfont•Titleoforiginalarticleshouldbemaintainedasoriginallypublishedregardlessofourhousestyle(e.g.,notchangedtoAmericanspelling)

•Definitionsofabbreviationsnotadded•Symbolsshouldbeleftwrittenout–neverchangeittothesymbol•Thefollowingthingsshouldbechangedinreferences:

− Italicsshouldbeadded(DrosophilatoDrosophila;invitrotoinvitro)− Enrulesshouldbeaddedwhereappropriate− Spellingshouldbecorrected− Superscript/subscriptshouldbeadded

•Ifatitleisseparatedbyacolon,theletterfollowingthecolonshouldbelowercase•Endtitlewithafullstop

REFERENCES

25

Journal title•Sentencecase,italicfont•Abbreviated•Generalrulesforabbreviatingjournaltitles:

− Abbreviatedwordsarefollowedbyafullstop− Contractions(e.g.,NatlandJpn)arenotfollowedbyafullstop− Unshortened/unabbreviatedwordsarenotfollowedbyafullstop

Note:Ifyouareunsureofthecorrectabbreviationforajournaltitle,searchforthenameintheNLMcatalogueofPubMed(theISOabbreviationisthecorrectone)

Example •NatlAcad.Sci.• J.ProteinSyn.

•One-wordtitles− Donotshortenjournaltitlesthatareonlyone-wordlong

Example • Lancet•Nature

•Commonabbreviations− Anywordendingin‘ology’isshortenedto‘ol.’unlessitistheonlyword

Example •CardiologytoCardiol.•OncologytoOncol.

− JournalisshortenedtoJ.

Example •Br.Med.J.• J.Neuroscience

− ClinicalisshortenedtoClin.

Example J.Clin.Oncol.

Volume, issue, page numbers & years•Ifnoissuenumberisgiven,thatpartofthereferenceshouldbeformattedas:

− Volume,1stPg–LastPg(year).

Example HauserRA,FreemanTB,SnowBJetal.Long-termevaluationofbilateralfetalnigraltrans-plantationinParkinsondisease.Arch.Neurol.56,179–187(1999).

REFERENCES

26

•Ifanissuenumberisgiven,thatpartofthereferenceshouldbeformattedas:− Volume(issue),1stPg–LastPg(year).

Example BarakatDJ,GaglaniSM,NeravetlaSRetal.Survival,integration,andaxongrowthsupportofgliatransplantedintothechronicallycontusedspinalcord.CellTransplant.14(1),225–240(2005).

Page range•Separatepagerangeswithanenrule•Alwaysgivebothfirstandlastpagenumbersinfull(useduckmacroinwordiflastpagenumbernotgiveninfull)

Example NO:362–78(heretheduckmacrocanbeused)YES:362–378

Letters in the page range•Oftenoccursforsupplements•Useupper-caselettersfor‘S’andlower-caselettersfor‘e’•Alwaysplacelettersbeforethenumbers•Repeatlettersinfullforfirstandlastpages

Example HauserRA,FreemanTB,SnowBJetal.Long-termevaluationofbilateralfetalnigraltrans-plantationinParkinsondisease.Arch.Neurol.56(Suppl.1),S179–S187(1999).

Supplements•Referredtoafterthevolumenumberinbrackets•AbbreviatedtoSuppl.•Suppl.alwaysplacedbeforesupplementnumber•Nonbreakingspacebetween‘Suppl.’andnumber

Example HauserRA,FreemanTB,SnowBJetal.Long-termevaluationofbilateralfetalnigraltrans-plantationinParkinsondisease.Arch.Neurol.56(Suppl.1),179–187(1999).

•Ifanissueandsupplementnumberisgiven,includeissueandSuppl.insamebracketswithaspace(nopunctuation)between

Example Arch.Neurol.56(11Suppl.1),179–187(1999).

Abstracts in journal article references•Whenabstractsaregiveninjournalarticlereferences,thesetendtobethemorenumber.Forthesereferences,theword‘Abstract’shouldbeincludedandthenumbershouldappearafterthis

Example RazzoukBI.Influenceofhemoglobinresponsetoepoetinonqualityoflifeinchildrenwithcancer.J.Clin.Oncol.10(1),AbstractD102(1994).

REFERENCES

27

Foreign language articles•Usetranslatedtitleifavailableandplaceitinsquarebrackets

Example RazzoukBI.[Influenceofhemoglobinresponsetoepoetinonqualityoflifeinchildrenwithcancer].J.Clin.Oncol.10(1),15–18(1994).

•Iftranslatedversionisnotavailable,useforeignlanguagetitleandformatnormally

b Manuscripts in press•Includeasmuchinformationaspossible(musthaveyear)•Followreferencewith‘(InPress)’

Example JanickeDM,FinneyJW,RileyAW.Children’shealthcareuse:aprospectiveinvestigationoffactorsrelatedtocare-seeking.Med.Care(2001)(InPress).

b Epub ahead of print•Includeasmuchinformationaspossible,includingdoi•doiislowercasewithnospaceafterthecolonandbeforethenumber•Followreferencewith‘(Epubaheadofprint)’

Example JanickeDM,FinneyJW,RileyAW.Children’shealthcareuse:aprospectiveinvestigationoffactorsrelatedtocare-seeking.Med.Caredoi:0934kjfmn20945(2001)(Epubaheadofprint).

b Online only•Includeasmuchinformationaspossible,includingdoi•doiislowercasewithnospaceafterthecolonandbeforethenumber•Followreferencewith‘(Online)’

Example JanickeDM,FinneyJW,RileyAW.Children’shealthcareuse:aprospectiveinvestigationoffactorsrelatedtocare-seeking.Med.Caredoi:0934kjfmn20945(2001)(Online).

b Symposia/meetings/conferences•Speaker/Authors.Titleofpresentation.Presentedat:TitleofMeeting/Symposium.Town,State,Country,dateyear.

OR•Speaker/Authors.Titleofpresentation.ProceedingsofTitleofMeeting/Symposium.Town,State,Country,dateyear.− Nobracketsaroundyearinthistypeofreference

•Dategiveninfull− Ifwithinamonth:1–3March2006− Ifspans2months:28February–3March2006

REFERENCES

28

Example • SmithAB,JonesCD.Recentprogressinthepharmacotherapyofdiseasesofthelowerurinarytract.Proceedingsofthe13thInternationalSymposiumonMedicinalChemistry.Atlanta,GA,USA,2–6October1994.

• SmithAB,JonesCD.Recentprogressinthepharmacotherapyofdiseasesofthelowerurinarytract.Presentedat:13thInternationalSymposiumonMedicinalChemistry.Atlanta,GA,USA,28November–2December1994.

Abstracts in symposia/meeting/conferences•Abstractplusabstractnumberareplacedaftertheyearinbrackets

Example RazzoukBI.Influenceofhemoglobinresponsetoepoetinonqualityoflifeinchildrenwithcancer.ProgramandAbstractsofthe46thAnnualMeetingoftheAmericanSoci-etyofHematology.Atlanta,GA,USA,18–20March1994(AbstractD102).

b Posters•Posterplusposternumberareplacedaftertheyearinbrackets

Example RazzoukBI.Influenceofhemoglobinresponsetoepoetinonqualityoflifeinchildrenwithcancer.ProgramandAbstractsofthe46thAnnualMeetingoftheAmericanSoci-etyofHematology.Atlanta,GA,USA,18–20March1994(Poster130).

b Books

Authors•Listedasauthorsurnamefollowedbyauthorinitials(nointerveningpunctuation)•Listuptosixauthors•Forlistsofmorethansixauthors,reducetothefirstthreeauthorsfollowedbyetal.•Endauthorlistwithafullstop

Chapter/section title•Sentencecase,Romanfont•Followedbyfullstop

Book title•Precededby‘In:’•Titlecase(firstlettersofwordsinuppercase)anditalicfont•Ifaparticulareditionisreferenced:

− Putinbrackets− Numberofeditionwrittennumericallywithnosuperscript− Followedby‘Edition’− Isalsoitalic

Example In:NeuralNetworks(4thEdition).

Editors•Listedasforauthors•Followedby(Ed.).forasingleeditoror(Eds).formultipleeditors

REFERENCES

29

Examples Oneeditor:• SmithA(Ed.).Twoeditors:• SmithA,NicholsB(Eds).

Publisher•Writeoutpublishernamefollowedbythetown/stateandcountrythattheyarebasedin•DonotincludetownsforUSpublishersjustlistthestate

− Liststateasthetwo-letterabbreviation

Example •OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford,UK•Wiley,NY,USA

Page range•Ifincluded,putafterpublisheraddressandbeforeyear•Commashouldbeusedaftercountryandbeforepagerange•Thereisnopunctuationafterthepagerange•Useanenrulebetweenpagerange

Examples More than one editor:•AuthorAA,AuthorAA,AuthorAAetal.Chapterorsectiontitle.In:TitleofBook.EditorEE,EditorEE(Eds).Publishername,Town/State,Country(year).

−SmithB,PooA,LipGetal.CancerandHIV.In:HIVandRelatedInfections.WatsonPA,MargoT(Eds).OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford,UK(2006).

One editor:•AuthorAA,AuthorAA,AuthorAAetal.Chapterorsectiontitle.In:TitleofBook.EditorEE(Ed.).Publishername,Town/State,Country(year).

−SmithB,PooA,LipGetal.CancerandHIV.In:HIVandRelatedInfections.WatsonPA(Ed.).OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford,UK(2006).

Book with a defined edition:•AuthorAA,AuthorAA.Chapterorsectiontitle.In:TitleofBook(3rdEdition).EditorEE(Ed.).Publishername,Town/State,Country(year).

−SmithB.CancerandHIV.In:HIVandRelatedInfections(2ndEdition).WatsonPA(Ed.).OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford,UK(2006).

Referencing an entire book (no single chapter/section referencing):•BookTitle(2ndEdition).EditorEE(Ed.).Publisher,Town/State,Country(year).

−HIVandRelatedInfections(2ndEdition).WatsonPA(Ed.).OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford,UK(2006).

Referencing a book with no editors or chapter information:•AuthorAA,AuthorAA,AuthorAAetal.TitleofBook.Publishername,Town/State,Country(year).

−SeccombeA,CreswellR,GengeCetal.HepatitisCVirus.OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford,UK(2006).

Referencing a book with a page range:•AuthorAA,AuthorAA,AuthorAAetal.Chapterorsectiontitle.In:TitleofBook.EditorEE,EditorEE(Eds).Publishername,Town/State,Country,xxx–xxx(year).

−SmithB,PooA,LipGetal.CancerandHIV.In:HIVandRelatedInfections.WatsonPA,MargoT(Eds).OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford,UK,377–401(2006).

REFERENCES

30

b Legislation/guidance•Titleofguidance

− Titlecaseanditalics− Followedbyafullstop

•Organization,location(YEAR).

Example •PandemicInfluenzaPreparednessFramework.WHO,Geneva,Switzerland(2011).

b Newspaper articles•Authorfollowedbyfullstop•Articletitle•Newspapertitle

− Italic− Titlecase− Followedbyacomma

•Date,Month(year).

Example MartinezB.Careguidelinesusedbyinsurersfacescrutiny.WallStreetJournal,14thSeptember(2000).

b Published PhD theses•Authorfollowedbyfullstop•Articletitle[PhDThesis].

− Italic− Titlecase

•Institute,Location(year).

Example SmithAB.Celltherapy:ontheupcurve[PhDthesis].UniversityofCambridge,Cambridge,UK(1986).

b Prescribing information•Tradename®/™,prescribinginformation.Company,Town/State,Country(year).

Example Detrol™,prescribinginformation.PharmaciaCorp.,MI,USA(2001).

b Package inserts•Tradename®/™,packageinsert.Company,Town/State,Country.

Example Lipitor®,packageinsert.PfizerLtd,NY,USA.

b Court cases•Prosecutoranddefendantinitalicsfollowedbyacomma•Yearinbracketsatendfollowedbyfullstop

Example •Matthiesv.Mastromonaco,733A.2d456(N.J.1999).•VanVactorv.BlueCrossAssoc.,365N.E.2d638,645(III.App.Ct.1977).

REFERENCES

31

b PatentsFordetailsofhowtonumberpatentspleasesee‘References cited in reference section: numbering’Formatas:•ASSIGNEE:publicationnumber(year)orSurname,Initial:publicationnumber(year)

− Ifthepatentbelongstoacompany,thecompanyshouldbeinuppercase− Ifthepatentbelongstoapersonorgroupofpeopleformatnamesaswewouldnormallyinareference

− Nospacebetweenlettersandnumbersforpublicationnumber− EPpatentsalwayshaveahyphenbuttheothersdonot− DeletelettersAorB,commonlyappendedtoapatentnumber(designatingitsstatus)

Patenttypes • EP:Europeanpatents:EP-123456•WO:Worldpatents:WO0034567•US:Americanpatents:US1234567• JP:Japanesepatents:JP1234567•GB:Britishpatents:GB123456

Examples •MERCKFROSSTCANADA,INC.:WO9714691(1997).•AVENTIS:EP-765392(2001).• PFIZERGLOBALR&D:US5623452(1995).•CookN:US5623463(2002).•WildC,MilesV:WO9714869(2004).

b WebsitesFordetailsofhowtonumberwebsitespleasesee‘References cited in reference section: numbering’

Title of website•Ifitisthehomepageofacompany,organisationorproduct:

− Putthenameofthecompany,organisationorproduct− Donotincludetheword‘website’− Alwayshaveafullstopattheendofthetitle

•Ifitisaparticulararticle:− Referenceasmuchinformationaspossibleaboutthearticle(title,authors,dateetc.)

URL•Donotinclude‘http’

− Unlessaddressdoesnotinclude‘www’

Date of access•Onlyincludeiftheauthorhasincludedwiththeiroriginalmanuscript•Referenceas:(AccessedDayMonthYear)•Nofullstopattheend•Iftherearemultiplewebsitesandtheauthorhasonlyprovidedaccessdatesforsome,donotdeletetheonesprovided.Asktheauthorforaccessdatesfortheothers.Iftheycan’tprovidetheadditionalonesthenleaveintheonesprovidedevenifitmeansitisinconsistent

REFERENCES

32

Exampleofawebsiteforanorganisation

101.USFDA.www.fda.gov(Accessed1January2001)Note:Allsectionsareonseparatelines(thisshouldbeasoftreturn)

Exampleofawebsiteforaparticulararticle

101.RazzoukBI.Influenceofhemoglobinresponsetoepoetinonqualityoflifeinchildrenwithcancer.J.Clin.Oncol.10(1),AbstractD102(1994).www.mendeley.com/research/influence-hemoglobin-response-epoetin-alfa-qualityoflife-anemic-children-cancer-receiving-myelosuppressive-chemotherapy-abstract-2218(Accessed1January2001)

b Reference annotations•Papersofinterest/considerableinterestshouldbehighlightedbyone/twobulletpointsfollowedbyacommentunderneaththereference

•Ensurethereferenceannotationblurbisaddedinafterthe‘Reference’title

ExampleReferencePapers of special note have been highlighted as:n of interestnn of considerable interest

•Theannotationshouldbebrief(delete‘thisarticle’or‘thispaper’)•Redefineallabbreviationsinthereferenceannotationsectionatfirstcitation(sameabbreviationsrulesapplyasforthetext)

•Ifanotereferstomultiplereferences,thenoteshouldappearaftereachofthosereferences•Ifonlypapers‘ofinterest’areindicated,thendeletethe‘ofconsiderableinterest’sentencefromreferenceannotationblurb

Example ReferencePapers of special note have been highlighted as:n of interest

•Ifonlypapers‘ofconsiderableinterest’areindicated,thendeletethe‘ofinterest’sentencefromthereferenceannotationblurb

Example ReferencePapers of special note have been highlighted as:nn of considerable interest

REFERENCES

33

b Referencing in the news•Referencesfollowtheheading‘Source:’or‘Sources:’•Journalreferencesareformattedasnormalandappearasthefirstsource•Acolonseparatesthereferencetitlefromthewebsite’saddress

− Ayearcanincluded− Accessdatesareneverincluded

•Asemicolonseparatesmultiplenewssources•Thelastsourceisfollowedbyafullstopunlessitisawebsite

Examples • Source:BarakatDJ,GaglaniSM,NeravetlaSRetal.Survival,integration,andaxongrowthsupportofgliatransplantedintothechronicallycontusedspinalcord.CellTransplant.14(1),225–240(2005).

• Source:USFDA:www.fda.gov• Sources:BarakatDJ,GaglaniSM,NeravetlaSRetal.Survival,integration,andaxongrowthsupportofgliatransplantedintothechronicallycontusedspinalcord.CellTransplant.14(1),225–240(2005);USFDA:www.fda.gov

Press releases•Company/publishernamefollowedbyafullstop•Titleofpressrelease

− Sentencecase− Notitalic− Fullstopattheend

•Pressreleasefollowedbyafullstop

Examples • Source:GlaxoSmithKline.GlaxoSmithKlineannouncesstartofphaseIIIstudyofBenlysta®(belimumab)inpatientswithvasculitis.Pressrelease:www.gsk.com/media/press-releases/2013/glaxosmithkline-announces-start-of-phase-iii-study-of-benlysta--.html

DEFINITIONS

34

DefinitionsForhowtodefineabbreviationsinfigures,tablesandboxes,pleasesee’Tables’ (page 7),’Figures’ (page 14)and’Boxes’ (page 20)sectionsabove

Usewithmoderation•Articleswithalotofabbreviationsaredifficulttoreadanditbecomeshardtorememberwhateachabbreviationstandsfor

Useanabbreviationif:•Theabbreviationisincommonuseandwellknown,andisusedmorethanthreetimes(thisincludesthefirsttimetheabbreviationisdefined)− e.g.,acetylcholine(Ach)

•ItshortensaverywordyphraseDonotuseanabbreviationif:•Theabbreviationisonlyusedthree,orfewer,times

Forcomprehensivelistsofwordswedoordonotdefinepleaseclick here (pages 41–55)

b Defining abbreviations within sections•Abbreviationsneedtobedefinedindependentlyineachofthefollowingsections,evenifusedpreviouslyinoneoftheothersectionslisted:− Abstract− Text− Boxes− Tables− Figures− Keyissues/Executivesummary/Highlights/Practicepoints− Referenceannotations

b Using abbreviations in the text

Defining abbreviations•Abbreviationsshouldneverbedefinedwithintitles

− Writeoutinfullinthetitleanddefinebelowinthetext•Makesuretheabbreviationfollowsthedefinition

Example • Somaticcellnucleartransfer(SCNT)• NOT:SCNT(somaticcellnucleartransfer)

•Youcanincludesymbolsandnumberswithinthedefinition

Example • Toll-likereceptor-1a(TLR1a)• Hypoxiainduciblefactor1(HIF1)

DEFINITIONS

35

•Donotunderline,italiciseorcapitalisethefirstlettersofthedefinition

Example • cAMP-responsiveelement(CRE)• NOT:cAMP-responsiveelement(CRE)• NOT:cAMP-responsiveelement(CRE)• NOT:CAMP-ResponsiveElement(CRE)

•Exception:clinicaltrialnames–wedonotdefineclinicaltrialnamesbutifanauthorinsiststhentheycancapitalisethefirstletterofeachwordinthedefinition(leaveastheauthorsubmits)

Example AntihypertensiveandLipid-LoweringTreatmenttoPreventHeartAttackTrial(ALLHAT)

•Oncetheabbreviationhasbeendefined,itshouldbeusedonallfurtheroccasions;thefulltextshouldneverbereusedwithinthesamesection(theonlyexceptionisiftheabbreviationistheonlywordinatitle–inthiscasewewouldputinfullinthetitleunlessitisawordweneverdefinee.g.,TNF-a)

Plural abbreviations•Followabbreviationswithalower-case‘s’tomakeplural•Donotaddanapostrophebeforethe‘s’•Abbreviationcansubsequentlybeusedsingularly(CTL)orastheplural(CTLs)

Example CytotoxicTlymphocytes(CTLs)

•Ifthedefinitionisplural,no‘s’isneededfollowingtheabbreviation− However,theabbreviationmustthenbeusedasthepluralformthroughoutthearticleandshouldneverhaveanadditional‘s’added

Note:Itisbettertoavoiddefiningwordsaspluralwheneverpossible

Example Redbloodcells(RBC)

•Avoidpluralsfollowingalower-caseletterofanabbreviation

Example • MrsshouldbechangedtoMrvalues• PkasshouldbechangedtotoPkavalues

Reiterating parts of the abbreviation•Donotreiteratewordsincludedwithinanabbreviationinthetext

Example • TheanalysiswasperformedusingPCR• NOT:TheanalysiswasperformedusingPCRreaction• TheanalysiswasperformedusingELISA• NOT:TheanalysiswasperformedusingELISAassay

DEFINITIONS

36

Company/organisation abbreviations •Pronouncableorganisationabbreviationsgenerallydonotrequireapreceding‘the’

Example • NATO,NASA,INSERM,WHO

− Exceptionstothisinclude:

Example • TheNIH,USFDA,EC,MRC,NHS

•Companiesdonotrequireapreceding‘the’

Example • BT

Symbols•AbbreviatedtotheGreeksymbol(exceptinthereferencesorifitformspartofadrugname)

Example • Darbepoetinalfa

− SymbolsarecreatedbyputtingtheequivalentRomanletterintosymbolfont(exceptionisµ,whichisenteredusingtheAltcode[ALT0181])

Example • Alphatoa• Betatob• Gammatog

•ForalistofRomanlettersandtheirGreekequivalents,see page 69•ForalistofusefulAltcodes,see page 68

Hyphens•Greeksymbolsshouldnotbeleftfloatingaloneinthetext

− UsuallyaddahyphenformixedRoman–Greekabbreviations

Example • TNF-a• NGF-b

•ForanexplanationofhowtodefinemixedRoman–Greekabbreviationsinthetextpleasesee page 34

Genes•Wedonotdefinegenes(unlessauthorinsistsweleavein)

Proteins•Wedonotdefineproteinsunlesstheyareonthe‘todefine’listorunlessauthorinsistsweleavein•Wedonotdefinereceptorsiftheirligandarenotdefined

DEFINITIONS

37

Degrees•Donotneedtobedefined•Theabbreviationshouldhave:

− Nospaces− Nofullstops

Example BA,BSc,PhD,MPhil

Units•Wedonotdefinemostunits

− Exceptionsare:colony-formingunit(injournalsotherthanimmuno,micro,virologyorvaccinestitles,wherewedonotdefine),plaque-formingunits(injournalsotherthanimmuno,micro,virologyorvaccinestitles,wherewedonotdefine)

•Weusethefollowingabbreviationsfortheunitslistedbelow:

Definition Abbreviation

Ångstrom Å(10Å=1nm)

Centimeter cm

Countsperminute c.p.m.

Cyclespersecond Hz

Dalton Da

Degreescelsius °C

Enzymeunit U

Gram g

Gray(absorbeddoseofradiation) Gy

Hour h

Kilobasepair kpb

Kilogram kg

Liter l

Megabasepair Mbp

Meter m

Microgram µg

Definition Abbreviation

Micrometer µm

Micromole µmol

Microliter µl

Milliliter ml

Millimolar mM

Millimole mmol

Minute min

Molar M

Mole mol

Newton N

Partsperbillion p.p.b.

Partspermillion p.p.m.

Revolutionsperminute r.p.m.

Seconds s

Volt V

Watt W

DEFINITIONS

38

b Full stops in abbreviations•Ingeneralwedonotusefullstopsinabbreviationsunlesstheyareunitordrugdoseabbreviation

Example • r.p.m.• t.i.d.

•Whenasentenceendswithanabbreviationthathasafullstopattheend,nofurtherfullstopisrequired

b Which words to abbreviate whereForafulllistofabbreviationsandifandwhentoabbreviate,pleasesee pages 41–55

Words we never define•Units(withtheexceptionofCFUandPFU)•Chemicalcompounds

Example NaCl,H2O,H2O2etc.

•Aminoacidone-letterorthree-lettercodes

Example Arg,Asp,Ileetc.

•Aparticularformofamolecule

Example • UseimmunoglobulinifusedaloneorIgGifassociatedwiththe‘G’• UseapolipoproteinifusedaloneorapoEifassociatedwiththe‘E’

•Genenames(unlessauthorinsists)•Proteinnames(unlessauthorinsistsoritisinthedefinitionlistasonewedefine)•Clinicaltrialnames(unlessauthorinsists)•Mono-,tri-anddiphosphates(AMP,ADP,ATP,GDP,GTP)•Nucleicacidsinanyform(dsRNA,siRNAetc.)

Note:definitionsfortheaboveshouldberemovedunlessauthorinsistsonleavingindefinition

Words we only abbreviate in brackets•Someabbreviationsshouldneverbeusedinthetext,andonlyabbreviatedinbracketssuchas:

− i.e.,ande.g.,− i.e.,use‘inotherwords’orequivalentinthetext− e.g.,use‘forexample’orequivalentinthetext

Example Neurodegenerativediseases(e.g.,Parkinson’sandAlzheimer’sdisease)…

Note:weneverdefinee.g.,ori.e.,

DEFINITIONS

39

Dosing frequencies & drug administration•Canbeusedintheirabbreviatedforminboththetext,tables,figuresandboxesbutmustbedefinedatfirstuseasperournormalrules.

•Commonlyuseddosingfrequencyabbreviationsinclude:− Everyday/onceaday(q.d.)− Two-timesaday(b.i.d.)− Three-timesadaily(t.i.d.)− Four-timesaday(q.i.d.)

•Commonlyusedrouteofdrugadministrationabbreviationsinclude:− Intramuscularorintramuscularly(im.)− Intraperitonealorintraperitoneally(ip.)− Intravenousorintravenously(iv.)− Perorem(orally)(p.o.)− Peros(boneadministration)(p.o.)− Subcutaneousorsubcutaneously(sc.)

Note:Thenumberoffullstopsandcase.Furthermore,ifiv.,forexample,isatthestartofasentencethen‘i’isstilllowercase

Note2:Ifiv.orsc.,forexample,arementionedinasentencewithoutanassociatedvalue/measurement/dosage/drugitisbettertowriteinfull

DEFINITIONS

40

b Two-letter abbreviations for US states•Neverdefineandalwaysusetwo-letterabbreviation

State Abbreviation State AbbreviationAlabama AL Montana MTAlaska AK Nebraska NEArizona AZ Nevada NVArkansas AR NewHampshire NHCalifornia CA NewJersey NJColorado CO NewMexico NMConnecticut CT NewYork NYDelaware DE NorthCarolina NCDistrictofColumbia DC NorthDakota NDFlorida FL Ohio OHGeorgia GA Oklahoma OKGuam GU Oregon ORHawaii HI Pennsylvania PAIdaho ID PuertoRico PRIllinois IL RhodeIsland RIIndiana IN SouthCarolina SCIowa IA SouthDakota SDKansas KS Tennessee TNKentucky KY Texas TXLouisiana LA Utah UTMaine ME Vermont VTMaryland MD VirginIslands VIMassachusetts MA Virginia VAMichigan MI Washington WAMinnesota MN WestVirginia WVMississippi MS Wisconsin WIMissouri MO Wyoming WY

DEFINITIONS

41

b Comprehensive definition list for FMNote:Theblue-highlightedabbreviationsarejournalspecificNote2:Ifyouareunsureifwedefineawordanditdoesnotappearonthislistitmeansthatwedefine

Abbreviation Full Define?2D Two-dimensional No3D Three-dimensional No7vPCV(noteformat) 7valentpneumococcalconjugate

vaccineNo

Ab Antibody YesACE Angiotensin-convertingenzyme YesACh Acetylcholine YesACR AmericanCollegeofRheumatology NoinIJRAd Adenovirus Noinimmuno,virology,microor

vaccinestitlesAD Alzheimer’sdisease YesADCC Antibody-dependentcellular

cytotoxicityNoinimmuno,virology,microorvaccinestitles

ADHD Attention-deficit/hyperactivitydisorder

NoinNPY,FNL,NMTandPMT

ADP Adenosinediphosphate No:mono-,di-ortriphosphatesdonotneedtobedefined

AIDS Acquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome

No

AMP Adenosinemonophosphate No:mono-,di-ortriphosphatesdonotneedtobedefined

Ang Angiopoietin Writeinfullifusedalonetorepresentthegroupofmolecules.Donotdefineifusedasaparticulartypeofangiopoietinmolecule(AngI,AngIIetc.)

APC Antigen-presentingcell Noinimmuno,virology,microorvaccinestitles

apo Apolipoprotein Writeinfullifusedalonetorepresentthegroupofmolecules.Donotdefineifusedasaparticularformofapolipoprotein(ApoAIetc.)

ART Antiretroviraltherapy YesATP Adenosinetriphosphate No:mono-,di-ortriphosphatesdo

notneedtobedefinedATPase Adenosinetriphosphatase NoAUC Areaunderthecurve YesBBB Blood–brainbarrier YesBCG BacilleCalmette–Guérin Noinimmuno,virology,microor

vaccinestitles

DEFINITIONS

42

BMI Bodymassindex NoC Cholesterol(e.g.,LDL-cholesterol

[LDL-C])Yes

C-terminus Carboxyterminus NocAMP CyclicAMP NoCD4orCD8 Clusterofdifferentiation4or8 NoCDC CentersforDiseaseControland

PreventionNo

Cdk Cyclin-dependentkinase NoinoncologytitlescDNA ComplementaryDNA No:nonucleotidesneedtobe

definedCFU Colony-formingunit Noinimmuno,virology,microor

vaccinestitlesCHD Coronaryheartdisease YesCI Confidenceinterval NoCmax Maximalconcentration NoCMV Cytomegalovirus Noinimmuno,virology,microor

vaccinestitlesCNS Centralnervoussystem NoCOX Cyclooxygenase NoCpG Cytosineandguanineseparatedbya

phosphateNo

CR Completeresponse YesCSF Cerebrospinalfluid YesCTiffollowedby‘scan’ Computedtomography Noiffollowedby‘scan’(e.g.,CT

scan).Defineifusedwithout‘scan’exceptinIIMwhereitdoesnotneeddefiningever

CTP Cytosinetriphosphate NoCYP450 CytochromeP450 NoD&C Dilation(ordilatation)andcurettage NoinWHEDC Dendriticcell YesDFS Disease-freesurvival YesDMEM Dulbecco’smodifiedEaglemedium NoinRMEorNNMDNA Deoxyribosenucleicacid No:nonucleotidesneedtobe

definedDNase Deoxyribonuclease NodsDNA Double-strandedDNA No:nonucleotidesneedtobe

definedDSM(orDSM-TR) TheDiagnosticandStatisticalManu-

alofMentalDisorders(Textrevision)Noinneurojournals

dsRNA Double-strandedRNA No:nonucleotidesneedtobedefined

EBV Epstein–Barrvirus Noinimmuno,virology,microorvaccinestitles

DEFINITIONS

43

EC50 50%effectiveconcentration NoECG Electrocardiogram NoEDTA Ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid NoinRMEorNNMEEG Electroencephalogram NoEFS Event-freesurvival YesEGF Epidermalgrowthfactor No:growthfactorsdonotneedto

bedefinedELISA Enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent

assayNo

ELISPOT Enzyme-linkedimmunosorbentspot YesEMA EuropeanMedicinesAgency NoEnv Envelope NoER EndoplasmicreticulumOR

EmergencyroomYes

ERK Extracellularsignal-regulatedkinase NoEU EuropeanUnion NoFab Fragmentantigen-binding NoFACS Fluorescence-activatedcellsorting NoFas Nodefinitionavailable NoFc Fragment,crystallizable NoFDA FoodandDrugAdministration No:FDAshouldbeprecededby

‘US’thefirsttimeitisusedineachsection

FGF Fibroblastgrowthfactor No:growthfactorsdonotneedtobedefined

FISH Fluorescenceinsituhybridization NoGABA g-aminobutericacid NoGDP Guanosinediphosphateorgross

domesticproductNoifusedasguanosinediphosphate.Defineonlyifusedtomeansomethingelse(e.g.,grossdomesticproduct)

GFP Greenfluorescentprotein YesGI Gastrointestinal Noiffollowedby‘tract’.Otherwise

defineGM-CSF Granulocyte-macrophagecolony

stimulatingfactorNoinimmuno,virology,microandvaccinestitles

GMP Goodmanufacturingpractice NoinPGS,EPI,PME,RMEorNNMGp Glycoprotein Writeinfullifusedaloneto

representthegroupofmolecules.Donotdefineifusedasaparticularformofglycopoprotein(Gp3etc.)

GTP Guanosinetriphosphate NoHAART Highlyactiveantiretroviraltherapy Noinimmuno,virology,microor

vaccinestitles

DEFINITIONS

44

HBV HepatitisBvirus Noinimmuno,virology,microorvaccinestitles

HCV HepatitisCvirus Noinimmuno,virology,microorvaccinestitles

HDL High-densitylipoprotein NoincardiologyorlipidologytitlesHIV Humanimmunodeficiencyvirus NoHLA Humanleukocyteantigen NoHMG-CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl

coenzymeANo

HPA Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal NoinneurotitlesHPLC High-performanceliquid

chromatographyNo

HPV Humanpapillomavirus Noinimmuno,virology,microorvaccinestitlesunlesshasadifferentmeaning

HR Hazardratio YesHRT Hormone-replacementtherapy NoinWHEHSV Herpessimplexvirus Noinimmuno,virology,microor

vaccinestitlesunlesshasadifferentmeaning

IC50 50%inhibitoryconcentration NoICAM Intracellularadhesionmolecule NoIFN Interferon Writeinfullifusedaloneto

representthegroupofmolecules.Donotdefineifusedasaparticularformofinterferon(IFN-getc.)

IGF Insulin-likegrowthfactor NoIg Immunoglobulin Writeinfullifusedaloneto

representthegroupofmolecules.Donotdefineifusedasaparticularformofimmunoglobulin(IgGetc.)

IL Interleukin Writeinfullifusedalonetorepresentthegroupofmolecules.Donotdefineifusedasaparticularformofinterleukin(IL-2etc.)

IU Intrauterine YesIUD Intrauterinedevice NoinWHEIVF Invitrofertilization NoinWHEJAK Janus-activatedkinase NoLDL Low-densitylipoprotein NoincardiologyorlipidologytitlesmAb Monoclonalantibody YesMALDI Matrix-assistedlaserdesorption/

ionizationNoinPGS,PME,EPIorNNM

MAPK Mitogen-activatedproteinkinase NoMAPKK Mitogen-activatedproteinkinase

kinaseNo

DEFINITIONS

45

MEK Mitogen-activatedproteinkinase/extracellularsignal-regulatedkinasekinase

No

MHC Majorhistocompatibilitycomplex NoMI Myocardialinfarction YesMIC Minimuminhibitoryconcentration NomiRNA MicroRNA NoMMR Measles–mumps–rubella Noinimmuno,virology,microor

vaccinestitlesMR Magneticresonance NoinIIMMRI Magneticresonanceimaging NomRNA MessengerRNA NoMRSA Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus

aureusNoinimmuno,virology,microorvaccinestitles

MS Multiplesclerosisormassspectrometry

Yes

mTOR Mammaliantargetofrapamycin NoNADPH Nicotinamideadeninedinucleotide

phosphatehydrogenNo

NF-kB Nuclearfactor-kB NoNGF Nervegrowthfactor NoNHS NationalHealthService YesNICE NationalInstitutesofClinical

ExcellenceNo

NIH NationalInstitutesofHealth NoNK Naturalkiller Noimmuno,virology,microor

vaccinestitlesNMDA N-methyl-d-aspartate NoinneurotitlesNMR Nuclearmagneticresonance NoinIIMNS Notsignificant YesNSAID Nonsteroidalanti-inflammatorydrug NoNSCLC Non-small-celllungcancer NoinLMTOA Osteoarthritis YesOR Oddsratio YesORF Openreadingframe NoinPGS,PMEorEPIOS Overallsurvival YesOTC Overthecounter YesPCR Polymerasechainreaction NoPKAorC ProteinkinaseAorC NoPPAR Peroxisomeproliferator-activated

receptorNo

PD Parkinson’sdisease YesPEG Polyethyleneglycol NoinNNMPET Positronelectrontomography No

DEFINITIONS

46

PFS Progression-freesurvival YesPFU Plaque-formingunit Noinimmuno,virology,microor

vaccinestitlesPI3K Phosphoinositide3-kinase NoPNS Peripheralnervoussystem NoPTEN Phosphateandtensinhomolog YesQALY Quality-adjustedlife-year YesQoL(notelower-case‘o’) Qualityoflife YesQRScomplex Nodefinitionavailable NoR Receptor Noiftheligandisnotdefined

(e.g.,VEGFreceptor[VEGFR])r Recombinant Inimmuno,virology,microand

vaccinestitles,donotdefinerifpartofanotherterm(e.g.,rHIV).Otherwisedefine

RA Rheumatoidarthritis YesR&D Researchanddevelopment NoRANKL Receptoractivatorofnuclear

factor-kBligandNo

RANTES Regulateduponactivation,normalTcellexpressedandsecreted

No

RFLP Restrictionfragmentlengthpolymorphism

NoinPGS,PMEorEPI

RFS Recurrence-freesurvival YesRNA Ribonucleicacid NoRNAi Ribonucleicacidinterference NoRNase Ribonuclease NoROC Receiveroperatingcharacteristic YesSARS Severeacuterespiratorysyndrome NoSD Standarddeviation YesSDS-PAGE Sodiumdodecylsulfate

polyacrylamidegelelectrophoresisNo

SELDI Surface-enhancedlaserdesorption/ionization

No

SEM Standarderrorofthemean YesSHIV Simian–humanimmunodeficiency

virusNoinimmuno,virology,microorvaccinestitles

shRNA SmallhairpinRNA NoSILAC Stableisotopelabelingwithamino

acidsincellcultureNo

siRNA ShortinterferingRNA NoSIV Simianimmunodeficiencyvirus Noinimmuno,virology,microor

vaccinestitlesSNP Singlenucleotidepolymorphism NoinPGS,PMEorEPI

DEFINITIONS

47

SPECT Single-photonemissioncomputedtomography

NoinIIM

SREBP Sterolregulatoryelement-bindingprotein

Yes

ssRNA Single-strandedRNA NoSTAT Signaltransducersandactivatorsof

transcriptionNo

STD Sexuallytransmitteddisease YesTB Tuberculosis Noinimmuno,virology,microor

vaccinestitlesTh Thelper Writeinfullifusedaloneto

representthegroupofmolecules.DonotdefineifusedasaparticularformofT-helpercell(Th1etc.)

TLR7(noteformatwithnohyphen)

Toll-likereceptor Yes

Tmax Maximumtemperature NoTNF Tumornecrosisfactor NoTNM Tumornodemetastasis YesTOF Timeofflight NoTreg RegulatoryTcells NotRNA TransferRNA NoTTP Tyrosinetriphosphate NoinPGS,PMEorEPIUTR Untranslatedregion NoinPGS,PMEorEPIUV Ultraviolet YesifnotusedforultravioletVCAM Vascularcelladhesionmolecule NoVEGF Vascularendothelialgrowthfactor NoVLDL Verylow-densitylipoprotein NoincardiologyorlipidologytitlesVZV VaricellaZostervirus YesWHO WorldHealthOrganisation NoClinicaltrialnames NounlessauthorhasprovidedthemGenes NoProteins Nounlessonthislistas‘Yes’

DEFINITIONS

48

b Comprehensive definition list for FSNote:Theblue-highlightedabbreviationsarejournalspecificNote2:Ifyouareunsureifwedefineawordanditdoesnotappearonthislistitmeansthatwedefine

Abbreviation Full Define?Chemicalformulas/commonlyusedabbreviationsforchemicals

Donotdefinechemicalformulas(e.g.,NaOH,AgCl,DMSO,EDTA,TFA,TEA,PEG)

No

Ach Acetylcholine YesAllgenes NoAllproteins NoAPCI Atmosphericpressurechemicalionization NoATP Adenosinetriphosphate No:nomono-,di-or

triphosphatesshouldbedefinedAUC Areaundercurve NoAUC-t Areaundercurveattimet NoBBB Blood–brainbarrier YesBMI Bodymassindex NoCD4orCD8 Clusterofdifferentiation4or8 NoCE Capillaryelectrophoresis NoCFU Colony-formingunit YesCI Confidenceinterval NoCID Collision-induceddissociation YesClinicaltrialnames NoCNS Centralnervoussystem NoCOSY Correlationspectroscopy NoCRO Contractresearchorganization NoCT Computedtomography YesCTP Cytosinetriphosphate NoCV Coefficientofvariation NoCYP450 Cytochrome NoDMEM Dulbecco’smodifiedEaglemedium YesDMSO Dimethylsulfoxide NoDNA Deoxyribosenucleicacid No:nonucleotidesneedtobe

definedDNase Deoxyribonuclease NodsDNA Double-strandedDNA No:nonucleotidesneedtobe

definedECD Electron-capturedissociation YesEDTA Ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid Noee Enantiomericexcess YesELISA Enzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay No

DEFINITIONS

49

ELISPOT Enzyme-linkedimmunosorbentspot NoEP EuropeanPharmacopoeia YesESI Electrosprayionization NoESI–MS Electrosprayionization–massspectrometry NoESR Electronspinresonance NoEU EuropeanUnion NoFab Fragmentantigen-binding NoFACS Fluorescence-activatedcellsorting NoFas Nodefinitionavailable NoFc Fragment,crystallizable NoFDA FoodandDrugAdministration No:FDAshouldbeprecededby

‘US’thefirsttimeitisusedineachsection

FGF Fibroblastgrowthfactor No:growthfactorsdonotneedtobedefined

FID Freeinductiondecay YesFT Fouriertransform YesFTIR FouriertransformIR YesGC Gaschromatography NoGC–MS Gaschromatography–massspectrometry No

GCP Goodclinicalpractice NoGDP Guanosinediphosphateorgrossdomestic

productNoifusedasguanosinediphosphate.Defineonlyifusedtomeansomethingelse(e.g.,grossdomesticproduct)

GLP Goodlaboratorypractice NoGMP Goodmanufacturingpractice NoGTP Guanosinetriphosphate NoGxP AnyofGCP,GLP,GMP No

HPLC High-performanceliquidchromatography NoHRMS High-resolutionmassspectrometry YesHTS High-throughputscreening Yes

IC50 50%inhibitoryconcentration No

ICAM Intracellularadhesionmolecule No

ICH InternationalConferenceonHarmonisation

NoinBIO

ICP Inductivelycoupledplasma YesICP–MS Inductivelycoupledplasma–mass

spectrometryYes

DEFINITIONS

50

IFN Interferon Writeinfullifusedalonetorepresentthegroupofmol-ecules.Donotdefineifusedasaparticularformofinterferon(IFN-getc.)

IGF Insulin-likegrowthfactor NoIg Immunoglobulin Writeinfullifusedaloneto

representthegroupofmol-ecules.Donotdefineifusedasaparticularformofimmunoglobu-lin(IgGetc.)

IL Interleukin Writeinfullifusedalonetorepresentthegroupofmol-ecules.Donotdefineifusedasaparticularformofinterleukin(IL-2etc.)

IR Infrared NoIS Internalstandard YesIUPAC InternationalUnionofPureandApplied

ChemistryNo

LC Liquidchromatography NoLC–MS Liquidchromatography–mass

spectrometryNo

LC–MS/MS Liquidchromatography–tandemmassspectrometry

No

LLE Liquid–liquidextraction YesLLOQ Lowerlimitofquantification NoLOD Limitofdetection NoLOQ Limitofquantification Nom/z Mass-to-chargeratio No

MALDI Matrix-assistedlaserdesorption/ionization NoMAPK Mitogen-activatedproteinkinase NoMAPKK Mitogen-activatedproteinkinasekinase NoMEK Mitogen-activatedproteinkinase/

extracellularsignal-regulatedkinasekinaseNo

MHC Majorhistocompatibilitycomplex NoMIC Minimuminhibitoryconcentration NomiRNA MicroRNA NoMRM Multiplereactionmonitoring YesMRI Magneticresonanceimaging NomRNA MessengerRNA NoMS Massspectrometry NoMS Multiplesclerosis YesMS/MS Tandemmassspectrometry NoMW Molecularweight No

DEFINITIONS

51

NADPH Nicotinamideadeninedinucleotidephos-phatehydrogen

No

NF-kB Nuclearfactor-kB YesNHS NationalHealthService YesNK Naturalkiller YesNMR Nuclearmagneticresonance NoNMRD Nuclearmagneticrelaxationdispersion YesNOE NuclearOverhausereffect NoNPD Nitrogenphosphorusdetector YesPET Positronemissiontomography YesPI3K Phosphoinositide3-kinase NoPNS Peripheralnervoussystem NoQC Qualitycontrol YesqMS Quadrupolemassspectrometry YesR&D Researchanddevelopment NoRANKL Receptoractivatorofnuclearfactor-kB

ligandNo

RANTES Regulateduponactivation,normalTcellexpressedandsecreted

No

ROC Receiveroperatorcurve YesRNA Ribonucleicacid NoRNAi Ribonucleicacidinterference NoRNase Ribonuclease NoRSD Relativestandarddeviation NoRT Roomtemperatureorrealtime YesS/N Signal-to-noiseratio NoSD Standarddeviation NoSDS-PAGE Sodiumdodecylsulfatepolyacrylamidegel

electrophoresisNo

shRNA SmallhairpinRNA NoSIMS Secondaryionmassspectrometry YesSOP Standardoperatingprocedure YesSPE Solid-phaseextraction NoSPME Solid-phasemicroextraction YesSPR Surfaceplasmonresonance YesSRM Selectedreactionmonitoring NossRNA Single-strandedRNA NoSTAT Signaltransducersandactivatorsof

transcriptionYes

TB Tuberculosis NoTh Thelper YesTLC Thin-layerchromatography NoTOF Timeofflight No

DEFINITIONS

52

Treg RegulatoryTcells NotRNA TransferRNA NoULOQ Upperlimitofquantification NoinBIOUV Ultraviolet NoVIS Visible(e.g.,light) NoWHO WorldHealthOrganisation No

DEFINITIONS

53

b Comprehensive definition list for FS (CMT & BFS)Note:Ifyouareunsureifwedefineawordanditdoesnotappearonthislistitmeansthatwedefine

Abbreviation Full Define?AUC Areaundercurve NoBP BritishPetroleum NoBTU BritishThermalUnit NoC Carbon NoCCS Carboncaptureandstorage NoCDIAC CarbonDioxideInformationAnalysisCenter YesCDM CleanDevelopmentMechanism NoCER CertifiedEmissionReduction NoCHP Combinedheatandpower YesCO2 Carbondioxide No

COP16 ConferenceoftheParties16 NoCRF CommonReportingFormat YesDOE Designatedoperatingentity YesDOE DepartmentofEnergy YesEB Executiveboard YesEC EuropeanCommission NoEDGAR EmissionsDatabaseforGlobalAtmosphericResearch YesEEA EuropeanEconomicArea YesEF EmissionFactor YesEIA USEnergyInformationAdministration YesEJ Exajoules(1018J) YesETS EmissionsTradingScheme NoEU EuropeanUnion NoEUETS EuropeanUnionEmissionsTradingScheme YesEUA EuropeanUnionAllowance YesFAO FoodandAgricultureOrganisation NoFIT Feedintariff YesFTS Fischer–Tropschsynthesis YesGCV Grosscalorificvalue YesGDP Grossdomesticproduct YesGHG Greenhousegas NoGIS Geographicinformationsystem No

GW Gigawatts NoHa Hectares NoHFC Hydrochlorofluorocarbon No

ICAP InternationalCarbonActionPartnership Yes

DEFINITIONS

54

IEA InternationalEnergyAgency YesIEA-R IEAReferenceApproach YesIEA-S IEASectoralApproach YesILUC Indirectlandusechange YesIPCC IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange NoIUCN InternationalUnionforConservationofNature NoJI JointImplementation YesKP KyotoProtocol Yesktoe Thousandtonnesoilequivalent NoLCA Lifecycleassessment YesLiDAR LightDetectionAndRanging YesMDG MillenniumDevelopmentGoals YesMt Millionmetrictonne(1012g) NoMtoe Milliontonnesoilequivalent NoMTOW Maximumtake-offweight YesNCV Netcalorificvalue YesNGO Nongovernmentalorganization NoNREAP(UK) NationalRenewableEnergyActionPlan YesNZETS NewZealandEmissionsTradingScheme YesNZU NewZealandUnit YesOECD OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment No

OTC Overthecounter YesQuad QuadrillionBTU(1015BTU) NoR&D Researchanddevelopment NoREC RenewableEnergyCertificate YesREDD ReducingEmissionsfromDeforestationandForest

DegradationNo

RFS RenewableFuelStandard YesRHI Renewableheatincentive YesRO Renewablesobligation YesRTO Renewabletransportobligation YesSME Small-andmedium-sizeenterprise NoSRES IPCCSpecialReportonEmissionScenarios NoSSF Simultaneousscarificationandfermentation YesTce Tonnescoalequivalent NoTJ Terajoules(1012J) NoUN UnitedNations NoUNCSD UNConferenceonSustainableDevelopment NoUNDDD UNDecadeforDesertsandtheFightagainstDesertification NoUNFCCC UNFrameworkConventiononClimateChange NoUSEPA EnvironmentalProtectionAgency NoUSGS USGeologicalSurvey No

DEFINITIONS

55

VAT Value-addedtax NoWWF WorldWideFundforNature No

FORMATTING

56

Sections & formats b Article title •Nomorethanthreelineslong(120characters)•Noabbreviations

− Unlesstheabbreviationisincommonuseandisneverdefined(i.e.,HIV,AIDS,DNAandRNA).Forafulllistofwordsthatdonotrequiredefinitions,pleasesee‘Definitions’section

− Unlesswritingtheabbreviationinfullcausesthetitletobecomemorethanthreelineslong•Nopunctuationattheendofthetitle•Sentencecase

− Unlessthetitleincludesupper-caseabbreviations(i.e.,HIV)− Unlessthetitleincludespropernouns/nameofameeting

b Authors•Namesinfull•Nofullstopsbetweeninitials•Ifallauthorshavethesameaddress,donotput1afterallauthorsandbeforeaddress,justputtheaddress(authorforcorrespondencedetailsshouldbeseparateasnormal)

•Asterisk(*)afterthesurnameindicatescorrespondingauthor− Thereshouldonlybeonecorrespondingauthorperarticlebutiftheauthorinsiststhenwecanchangethistotwocorrespondingauthors,however,PubMedwillonlyuseone.Ifpossiblethenitwouldbettertohave‘‡Authorscontributedequally’attheendoftheaffiliationssections,withthedoubledaggerbytheauthors’names

Ologies ‘&’beforelastauthorname,withnoprecedingcomma

Healths ‘&’beforelastauthorname,withnoprecedingcommaStandalones,CER ‘&’beforelastauthorname,withnoprecedingcommaManagementseries,CPR ‘&’beforelastauthorname,withnoprecedingcommaFS ‘&’beforelastauthorname,withnoprecedingcomma

b Addresses•RemovetitlessuchasDrandProfessorandqualifications/degreessuchasBAandPhD

b Telephone number•Precededby‘Tel.:’•Alwaysbeginwitha‘+’followedbythecountrycode•Numbersshouldbegroupedasauthorhassubmitted(butcheckgroupsareseparatedbyspacesandnothyphensetc.).Iftheauthorhasnotgroupedthenumbersatall,thengroupinthreesandfoursfollowingthecountrycode

•Donotaskauthorfortelephonenumberifmissingfromaffiliations

FORMATTING

57

b Fax number•Precededby‘Fax:’•Alwaysbeginwitha‘+’followedbythecountrycode•Numbersshouldbegroupedasauthorhassubmitted(butcheckgroupsareseparatedbyspacesandnothyphensetc.).Iftheauthorhasnotgroupedthenumbersatall,thengroupinthreesandfoursfollowingthecountrycode

•Donotaskauthorforfaxnumberifmissingfromaffiliations

Healths,Standalones,CER

•Telephoneandfaxnumbers− Notfollowedbyanypunctuation

•Email− Notprecededbytheword‘Email’

Note:theseareonseparatelines,separatedbyasoftreturnExampleofaffiliationswithoneauthorwithoneaddress

MarcoAndreassiDepartmentofPharmaceuticalandAppliedChemistry,UniversityofSiena,Siena,ItalyTel.:+39578233072Fax:+39578233074andreassi3@unisi.it

Exampleofaffiliationswithoneauthorwithtwoaddresses

MarcoAndreassiDepartmentofBiochemistry,UniversityofFlorence,Florence,ItalyandDepartmentofPharmaceuticalandAppliedChemistry,UniversityofSiena,Siena,ItalyTel.:+39578233072Fax:+39578233074andreassi3@unisi.it

Exampleofaffiliationswithtwoauthorswiththesameaddress(FM-Standalones,CERandHealths)

MarcoAndreassi*&CeciliaAnselmiDepartmentofPharmaceuticalandAppliedChemistry,UniversityofSiena,Siena,Italy*Authorforcorrespondence:Tel.:+39578233072Fax:+39578233074andreassi3@unisi.it

Exampleofaffiliationswithtwoauthorswithdifferentaddresses(FM-Standalones,CERandHealths)

MarcoAndreassi*1andCeciliaAnselmi21DepartmentofBiochemistry,UniversityofFlorence,Florence,Italy2DepartmentofPharmaceuticalandAppliedChemistry,UniversityofSiena,Siena,Italy*Authorforcorrespondence:Tel.:+39578233072Fax:+39578233074andreassi3@unisi.it

Exampleofaffiliationswithtwoauthorswithmultipleaddresses(FM-Standalones,CERandHealths)

MarcoAndreassi*1&CeciliaAnselmi1,21DepartmentofBiochemistry,UniversityofFlorence,Florence,Italy2DepartmentofPharmaceuticalandAppliedChemistry,UniversityofSiena,Siena,Italy*Authorforcorrespondence:Tel.:+39578233072Fax:+39578233074andreassi3@unisi.it

Exampleofaffiliationswithtwoauthorswhocontributedequally(FM-Standalones,CERandHealths)

MarcoAndreassi*‡1andCeciliaAnselmi‡21DepartmentofBiochemistry,UniversityofFlorence,Florence,Italy2DepartmentofPharmaceuticalandAppliedChemistry,UniversityofSiena,Siena,Italy*Authorforcorrespondence:Tel.:+39578233072Fax:+39578233074andreassi3@unisi.it‡Authorscontributedequally

FORMATTING

58

‘Ologies • Telephoneandfaxnumbers,andemails− Haveabulletpriortoeach(exceptforthefirstonetoappearafter‘Authorfor

correspondence’)• Email

− Notprecededbytheword‘Email’Note:theserunonthesameline

Exampleofaffiliationswithoneauthorwithoneaddress

MarcoAndreassiDepartmentofPharmaceuticalandAppliedChemistry,UniversityofSiena,Siena,Italy n Tel.:+39578233072 n Fax:+39578233074 n andreassi3@unisi.it

Exampleofaffiliationswithtwoauthors

KantiPabbaraju1&StevenJDrews*1

1ProvincialLaboratoryforPublicHealth(Microbiology),3030HospitalDriveNW,Calgary,Alberta,T2N4W4Canada*Authorforcorrespondence:DepartmentofMicrobiology,Immunology&InfectiousDis-eases,UniversityofCalgary,Calgary,Alberta,Canada n Tel.:+14039441068 n Fax:+14032830142 n steven.drews@albertahealthservices.ca

Exampleofaffiliationswithtwoauthorswhocontributedequally

KantiPabbaraju‡1&StevenJDrews*‡1

1ProvincialLaboratoryforPublicHealth(Microbiology),3030HospitalDriveNW,Calgary,Alberta,T2N4W4Canada*Authorforcorrespondence:DepartmentofMicrobiology,Immunology&InfectiousDis-eases,UniversityofCalgary,Calgary,Alberta,Canada n Tel.:+14039441068 n Fax:+14032830142 n steven.drews@albertahealthservices.ca‡Authorscontributedequally

Managementseries,CPR •Telephoneandfaxnumbers,andemails− Followedbyasemicolontoseparatefromeachother

• Email− Notprecededbytheword‘Email’

Note:theserunonthesamelineExampleofaffiliations 1DepartmentofInternalMedicine,UniversityofMissouriColumbiaSchoolofMedicine,Co-

lumbia,MO65212,USA2DepartmentofEndocrinologyDiabetes&Metabolism,UniversityofMissouriColumbia*Authorforcorrespondence:Tel.:+15733463019;mrh29@usmo.com

CLI,BIO,FMC •Telephoneandfaxnumbers− Notfollowedbyanypunctuation

•Email− Precededbytheword‘E-mail’andacolon

Note:theseareonseparatelines,separatedbyasoftreturnExample Seestandalone,CERandhealthexampleforFMCMT,BFS,PPA •Telephoneandfaxnumbers

− Followedbyasemicolontoseparatefromeachother• Email

− Precededbytheword‘E-mail’andacolonNote:theserunonthesameline

Example SeemanagementseriesandCPRexample

b Abstract•Nomorethan200words(ifismorethan200words,theeditorcopyeditinginWordshouldcutdownwherepossible.Iftheyareunabletodosoanoteshouldbemadeforprooferstodothisortheauthoratthegalleyproofstage)

•Noreferencecitations

FORMATTING

59

•Asfewabbreviationsaspossible− Unlesstheyareincommonusageandneverdefined(CNS,AIDSandHIVetc.).Forafulllistofabbreviationsthatdonotrequiredefinitions,pleaseseepleasesee‘Definitions’section

− Unlesstheyoccurveryfrequently(three-timesormore)withintheabstract− Unlesstheyareverywordy

•Nobrokenwordsattheendofanylines(removehyphenationinInDesign[indropdownarrowin‘Paragraph’goto‘Hyphenation’anduntick‘Hyphenate’box])

b Text•No‘introduction,summaryoroverview’heading•Theabstractshouldnotberepeatedasanintroduction•Redefineallabbreviationsthathavebeenusedintheabstract

b Headings•Ideallyonetotwolineslong•Nopunctuationattheendoftheheadings•Usecolonsinheadingswhenseparatedintotwopartsratherthanahyphen

Example •Conclusion:whatdoesthismean?NOT•Conclusion–whatdoesthismean?

•Useabbreviationsinheadingsiftheyhavealreadybeendefinedintext•Neveruseabbreviationsinheadingsiftheabbreviationistheonlywordinthetitle–writeinfullinthiscase− Excepttrialacronyms

•Neverdefineanabbreviationinaheading− Ifthetermappearsinatitlethefirsttimeitisused,itshouldbewritteninfullanddefinedwhenitappearsnaturallyinthetextnext.Itshouldnotbedefinedintheheading

− Ifthetermisthenusedcommonlythroughoutthetext,itisfinetosubsequentlyusetheabbreviationinheadings

Example IncreasingAPLcureratesbyearlydeathreduction

− Ifthetermistheonlywordintheheadingthenitshouldbewritteninfullevenifithasbeenpreviouslydefined

Example •AcutepromyelocyticleukemiaNOT•APL

b Acknowledgements •RemovetitlessuchasDrandProfessorandqualifications/degreessuchasBAandPhD•Nameslistedasinitialsthensurname•Spellacknowledgementwiththree‘e’sNOTacknowledgment•Nothingfinancialshouldbeinthissection

FORMATTING

60

b Financial & competing interests disclosure •RemovetitlessuchasDrandProfessorandqualifications/degreessuchasBAandPhD•Nameslistedasinitialsthensurname•Use‘Theauthor’or‘Theauthors’ratherthan‘I’or‘We’•Onlyfinancialdisclosuresshouldappearinthissection(iftheysay‘TheviewsinthisarticlearetheauthorsandnottheUSgovernment’,forexample,thisneedstogoinaseparate‘Disclosure’or‘Disclaimer’sectionpriortothe‘Financial&competinginterestsdisclosure’)

•Writingassistancedisclosedinthissectionmustbefunded(youmayneedtocheckthiswithauthor.Ifitisnotfunded,forexampleiftheauthorhasaskedsomeonetoreadthroughthearticletocheckthegrammarandspellingandthiswasn’tfunded,thiswouldgointhe‘Acknowledgements’section).YouneedtoemailLauraDormertoletherknowifyouseeanarticlethathasfundedwritingassistance

b Ethical conduct•Appearsinresearcharticlesandpreliminarycommunicationswhereanimalsandhumanshavebeenusedintheresearch,oriftheauthorsdiscussself-reporting

Note:Thecorrectorderofthesesectionsis:Acknowledgements,Disclosure(orDisclaimer),Financial&competinginterestsdisclosure,Ethicalconduct

b Required sections Ologies/Standalones/Healths/CER

•Abstract•Keywords•Conclusion• Futureperspective•Executivesummary• Financial&competinginterestsdisclosure•References•Referenceannotations

Managementseries/CPR •Practicepoints• Summary•Conclusion• Futureperspective• Financial&competinginterestsdisclosure•References•Referenceannotations

FS •Abstract•Keywords•Keyterms•Conclusion• Futureperspective•Executivesummary• Financial&competinginterestsdisclosure•References•Referenceannotations

Note:Primariesdonothavetoincludeafutureperspectiveorfive-yearview.Ifauthorshavenotincludedthenyoudonotneedtoaskthemtosupplyit.Someprimaries,preliminarycommunicationsandoccasionallyspecialreportsmayalsorequirean‘Ethicalconduct’disclosure

FORMATTING

61

b Equations (FM)•Donotusefontssmallerthan7pt•Equationshouldbecentredincolumnwitha6ptgapaboveandbelow•Ifreferredtointext:

− Tagasfigurecitationandputinbrackets− Putthenumberoftheequationandtheword‘equation’inroundbracketstaggedasfigurecitationtotherightoftheequation

Example Pr{Xni=x;βn,αix,bix}=f{x;βn,αix,bix}(Equation6)

b Equations (FS)•FontisAdobeGaramondPro(notitalic)andfontsizeis9pt(superscriptandsubscript5pt)•Equationshouldbecentredincolumn•Ifreferredtointext:

− Tagasfigurecitationandputinbrackets− Putthenumberoftheequationandtheword‘equation’inroundbracketstaggedasfigurecitationtotherightoftheequation

Example Pr{Xni=x;βn,αix,bix}=f{x;βn,αix,bix}(Equation6)

b Numbers in text•Numbersmaybewritteninfullatthestartofthesentenceif:

− Thenumberisnotfollowedbyaunit− Whenwritteninfullitisnomorethanfivewordsincludingany‘ands’(e.g.,OnehundredandtwentyfiveisfinebutOnethousand,twohundredandfiftyisnotasthisisoverfivewords)

Example Sentencesubmittedbyauthor:• 142patientswereenrolledinthestudy....Sentencecanberewrittenas:•Onehundredandfortytwopatientswereenrolledinthestudy

•Ifthenumberisfollowedbyaunitormeasurementitcannotbewritteninfullbecauseofthelengththenthesentenceneedstoberearrangedsothenumberisnotatthestartoruse‘Atotalof...’ifappropriate

b Lists in text•Shortlistsmaybeintroducedwithacolonandrunoninthetext•Donotnumberorusea),b)etc.toindicateeachitemonthelist•Forshortitemswithoutpunctuation,separatewithcommas•Acommaisnotneededbeforethefinal‘and’unlessthiswouldallowanambiguousmeaning.WedonotuseOxfordcommas

Example •Asthediseaseprogresses,itcanaffectthemusclesoftheface,neckandeyes.• Theissuesthatneedtobeconsideredarecost,healthandsafety,andlong-termbenefit.

FORMATTING

62

•Separateitemscontainingcommaswithsemicolons− Placeasemicolonbeforethe‘and’

Example ThelimitationsofcurrentlyavailableVADsaretheriskofthromboembolicevents;riskofinfection,especiallyduetopercutaneouscontrolordrivelines;andsubstantialinvasivesurgery.

b Lists of values •Alwaysseparatevaluesbyasemicolon•Separatethenameofthevalueandthenumberwithacolon

Example (OR:59;95%CI:1–2;p=0.05)

b Lists using bullet points•Usebulletpointsinthetextfor:

− Longerlists− Clarification− Emphasis

•Avoidusingforpointsthatshouldnotbeemphasised•Donotuseanypunctuationif:

− Onlyonelineoftextineachbulletpoint− Nopunctuationisusedinthebulletpoints

Example Thesethreepillarsare:•Translationalvaccineresearch•Knowledgesharing•Harmonizationofvaccineresearchefforts

•Punctuatewithasemicolonattheendofeachbulletpointandafullstopfollowingthefinalbulletpointif:− Thereismorethanonesentenceoftext

OR− Textincludescommas

OR− Textincludesfullsentences

Example ImportantcharacteristicsofimmunocompetentcellsinG-CSF-mobilizedPBSCgraftsare:•G-CSFsuppressesseveralimmunocompetentcells,includingvariousT-cellsubsetsandnaturalkillercells,aswellasantigen-presentingmonocytesanddendriticcells.TheB-cellfunctionisalsomodulated;•ThegeneralT-celleffectsincludepreferentialmobilizationofnaivecells,downregulationofadhesionmoleculesandchemokinereceptorswithreducedT-cellmigrationandre-ducedproliferativecapacity;•ThegraftTcellsshowincreasedhumanTregactivityandpolarizationtowardsaTh2phenotype;•Monocytesanddendriticcellshavereducedimmunostimulatorycapacity.

FORMATTING

63

b Citations

Figure, table & box•Referredtointhetextinroundbracketsandtaggedascitation•Bracketsshouldbeincludedinthecitationtag•Citationoccursbeforethefigure/table/boxappearsinthetext

Note:Thefontandstyleofthecitationwilldependonthejournal(e.g.,inthestandalones,citationsaresmallcaps)

Reference•Referredtointhetextinsquarebracketsandtaggedasrefcitation•Bracketsshouldbeincludedintherefcitationtag

Format for multiple citations

Multiple parts in figures

•(Figure1A&B)•(Figures1A,2B&3C)

Multiple figures/tables/boxes

•(Figures1&2)•(Figures1–3)

Mixed citations

•(Figure1&Table2)•(Figures1–3&Table2)

Figure/table/box citations with a reference citation

•Referencecitationalwayscomesafterothercitations

Example (Figure1)[13]

b What to cite where

Cited in the text (and not in the ‘References’ section)•Personalcommunication

− Taggedasunpublishedreference− Appearsinthesamefont/styleasreferencecitations− Insquarebrackets− Listauthorsasauthorsurname,followedbyinitials,withauthorsseparatedbycommas(listuptothreeauthorsinthetext.Iftherearemorethanthreeauthors,reducetooneauthoretal.)

− AbbreviatedasPers.Comm.

FORMATTING

64

Example [SmithA,Pers.Comm.].

•Unpublisheddata/observations− Listuptothreeauthorsinthetext.Iftherearemorethanthreeauthors,reducetooneauthoretal.

Example [SmithA,UnpublishedData].

•Submittedmanuscripts− Taggedasunpublishedreference− Appearsinthesamefont/styleasreferencecitations− Insquarebrackets− Listauthorsasauthorsurname,followedbyinitials,withauthorsseparatedbycommas(listuptothreeauthorsinthetext.Iftherearemorethanthreeauthors,reducetooneauthoretal.)

− Includeasmuchinformationaspossible,includingtheauthors,articletitleandexpectedyearofpublication

− Donotincludethenameofthejournal,asthearticlecouldberejectedandenduppublishedwithanotherjournal

Example [NewbieR,ShipleyB.Celltherapy:ontheup-curve(2006),Submitted].

Cited in the reference sectionThefollowingshouldbecitedinthereferencesection.Fordetailsonhowtoreferencethefollowing,pleasesee‘References’section•Manuscriptsinpress•Epubaheadofprint•Journals•Books•Symposia/Meetings/Conferences•Abstracts•Prescribinginformation•Packageinserts•Newspaperarticles•Courtcases

Cited in their own section at the end of the references•Patents•Websites

Where to place the reference citation•Wherepossible,andifitdoesnotcreateambiguity,thereferencecitationshouldbemovedtotheendofthesentence

FORMATTING

65

Example NO:Newbitandcolleagues[77]demonstratedthattheprocessofmaturationofGABAergicsynapsesinvolvesincreasedsynapseformationatdistalprocesses.YES: NewbitandcolleaguesdemonstratedthattheprocessofmaturationofGABAergicsynapsesinvolvesincreasedsynapseformationatdistalprocesses[77].

•Whenreferencesrefertoaspecificpartofthesentence(i.e.,aparticularfindingwithinthesentence),thereferencecitationshouldbeplacedasclosetoitaspossibleandnotmovedtotheend

Example NO: Othermechanisms,suchaschangesintheGABA-benzodiazepinesystemandaccumulationofmanganeseintothebasalgangliaofthebrainarealsopresent[70,71].YES: Othermechanisms,suchaschangesintheGABA-benzodiazepinesystem[70]andac-cumulationofmanganeseintothebasalgangliaofthebrain[71]arealsopresent.

Referring to a particular author/group’s work•Checkthatiftheauthoruses‘etal.’or‘colleagues’thatthereferenceindicatestherewasmorethanoneauthor

•Ifreferringtotheauthor’sownwork,‘I’or‘we’shouldbechangedwherepossibleto− Theauthors’− Theauthor’sgroup− Theauthorandcolleagues− Theauthor’slaboratoryetc.

Example • Theauthors’groupfoundthat…•Theauthorrecommendstreatmentwith…

•Possessivewordssuchas‘I’and‘we’areallowedin− Editorials− Conclusion− Expertcommentary− Futureperspective− Five-yearview− Interviews− Perspectives− Opinionarticles

b Spread•Widowsarenotallowed.Awidowisaparagraph-endinglinethatfallsatthebeginningofthefollowingpage/column,soasinglelineatthestartofapage/column

•Orphansarenotallowed.Anorphaniseitheraparagraph-openinglinethatappearsbyitselfatthebottomofapage/column,soasinglelineatbottomofapage/column,ORawordsixlettersorfewerlong,orpartofawordthatappearsbyitselfattheendofaparagraphorinaheading

•Areferencecitationatthestartofthelineisallowedunlessitbreaksoveracolumnorpage

FORMATTING

66

b News & views section

News•Allpunctuationshouldbeinsidethequotes

Example “Withthestartofthenewschoolyear,it’stimetoensurethatchildrenareuptodateontheirimmunizations,”statedClayton.“Thefindingsshouldbereassuringtoparentsthatfewhealthproblemsareclearlyconnectedtoimmunizations,andtheseeffectsoccurrelativelyrarely.”

•Eachstoryshouldbefollowedbythenameoftheeditorwhowrotethestory− Itshouldstate‘–WrittenByJohnSmith’− Thefontshouldbethesameasthesourcefont(note:inthestandalonesremovethedottedlineabovethename)

− Thereshouldbeagapofatleast2ptaboveandbelow

•Ifthenewsfigureissuppliedexternallythenthisneedstobeindicatedinthefootnoteofthefigureonanewlineandshouldstate‘FigurecourtesyofAuthor(Institution/Company,Location)’.

Example Figure1.20,000×imagetakenoftheimmunologicalsynapseusingplatinumreplicaelec-tronmicroscopy.Theblueshowstheactinfilamentsandtheyellowthecytotoxicgranule.FigurecourtesyofJordanOrange(UniversityofPennsylvania,PA,USA).

Interview•Beforetheabstractitshouldstate‘AnnBakerspeakstoJohnSmith,CommissioningEditor’•Fontisthesameastheabstractanditshouldbeseparatedfromtheabstractbya1ptdarkgreyline

Example HaraldzurHausenspeakstoLaurenConstable,CommissioningEditor

APPENDIX

67

Alt codesSymbol Alt code Symbol Alt code Symbol Alt code¤ Alt15 ¡ Alt173 Ï Alt0207¶ Alt20 â Alt131 ñ Alt164§ Alt21 ä Alt132 Ñ Alt165† Alt0134 à Alt133 œ Alt0156≥ Alt242 å Alt134 ó Alt162≤­ Alt243 á Alt160 ô Alt147→ Alt26 ã Alt0227 ö Alt148← Alt27 æ Alt145 ò Alt149↓ Alt25 À Alt0192 ð Alt0240↑ Alt24 Á Alt0193 õ Alt0245– Alt0150  Alt0194 ø Alt0248— Alt0151 à Alt0195 Ò Alt0210› Alt0155 Ä Alt0196 Ó Alt0211´ Alt0180 Å Alt0197 Ô Alt0212¯ Alt0175 Æ Alt146 Õ Alt0213× Alt0215 Œ Alt0140 Ö Alt0214§ Alt0167 Ç Alt128 Ø Alt0216™ Alt0153 ç Alt135 š Alt0154® Alt0174 ¢ Alt155 Š Alt0138ƒ Alt159 Ð Alt0208 ü Alt129¿ Alt168 é Alt0233 û Alt150¬ Alt170 ê Alt136 ù Alt151¥ Alt157 ë Alt137 ú Alt163… Alt0133 è Alt138 ü Alt0252† Alt0134 È Alt0200 Ù Alt0217‡ Alt0135 É Alt0201 Ú Alt0218ˆ Alt0136 Ê Alt0202 Û Alt0219‰ Alt0137 Ë Alt0203 Ü Alt0220« Alt174 í Alt161 ÿ Alt152» Alt175 ï Alt139 ý Alt0253¦ Alt179 î Alt140 Ÿ Alt0159© Alt0169 ì Alt141 Ý Alt0221± Alt0177 Ì Alt0204 þ Alt0254° Alt0176 Í Alt0205 Þ Alt0222× Alt0215 Î Alt0206 ½ Alt0189€ Alt0149 ± Alt0177 € Alt0128+Arialµ Alt0181

APPENDIX

68

Greek symbolsGreek letter Upper case Lower case Roman letter equivalentAlpha A a aBeta B b bGamma G g gDelta D d dEpsilon E e eZeta Z z zEta H h hTheta Q q qIota I i iKappa K k kLambda L l lMu M m mNu N n nXi X x xOmicron O o oPi P p pRho R r rSigma S s sTau T t tUpsilon U u uPhi F f fChi C c cPsi Y y yOmega W w w

Amino acid abbreviationsAmino acid Three-letter code Single-letter codeAlanine Ala AArginine Arg RAsparagine Asn NAsparticacid Asp DAsnorAsp Asx BCysteine Cys CGlutamine Gln QGlutamicacid Glu EGlnorGlu Glx ZGlycine Gly GHistidine His HIsoleucine Ile ILeucine Leu LLysine Lys KMethionine Met MPhenylalanine Phe F

APPENDIX

69

Proofing symbols

APPENDIX

70

Guide to figure & table permissions b When to ask authors about permissions•Asobtainingpermissionscanbequitetime-consuming,itisimportantthatauthorsapplyattheearliestopportunity.Thereforeitwouldbegoodtoask/remindthemonthefollowingoccasions:

•Atthefinalprogresscheck:2–4weeksbeforethe1stdraftsubmissiondateyoushouldbesendingafinalprogresschecktoyourauthorstochecktheyareonscheduleforthedeadline.Thiswouldbeagoodopportunitytoremindthemthatiftheyareplanningtoreproduceanyfiguresortables,itistheirresponsibilitytoobtainthecopyrightbeforewegotoprint.Thefollowingcouldbeincludedinyouremail:“Ifanyofthefiguresortablesyouareplanningtoincludeinthemanuscriptrequirepermissionfromtheoriginalpublisher,pleaseapplyforthisnow(ifyouhavenotalreadydoneso).Thiscansometimesbealengthyprocess(upto6weeks),sowillneedtobeappliedforinadvancesoasnottocauseadelaywiththearticle’spublication.”

− Thisisalsomentionedintheformattingguidelines,whichshouldbesenttoauthorsatthefinalprogresscheck.

•Atthesubmissionofthe1stdraft:checktoseeifthepapercontainstablesorfiguresthatarereproduced.Thiscansometimesbeeasytoascertainfromthetable/figurefootnote(i.e.,Reproducedfrom[63]).However,ifitisnotexplicitlystated,itisalwaysbesttocheckwiththeauthor.

•Somethingsthatwillalwaysneedpermission,astheycannotberedrawninanyotherway:− Graphs(unlessdrawnbytheauthorfromtheirowndata,orotherdatathathasnotpreviouslybeenrepresentedingraphform)

− Photos/slides(unlesstheauthor’sown)

•Thefollowingcouldbeincludedinyouracknowledgementemail:“I’dappreciateitifyoucouldconfirmwhetherthefigures/tablesyouhaveincludedinthearticleareoriginal,orwhethercopyrightpermissionwillberequiredfortheiruse.”

•Whensendingbackpeerreviewcomments:anothergoodopportunitytoremindauthorswhohavenotalreadyletyouknow.Thefollowingcouldbeincludedinyourpeerreviewcommentsemail:“Ifanyofthefigures/tablesyouhaveincludedareunoriginal,copyrightpermissionfortheirusewillneedtobeobtainedfromtheoriginalpublishers.Ifyouhaveanyproblemswiththis,pleaseletmeknow,aslackofpermissionwilldelaypublication.”

APPENDIX

71

•Finally,ifyouarestillunsureifafigureneedspermission,orwhethertheauthorhasobtainedit,youcanaskwhenyouacknowledgetherevisedmanuscript:“I’dappreciateitifyoucouldconfirmwhetherthefigures/tablesyouhaveincludedinthearticleareoriginal,orwhethercopyrightpermissionwillberequiredfortheiruse.Wewillbeunabletoproceedwiththetypesettingofyourarticleuntilwehaveconfirmationofthestatusofthefigures/tables,soIwouldappreciateitifyoucouldletmeknowassoonaspossible.”

•Inmostinstancesauthorswillnotneedtoberemindedthismanytimes!Oncetheauthorhasletyouknowthatafigureisoriginal,thisshouldbenotedinthedatabase(soyouremembernottoaskagain).However,ifyoustillhaveconcerns,thisshouldalwaysberaisedwiththeauthor.

•Iftheauthorletsyouknowthattheyareapplyingforpermission,thisshouldalsobenotedinthedatabase(includingwhichfiguresitappliesto),soyouremembernottoaskthemagain!Youwillalsoneedtoobtainacopyofthepermissiononcetheyreceiveit,sothiswillalsoneedtobechased.

•Theupdatedauthordisclosureformalsocontainsthefollowingstatementandtablethattheauthorshouldfillout:

Copyright status of figures and tables

Please complete the following table to indicate the copyright status of the figures and tables included in your manuscript. Each figure and table should be listed and the appropriate box checked. Where permission has already been granted, please attach the relevant licence agreement

Figure/table number

Original (prepared for current manuscript and not previously published)

Adapted from a previously published manuscript(NB for copyright purposes adaptation is defined as addition of new information that was not previously included in the original)

Previously published in an Open Access format

Previously published by STM publisher

Previously published by non-STM publisher

•AlistofSTMsignatoriesisavailableatwww.stm-assoc.org/permissions-guidelines

b Adapted figures/tables

•Authorscansometimesbeunsurewhetherafigure/tablehasbeenadaptedsufficientlytonolongerrequirepermission.Intheseinstancesitisbesttoaskthemtosendacopyoftheoriginalfigurethattheyhaveadapted,sothatwecandirectlycompare.

•Asarule,authorsneedtoaddsomethingnewtoafigureinorderforittobeconsidered‘adapted’(eitherbyaddingtheirowninformationtoanexistingfigureorrepresentingtheinformationinanewway).Ifindoubt,itisalwaysbesttoobtainpermissionanyway,sothatwehaveitifnecessary(i.e.,wecanincludeinthefigurefootnote‘Adaptedwithpermissionfrom…’).

APPENDIX

72

•Forexample,justremovingarowfromanalreadypublishedtableisnotadaptingit,asnothingnewhasbeenadded,andpermissionforwhatisbeingreproducedshouldbeobtained.

b Creating/adapting figures in-house

•Sometimesitwillbepossibleforustocreateafigurefromscratchforanauthor,oradaptanoriginalfigure,in-house.Iftheauthorwantsustodothis,itisbesttoobtaineitheraroughsketchofwhattheywouldliketorepresent,oracopyofthefiguretheywanttoadapt,andthenliaisewiththeproductiondepartmenttoseehowthefigurecouldberepresented.

•Forexample,copyrightdoesnotcoveracellsignalingpathway,butitwouldcoveraspecificfiguredetailingone.Therefore,ifwedrewthepathwayinourownhousestyle(usingourowncellimages,etc.),thiswouldbefinetoinclude.

b Published figures/tables originally produced by the author•Inmostcasespublishers(includingFSG)holdthecopyrightforallpublishedmaterial,nottheauthorswhocreatedthem(thisissignedovertouswhentheauthorsreturntheircopyrightforms).Inthesecases,permissiontoreproduceafigure/tablewillneedtobeobtained,evenifourauthorwastheauthorofthepaperwherethefigure/tablewaspublished.Thisshouldbeappliedforintheusualway.

•However,somepublishingcompaniesallowauthorstoreproducefigures/tablesfromtheirownworkwithouthavingtoapplyforpermissioneachtime.Thisvariesacrosscompanies,andsometimesacrossjournalspublishedbythesamecompany,soyouwillneedtocheckthejournal’swebsitefortheirspecificpolicy.

Linkstothepoliciesofsomeofthelargercompanies:•Elsevier–allowsreproductionsolongasacitationtotheoriginalisincluded

− www.elsevier.com/wps/find/supportfaq.cws_home/rightsasanauthor

•Nature–authorsareallowedtoreusematerialfromprimarypaperswithoutpermission,butneedtoobtainpermissionforcontentofcommissionedarticles(i.e.,reviews)− www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html

•LippincottWilliams&Wilkins(WoltersKluwerHealth)–permissionmustalwaysbeobtained,evenbytheoriginalauthor(LWWoftenchargequiteahighfeetoreproducefigures,soisbesttoapplywellinadvancesothefigurecanbescrappediftheauthordecidestheydonotwanttopay)− www.lww.com/resources/permissions/index.html

•Taylor&Francis–allowsreproductionsolongasacitationtotheoriginalisincluded− www.tandf.co.uk/journals/authorrights.pdf

•BlackwellPublishing–permissionmustalwaysbeobtained(ifapplying,shouldreceiveautomaticconfirmatoryemail)− www.blackwellpublishing.com/static/journal_rights.asp

APPENDIX

73

•Springer− www.springer.com/east/home/rights?SGWID=5-122-0-0-0

•PLoS− www.plos.org/journals/license.html

ThisappliestoallthePLoSjournals,whicharelistedhere:− www.plos.org/journals/

•Wiley–authorsareallowedtoreusematerial− http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-301856.html

•Thesearejustafewofthepublishingcompanies,however,youshouldbeabletofindthesameinformationonthewebsitesofotherjournals.

b Once permission has been obtained•Acopyofthepermissionshouldbesenttoyoubytheauthor.Thisshouldbeplacedintheirmanuscriptfolder(someproductionmoduleskeeptheseinaseparatefolder,soitisworthcheckingwiththemwhattheywouldlikeyoutodowiththepermissions).Youshouldalsocheckthepermissiontoseeifanyparticularacknowledgementisrequiredinthefootnote.Thisshouldbenotedinthedatabaseinthe‘Figurepermission’or‘Tablepermission’drop-downboxesandinthe‘Notes’section(particularlyifpermissionappliestocertainboxes,tablesorfiguresoraparticularpermissionlinemustbepublished),soproductionareawarethisneedstobeincluded.

•TherearenowsomepermissionsFAQsontheintranet:http://fsg/permissions.htm

•Alsoavailableonthispageare:− Aflowchartofstandardpermissionsprocess− Aflowchartondocumentingpermissions− Aflowchartondealingwithpermissionproblems