Studying Techniques to Improve Performance

By: Nelson D. Calisa Jr. AB-English IV

A problem solving exists when a goal-oriented

task is blocked, or when a need is not satisfied.

A problem solving is adjusting to the situations by acquiring new modes of response.

A problem solving requires adequate knowledge and information that are valid and verifiable for the effective solutions of the problems.

Problem Solving

Perception by or based on stimulation of the

senses. This is an inherent capacity of any of the

faculties, as sight, hearing, smell, taste or touch by which man perceive stimuli originating from outside and inside the body.

Sense Perception

Is the ability to acquire knowledge without 

inference and/or the use of reason.

Intuition

Is essentially an arousal of images and ideas

by which an individual manipulates and rearranges aspects of the world which have fallen within his experience.

CREATIVE THINKING-is production thinking, with novel ideas created through imaginations rather that routine outcomes.

Thinking

1. Preparation- In writing a term paper, a

student writes something, revises what he has written, or changes the entire topic and starts all over again.

2. Incubation- some creative thinkers deliberately put aside all there thoughts about the problem but the concept in the back of his mind for sometime is gradually shaping up.

Aspects that are important during creative process

Awareness to what we think is important. The first is our experience of thinking as a

flowing, often chaotic, stream of impressions, ideas and fragments of phrases, this places our mind in auto-pilot and let our thoughts wander: DREAMING

Thinking is an ongoing back and forth between flow and stability, between automatic pilot and concentration.

Thinking as a Process

1. We think pattern and sequences 2. We think on planes of abstractions and levels

of attention

Characteristic patterns of thinking process

1. Recall2. Recognition3. Relearning4. Reintegration

Remembering

Passive decay through disuse Motivated forgetting Systematic distortion of memory trances

Theories of Forgetting (forgetting is

the loss of retention, extinction of what has been learned)

Types:1. Episodic memory 2. Semantic memory3. Procedural memory

Memory (ability to store facts and

information so that can be utilized in the future)

1. The pupils/students must have a clear idea of

the goal.2. The pupils/students must be physiologically

and psychologically ready and prepare to respond their new experience.

3. The pupils/students must be motivated to learn.

Principles of Learning

4. The pupils/students must be active in any

teaching-learning process.5. The pupils/students must always repeat or

practice what they have learned.6. The pupils/students must see and feel the

significance, meanings, implications and application to real-life situation of a given experience.

7. The pupils/students have to be taught in

different ways because of individual differences.

8. The pupils/students have to learn democracy in a democratic environment by practicing and living with it.

9. The pupils/students must put together the parts of a given task and become aware of it as a meaningful whole.

10.The pupils/students increasing independence

from adults and ever increasing sense of responsibility are clear signposts of a good teaching.

11.The pupils/students learn faster when the teacher utilizes their past experience.

12.The pupils/students can be stimulated to think and to reason through the teacher’s expression of confidence in their own aptitudes and skills by way of provoking curiosity and through encouraging creative endeavor.

13.The pupils/students educational growth depends

on the selection of subject matter, activities, experiences that will be included in the preparation of lesson plan

14.The pupils/students should have curriculum of all experiences, curriculum and co-curriculum, inside or outside the classroom which are under the jurisdiction of schools and are planned and directed for the purpose of promoting the intellectual social, and emotional growth and development of the learners.

1. Learning by doing is a good advice2. One learns to do what one does3. The amount of reinforcement necessary to

the learners’ stage of development and their previous learning

4. The principle of readiness is related to the learners’ stage of development and their previous learning

Cognitive Learning

5. The pupils/students’ self-concept and beliefs

about their abilities are extremely important.6. Teachers should provide opportunities for

meaningful and appropriate practices.7. Transfer of learning to new situations can be

horizontal.

8. Learning should be goal-directed and

focused.9. Positive feedbacks, realistic praise, and

encouragement are motivating in the teaching-learning process.

10.Metacognition is an advanced cognitive process whereby learners acquire specific learning strategies and also sense when they are not learning.

1. Analysis2. Focusing or Scanning3. Comparative Analysis4. Narrowing5. Complex Cognitive6. Sharpening7. Tolerance

7 comprehension or thinking skills that learners can develop to enhance the way they process and integrate

information and the skills that teachers should understand to help their students:

1. Classroom management2. Direct instruction3. Time of Task4. Questioning5. Comprehension Instruction6. Levels of Cognitive Instruction7. Grouping

Identifying Effective Teaching

Social Learning Observational Learning

1. Attention2. Retention3. Ability to reproduce the behavior4. Motivation5. Reinforcement

Other Types of Learning

The Law of Readiness The Law of Exercise The Law of Effect

Laws of Learning

Perennialism Progressivism Reconstructionalism Essentialism Experimentalism Pragmatism

Contemporary Educational Theories