Study SessionStudy Session

AP U.S. HistoryAP U.S. History

A major weakness of the A major weakness of the Articles of Confederation was Articles of Confederation was

that they:that they: Erred on the side of cautionErred on the side of caution

– Inability to levy taxes and duties.Inability to levy taxes and duties.– Inability to regulate international trade.Inability to regulate international trade.– Inability to enforce treaties.Inability to enforce treaties.– Inability to settle legal disputes b/t states.Inability to settle legal disputes b/t states.– Inability to regulate domestic commerce. Inability to regulate domestic commerce. – Inability to defend themselves on the sea.Inability to defend themselves on the sea.

Explain the principles of Explain the principles of Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny

Introduced in the 1840s by news editor.Introduced in the 1840s by news editor. The goal was expansion while The goal was expansion while

subjugating and Christianizing the west.subjugating and Christianizing the west. English Europeans were culturally and English Europeans were culturally and

morally superior to those being morally superior to those being subjugated.subjugated.

Used as justification for Spanish Used as justification for Spanish American War. American War.

Explain Dred ScottExplain Dred Scott Dred Scott was a slave traveling with owner Dred Scott was a slave traveling with owner

in free states of Illinois and Wisconsinin free states of Illinois and Wisconsin In 1857, Judge Taney ruled that Scott was In 1857, Judge Taney ruled that Scott was

property.property. As a non-citizen, Scott could not sue in As a non-citizen, Scott could not sue in

Federal court.Federal court. The opinion nullified the Missouri The opinion nullified the Missouri

Compromise by suggesting that as Compromise by suggesting that as property, owners could take their property property, owners could take their property anywhere.anywhere.

This also declared the concept of “Popular This also declared the concept of “Popular sovereignty” unconstitutional.sovereignty” unconstitutional.

Following the Civil War, most Following the Civil War, most freed slaves?freed slaves?

Few job skills and without money.Few job skills and without money. Could not read or write.Could not read or write. Most stayed as tenant farmers or Most stayed as tenant farmers or

sharecroppers.sharecroppers. Ex-Slaves now paid for rent, food, Ex-Slaves now paid for rent, food,

and health care costsand health care costs

What were the main objectives What were the main objectives of the Progressive Era. of the Progressive Era.

Domestic reform: empowerment of labor, Domestic reform: empowerment of labor, women and the poor.women and the poor.

Expand Democracy.Expand Democracy.– Creation of national forests and wildlife Creation of national forests and wildlife

reserves.reserves.– Passage of Pure food and Drug Act.Passage of Pure food and Drug Act.– Challenge monopolistic practices (anti-trusts Challenge monopolistic practices (anti-trusts

suitssuits– The Oregon Plan (initiative, referendum & recall)The Oregon Plan (initiative, referendum & recall)– Direct election of U.S. SenatorsDirect election of U.S. Senators

What were the U.S. concerns What were the U.S. concerns before, and after the Treaty of before, and after the Treaty of

Versailles.Versailles. Washington’s farewell address.Washington’s farewell address.

– Avoid political alliances with other countries.Avoid political alliances with other countries. Monroe Doctrine and Corollary.Monroe Doctrine and Corollary.

– Remain neutral in European affairs.Remain neutral in European affairs. Wilson failed to ratify 14 points.Wilson failed to ratify 14 points.

– Failed to get U.S. to join league of nations.Failed to get U.S. to join league of nations. Fear of defending European borders with U.S. Fear of defending European borders with U.S.

troops.troops.

– Return to Isolationism.Return to Isolationism.

What major events allowed What major events allowed McCarthyism to flourish.McCarthyism to flourish.

Loss of China in 1949Loss of China in 1949 USSR’s successful detonation of the USSR’s successful detonation of the

bomb.bomb.

The Puritan’s believed that the The Puritan’s believed that the freedom to practice religion freedom to practice religion

should be extended to?should be extended to? Escaped to New World to avoid Escaped to New World to avoid

religious and political persecution.religious and political persecution.– Theirs was the one “True Church”Theirs was the one “True Church”

No contradiction in denying others the rights No contradiction in denying others the rights they enjoyed.they enjoyed.

Freedom of worship was only a puritan right.Freedom of worship was only a puritan right.

– Only male puritans could vote.Only male puritans could vote.– Aggressive reformers were banished. Aggressive reformers were banished.

(Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson)(Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson)

How did the Sugar Tax of 1764 How did the Sugar Tax of 1764 change British policies.change British policies.

Mercantilist: Create a store of wealth Mercantilist: Create a store of wealth through a “favorable balance” of through a “favorable balance” of trade.trade.– Colonialism is primary method of Colonialism is primary method of

gaining wealth.gaining wealth. Levied taxes for Levied taxes for revenuerevenue rather than rather than

regulation of trade.regulation of trade. American response: “no taxation American response: “no taxation

without representation.”without representation.”

What effects did the first What effects did the first Industrial Revolution have on Industrial Revolution have on

slavery.slavery. England had a booming textile England had a booming textile

industry.industry. America begins revolution after War America begins revolution after War

of 1812.of 1812.– Competition for Southern cotton.Competition for Southern cotton.– Farmers expanded west to fill demand.Farmers expanded west to fill demand.– Cotton demanded a large work force.Cotton demanded a large work force.

The “know-nothing” party The “know-nothing” party focused its efforts on?focused its efforts on?

Nativist group formed in 1850s.Nativist group formed in 1850s.– Distrust of immigrants.Distrust of immigrants.

Particularly Irish and Italian Catholics.Particularly Irish and Italian Catholics.

– Members were instructed to tell no Members were instructed to tell no outsiders anything. Thus, the “no-outsiders anything. Thus, the “no-nothings”.nothings”. Platform included:Platform included:

– 25 year residency requirement for citizenship.25 year residency requirement for citizenship.– All public offices could only be held by native All public offices could only be held by native

born.born.

How were the “new How were the “new immigrants” different from the immigrants” different from the “old immigrants” after the Civil “old immigrants” after the Civil

War?War? Old Immigrants from Northwest Europe.Old Immigrants from Northwest Europe.– Familiar with English language and customs.Familiar with English language and customs.– Primarily protestant.Primarily protestant.– Assimilated easily into the melting pot.Assimilated easily into the melting pot.

New Immigrants from Southern and New Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe.Eastern Europe.– Catholics, Jews, Slavs, Italians & Poles, etc.Catholics, Jews, Slavs, Italians & Poles, etc.– Not easily assimilated living in ethnic Not easily assimilated living in ethnic

enclaves.enclaves.– Unskilled labor, mostly big cities.Unskilled labor, mostly big cities.

The Ghost Dance Movement The Ghost Dance Movement stressed?stressed?

In late 1800s, almost a religious In late 1800s, almost a religious movement.movement.– Dance ritual calling for unity of Indian nations.Dance ritual calling for unity of Indian nations.– Rejection of white culture, especially non-Rejection of white culture, especially non-

alcohol.alcohol.– End of he world where Indians would rise to End of he world where Indians would rise to

reclaim their lost lands.reclaim their lost lands.– Believed in ghost shirts that would, with magic, Believed in ghost shirts that would, with magic,

stop bullets.stop bullets. Ended with the massacre at Wounded Ended with the massacre at Wounded

Knee in 1890.Knee in 1890.

How did FDR deal with How did FDR deal with unfavorable Supreme Court unfavorable Supreme Court

rulings?rulings? The conservative court nullified many of The conservative court nullified many of

the New Deal programs.the New Deal programs.– FDR sought to increase the court by 6 FDR sought to increase the court by 6

judges, & 40 federal judges, the court judges, & 40 federal judges, the court packing scheme.packing scheme. Off setting all judges over 70 who hadn’t retired.Off setting all judges over 70 who hadn’t retired.

– Conservatives and Liberals rejected the idea.Conservatives and Liberals rejected the idea. Conservatives became less active against FDR.Conservatives became less active against FDR. Three conservatives retired & were replaced by Three conservatives retired & were replaced by

liberal judges.liberal judges.

How were Unions treated in How were Unions treated in the 1930s?the 1930s?

Government policy and law protected Government policy and law protected corporations over Unions.corporations over Unions.– Eventually bills were passed to protect Eventually bills were passed to protect

unions in organizing and collectively unions in organizing and collectively bargaining.bargaining.

– Enforcement was lax to non-existent.Enforcement was lax to non-existent.– Scabs and strike breaking thugs were used.Scabs and strike breaking thugs were used.– Unions members still lost their jobs.Unions members still lost their jobs.

Government investigation of corporate Government investigation of corporate abuses was lack luster at best.abuses was lack luster at best.

What precedents were set by What precedents were set by these court decision?these court decision?

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison– Established the principle of Judiciary Review.Established the principle of Judiciary Review.

Bradwell v. IllinoisBradwell v. Illinois– 1873 decision said it was ok to deny a female 1873 decision said it was ok to deny a female

attorney the right to practice based on gender.attorney the right to practice based on gender. Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson

– Separate but EqualSeparate but Equal Brown v. Board of Ed. of Topeka, KansasBrown v. Board of Ed. of Topeka, Kansas

– Overturned Overturned Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson.. ““Separate but Equal is inherently unequal”Separate but Equal is inherently unequal”

Holden v. HardyHolden v. Hardy– States could pass laws regulating the work place.States could pass laws regulating the work place.

What do you know about the What do you know about the Bay of Pigs?Bay of Pigs?

1961 invasion of Cuba by exiled cubans.1961 invasion of Cuba by exiled cubans.– In 1959 Castro overthrew Batista.In 1959 Castro overthrew Batista.– Castro nationalizes American owned Castro nationalizes American owned

property.property.– Eisenhower breaks off relations with Cuba.Eisenhower breaks off relations with Cuba.– CIA planed invasion and presented it to JFK.CIA planed invasion and presented it to JFK.– Poorly planned, poorly executed and no air Poorly planned, poorly executed and no air

support doomed the invasion.support doomed the invasion.

What were the influences that What were the influences that pushed the U.S. to declare war pushed the U.S. to declare war

with Great Britain in 1812?with Great Britain in 1812? England, at war with France, “impressed” England, at war with France, “impressed”

American sailors to fill their naval ranks.American sailors to fill their naval ranks. British interfered with American trade, British interfered with American trade,

causing us to invoke the “Embargo Act” causing us to invoke the “Embargo Act” ending trade with Britain and France. The Act ending trade with Britain and France. The Act failed badly.failed badly.

British incited Indians on the frontier which British incited Indians on the frontier which limited westward expansion. The Warhawks.limited westward expansion. The Warhawks.

Americans believed our navy was as good as Americans believed our navy was as good as the British. Hubris.the British. Hubris.

What were the provisions of What were the provisions of the Missouri Compromise?the Missouri Compromise?

Negotiated by Speaker of the House, Henry Negotiated by Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, the Great Compromiser in 1820Clay, the Great Compromiser in 1820

Allowed Missouri to come in as a slave state.Allowed Missouri to come in as a slave state. Created the free state of Maine after Mass. Created the free state of Maine after Mass.

Gave up its territory.Gave up its territory.– Maine balanced the slave v. free states. (Senate)Maine balanced the slave v. free states. (Senate)

It included a northern border for the It included a northern border for the Louisiana Territory.Louisiana Territory.

Jefferson called it a “fire bell in the night.”Jefferson called it a “fire bell in the night.”

Cite the differences between Cite the differences between the Irish and German the Irish and German

Immigrants.Immigrants. Irish immigration peaked between 1847 Irish immigration peaked between 1847

and 1854 because of potato famine.and 1854 because of potato famine.– The Irish were generally unskilled labor, The Irish were generally unskilled labor,

catholic and moved to the urban areas.catholic and moved to the urban areas.– By 1900 there were more Irish in the U.S.A. By 1900 there were more Irish in the U.S.A.

than in Ireland.than in Ireland. German immigration surpassed Irish German immigration surpassed Irish

immigration in 1854.immigration in 1854.– A large continent of skilled workers.A large continent of skilled workers.– Protestant in religion, wealthier than the Irish.Protestant in religion, wealthier than the Irish.

Why was Andrew Johnson the Why was Andrew Johnson the subject of impeachment subject of impeachment

proceedings?proceedings? Johnson was a Southern Democrat who opposed Johnson was a Southern Democrat who opposed

succession, but was sympathetic to the South.succession, but was sympathetic to the South.– He hoped for a quick, non-punitive, plan of He hoped for a quick, non-punitive, plan of

reconciliation for the South.reconciliation for the South. He intended to shift the plantation aristocracy to small He intended to shift the plantation aristocracy to small

farmers and craftsman.farmers and craftsman.– Infuriating the North, he allowed former confederate Infuriating the North, he allowed former confederate

officers and legislators to be elected to congress.officers and legislators to be elected to congress.– Johnson was cantankerous and a non-compromiser.Johnson was cantankerous and a non-compromiser.

Johnson violated the “Office of Tenure Act”, a Johnson violated the “Office of Tenure Act”, a law passed by congress that said only congress law passed by congress that said only congress could fire cabinet members. could fire cabinet members. – This was the excuse to bring impeachment This was the excuse to bring impeachment

proceedings against him. Failed by one vote.proceedings against him. Failed by one vote.

The “Open Door Policy” of The “Open Door Policy” of 1900 did what?1900 did what?

The policy was in response to an aggressive The policy was in response to an aggressive colonizing effort of Europeans.colonizing effort of Europeans.– The policy called for free trade and recognition of The policy called for free trade and recognition of

China’s borders, which was initially dismissed by China’s borders, which was initially dismissed by Euro nations.Euro nations.

– The Boxer Rebellion in 1900 caused Europe to The Boxer Rebellion in 1900 caused Europe to reconsider their position.reconsider their position. Europeans had to accept U.S. military help in order to avoid Europeans had to accept U.S. military help in order to avoid

expulsion.expulsion.

– The policy called for “spheres of influence”, or The policy called for “spheres of influence”, or favorable financial agreement for individual Euro favorable financial agreement for individual Euro nations, but no countries would be denied the right nations, but no countries would be denied the right to trade with China.to trade with China. Secretary of State, John Hay, brokered the deal.Secretary of State, John Hay, brokered the deal.

What factors contributed to the What factors contributed to the Great Depression?Great Depression?

Lack of government regulation for the Lack of government regulation for the economy (stock market, money supply, economy (stock market, money supply, enforcement of anti-trust laws.)enforcement of anti-trust laws.)

Loss of farm market, and subsequent Loss of farm market, and subsequent foreclosures, after WWI.foreclosures, after WWI.

Manufacturers over produced and laid Manufacturers over produced and laid off workers.off workers.

The gap between rich and poor The gap between rich and poor accelerated.accelerated.

Massive speculation and manipulation of Massive speculation and manipulation of the stock market.the stock market.

What are the details of the What are the details of the Truman Doctrine?Truman Doctrine?

The Truman Doctrine came to be known as The Truman Doctrine came to be known as “containment”.“containment”.– The Long Telegram by George Kennan warned of The Long Telegram by George Kennan warned of

an expansionistic USSR that must be contained.an expansionistic USSR that must be contained. The first effort was the communist insurgency in The first effort was the communist insurgency in

Greece and Turkey.Greece and Turkey. The Marshall Plan supported contained financially.The Marshall Plan supported contained financially. NATO forces were matched by the ”Warsaw Pact”.NATO forces were matched by the ”Warsaw Pact”. Korea next, followed by Vietnam and the Space Race.Korea next, followed by Vietnam and the Space Race. African nations and Central and South America were African nations and Central and South America were

the focal point of competition b/t the U.S. and USSRthe focal point of competition b/t the U.S. and USSR

Why Vietnam?Why Vietnam? Ho Chi Minh was leader of communist North Ho Chi Minh was leader of communist North

Vietnam.Vietnam.– Formerly a U.S. ally in World War II, Vietnam Formerly a U.S. ally in World War II, Vietnam

received CIA assistance.received CIA assistance.– U.S. politics shifted politically and the U.S. decided U.S. politics shifted politically and the U.S. decided

to support France, a colonial power.to support France, a colonial power. At the time, it was public policy to be anti-colonial.At the time, it was public policy to be anti-colonial. It has been suggested that France, under DeGaule, might It has been suggested that France, under DeGaule, might

drop out of NATO if the U.S. didn’t help.drop out of NATO if the U.S. didn’t help. The U.S. responded by funding 80% of the war effort.The U.S. responded by funding 80% of the war effort.

– At the time, the only business interest the U.S. had At the time, the only business interest the U.S. had was the trading of rice to feed Japan.was the trading of rice to feed Japan.

The “Domino Theory” provided the excuse.The “Domino Theory” provided the excuse.

The “First Great Awakening” The “First Great Awakening” can be seen as a response to?can be seen as a response to?

A resurgence of religious “fundamentalism” A resurgence of religious “fundamentalism” between 1730s & 1760s.between 1730s & 1760s.– Emerged as a response to the enlightenment that Emerged as a response to the enlightenment that

supported empirical thought and scientific inquiry.supported empirical thought and scientific inquiry.– The enlightenment offered the notion that humanity The enlightenment offered the notion that humanity

was more important, god less so, in the forces that was more important, god less so, in the forces that shaped humanity.shaped humanity.

– The period later became known as “revivalism”.The period later became known as “revivalism”. Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield were the most Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield were the most

prominent preachers.prominent preachers. The period created many new “evangelical churches”.The period created many new “evangelical churches”. Emphasized the emotional power of religion.Emphasized the emotional power of religion. Briefly, returned to the persecution of witches.Briefly, returned to the persecution of witches. The “burnt over district”, upper state N.Y. was the focal The “burnt over district”, upper state N.Y. was the focal

point.point.

How did England respond to How did England respond to the chants of “No taxation the chants of “No taxation without representation.”without representation.”

In need of revenue to pay for the French In need of revenue to pay for the French and Indian War, England imposed direct and Indian War, England imposed direct taxation.taxation.– The Stamp Act was the most onerous of taxes.The Stamp Act was the most onerous of taxes.

Colonist believed that taxes could not be laid without Colonist believed that taxes could not be laid without the consent of the government. And they were not the consent of the government. And they were not represented in Parliament.represented in Parliament.

– England responded with the concept of “Virtual England responded with the concept of “Virtual Representation.”Representation.” All English subjects are virtually represented whether All English subjects are virtually represented whether

they have voted or not.they have voted or not.

What early 19What early 19thth century century innovation was the principle innovation was the principle

cause of American cause of American Industrialism?Industrialism?

In 1798, Eli Whitney patented a In 1798, Eli Whitney patented a process for manufacturing process for manufacturing interchangeable parts.interchangeable parts.– The innovations brought an end to The innovations brought an end to

“cottage industries”.“cottage industries”.

What was Ralph Waldo What was Ralph Waldo Emerson’s view of American Emerson’s view of American

Fundamentalism?Fundamentalism? Emerson was a leader of the Emerson was a leader of the

“transcendentalist movement”“transcendentalist movement”– His famous essay, “Self-Reliance” stressed His famous essay, “Self-Reliance” stressed

non-conformity and individualism.non-conformity and individualism.– He believed that God was tangible and He believed that God was tangible and

merciful.merciful. In direct contrast to the Calvinist, who believe God In direct contrast to the Calvinist, who believe God

was distant, and an unforgiving judge of humanity.was distant, and an unforgiving judge of humanity.

– Transcendentalism was a rebellion against Transcendentalism was a rebellion against Fundamentalism.Fundamentalism. A basic tenant of the movement accepted the A basic tenant of the movement accepted the

notion of the perfectibility of man.notion of the perfectibility of man.

Explain the “Free Soil” partyExplain the “Free Soil” party

Created in the mid-1840s.Created in the mid-1840s.– Martin Van Buren was its candidate for Martin Van Buren was its candidate for

President.President.– The Free soil Party included, Antislavery The Free soil Party included, Antislavery

votes, the Liberty party, “Conscience” votes, the Liberty party, “Conscience” Whigs, and Wilmot Proviso supporters.Whigs, and Wilmot Proviso supporters. Wilmot Proviso called for no slavery in lands Wilmot Proviso called for no slavery in lands

captured or acquired in the Mexican War.captured or acquired in the Mexican War.

– The Free Soil party begat the Republican The Free Soil party begat the Republican Party.Party.

What ground was covered by the What ground was covered by the philosophy of “Popular philosophy of “Popular

Sovereignty”?Sovereignty”? The election of 1848 made it clear that the The election of 1848 made it clear that the

issue of slavery would dominate the issue of slavery would dominate the debates.debates.– The Policy, formulated by Stephen Douglas, The Policy, formulated by Stephen Douglas,

sought to appease abolitionists and sought to appease abolitionists and slaveholders.slaveholders. With popular sovereignty, settlers could decide on With popular sovereignty, settlers could decide on

the issue of slavery.the issue of slavery.– Took pressure off of Congress and Political Parties.Took pressure off of Congress and Political Parties.

– This policy would clearly undermine the This policy would clearly undermine the Missouri Compromise.Missouri Compromise. Another reason for the rise of the Republican Party.Another reason for the rise of the Republican Party.

What are some of the What are some of the requirements of the requirements of the Reconstruction Act?Reconstruction Act?

This act of 1867 was much harsher than This act of 1867 was much harsher than Lincoln’s plan and Johnson’s plan, both of Lincoln’s plan and Johnson’s plan, both of which sought an easy reconciliation.which sought an easy reconciliation.– A punitive measure that required the South A punitive measure that required the South

to meet strict requirements before rejoining to meet strict requirements before rejoining the Union.the Union. Blacks were allowed to participate in state Blacks were allowed to participate in state

elections.elections. The state must ratify 14The state must ratify 14thth amendment. amendment. States had to rewrite their constitutions, which States had to rewrite their constitutions, which

would then be approved by Congress.would then be approved by Congress. Former leaders and Officers of the Confederacy Former leaders and Officers of the Confederacy

need not apply.need not apply.

What influences contributed to What influences contributed to the mood of isolationism in the the mood of isolationism in the

U.S.?U.S.? It was reasonable clear of the intentions of It was reasonable clear of the intentions of

Hitler in Germany. Mein Kampf, exposed his Hitler in Germany. Mein Kampf, exposed his inclination to totalitarianism &expansionism. inclination to totalitarianism &expansionism. Yet we stayed an isolationist nation.Yet we stayed an isolationist nation.– The Nye Senate (1934-36) hearings exposed The Nye Senate (1934-36) hearings exposed

American arms manufactures for bribing foreign American arms manufactures for bribing foreign officials, providing arms to fascist countries, and officials, providing arms to fascist countries, and lobbying congress to go to war.lobbying congress to go to war.

– The financial community was afraid of losing their The financial community was afraid of losing their loan investments if the allies lost. loan investments if the allies lost.

– The losses of WWI energized anti-war sentiment.The losses of WWI energized anti-war sentiment.– The cost of war should be used to bring the country The cost of war should be used to bring the country

out of the depression.out of the depression.– Dating back to Washington, the U.S. had always Dating back to Washington, the U.S. had always

tried to be neutral.tried to be neutral.

Jack Kerouac is considered one of Jack Kerouac is considered one of the leaders of the “Beat the leaders of the “Beat

Generation”. What did they Generation”. What did they stand for?stand for?

The Beat Generation rose in reaction to the The Beat Generation rose in reaction to the growing conformity and materialism of the growing conformity and materialism of the 1950s.1950s.– Kerouac wrote Kerouac wrote On the Road On the Road and and Dharma Bums.Dharma Bums.

Drugs, drinking, extra-marital affairs, hoping freight Drugs, drinking, extra-marital affairs, hoping freight trains, poetry and eastern mysticism were the base.trains, poetry and eastern mysticism were the base.

– A direct challenge to the typical suburbanite.A direct challenge to the typical suburbanite.– Major players included Allen Ginsberg, William Major players included Allen Ginsberg, William

Burroughs and Gary Snider.Burroughs and Gary Snider.

What major legislation was What major legislation was produced by the “Great produced by the “Great

Society”?Society”? Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

– Policed discriminatory hiring practices.Policed discriminatory hiring practices. MedicareMedicare

– Ensures the elderly have health care.Ensures the elderly have health care. Department of Housing & Urban DevelopmentDepartment of Housing & Urban Development

– Revitalizing poor urban residential areas.Revitalizing poor urban residential areas.– Polices discriminatory housing practices.Polices discriminatory housing practices.

Project Head StartProject Head Start– Ensures that low income pre-schoolers receive Ensures that low income pre-schoolers receive

adequate food, health care and preparation for adequate food, health care and preparation for schooling.schooling.

Can you tell someone, anyone, Can you tell someone, anyone, the story that is America?the story that is America?

Describe the state of the Describe the state of the “indentured service” in the “indentured service” in the

Chesapeake settlement.Chesapeake settlement. Why leave England? Population Boom, Why leave England? Population Boom,

political/religious unrest, lack of work.political/religious unrest, lack of work. Nearly 100,000 came as indentured servants.Nearly 100,000 came as indentured servants. Most were young farmers, 15 to 24 years old.Most were young farmers, 15 to 24 years old. Very few were criminals.Very few were criminals. Four to seven years, and the promise of free land Four to seven years, and the promise of free land

after servitude.after servitude. 1/3 died of overwork or disease1/3 died of overwork or disease The rest eventually became the majority of the The rest eventually became the majority of the

population in Maryland and Virginia.population in Maryland and Virginia. Masters were charged with feeding, clothing and Masters were charged with feeding, clothing and

housing their servants. In addition, no excessive housing their servants. In addition, no excessive beatingsbeatings

Why was the NW Ordinance Why was the NW Ordinance Act of 1787 significant?Act of 1787 significant?

The act itself created a process for The act itself created a process for distributing land to settlers.distributing land to settlers.– In addition, the Act provided civil rights in In addition, the Act provided civil rights in

the new territory; the new territory; trial by jury, freedom of religion, freedom from trial by jury, freedom of religion, freedom from

excessive punishment & abolished slavery.excessive punishment & abolished slavery.

– North of the Ohio River, East of the North of the Ohio River, East of the Mississippi to the Canadian border.Mississippi to the Canadian border.

– After the “Battle of Fallen Timbers” the After the “Battle of Fallen Timbers” the Miami confederacy of Indians were Miami confederacy of Indians were defeated by General “Mad Anthony” defeated by General “Mad Anthony” Wayne, and peace ensued.Wayne, and peace ensued.

What were the elements of What were the elements of Henry Clay’s American Henry Clay’s American

System?System? Initiated during Madison’s presidencyInitiated during Madison’s presidency Provided protective tariffs for US industries.Provided protective tariffs for US industries.

– Tariffs and incentives to spur industrial Tariffs and incentives to spur industrial development.development.

Construction of the National Road and others.Construction of the National Road and others.– Many believed poor roadways hurt them in the Many believed poor roadways hurt them in the

War of 1812.War of 1812. Creation of a National Bank for development.Creation of a National Bank for development. All this done by the Republican president who All this done by the Republican president who

valued small government – National Interests, valued small government – National Interests, however, demanded a change in thinking.however, demanded a change in thinking.

Reform movements in the first Reform movements in the first half of the 19half of the 19thth century century

attempted to accomplish what?attempted to accomplish what? A number of factors brought on the movement: A number of factors brought on the movement:

The Second Great Awakening brought on a religious fervor to The Second Great Awakening brought on a religious fervor to do good.do good.

Rapid industrialization spurred the growth of cities and the Rapid industrialization spurred the growth of cities and the subsequent urban poverty and despair.subsequent urban poverty and despair.

Employers treated workers as a commodity, easily replaced.Employers treated workers as a commodity, easily replaced.

Made up of mostly middle class women:Made up of mostly middle class women: Temperance movement, Rehabilitate criminals, Humane Temperance movement, Rehabilitate criminals, Humane

treatment for the insane, and later on Abolitionism and treatment for the insane, and later on Abolitionism and Suffrage.Suffrage.

““The price which society pays for the law of competition …is The price which society pays for the law of competition …is great; but the advantages of the law are also greater. It is great; but the advantages of the law are also greater. It is

here; we cannot evade it,… it is best for the race, because it here; we cannot evade it,… it is best for the race, because it ensures the survival of the fittest in every department.ensures the survival of the fittest in every department.

Social Darwinism: Natural selection determines Social Darwinism: Natural selection determines the survival and demise of living beings.the survival and demise of living beings.– During the “Gilded Age”, the wealthy used Darwin’s During the “Gilded Age”, the wealthy used Darwin’s

theory to justify their wealth and the poverty all theory to justify their wealth and the poverty all around them.around them. The theory was advocated by Herbert Spencer of and Yale The theory was advocated by Herbert Spencer of and Yale

professor, William Graham Sumerprofessor, William Graham Sumer Andrew Carnegie’s Andrew Carnegie’s “Gospel of Wealth”“Gospel of Wealth” embraced this embraced this

position, although he did suggest that there was some moral position, although he did suggest that there was some moral obligations of the wealthy to the nation.obligations of the wealthy to the nation.

– The theory was challenged by Progressives who The theory was challenged by Progressives who reminded their readers that Darwinism referred to reminded their readers that Darwinism referred to plants and animals, not to humans.plants and animals, not to humans.

What are the details of the What are the details of the Panama Canal by the U.S.?Panama Canal by the U.S.?

The canal would save time and improve The canal would save time and improve shipping and distribution for U.S. business.shipping and distribution for U.S. business.

The original canal was to go through The original canal was to go through Nicaragua, but bribes and business interest Nicaragua, but bribes and business interest in Panama changed the plan.in Panama changed the plan.

Columbia kept upping the ante.Columbia kept upping the ante. The U.S. encouraged a Panamanian revolt.The U.S. encouraged a Panamanian revolt. The U.S. sent in troops, under the guise of The U.S. sent in troops, under the guise of

the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, to keep the peace in Panama.Doctrine, to keep the peace in Panama.– The corollary stated any regional instability was a The corollary stated any regional instability was a

threat to U.S. interests.threat to U.S. interests.

What are the details of the What are the details of the Japanese internment camps?Japanese internment camps?

The government was fearful of enemy agents:The government was fearful of enemy agents:– More than 110,00 Japanese were interned.More than 110,00 Japanese were interned.– The relocation was ordered by the President.The relocation was ordered by the President.– Congress was compliant.Congress was compliant.– The majority of Japanese (80,000) were American The majority of Japanese (80,000) were American

born.born.– American farmers supported the internment as a American farmers supported the internment as a

way to remove competitors.way to remove competitors. The case of The case of Korematsu v. United States Korematsu v. United States failed failed

when the Supreme court decided that when the Supreme court decided that interment was acceptable in times of war.interment was acceptable in times of war.– Eventually, the government paid $25,000 to each Eventually, the government paid $25,000 to each

living internee as a matter of redressing the issue.living internee as a matter of redressing the issue.

The condition of Anglo-The condition of Anglo-American women was?American women was?

Unmarried women had the same legal status Unmarried women had the same legal status as men, except for right to vote.as men, except for right to vote.

Widows had the same legal rights of Widows had the same legal rights of unmarried women.unmarried women.

Married women;Married women;– Could neither sue, or be sued.Could neither sue, or be sued.– Could not sign contracts, deeds, or wills.Could not sign contracts, deeds, or wills.– Could not own property.Could not own property.– All that a woman had before marriage become the All that a woman had before marriage become the

property of the husband.property of the husband. Native American women had more rights.Native American women had more rights.

Why did Chesapeake Why did Chesapeake settlements expand more settlements expand more

rapidly than those in rapidly than those in Massachusetts?Massachusetts?

Tobacco:Tobacco:– Required abundant acreage.Required abundant acreage.– Tobacco drained the nutrients from the Tobacco drained the nutrients from the

soil, requiring rotation of fertile land.soil, requiring rotation of fertile land.

Why was the debate over the Why was the debate over the “First National Bank” “First National Bank”

important?important? After the revolution, the U.S. was in serious After the revolution, the U.S. was in serious

debt, like England was after the F.&I. War.debt, like England was after the F.&I. War.– Alexander Hamilton pushed the bank idea.Alexander Hamilton pushed the bank idea.

The role of the bank was to consolidate debt and circulate The role of the bank was to consolidate debt and circulate currency.currency.

The bank would broaden national powers.The bank would broaden national powers. Hamilton favored a strong national government.Hamilton favored a strong national government. Jefferson opposed the bank, saying it was unnecessary, Jefferson opposed the bank, saying it was unnecessary,

referring to the “necessary and proper clause of the referring to the “necessary and proper clause of the constitution, commonly called the elastic clause.constitution, commonly called the elastic clause.

– The bank help frame the arguments of the “strict The bank help frame the arguments of the “strict constructionist” v. ‘broad-constructionist” constructionist” v. ‘broad-constructionist”

The “Lowell System of early 19The “Lowell System of early 19thth century textile manufacturing was century textile manufacturing was

noteworthy for its?noteworthy for its?

Named after the town of Lowell, Mass.Named after the town of Lowell, Mass. All the workers were women except All the workers were women except

supervisors.supervisors.– The owners were short of workers, so they:The owners were short of workers, so they:

Offered incentives, cash bonuses, housing in company Offered incentives, cash bonuses, housing in company houses, access to culturally events and escorted to church.houses, access to culturally events and escorted to church.

– Fearful of the horror stories of English industrialism, Fearful of the horror stories of English industrialism, the incentives were partly humanitarian.the incentives were partly humanitarian.

– Massive immigration in the next several decades, Massive immigration in the next several decades, with it cheap labor ended the Lowell System.with it cheap labor ended the Lowell System.

The election of 1824 marked a The election of 1824 marked a turning point, which was?turning point, which was?

Prior to 1824, presidential candidates were Prior to 1824, presidential candidates were submitted by congressional caucus.submitted by congressional caucus.– Then approved by state electors who often were Then approved by state electors who often were

part of the caucus.part of the caucus.– When William Crawford was chosen by the When William Crawford was chosen by the

Republican caucus, Adams, Jackson and clay Republican caucus, Adams, Jackson and clay challenge the nomination.challenge the nomination. They accused the caucus system as undemocratic.They accused the caucus system as undemocratic. After 1824, electors were chosen by the voters.After 1824, electors were chosen by the voters.

– The 1824 election ended up with cries of a “corrupt The 1824 election ended up with cries of a “corrupt bargain”, when Adams received the House votes for bargain”, when Adams received the House votes for Clay and allegedly offered Clay the Secretary of Clay and allegedly offered Clay the Secretary of State.State.

In the late 1800s, 19In the late 1800s, 19thth century, political century, political machines, like Tammany Hall were machines, like Tammany Hall were

successful. Why?successful. Why? The great wave of immigration swelled the size The great wave of immigration swelled the size

of cities.of cities.– Government was an inactive observer.Government was an inactive observer.

Minimal services were provided immigrantsMinimal services were provided immigrants Churches and ethnic communities were to provide services.Churches and ethnic communities were to provide services.

– The Political Machines, looking for votes, provided:The Political Machines, looking for votes, provided: Homes and jobs, help with citizenship and voting rights.Homes and jobs, help with citizenship and voting rights. In return, communities voted for the candidates supported In return, communities voted for the candidates supported

by the machine. At first out of loyalty, than loyalty and fear.by the machine. At first out of loyalty, than loyalty and fear. The political bosses would then extract favors from their The political bosses would then extract favors from their

politicians.politicians.

Detail the differences between Detail the differences between W.E.B. Du Bois & Booker T. W.E.B. Du Bois & Booker T.

WashingtonWashington Booker T. Washington:Booker T. Washington:

– Famous agricultural scientist, son of slaves who valued self Famous agricultural scientist, son of slaves who valued self reliance.reliance.

– Founder of the Tuskegee Institute in AlabamaFounder of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama W.E.B. Du Bois:W.E.B. Du Bois:

– Noted sociologist, Northerner educated at Harvard & Noted sociologist, Northerner educated at Harvard & Germany.Germany.

– Founder of the National Negro Committee, later called the Founder of the National Negro Committee, later called the N.A.A.C.P. N.A.A.C.P.

Methodology for helping people of color:Methodology for helping people of color:– Washington: An assimilationist who stressed equality could Washington: An assimilationist who stressed equality could

be gained through economic success and slow integration of be gained through economic success and slow integration of the white community.the white community.

– Du Bois: Why earn equality, when it should be by right?Du Bois: Why earn equality, when it should be by right? The law should protect all people of color NOW!The law should protect all people of color NOW!

What effect did Prohibition What effect did Prohibition have in America?have in America?

1818thth Amendment prohibited Alcohol Amendment prohibited Alcohol consumption.consumption.– The Vostead Act provided the enforcement tools.The Vostead Act provided the enforcement tools.

Abstinence was popular with northern religious Abstinence was popular with northern religious conservatives and fundamentalists in general.conservatives and fundamentalists in general.– Incidence of public drunkenness decreased.Incidence of public drunkenness decreased.– Productivity increased.Productivity increased.

However:However:– A massive underground industry arose to serve A massive underground industry arose to serve

patrons.patrons.– Disorganized crime became “Organized Crime”.Disorganized crime became “Organized Crime”.– Millions of citizens broke the law.Millions of citizens broke the law.– Law Enforcement was corrupted by crime bribesLaw Enforcement was corrupted by crime bribes

2121stst Amendment ended prohibition in 1933. Amendment ended prohibition in 1933.

The 1927 motion picture, The 1927 motion picture, The The Jazz Singer, Jazz Singer, was the first major was the first major

commercial film to feature?commercial film to feature? All movies were silent prior to All movies were silent prior to The Jazz The Jazz

Singer.Singer. Music was provided by live musicians or Music was provided by live musicians or

record player.record player. It was the first to use synchronous It was the first to use synchronous

dialogue and singing.dialogue and singing. Within a few years, all of Hollywood was Within a few years, all of Hollywood was

talkies.talkies.

Why the atomic bomb in Why the atomic bomb in Japan?Japan?

The European war was over.The European war was over. The U.S. had considerable fears over The U.S. had considerable fears over

losing the lives of millions of GIs.losing the lives of millions of GIs. President Truman wanted to prevent President Truman wanted to prevent

the USSR from entering a war with the USSR from entering a war with Japan, which would have entitled Japan, which would have entitled them to the spoils of war.them to the spoils of war.

Truman also wanted to intimidate the Truman also wanted to intimidate the Soviets by demonstrating the power Soviets by demonstrating the power of the bomb.of the bomb.

Explain the details of the Equal Explain the details of the Equal Rights AmendmentRights Amendment

The amendment to the constitution would have The amendment to the constitution would have prohibited discrimination on the basis of gender.prohibited discrimination on the basis of gender.– The first Equal Right Amendment (ERA) was voted on The first Equal Right Amendment (ERA) was voted on

in 1923. Failed.in 1923. Failed.– Voted every year after until 1948. Then it could never Voted every year after until 1948. Then it could never

get out of the Judiciary Committee.get out of the Judiciary Committee.– Revived in 1970, the ERA cleared the House and Revived in 1970, the ERA cleared the House and

Senate by wide margins.Senate by wide margins.– The ERA needed ¾ of states to ratify the vote in order The ERA needed ¾ of states to ratify the vote in order

to become law.to become law.– Fundamentalists and Social Conservatives (including Fundamentalists and Social Conservatives (including

many women), rose up against the law and it never many women), rose up against the law and it never passed.passed.

What is the Stamp Act, and to What is the Stamp Act, and to what purpose was it passed by what purpose was it passed by

Parliament?Parliament? The Stamp Act of 1765-1766 required all The Stamp Act of 1765-1766 required all

printed matter to bear a government stamp printed matter to bear a government stamp requiring a duty to be paid in hard money.requiring a duty to be paid in hard money.– Legal documents, licenses, pamphlets, newspapers, Legal documents, licenses, pamphlets, newspapers,

playing cards, etc., etc.playing cards, etc., etc.– The previous Currency Act forbade the colonies from The previous Currency Act forbade the colonies from

printing money. So hard currency was hard to find.printing money. So hard currency was hard to find.– Violators were tried in military courts to get around Violators were tried in military courts to get around

the jury of peers.the jury of peers.– The colonists responded with public meetings of The colonists responded with public meetings of

protest, lobbying Parliament and boycotting British protest, lobbying Parliament and boycotting British goods.goods.

– Parliament repealed Stamp Act, but passed Parliament repealed Stamp Act, but passed Delcaratory Act.Delcaratory Act.

The doctrine of Nullification The doctrine of Nullification caused so many trouble. caused so many trouble.

Explain.Explain. Principle: purpose of the Constitution was to Principle: purpose of the Constitution was to

protect states against the tyranny of the protect states against the tyranny of the national government.national government.– Essentially, states have the right to nullify and federal Essentially, states have the right to nullify and federal

law.law. Supported by radical wing of States Rights movementSupported by radical wing of States Rights movement

– 11stst appeared in Jefferson’s “Kentucky Resolutions” appeared in Jefferson’s “Kentucky Resolutions” He argued that it violated 10He argued that it violated 10thth amendment. amendment.

– The real rift happened with the 1828 “Tariff of The real rift happened with the 1828 “Tariff of Abominations”Abominations” South Carolina nullified the Tariff, but a compromise was South Carolina nullified the Tariff, but a compromise was

reached by Henry Clay to avoid violence.reached by Henry Clay to avoid violence. The “Force Bill”, declaring it legal to use the army and navy The “Force Bill”, declaring it legal to use the army and navy

to collect taxes was passed by Andrew Jackson.to collect taxes was passed by Andrew Jackson.

What did Alexis de Tocqueville What did Alexis de Tocqueville say and write about America?say and write about America?

Tocqueville arrives in 1830.Tocqueville arrives in 1830.– Writes his famous Writes his famous Democracy in America”Democracy in America”

Very impressed with the interest Very impressed with the interest Americans take in politics.Americans take in politics.– Admires the “impermanence of the social Admires the “impermanence of the social

hierarchy”, as opposed to Europe’s rigid hierarchy”, as opposed to Europe’s rigid class system.class system.

– Suggests that the absence of an Suggests that the absence of an Aristocracy and unlimited land was a Aristocracy and unlimited land was a unique American advantage.unique American advantage.

How did westward migration How did westward migration radically change beginning in radically change beginning in

1848?1848? In 1848 gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill.In 1848 gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill.

– The “49ers” began to arrive en mass.The “49ers” began to arrive en mass.– Population of California grew from 15,000 to Population of California grew from 15,000 to

300,000 in seven years.300,000 in seven years.– The Western section of the Oregon Trail, that The Western section of the Oregon Trail, that

part heading for Oregon, was almost forgotten part heading for Oregon, was almost forgotten in 1849.in 1849.

– Very few people actually found cold. The Very few people actually found cold. The suppliers to the gold camps made all the suppliers to the gold camps made all the money.money.

– California was made a state in the Compromise California was made a state in the Compromise of 1850.of 1850.

What was the free silver What was the free silver campaign of 1896 about?campaign of 1896 about?

The great cause of the “Populist Party”.The great cause of the “Populist Party”.– To increase the supply of money through To increase the supply of money through

the free coinage of silver.the free coinage of silver. Populists argued current practices favored the Populists argued current practices favored the

Eastern establishment.Eastern establishment. Free coinage of silver would cause inflation and Free coinage of silver would cause inflation and

provide more money in circulation.provide more money in circulation.– Farmers could pay there debts easier with this policy.Farmers could pay there debts easier with this policy.

The bankers argued that their loans would be The bankers argued that their loans would be devalued by more money in circulation.devalued by more money in circulation.

Explain the nature of our Explain the nature of our relationship with the relationship with the

PhilippinesPhilippines America destroyed the Spanish fleet in America destroyed the Spanish fleet in

Spanish-American war.Spanish-American war.– Spain controlled Philippines since early 1500s.Spain controlled Philippines since early 1500s.– The U.S. wanted a port for Pacific Trade.The U.S. wanted a port for Pacific Trade.– Considered it the stepping stone to China trade.Considered it the stepping stone to China trade.– Promised Emilo Aquinaldo the presidency and Promised Emilo Aquinaldo the presidency and

independence after Spain defeated. We lied.independence after Spain defeated. We lied.– The war of resistance immediately broke out.The war of resistance immediately broke out.

The Filipinos lost with many killed on both sides.The Filipinos lost with many killed on both sides.

– The U.S. was to grant independence when World The U.S. was to grant independence when World War II broke out. They gained independence after War II broke out. They gained independence after WWII.WWII.

““Free Speech would not protect a man Free Speech would not protect a man falsely shouting fire in a theater and falsely shouting fire in a theater and

causing panic.”causing panic.” The case is The case is Schenck v. United States.Schenck v. United States. Schenck was challenging the constitutionality Schenck was challenging the constitutionality

of the 1917 Espionage Act.of the 1917 Espionage Act.– The Act forbade false statements and using the The Act forbade false statements and using the

mail for treasonous materials to obstruct the draft mail for treasonous materials to obstruct the draft or foment rebellion in the military.or foment rebellion in the military.

– Schenck, and co-defendants, dropped flyers to tell Schenck, and co-defendants, dropped flyers to tell draftees that conscription was illegal, and they draftees that conscription was illegal, and they should ignore the draft.should ignore the draft.

– The Supreme Court upheld his conviction saying, The Supreme Court upheld his conviction saying, essentially, that Schenck endangered the nation.essentially, that Schenck endangered the nation.

How did George Wallace’s How did George Wallace’s independent candidacy for independent candidacy for

President allow Richard Nixon to President allow Richard Nixon to win in 1968?win in 1968?

George Wallace, was a former Governor George Wallace, was a former Governor of Alabama and staunch segregationist.of Alabama and staunch segregationist.– Knowing he couldn’t win outright, Wallace Knowing he couldn’t win outright, Wallace

was hoping to win enough southern states to was hoping to win enough southern states to throw the election into the House of throw the election into the House of Representatives.Representatives.

– Although he did win 10 million votes, he Although he did win 10 million votes, he mostly drew from disaffected Democrats, mostly drew from disaffected Democrats, which allowed Nixon to squeak by and win which allowed Nixon to squeak by and win the election.the election.

Describe the relationship between English Describe the relationship between English settlers and neighboring Indian tribes.settlers and neighboring Indian tribes.

English settlers would have starved in 1607, English settlers would have starved in 1607, were it not for the Powhatan Confederacy.were it not for the Powhatan Confederacy.– Powhatan’s were one of six Algonkian tribes making Powhatan’s were one of six Algonkian tribes making

up the confederacy.up the confederacy. The Algonkians traded food for weapons and tools.The Algonkians traded food for weapons and tools. They hoped the Europeans would help against their They hoped the Europeans would help against their

enemies.enemies.

– The English refused to recognize the legitimacy of The English refused to recognize the legitimacy of the Algonkian culture.the Algonkian culture. English claimed right to private property, opposed women English claimed right to private property, opposed women

working in the fields, considered themselves socially working in the fields, considered themselves socially superior, believed in absolute power of monarch as superior, believed in absolute power of monarch as opposed to the Algonkians where authority was conferred opposed to the Algonkians where authority was conferred by fellow tribe members. (democracy)by fellow tribe members. (democracy)

– Both were deeply religious, albeit differing in who Both were deeply religious, albeit differing in who and what they believed in.and what they believed in.

Puritan emigration slowed Puritan emigration slowed during the period of 1649-during the period of 1649-

1660. Why?1660. Why? This time period is called the “Interregnum”, This time period is called the “Interregnum”,

meaning between the Kings.meaning between the Kings.– Oliver Cromwell was named “lord protector”.Oliver Cromwell was named “lord protector”.

B/T 1642 & 1648, the Puritan Revolution, B/T 1642 & 1648, the Puritan Revolution, (English civil war) raged. Puritans, led by (English civil war) raged. Puritans, led by Cromwell, won.Cromwell, won.– Puritans wanted freedom to practice their religion Puritans wanted freedom to practice their religion

and representation in government. With Cromwell and representation in government. With Cromwell in power, there was no need to emigrate.in power, there was no need to emigrate.

By 1660, with the death of Cromwell, the By 1660, with the death of Cromwell, the Stuarts returned to the thrown.Stuarts returned to the thrown.– Puritans, once again, headed for the new world.Puritans, once again, headed for the new world.

What is the essence of the What is the essence of the Monroe Doctrine?Monroe Doctrine?

The successful independence of Central and The successful independence of Central and South American colonies was the catalyst.South American colonies was the catalyst.– Under President Monroe, the U.S. formally Under President Monroe, the U.S. formally

recognized the new countries.recognized the new countries.– Fear that England, France or Spain would try to Fear that England, France or Spain would try to

re-take their colonies led to the Monroe Doctrine.re-take their colonies led to the Monroe Doctrine. The doctrine stated that the U.S. had the right to The doctrine stated that the U.S. had the right to

intercede when their interests were threatened.intercede when their interests were threatened. The doctrine was supported by England, whose trade The doctrine was supported by England, whose trade

had picked up when the colonies gained had picked up when the colonies gained independence.independence.

Two Supreme Court cases relative to Two Supreme Court cases relative to Native Americans in 1831 & 1832 said Native Americans in 1831 & 1832 said

what?what? Cherokee Nation v. GeorgiaCherokee Nation v. Georgia

– Marshall ruled that the Cherokee were neither Marshall ruled that the Cherokee were neither foreign nations, nor states.foreign nations, nor states. As such, they had “no standing” in federal court.As such, they had “no standing” in federal court. He also ruled that the Cherokee had a right to their land He also ruled that the Cherokee had a right to their land

and could not be forced off them.and could not be forced off them.

Worcester v. GeorgeWorcester v. George– Georgia wanted to relocate the Cherokee.Georgia wanted to relocate the Cherokee.– Marshall ruled that on the federal government had Marshall ruled that on the federal government had

the authority to relocate Native Americans.the authority to relocate Native Americans. Jackson ignored the court and the Trail of Tears ensued.Jackson ignored the court and the Trail of Tears ensued.

What were the “Black Codes” in the What were the “Black Codes” in the 1830s?1830s?

These are not the “black codes” that state These are not the “black codes” that state legislatures passed after the Civil War.legislatures passed after the Civil War.– The 1830s codes were aimed at free blacks.The 1830s codes were aimed at free blacks.

Free blacks were considered potential instigators of Free blacks were considered potential instigators of rebellion.rebellion.

Many southerners considered themselves superior to blacks Many southerners considered themselves superior to blacks and resented their freedom.and resented their freedom.

Freed blacks made up the majority of skilled laborers in the Freed blacks made up the majority of skilled laborers in the South, thus competing against white folks in the jobs South, thus competing against white folks in the jobs market.market.

– The codes required licenses for skilled black The codes required licenses for skilled black workers, banned blacks from certain jobs, no workers, banned blacks from certain jobs, no assembling in public and prohibited the teaching of assembling in public and prohibited the teaching of reading or writing to blacks.reading or writing to blacks.

– Laws were passed to not allow the freeing of slave.Laws were passed to not allow the freeing of slave.– Many free blacks headed North.Many free blacks headed North.

How did the U.S. get the How did the U.S. get the Oregon Territory?Oregon Territory?

Oregon, Washington and parts of Oregon, Washington and parts of Montana and Idaho.Montana and Idaho.

Americans wanted all the land to 54 Americans wanted all the land to 54 degree, 40’ (54, 40, or fight), which degree, 40’ (54, 40, or fight), which included parts of Canada.included parts of Canada.– President Polk, wary of another conflict, as President Polk, wary of another conflict, as

the Mexican War was on the verge of the Mexican War was on the verge of beginning, pushed for diplomacy. beginning, pushed for diplomacy.

– Britain accepted the 49Britain accepted the 49thth parallel. parallel.

Explain the Dawes Severalty Act Explain the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887?of 1887?

The reservation policy of 1860 had failed The reservation policy of 1860 had failed miserably. miserably.

The Dawes plan promised Native The Dawes plan promised Native Americans 160 acres of land if they moved Americans 160 acres of land if they moved off the reservation.off the reservation.– Congress wanted to hasten the assimilation of Congress wanted to hasten the assimilation of

Native Americans. The culture of private Native Americans. The culture of private property was introduced.property was introduced. Most refused offer, preferring to stay on reservation.Most refused offer, preferring to stay on reservation. Those that did accept, sold their lands to Those that did accept, sold their lands to

speculators.speculators.

What was the purpose and What was the purpose and result of the Sherman-Antitrust result of the Sherman-Antitrust

Act of 1890?Act of 1890? The original intent was to break up The original intent was to break up

corporate monopolies.corporate monopolies.– Result of final law was vaguely worded.Result of final law was vaguely worded.– However, it was clear about combinations, However, it was clear about combinations,

trusts or any conspiracy in the “restraint of trusts or any conspiracy in the “restraint of trade”.trade”.

The terms were not defined, and it was The terms were not defined, and it was left to a business-friendly court to do so.left to a business-friendly court to do so.– Almost all courts cited labor unionsAlmost all courts cited labor unions as “a as “a

conspiracy in the restraint of trade”.conspiracy in the restraint of trade”.– Until 1901, under T. Roosevelt, the law was Until 1901, under T. Roosevelt, the law was

used to harass and break unions.used to harass and break unions.

The term “welfare capitalism” The term “welfare capitalism” refers to the corporate practice refers to the corporate practice

of?of?

Offering workers incentive, such as Offering workers incentive, such as pensions and profit sharing, to pensions and profit sharing, to dissuade them from joining unions.dissuade them from joining unions.

What the heck is the What the heck is the “Underwood –Simmons Tariff “Underwood –Simmons Tariff

of 1913?of 1913? This tariff was passed under This tariff was passed under

Woodrow Wilson, the only Democrat Woodrow Wilson, the only Democrat of the three progressive presidents.of the three progressive presidents.– Republicans usually supported high Republicans usually supported high

protective tariffs.protective tariffs.

What are the particulars of the What are the particulars of the Agricultural Adjustment Act of Agricultural Adjustment Act of

19331933 Franklin Roosevelt on Farms:Franklin Roosevelt on Farms:

– The bottom had dropped out during 20s.The bottom had dropped out during 20s. Overproduction of farm goods.Overproduction of farm goods. Deep in debt from expansion of land and machinery.Deep in debt from expansion of land and machinery.

– The Solution:The Solution: Give payments to farmers to stop growing crops in Give payments to farmers to stop growing crops in

order to increase the value of food.order to increase the value of food. The program stabilized food prices and increased The program stabilized food prices and increased

income from exports.income from exports. The Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in The Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in

19361936 It was resubmitted without the offending language It was resubmitted without the offending language

and is still with us today.and is still with us today.

What was the agenda of What was the agenda of SNCC?SNCC?

Student Non-Violent Coordinating Student Non-Violent Coordinating CommitteeCommittee– The 1960 organization was to promote anti-The 1960 organization was to promote anti-

segregationist and black voting rights.segregationist and black voting rights.– Southern opposition, jailings and beatings Southern opposition, jailings and beatings

radicalized the organization and its radicalized the organization and its members.members.

– In 1966, Stokely Carmichael took control In 1966, Stokely Carmichael took control Expelled all white members.Expelled all white members. Advocated “black power” through separatism Advocated “black power” through separatism

and violenceand violence

The EndThe End