study on the effect of quarry dust on plastic shrinkage in … · table 1 presents the mix types, %...

Journal of Green Engineering, Vol.9 2, 282-290, Alpha Publishers This is an Open Access publication. © 2019 the Author(s). All rights reserved.

Study on the Effect of Quarry Dust on Plastic Shrinkage in Concrete Slab Made With the

Waste Coconut Shell as Aggregate

1S.Prakash Chandar,2K.Gunasekaran

1Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India. 2Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India. E-mail id: [email protected]

Abstract Coconut shell is one of the sustainable alternative aggregate recent studied to use in the production of concrete and produced coconut shell concrete. Studies on coconut shell concrete properties such as mechanical, bond, durability, structural performance and plastic shrinkage were reported and made available in the literature. However, these properties were studied using conventional river sand as fine aggregate. Since now a day’s river sand is also need an alternative to save its natural resources, quarry dust, M-sand are tried by many researchers both in conventional and coconut shell concrete. Since plastic shrinkage is also one of the significant properties of concrete and on this property using quarry dust in coconut shell concrete is only limited, this study on the effects of use of quarry dust in coconut shell concrete on plastic shrinkage properties was taken. Five mix proportions P1-P5 were considered in coconut shell concrete. It was found that plastic shrinkage crack area decreases as the percentage of quarry dust increases and this investigation also gives encourages using quarry dust in place of river sand in coconut shell concrete. Since coconut shell is one of the waste from the agricultural sector, though some the industries are using this waste as an activated carbon for water purifier, as an additives in agarbathis and mosquito coils etc, if this coconut shell is used as the aggregate in the production of concrete then this waste landfill can be reduced and in turn environment could be protected.

Keywords:Coconut shell, Quarry dust, Aggregates, Plastic shrinkage, additives.

Journal of Green Engineering (JGE)

Volume-9, Issue-2, August 2019

283 S.Prakash Chandar et. al.

1 Introduction

It is necessary to find the alternate materials for the conventional materials used in construction industries for the purpose of sustainability and environmental protection. This will have dual advantages that it will reduce landfill and find the way for recycling. Researchersare involved in converting waste material as usefulreplace materials for construction.

2 Literature Survey

In relation with the aim of this study, it was collected some literatures on concrete produced with different wastes such as recycled aggregate, marine algae, RMC wastes, coconut shell used concrete. Though many literatures available in all these wastes and also on other wastes, considering the page restriction, here only few references are cited and they are recycled aggregate [1 and 2], marine algae [3], RMC wastes [4], coconut shell [5 - 9] etc. Coconut shell is one of the agricultural waste and promised an alternative materials for coarse aggregate. Coconut shell concrete is one of the recently established concrete in which coconut shell as coarse aggregate and the conventional river sand was used as fine aggregate [5-9].Quarry dust is another waste from metal quarry and could be replaced for fine aggregate in the production of concrete. Since the sources of river sand are depleting day by day everywhere and hence people are searching for the alternate material. In view of this, authors of this manuscript already studied the combination of quarry dust in coconut shell concrete and published the properties of mechanical, bond and durability [10 and 11]. Therefore, in continuation of these a study on the effect of quarry dust on plastic shrinkage in concrete slab made with waste coconut shell as coarse aggregate and quarry dust as fine aggregate is proposed in this study and presented.

3 Materials Used

Concrete constituents used in this study are presented here.

3.1. Cement

Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade as per IS 12269:1987 [12] specifications was used.

3.2. Fine aggregate

River sand (RS) which is available nearby the institution (Palar River) was used as fine aggregate for the production of coconut shell and conventional control concretes. Specific gravity of river sand was found as 2.65 and falls in the zone II type of fine aggregate as per IS 383:2016 [13].

3.3. Quarry dust

It is a by-product of crushing the stone which is used for replacing material river sand in this study. Specific gravity of quarry dust was found as 2.64 and falls in the zone IVtype of fine aggregate as per IS 383:2016 [13].

Study on the Effect of Quarry Dust on Plastic Shrinkage in Concrete Slab Made With the Waste Coconut Shell as Aggregate 284

3.4. Coconut shell (CS)

Coconut shells were collected from local markets and crushed to the maximum of 12.5 mm size in length using the crusher developed and installed in SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai. Moisture content and water absorption properties of coconut shell aregenerally more when compared to normal stone aggregate, therefore it was decided to use coconut shell in the saturated surface dry (SSD) condition after 24 h soaking in water before introducing in the production of coconut shell concrete (CSC) as proposed in the earlier studies [10 and 11].

4 Experimental program

In the experimental program, slab size of 533×838×40 mm was selected and adopted as suggested in the literature [14] to study the effects of quarry dust on plastic shrinkage cracking of both conventional and coconut shell concrete. Five mixes were used in which the mixes are designated as P1 (100% river sand), P2 (75% river sand and 25% quarry dust), P3 (50% river sand and 50% quarry dust), P4 (25% river sand and 75% quarry dust) and P5 (100% quarry dust). For each mixes, companion concrete cubes of size 100 × 100 × 100 mm were used and tested for their respective compressive strength as per IS 516:1959 [15] at 3, 7 and 28 days, respectively. In all these mixes, cement content of 510 kg/m3 was used as per the previous studies [10 and 11]. Table 1 presents the mix types, % of river sand and quarry dust and the corresponding mix ratios used in this study. Required moulds were prepared using the plywood as per the size of the slab and cast for each mixes P1 to P5. All these slabs were exposed to similar environmental conditions (atmospheric temperatures ranged from 29°C ± 6°C, with relative humidity in the range of 65 to 80%)and maintained for all the slabs. Aluminium straight edge was moved as shown in Figure 1a, across the surface along the longer direction in the pattern of sawing motion at a speed of 0.061 m/s for top finish of all the slabs. To eliminate spots before accumulation of bleeding water on the top of slabs, bull float was applied as shown in Figure. 1b.

Aluminium hand held floating was done to ensure that the holes were completely filled. This process was adopted over the top surface of the slabs after conforming that all the bleed water completely evaporated. To produce a smooth and dense surface of the slabs, troweling was done using a steel trowel after the aluminium hand held floating.

Figure 1(a) Aluminium straight edge was moved across the surface


Figure 1 (b) Bull float application

After 25 min of time from the starting of mixing of concrete constituents, pedestal fans were switched (Figure 2a) on to develop air circulation. To determine the weight of water lost from the concrete during the test, 150 mm diameter cylinder filled with concrete was placed adjacent to the slab panels and weighed. Through the naked eye, initial formation of plastic shrinkage cracks were monitored. Sample plastic shrinkage cracks developed on one of the slab is shown in Figure 2b. Fans were switched off after 5 h. Hand-held microscope having an optical magnification of 40× and a sensitivity of 0.01 mm was used for measuring crack widths as shown in Figure. 3a and threads as shown in Figure 3 b and scale was used for observing and measuring the length of cracks. As many places as possible along the length of each crack, width were measured and taken the average for crack area calculation. Crack area of each slab was calculated by considering the length of each crack multiplied by average width of crack of that particular crack and the summation of all the cracks area of each slabs were calculated and presented.

Table 1 Mix type and ratios used

S.No Coconut shell concrete

Mix ratio

Cement : sand : quarry dust : coconut shell: water P1 100% River sand 1:1.47:0.65:0.42 P2 75% River sand ,25% quarry dust 1:1.10:0.39:0.65:0.42 P3 50% River sand ,50% quarry dust 1:0.73:0.79:0.65:0.42 P4 25% River sand ,75% quarry dust 1:0.37:1.18:0.65:0.42 P5 100% Quarry dust 1:1.58:0.65:0.42

Figure 2 (a) Air circulation through fan


Figure 2 (b)Sample plastic shrinkage cracks

Figure 3 (a) Measuring crack width

Figure 3 (b) Thread used to observe crack length

5. Results and discussion Results obtained from the test results were analyzed and presented in this section.

5.1 Compressive strength For mixes P1 to P5, compressive strength were found at 3, 7 and 28 days as per IS 516: 1959 [15] and presented in Table 2.


Table 2 Compression strength test results

Figure 4 illustrates the graphical representations of compressive strength of mixes P1 to P5. While the percentage of quarry dust increases, density of concrete and compressive strength of concrete is also increases.

Figure 4 Compressive strength Vs different mixes

5.2 Plastic shrinkage

On each slab, formation of number of cracks; minimum and maximum crack widths for each crack; minimum and maximum crack length for each crack were observed and presented in Table 3. Plastic shrinkage test results show that if the percentages of quarry dust increases in the coconut shell concrete

Table 3 Consolidated results of plastic shrinkage tests

Mix type

Percentage of replacement

No of cracks

Minimum

crack width

in (mm)

Maximum crack

width in(mm)

Minimum crack length in(mm)

Maximum crack length

in (mm)

Total crack area

(mm2)

% Total crack

area in terms of RS

P1 100% RS 6 0.1 0.7 10 44 48.20 100

P2 75% RS,25% QD

6 0.1 0.4 12 43 46.97 97.45

P3 50% RS ,50% QD

5 0.1 0.4 18 45 44.50 92.32

P4 25% RS ,75% QD

5 0.1 0.4 13 46 43.67 90.60

P5 100% QD 6 0.2 0.5 8 43 41.83 86.78

05

1015202530

Com

pre

ssiv

e st

ren

gth

N

/mm

2

Different % used for RS and QD

3rd day

7th day

28th day

Mix type

Percentage of replacement

Fresh density (kg/m3)

Compressive strength ( N/mm2 )

3rd day

7th day

28th day

P1 100% RS 2040 16.49 19.78 26.45

P2 75% RS ,25% QD

2070 16.65 20.40 27.10

P3 50% RS ,50% QD

2085 16.78 20.55 27.94

P4 25% RS ,75% QD

2115 16.82 20.62 28.15

P5 100% QD 2150 17.18 20.80 28.42


6 Conclusion Since the specific gravity of the quarry dust is comparatively high compared to river sand, density of mixes increases as the percentage of quarry dust increases in place of river sand in turn compressive strength also increases. Plastic shrinkage test results show that if the percentage of quarry dust increases, total plastic shrinkage crack area decreases. Since the use of quarry dust in coconut shell concrete reduces the shrinkage overall, it can be recommended to use the quarry dust as replacement for river sand to reduce the plastic shrinkage. However, further studies are to be carried out on the other types of shrinkages such as drying shrinkage, autogeneous shrinkage and carbonation shrinkage etc before come to the final conclusion on the above recommendation.

References

[1] S.PrakashChandar,K.Gunasekaran, N.SaiSandeep,”An experimental investigation

on strength properties of steel fibres along with recycled aggregate in cement concrete”, Rasayan Journal of Chemistry,Vol.10, No.2, pp.528, 2017.

[2] S.PrakashChandar, K.Gunasekaran, K.Prasanth, “An experimental investigation and durability property on recycled concrete with partial replacement to fine aggregate in coconut shell concrete”,Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, Vol.11, No.2, pp.702, 2018.

[3] R.Ramasubramani, K.S.Sathyanarayanan, “Study on the strength properties of marine algae concrete”,Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, Vol.9, No.4, pp.706, 2016.

[4] L.Krishnaraj, R.Suba Lakshmi, “P.T.Ravichandran, Utilisation of RMC waste with chemical admixtures to manufacturing of sustainable building components”,Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, Vol.10, No.2, pp.592, 2017.

[5] I. H. Adebakin, K. Gunasekaran, R. Annadurai, “Mechanical properties of Self-compacting coconut shell concrete blended with fly ash”, Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vo.20, No.2, pp.113-124, 2019.

[6] V. R. Prasath Kumar, K. Gunasekaran,T. Shyamala, “Characterization study on coconut shell concrete with partial replacement of cement by GGBS”, Journal of Building Engineering, Vol.26, 2019.

[7] AnandhSekar, GunasekaranKandasamy, “Optimization of Coconut fiber in Coconut shell Concrete and Its mechanical and Bond Properties”, Materials, Vol.11, pp.1726,2018.

[8] K.Gunasekaran, P.S.Kumar, M.Lakshmipathy, “Mechanical and bond properties of coconut shell concrete”, International, Journal of Construction and Building Materials, Vol.25, No.1, pp.92, 2011.

[9] K.Gunasekaran,R.Ramasubramani,R.Annadurai,S.PrakashChandar, “Study on reinforced lightweight coconut shell concrete beam behavior under torsion”, International journal of Materials and Design, Vol.57, pp.374, 2014.

[10] K. Gunasekaran, S. PraksahChandar, R. Annadurai& K.S. Satyanarayanan., “Augmentation of mechanical and bond strength of coconut shell concrete using quarry dust”,European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Vol.21,No.5, pp.629-640, 2016.

[11] S. Prakash Chandar, K. Gunasekaran, K. S. Satyanarayanan& R. Annadurai, “Study on some durability properties of coconut shell concrete with quarry dust”, European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering.


[12] IS 12269:1987-Ordinary Portland cement 53grade. [13] IS 383: 2016 Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources

for concrete. [14] Gunasekaran K, Annadurai R, Kumar PS, “Plastic shrinkage and deflection

characteristics of coconut shell concrete slab”, Construction and Building Materials, Vol.43, pp.203-207, 2013.

[15] IS 516: 1959- Methods of tests for strength of concrete, http://www.iitk.ac.in/ce/test/IS-codes/is.516.1959.pdf

Biographies

S.Prakash chandar M.Tech , MISTE., Working as an Assistant Professor in SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Pursing Ph.D work doing on “Investigation on the effect of quarry dust in coconut shell concrete” in SRM University. Published 02 International papers in SCI indexed journals, 30scopus indexed journal papers, 05 national journal papers, and 02 papers presented in International Conferences. Life member of Indian Society for Technical Education since 2011.

Dr. K. Gunasekaran, working as a Professor in SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Awarded Ph.D in the year 2011 for the works done on “Utilization of Coconut Shell as Coarse Aggregate in the Development of Lightweight Concrete” in SRM University. Published 14 International papers in SCI indexed journals, 39scopus indexed journal papers, 03 national journal papers, and 12 papers in International Conferences, 09 papers in National level conferences, written one technical note, and three books with ISBN numbers and applied 02 patents in which one is published. Reviewer for some of the reviewed and referred journals like “Construction and Building Materials”, Materials and Structures”, “European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering” etc. Life member of Indian Society for Technical Education since 1991, Life Member of Indian Concrete Institute


since 2005, recognized as Charted Engineer from The Institution of Engineers (India) since 2001 and also Fellow of The Institution of Engineers (India) since 2017. I2OR Awards 2018 for Researchers and I2OR Awards 2018 for Educators from International Institute of Organized Research (I2OR), India / Australia.Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Award for Science Excellence – 2018 and Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Award for Teaching Excellence – 2018 from Marina Labs, Chennai, India. Bharat Vikas Award, from Institute of Self Reliance, Odisha,

India.

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