study on qubec bridge disaster
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QUBEC BRIDGE COLLAPSE
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Official name Pont de Qubec
Carries3 lanes of roadway1 rail line1 pedestrian walkway
Crosses St. Lawrence River
Locale Quebec City, and Lvis, Quebec
Maintained by Canadian National Railway
Design Cantilever bridge
Longest span 549 m (1,800 ft)
Total length 987 m (3,239 ft)
Width 29 m (94 ft) wide
Opening date December 3, 1919
cost 25 Million Dollars.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vis,_Quebechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantilever_bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vis,_Quebechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_River -
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The bridge is 340 feet high, from the top ofthe cantilever to the water below. Eachcantileverspan is 580 feet long.(15) TheQuebec Bridge accommodates 1 rail line, 3lanes of automotive traffic and 2 pedestrianwalkways.
The Quebec Bridge was declared a historicmonument in1987, by the Canadian &American Society of Civil Engineers and aNational Historic Site on January 24, 1996 bythe Department of Canadian Heritage.
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In 1882 Quebec Bridge Company was granted the contractfor the bridge Due to short finance , nothing was doneuntil 1887 when Quebec Bridge was incorporated withthe Railway Company Theodore Cooper, the mostreputed engineer of that time became the main
consulting engineer for the projectConstruction was contracted to : Phoenix Bridge Company
Initial design was produced by: Peter Szlapka , whichwasre viewed and approved by Cooper. Upon Coopersrecommendation the loading of the bridge[was
increased]by extending the length of thecenter spanfrom[1,600 to 1,800 feet]. The reason being is thatPiers constructed in deeper water would be subject tothe heavy ice floes of the main channel.
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Improper design
Material used
Irresponsibility
Lack of equipment
Lack of budget
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first
Management
problem
Reduced the
number of
piers
Wrong used in
carbon steel
Miscalculation second
Construction
problem
Lack of
budget
Wrong usage
equipment
Overload
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Lack of budget
Reduced the material and research to minimum
Wrong used in carbon steel
Reduced the number of piers
Moved the supports toward to the shores
Miscalculation
Miscalculated the limitation of material and the
whole structure
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Irresponsibility
The chief engineer of the project had never
been to the bridge during the construction.
Ignorance
Somebody discovered the problem but
nobody paid attention to it.
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On August 25, 1907. A loud sound came outfrom The Qubec Bridge constructionarea and
it shook the surrounding houses in vicinity.
A terrible cracking was made and it could beheard in miles. A thick dust raised and the
bridge fell into the St. Lawrence River. In this tragedy, among the 86 workmen, 75
of them lost their life there while only 11 ofthem survived. The entire structure took only15 seconds to collapse.
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The chief engineer, Theodore Cooper did not receiveenough resource from The Government of Canada.
He had to build a bridge with the small budget.
He also wanted to build the greatest bridge in theworld with smallest amount of money. As a result, heignored many problems in order to finish the project.
First of all, he increased the length so that the bridgecould span 61m longer.
Secondly, he decreased the number of piers andmoved the piers toward to the shores. This helped to
reduce the building cost and the depth. Furthermore,he reduced the research and material to theminimum. Although it helped to save lots of money,it would increase the load of the piers and weakenedthe whole structure.
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To build the longest bridge, the engineers ignored many
problems before the construction was started. First of all,because of reducing the cost to a minimum, they did notdo any research in material. Thus, the original materialhad to support an extra load.
Secondly, they brought the piers further shoreward.Although it helped to reduce the building cost, it would
decrease the depth. It was very dangerous because itaffected the foundation of the whole bridge system.
The engineers did not do any research in material. So,theybuilt the bridge with a wrong material, carbon steel.Carbon steel is a cheap construction material. It is heavy,weak and it is very easy to bend. Thus, the load to thebridge was much larger and buckling occurred.
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Buckling is caused by heavy load. When aload is added onto a bridge, the bridge will
be compresses and tensed at the same time.
If it continues, the buckling will occur and the
whole structure will crack. However, it can beprevented by reinforcement.
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I t ft th fi t ll
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Improvement after the first collapse
After the bridge collapsed, the engineers found that it was
not practical to cut cost by reducing the use of material.Also, they discovered that they used a wrong material tobuildtheir bridge.
To prevent the disaster happened again, they chose Nickel
Steel instead of CarbonSteel. Nickel Steel was a strongerand lighter material. For sure, it was more expensive.Theother thing they did was to modify the design. They shiftedthe piers towards the center of the river. Although it would
bring a larger cost, it increased the depth. Thus, thefoundation was better and the bridge could support a largerload.
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Since the bridge collapsed, the engineers did a lotto improve the bridge.
Theoretically, the bridge should not collapseagain. However, the bridge collapsed again duringconstruction nine years later.On September 17,
1916, unfortunately the disaster happened again.
When the jack sbegan to raise the structure inplace between the cantilever arms, the jack broke
and the whole structure crashed into the river.Eleven more deaths were added to theQubecBridgestoll.
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Nickel Steel instead
of Carbon Steel
Change in
Construction method
Redesign done by
seven engineers
Effective equipments
are been used
Improvement
after the
collapse
S h (T i l iff )
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Advantage
Strength (Torisonal stiffness)
Economical in material
Lightweight
Quick to construct
DisadvantageBuckling can occur
It can be unaesthetic
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