study on measures to enhance investment into agricultural sector in · pdf file ·...

Study on Measures to Enhance Investment

FY 2012 Study Funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan


into Agricultural Sector in Africa

Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc.




FY 2012





FY 2012 Summary

March 2013





Summary

March 2013





Summary Report

March 2013





Report







Chapter1

1.1

1.2

1.2.1 Contents of the study

Chapter2

2.1

2.1.1 Food

2.1.2 Packaging Technology and Related Enterprises and Organisations

2.2

2.3

2.3.1 Household Demand

2.3.2 Commercial

2.4

Ghana

Chapter3

3.1

3.1.1 Perspective of Demonstrative Survey

3.1.2 Setting Assumptions

3.1.3 Methodology of Demonstrative Survey

3.2

3.2.1 Sensory Evaluation of the Products

3.2.2 Implementation of Demonstrative Campaign

3.2.3 Findings from Demonstrative Campaign

Chapter4

4.1

4.1.1 Policy Dialogue

4.1.2 Workshop

4.2

................................

4.2.1 Promoting Contributions with the Yam Sector Development Strategy and Cooperation

4.2.2 Agricultural Development and Agricultural Village Development that Meet Potential

Needs in the Downstream Portion of the Value Chain

4.2.3 Vertical and Horizontal Development of Demonstrative Survey Results: Under

Overview of ProjectChapter1

Background and Objectives of this Study Project1.1

Contents and Procedures of the study1.2


Priority Studies in the Downstream Portion of the Value Chain: Market SurveyChapter2

Current Status of Food2.1

2.1.1 Food-processing Technology and Related Enterprises and Organisations


Distribution of Processe2.2

Purchasers and Consumers of Processed Food Products in Ghana2.3


2.3.2 Commercial

Promoting the Sales of Processed Food Products and the Methodology of Sales Promotion in2.4

Ghana................................

DemonstrativeChapter3

Perspective and History of Demonstrative Survey3.1




Demonstrative Campaign3.2




Suggestions ObtainedChapter4

Outline of Policy Dialogue and Workshop and Suggestions Obtained4.1


4.1.2 Workshop

Recommendations on Policy Measures for Promoting the Sector Related to Roots and Tubers4.2

................................





Overview of Project

Background and Objectives of this Study Project

Contents and Procedures of the study


Priority Studies in the Downstream Portion of the Value Chain: Market Survey

Current Status of Food-processing Industry in Ghana

processing Technology and Related Enterprises and Organisations


Distribution of Processed Food Products in Ghana

Purchasers and Consumers of Processed Food Products in Ghana

2.3.1 Household Demand................................

2.3.2 Commercial-use Demand

Promoting the Sales of Processed Food Products and the Methodology of Sales Promotion in

................................................................

Demonstrative Survey for Promoting Investment into Roots and Tubers Industry

Perspective and History of Demonstrative Survey




Demonstrative Campaign




Suggestions Obtained

Outline of Policy Dialogue and Workshop and Suggestions Obtained

4.1.1 Policy Dialogue................................

4.1.2 Workshop................................

Recommendations on Policy Measures for Promoting the Sector Related to Roots and Tubers

................................................................





Table of Contents

Overview of Project ................................

Background and Objectives of this Study Project


1.2.1 Contents of the study ................................


processing Industry in Ghana



d Food Products in Ghana


................................

use Demand................................


................................

Survey for Promoting Investment into Roots and Tubers Industry

Perspective and History of Demonstrative Survey


3.1.2 Setting Assumptions ................................


Demonstrative Campaign................................




Suggestions Obtained in situ Survey and Proposals for Promoting Investment


................................

................................................................


................................................................





Table of Contents

................................................................

Background and Objectives of this Study Project................................

................................

................................................................


processing Industry in Ghana



d Food Products in Ghana


................................................................

................................................................


................................................................


Perspective and History of Demonstrative Survey ................................

3.1.1 Perspective of Demonstrative Survey ................................

................................................................

3.1.3 Methodology of Demonstrative Survey ................................

................................................................

3.2.1 Sensory Evaluation of the Products ................................

3.2.2 Implementation of Demonstrative Campaign ................................

3.2.3 Findings from Demonstrative Campaign ................................

Survey and Proposals for Promoting Investment


................................................................

................................


................................





Table of Contents

................................

................................

................................................................

................................


processing Industry in Ghana ................................



................................


................................

................................


................................


................................

................................................................

................................

................................

................................

................................................................

................................

................................



................................................................

................................................................


................................................................



Needs in the Downstream Portion of the Value Chain ................................


................................................................

................................................................

................................

................................................................


................................................................


2.1.2 Packaging Technology and Related Enterprises and Organisations ................................

................................................................

Purchasers and Consumers of Processed Food Products in Ghana ................................

................................................................

................................................................


................................................................


................................................................

................................

................................................................

................................................................

................................................................

................................

................................................................

................................................................


Outline of Policy Dialogue and Workshop and Suggestions Obtained................................

................................

...........................................................


................................



...............................................................


.........................................

................................

.........................................................

...........................................

Priority Studies in the Downstream Portion of the Value Chain: Market Survey ............

................................

processing Technology and Related Enterprises and Organisations ..........................

................................

................................

...........................................

............................................

................................


..............................................

Survey for Promoting Investment into Roots and Tubers Industry .......

................................

................................................

..........................................

.............................................

..........................................

...................................................

................................

...........................................

Survey and Proposals for Promoting Investment ............

................................

..................................................

...........................


........................................................



...............................


.........5

.......................................5

.........................5

...........5

............8

................................8

..........................8

....................................9

....................................9

...........10

............10

...................................10


..............11

.......12

...................................12

................12

..........13

.............14

..........17

...................17

....................................19

...........21

............28

.....................................28

..................28

...........................28


........................29

4.2.1 Promoting Contributions with the Yam Sector Development Strategy and Cooperation ..30


...............................31


Cooperative Arrangements with Organisations within Japan

4.2.4 Identifying Small and Medium

Processing Technologies Related to Roots and Tubers within Japan and Promoting Investment

4.3

4.3.1 Consultants, NGOs and NPOs, and Government Organisations Supporting Investment

4.3.2 Financing Schemes for Farmers and Small Businesses

4.4

4.4.1 Examination of Development Operations Based on TICAD V

4.4.2 Examining Assistance in the Context of Industrial Promotion and Export Promotion

Policy of the International Community




................................

Other Matters to be Noted when Promoting Investment4.3



Future Perspectives4.4







................................................................

Other Matters to be Noted when Promoting Investment



Future Perspectives ................................





4.2.4 Identifying Small and Medium-


................................




................................





-scale Enterprises that are Familiar with Harvesting and


................................................................




................................................................



................................

Cooperative Arrangements with Organisations within Japan ................................

scale Enterprises that are Familiar with Harvesting and


................................................................

Other Matters to be Noted when Promoting Investment................................


4.3.2 Financing Schemes for Farmers and Small Businesses ................................

................................................................



................................................................

................................



................................

...........................................................


................................

................................

4.4.1 Examination of Development Operations Based on TICAD V ................................


................................

.....................................................



....................................................

...........................


.....................................................

...................................................

.........................................


.......................................................

.....................31



....................32

...........................32

4.3.1 Consultants, NGOs and NPOs, and Government Organisations Supporting Investment ..33

.....................33

...................34

.........34


.......................34

Chapter1

1.1

According to

population

the Su

the region,

industry. Japan

Development

(ODA

meeting of the

its efforts towards

Development Goals (MDGs). In this

policy

With this background in mind, this

which,

productivity for a nu

damage to crops caused

production

chain

objective of

fiscal 2010,

investing

Sub-Saharan A

and (2)

1.2

1.2.1

The mandate of this

chain from production through

region

investment

In a follow

Chapter1

Background and Objective

According to the

population of the world surpassed

the Sub-Saharan Africa region.

the region, agricultural

industry. Japan an

Development (TICAD

ODA) and private investment for Africa. The then Prime Minister Hatoyama declared at the

meeting of the United Nations General Assembly held in September 2009 that Japan

its efforts towards


policy measures to


which, although widely consumed

productivity for a nu

damage to crops caused

production from the demand side, namely poor incentives from the downstream side of the value

chain is also another cause for the

objective of the study

fiscal 2010, and:

investing at each stage of the value chain, expanding

Saharan Africa region

and (2) to formulate recommendations

Contents and Procedures of

1.2.1 Contents of

The mandate of this


region; to examine possible tools

investment; and to formulate recomm

In a follow-up to the

Overview of Project

Background and Objective

the United Nations Food and Agriculture

the world surpassed

Saharan Africa region.

agricultural productivity

announced at

(TICAD IV) held in May

and private investment for Africa. The then Prime Minister Hatoyama declared at the

United Nations General Assembly held in September 2009 that Japan

its efforts towards continuing and


to expand food production and


though widely consumed

productivity for a number of reasons such as traditional cultivation methods, poor land fertility

damage to crops caused by diseases

from the demand side, namely poor incentives from the downstream side of the value

is also another cause for the

tudy of this fiscal year

and: (1) to examine

ch stage of the value chain, expanding

frica region by cover

mulate recommendations


Contents of the study

The mandate of this study was


to examine possible tools

and to formulate recomm

up to the study conducted

Overview of Project

Background and Objectives

United Nations Food and Agriculture

the world surpassed one billion in 2009, the majority of

Saharan Africa region. Under these circumstances, t

productivity will have to be improved so as to support the growth

nounced at the Fourth Meeting of

held in May 2008



ing and strengthening the TICAD process

Development Goals (MDGs). In this context

expand food production and

With this background in mind, this study spotlight

though widely consumed as a staple food in the Sub

mber of reasons such as traditional cultivation methods, poor land fertility

diseases and harmful insects


is also another cause for the Productivity

this fiscal year wa

examine methodologies

ch stage of the value chain, expanding

covering the

mulate recommendations based on


tudy

was to examine problems faced

chain from production through to consumption of yam

to examine possible tools and policy

and to formulate recommendations based on

conducted last fiscal year this

5

Overview of Project

s of this Study

United Nations Food and Agriculture

billion in 2009, the majority of

Under these circumstances, t

will have to be improved so as to support the growth

the Fourth Meeting of Tokyo International Conference on African

2008 that it will



strengthening the TICAD process

context it can be said that Japan is

expand food production and alleviate

tudy spotlights roots and tubers

staple food in the Sub


harmful insects


roductivity (production is, so to speak,

was to follow up

methodologies for

ch stage of the value chain, expanding investment

the main countries producing yam and cassava in the region

based on in situ surveys


to examine problems faced

consumption of yam

policy-measures for

endations based on

last fiscal year this

Study Project

United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation

billion in 2009, the majority of

Under these circumstances, to achieve


Tokyo International Conference on African

will double Official Development Assistance



strengthening the TICAD process,

it can be said that Japan is

alleviate poverty in the

roots and tubers

staple food in the Sub-Saharan Africa region


harmful insects. Lack of sufficient


production is, so to speak,

up the studies carried out

for eliminating

investment, and ensur

main countries producing yam and cassava in the region

surveys.

tudy

to examine problems faced when investing

consumption of yam and cassava in the Sub

measures for solving problems

endations based on in situ surveys.

last fiscal year this study focus

Project

Organisation (FAO), the nutrition

billion in 2009, the majority of whom are reported to

o achieve sustainable development in



Official Development Assistance



, and achieving the

it can be said that Japan is expected

erty in the Sub-Saharan

roots and tubers, especially yam and cassava,

Saharan Africa region


ack of sufficient incentives


production is, so to speak, in an unsecure

ies carried out

current problems

and ensuring food security in the


when investing at each stage of the value

cassava in the Sub

solving problems

surveys.

tudy focuses on roots and tubers

(FAO), the nutrition-deficient

reported to reside in

sustainable development in

will have to be improved so as to support the growth as a




United Nations General Assembly held in September 2009 that Japan will intensify

achieving the Millennium

expected to address various

Saharan Africa region.

, especially yam and cassava,

Saharan Africa region, still have low


incentives to expand


unsecure state

in fiscal 2011 and

current problems involved in

food security in the


at each stage of the value

cassava in the Sub-Saharan Africa

solving problems and expanding

roots and tubers, more

deficient

reside in

sustainable development in

a basic




intensify

Millennium

to address various

Africa region.

, especially yam and cassava,

still have low

mber of reasons such as traditional cultivation methods, poor land fertility, and

to expand


state). The

in fiscal 2011 and

volved in

food security in the

main countries producing yam and cassava in the region,

at each stage of the value

Saharan Africa

expanding

, more

particularly yam

Sub-Saharan Africa region is a major area

areas from Western Africa through Central Africa

consumed.

The c

year, productivity of yam

etc. (Fig.

The following are the items

particularly yam and

Saharan Africa region is a major area

s from Western Africa through Central Africa

consumed.

The country covered in this

year, productivity of yam

etc. (Fig. 1-1)

The following are the items

(1) Feasibility study of investment in the value chain

The Research

of each stage of the value

and investment promotion measures

current fiscal yea

and cassava,

Saharan Africa region is a major area


ountry covered in this study

year, productivity of yam and

Fig.

The following are the items and outline of

Feasibility study of investment in the value chain

he Research and Studies

each stage of the value

investment promotion measures

current fiscal year,

which are widely

Saharan Africa region is a major area for the


tudy is Ghana,

and cassava, and investment climate, etc.

1-1 Country Covered

and outline of


Studies carried out in

each stage of the value chain of

investment promotion measures

r, information collection and research

6

which are widely produced in the Sub

for the production

s from Western Africa through Central Africa, yam and

, considering

and investment climate, etc.

Country Covered by the

and outline of the study undertaken in


carried out in fiscal 2010 and 2011

chain of roots and tubers

investment promotion measures. Consequently

tion collection and research

produced in the Sub

production and consumption

yam and cassava are widely cultivated and

ing the results of the

and investment climate, etc.

the Study (Ghana)

undertaken in the current fiscal year.


fiscal 2010 and 2011

roots and tubers in Ghana

Consequently, in

tion collection and research

produced in the Sub-Saharan Africa Region. The

consumption of roots and tubers

cassava are widely cultivated and

the results of the study conducted

and investment climate, etc., including secu

tudy (Ghana)

the current fiscal year.

fiscal 2010 and 2011 completed an examination

in Ghana and proposed

in the Study carried out in

tion collection and research focused on

Saharan Africa Region. The

roots and tubers


onducted last fiscal

including security conditions,

the current fiscal year.

completed an examination

proposed major

carried out in

on the downstream

Saharan Africa Region. The

roots and tubers. In


last fiscal

rity conditions,

completed an examination

major issues

carried out in the

the downstream

Workflow

portion

survey

based on the outcome of

(2) Demonstrati

In the fiscal 2010 year

and thoroughly

processing, consumption

and cas

addressed in the value chain of

eliminate

explore new consumer mar

For the

was carried out in cooperation with stakeholders in Ghana with

the im

consumer markets

orkflow of Study

portion of the value chain

y described in (2) and

based on the outcome of

Demonstrative Survey

fiscal 2010 year

thoroughly identify

processing, consumption

and cassava market


eliminate impeding factors,

explore new consumer mar

the Study in the current fiscal year a demonstrati

carried out in cooperation with stakeholders in Ghana with

imbalanced state

consumer markets, and

Study is shown in Fig.

of the value chain, taking special note of implementation of the demonstrati

in (2) and of matters necessary

based on the outcome of the demonstrati

urvey for Promoting

fiscal 2010 year Study it was pointed out that it

identify issues

processing, consumption, and export

market. The fiscal 2011 version


impeding factors, to reduce

explore new consumer markets both domestic and overseas

the current fiscal year a demonstrati


ed state by stimulating

and promoting

is shown in Fig. 1-2.

Fig. 1-2

7

taking special note of implementation of the demonstrati

matters necessary

demonstrative surve

Promoting Investment

it was pointed out that it

issues at all stages of production, storage

and export, in order to

. The fiscal 2011 version

addressed in the value chain of yam and cassava, namely

to reduce the loss rate in the post

kets both domestic and overseas

the current fiscal year a demonstrati


stimulating demand for

promoting the downstream

Workflow of the


matters necessary promoting smoother

urvey.

Investment into Roots and tubers

it was pointed out that it was

at all stages of production, storage

in order to break the

. The fiscal 2011 version identified three

cassava, namely

the loss rate in the post

kets both domestic and overseas

the current fiscal year a demonstrative survey


demand for roots and tubers

the downstream portion

Workflow of the Study


promoting smoother

Roots and tubers

was necessary


break the imbalanced state of

identified three issues

cassava, namely, to improve productivity and

the loss rate in the post-harvest

kets both domestic and overseas.

urvey for investment

carried out in cooperation with stakeholders in Ghana with the objective of

roots and tubers

portion of the value chain.


promoting smoother future investment

Roots and tubers Industry

to further examine

at all stages of production, storage and transport,

ed state of the

issues that need to be

to improve productivity and

harvest stages, and to

for investment promotion

the objective of breaking

roots and tubers, exploring

the value chain.

taking special note of implementation of the demonstrative

future investments

examine

transport,

the yam

that need to be


and to

promotion

breaking

ing new

Chapter2of the Value Chain: Market Survey

2.1

2.1.1

In West Africa

under

tubers products

these remain at a research level with no practical application

Moreover, cold chain remains undeveloped in Ghana and the number of processed products that can

be developed is limited. There are cases where it is more cost

export

development of processed products based on domestic raw materials remains a major

However, there is

future as

has emphasized the importance of the processing industry. In Ghana

Strategy i

processed yam products is expected to

The Government

Ministry of Food

Agriculture

Trade

Council for Scientific and Industrial Research

organisation

As an

organisation

project

rice, maize

As regards

capital

Brokers are improving

manufacture and sale of

there also exist small

Chapter2of the Value Chain: Market Survey

Current Status of Food

2.1.1 Food-processing Technology and Related Enterprises

In West Africa

under-developed and

tubers products remains




export the products processed


However, there is

future as Mr. John Dramani


Strategy is being formulated to


The Government

Ministry of Food and

Agriculture (MOFA)

Trade and Industry


organisation, is in charge of R&D

As an example of

organisations, the

project is designed to support processing businesses with a view to develop

maize, and soybean

As regards to the

capital is seen to have

Brokers are improving

manufacture and sale of

there also exist small

Priority Studies in the Downstreamof the Value Chain: Market Survey

Current Status of Food

rocessing Technology and Related Enterprises

In West Africa, including Ghana

developed and needs bottom

remains to be further




products processed,


However, there is a possibility of the domestic processing industry being

Mr. John Dramani Mahama,


s being formulated to


The Government organisation

and Agriculture and the Minist

(MOFA) is in charge of

Industry (MOTI) is in charge of


is in charge of R&D

example of an aid project related to the processing industry sponsored by international

USAID Agricultural Development and Value Chain Enhancement (ADVANCE)

designed to support processing businesses with a view to develop

soybean.

to the private companies operating in the processing indus

to have been invested

Brokers are improving rice

manufacture and sale of fufu flour in Ghana is virtually

there also exist small-scale makers such as LEEMEX.


Current Status of Food-processing


including Ghana, the

bottom-up reforms

to be further developed. Several R




rather than use domestic raw


possibility of the domestic processing industry being

Mahama, the new President of Ghana


s being formulated to increase production and consumption of yams

processed yam products is expected to be further promoted

organisations concerned with policies

Agriculture and the Minist

is in charge of promoting

is in charge of


is in charge of R&D on processing

aid project related to the processing industry sponsored by international

Agricultural Development and Value Chain Enhancement (ADVANCE)


private companies operating in the processing indus

invested on rice

milling technology for Ghana’s domestically produced rice. The

flour in Ghana is virtually

scale makers such as LEEMEX.

8


rocessing Industry in Ghana


the agricultural

reforms. In particular,

developed. Several R




than use domestic raw



the new President of Ghana


increase production and consumption of yams

be further promoted

s concerned with policies

Agriculture and the Ministry of Trade

promoting the yam

is in charge of promoting

Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Food Research Institut

processing technologies for





rice mills and Brazilian capital

technology for Ghana’s domestically produced rice. The

flour in Ghana is virtually

scale makers such as LEEMEX.


Industry in Ghana


agricultural product

In particular, the processing secto

developed. Several R&D projects have been carried out

these remain at a research level with no practical applications having yet been achieved


be developed is limited. There are cases where it is more cost-efficient to import raw materials and

than use domestic raw materials for processing.



the new President of Ghana elected


increase production and consumption of yams

be further promoted.

s concerned with policies affecting the processing industr

Trade and Indu

yam processing industry

promoting the process

Food Research Institut

technologies for roots and tubers





mills and Brazilian capital


flour in Ghana is virtually under a monopoly of NEAT, Inc. However,

Priority Studies in the Downstream

Industry in Ghana

rocessing Technology and Related Enterprises and Organisation

product-processing sector remains

the processing secto

&D projects have been carried out

having yet been achieved


efficient to import raw materials and

materials for processing.


possibility of the domestic processing industry being further

elected toward

has emphasized the importance of the processing industry. In Ghana, the Yam Sector Development

increase production and consumption of yams, and develop

the processing industr

Industry. The Ministry of Food

processing industry while t

the processing industry

Food Research Institute (CSIR-FRI

roots and tubers.



designed to support processing businesses with a view to developing

private companies operating in the processing industry sector

mills and Brazilian capital on shea butter proces


monopoly of NEAT, Inc. However,

Priority Studies in the Downstream Portion

Organisation

processing sector remains

the processing sector for roots and

&D projects have been carried out

having yet been achieved.



materials for processing. Therefore,


further developed

towards the end of 2012

the Yam Sector Development

and development

the processing industry are the

stry. The Ministry of Food

while the Ministry of

ing industry as a whole

FRI), a Government

.



the value chain

try sector of Ghana, India

shea butter proces



Portion

Organisations

processing sector remains

roots and

&D projects have been carried out, but



Therefore, the

development of processed products based on domestic raw materials remains a major issue.

developed in the

the end of 2012,

the Yam Sector Development

ment of

y are the

stry. The Ministry of Food and

he Ministry of

as a whole. The

a Government



the value chain of

Ghana, Indian

shea butter processing.



2.1.2

Plantain chips generally sold

small businesses. Their

quality.

However,

packaging

Polyethylene terephthalate (

2.2

In Ghana, with the exception of a few foreign capital makers such as

practically no large

have

countries (China, Thailand, Vietnam

There are two

other is through direct sales from makers to retailers

depending upon products

mineral water

foodstuffs are more often supplied through wholesalers.

United States, etc.) is also distributed in most cases through wholesalers. Foreign capital

manufacturers

sold to retailers. Large

wholesalers’ channels

Retailers can be categorized into local capital supermarket stores, traditional open markets,

medium

as hotels

stores seem not to be able to

wholesalers.

make decision

are mostly

recent years.

strong

Fig.2-

the above

2.1.2 Packaging Technology and Related Enterprises

Plantain chips generally sold

small businesses. Their

quality. High-quality package products sold in small sales outlets are mainly imported goods.

However, packaging

packaging of the company Blue Sky Products

Polyethylene terephthalate (



practically no large

a certain market share.


There are two product


depending upon products

mineral water, there is more dependence



nufacturers such as

sold to retailers. Large

wholesalers’ channels

etailers can be categorized into local capital supermarket stores, traditional open markets,

medium-scale local capital retail shops

as hotels and restaurants

stores seem not to be able to

wholesalers. The negotiating power of

make decisions on

mostly of Lebanese, Indian

recent years. Their own procurement channels differ

strong pricing power characterize

-1 shows the general features of distribution in the sector of processed food products based on

the above-mentioned

Packaging Technology and Related Enterprises

Plantain chips generally sold at

small businesses. Their packaging

quality package products sold in small sales outlets are mainly imported goods.

packaging technology in Ghana

of the company Blue Sky Products

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET



practically no large-scale processed food makers.

tain market share. In particular,


product distribution channels.


depending upon products and relationships between makers and retailers.

there is more dependence



such as Nestlé

sold to retailers. Large-scale supe

wholesalers’ channels, even in the case of foreign capital ma


al capital retail shops

restaurants, and foreign capital

stores seem not to be able to rely

The negotiating power of

on prices seems to be in the hand

Lebanese, Indian

Their own procurement channels differ

power characterize

the general features of distribution in the sector of processed food products based on

mentioned factors.


at roadsides, etc.

packaging technology


technology in Ghana has seen improvement

of the company Blue Sky Products

PET) bottles in the suburbs of Ac



scale processed food makers.

In particular,

countries (China, Thailand, Vietnam, and India),

tribution channels.


relationships between makers and retailers.

there is more dependence



Nestlé in most cases

scale supermarket stores often procure

even in the case of foreign capital ma


al capital retail shops, street stalls, roadside

and foreign capital

rely upon deliveries from

The negotiating power of these

seems to be in the hand

Lebanese, Indian, or South African origin. They

Their own procurement channels differ

power characterizes these for


9


roadsides, etc., in Ghana are

technology is poor in terms of both design and


has seen improvement

of the company Blue Sky Products, which

in the suburbs of Ac



scale processed food makers. Processed food pro

In particular, there are many

and India), the United States

tribution channels. One is through wholesalers and distr

other is through direct sales from makers to retailers.


there is more dependence on direct sales from ma



in most cases have their own agencies, through which products are

rmarket stores often procure

even in the case of foreign capital ma


street stalls, roadside

and foreign capital large–scale

deliveries from wholesalers. Instead, they go

these local capital retail shops

seems to be in the hands of wholesalers. Foreign cap

or South African origin. They

Their own procurement channels differ from

hese foreign capital supermarket stores.


Packaging Technology and Related Enterprises and

in Ghana are manufa

poor in terms of both design and


has seen improvements in recent years. For example, the

which manufacture

in the suburbs of Accra is reported to be



Processed food pro

many imports from European countries, Asian

the United States, and South Africa.

ne is through wholesalers and distr

. The choice of distribution channels differs


direct sales from ma

foodstuffs are more often supplied through wholesalers. Similarly, fufu


their own agencies, through which products are

rmarket stores often procure directly without going through

even in the case of foreign capital manufacturers


street stalls, roadside shopkeepers

scale supermarket stores. Local capital retail

wholesalers. Instead, they go

local capital retail shops

of wholesalers. Foreign cap

or South African origin. They have been

from those of loca

eign capital supermarket stores.


and Organisation

manufactured mostly

poor in terms of both design and


in recent years. For example, the

manufactures and sells

ra is reported to be of a


In Ghana, with the exception of a few foreign capital makers such as Nestlé and

Processed food products imported from overseas

imports from European countries, Asian

and South Africa.

ne is through wholesalers and distr

The choice of distribution channels differs

relationships between makers and retailers. For example,

direct sales from manufacturers

fufu flour (from Ghana and the



directly without going through

nufacturers.


shopkeepers, food service shops such

permarket stores. Local capital retail

wholesalers. Instead, they go

local capital retail shops is very weak and

of wholesalers. Foreign capital supermarket stores

have been rapidly expanding sales in

those of local capital retail shops and

eign capital supermarket stores.


Organisations

mostly by households or

poor in terms of both design and maintaining



sells fresh juice

of a good quality.

and Unilever, there

ducts imported from overseas


and South Africa.

ne is through wholesalers and distributors, and the


For example, in the case of

nufacturers. Whereas

(from Ghana and the





, food service shops such


wholesalers. Instead, they go to and buy

very weak and the power to

ital supermarket stores

rapidly expanding sales in

l capital retail shops and


by households or

maintaining



fresh juice in

good quality.

, there are

ducts imported from overseas


, and the


in the case of

tinned

(from Ghana and the





, food service shops such


and buy from

the power to

ital supermarket stores

rapidly expanding sales in

l capital retail shops and


2.3

2.3.1

In Ghana

dwellers

numbe

food products

elements must be balanced

must be sold at prices

As far as

now,

product

yams are not available

processed products and

2.3.2

In the

have

food products

Fig.

Purchasers


Ghana, demand for processed food products has been expanding

dwellers becoming

number of office workers and working

food products but also their packaging design and

elements must be balanced

must be sold at prices

As far as the processed

is not so high in Ghana

product among the

yams are not available

processed products and

2.3.2 Commercial

the recent years

been expanding

food products that

Processors andmanufacturers in

Ghana

Overseasmarket

Fig. 2-1 The flow of distribution in the sector of processed food products


Household Demand

demand for processed food products has been expanding

becoming increasingly

r of office workers and working

but also their packaging design and

elements must be balanced well with

must be sold at prices that are as low as possible

processed yam products are concerned, the

is not so high in Ghana

the Ghanaian communit

yams are not available. The more basic

processed products and precooked yam foods.

Commercial-use Demand

recent years, demand from the

been expanding rapidly. There

that can be served within a short time.

Importers

Processors andmanufacturers in

Ghana

The flow of distribution in the sector of processed food products

Consumers of Processed Food Products in Ghana

Household Demand


increasingly short of time for cooking

r of office workers and working women

but also their packaging design and

well with the retail

as low as possible

yam products are concerned, the

is not so high in Ghana due to its poor flavor. However, there is

Ghanaian communities

more basic problem is that there

precooked yam foods.

Demand

demand from the food service industry and the c

rapidly. There is a growing need for precooked food products and convenience

can be served within a short time.

Whole-salers

Exporters

10




of time for cooking

women. For consumers

but also their packaging design and food labeling

the retail prices because of the requirement that

as low as possible if they are to be

yam products are concerned, the

its poor flavor. However, there is

ies in the US and

problem is that there

precooked yam foods.

food service industry and the c

growing need for precooked food products and convenience

can be served within a short time. To take an example

supermarkets

Restaurants/Hotels

traditionalmarkets

Otherstores

Neighbouring countries,& Overseas market

Stalls etc.




of time for cooking in recent years

. For consumers, not only the qu

food labeling carry great weight

prices because of the requirement that

if they are to be well received by consumers.

yam products are concerned, the popularity

its poor flavor. However, there is

the US and Europe,

problem is that there is only a

food service industry and the c


To take an example

super-markets

Restaurants/Hotels

traditionalmarkets

Other retailstores


Stalls etc.



demand for processed food products has been expanding with the trend of the

in recent years, due to an increasing

not only the qu

carry great weight

prices because of the requirement that

ll received by consumers.

of Yam fufu flour

its poor flavor. However, there is a strong

, including the

only a limited variety of

food service industry and the catering service industry sector


To take an example, although it is no

LocalConsumers


Large scaleconsumers(hospitals,

Schools etc.)

Typical value chain ofgeneral food products



trend of the

due to an increasing

not only the quality of processed

carry great weight. However, these

prices because of the requirement that the products

ll received by consumers.

of Yam fufu flour, as it stands

a strong demand for this

including the UK where fresh

variety of yam-related

tering service industry sector


hough it is not the

Consumers

Large scaleconsumers(hospitals,

Schools etc.)

Typical value chain ofgeneral food products


trend of the urban

due to an increasing

ality of processed

. However, these

products

as it stands

for this

where fresh

related

tering service industry sectors


the case

of a

noodle

Ghana.

their labeling contains

2.4Methodology of Sales Promotion in Ghana

Food product

capital businesses and

frequent

eye-catching

illustrations

other hand, s

for advertising. Their

posters

a yam product

dle-soup serving stalls using

Ghana. Regarding

labeling contains

PromotingMethodology of Sales Promotion in Ghana

Food product sales promotion and methods

capital businesses and

frequent sales campaigns through a variety

catching advertisin

illustrations and commercial messages painted on the outside walls of residences

other hand, small

for advertising. Their

posters, and websites.

yam product, Indonesian precooked noodle makers started

soup serving stalls using

Regarding the products for

labeling contains the necessary information.

Promoting theMethodology of Sales Promotion in Ghana

sales promotion and methods

capital businesses and small

sales campaigns through a variety

advertising signboard

commercial messages painted on the outside walls of residences

and medium

for advertising. Their advertising activities

and websites.

, Indonesian precooked noodle makers started

soup serving stalls using its own products

products for commerc

necessary information.

the Sales of Processed Food PMethodology of Sales Promotion in Ghana

sales promotion and methods

small and medium

sales campaigns through a variety

boards on busy streets


medium-scale local capital businesses

advertising activities

11

, Indonesian precooked noodle makers started

products. Such stalls

commercial use, package designs

necessary information.

of Processed Food PMethodology of Sales Promotion in Ghana

sales promotion and methods in Ghana

medium-scale local capital businesses. The former

sales campaigns through a variety of media such as TVs and magazines

on busy streets. They spend


scale local capital businesses

advertising activities are on a small

, Indonesian precooked noodle makers started the

Such stalls have been

use, package designs

of Processed Food PMethodology of Sales Promotion in Ghana

in Ghana differ greatly

scale local capital businesses. The former

media such as TVs and magazines

They spend


scale local capital businesses cannot

on a small scale, and are limited to

the sales of precooked noodles,

have been sprouting up

use, package designs are not important

of Processed Food Product

greatly between large

scale local capital businesses. The former

media such as TVs and magazines

They spend significant amount


afford to use

and are limited to

sales of precooked noodles,

sprouting up throughout

important as long

roducts and

between large-scale foreign

scale local capital businesses. The former resorts

media such as TVs and magazines. They have large

significant amount on product

commercial messages painted on the outside walls of residences and stores. On the

use such mass media

and are limited to signs, brochures,

sales of precooked noodles,

throughout

as long as

and the

scale foreign

resorts to

have large,

product

On the

mass media

signs, brochures,

Chapter3Investment

3.1

3.1.1

The fiscal 2010 year

identify


specific policy

need to be addressed in the value chain

eliminate impeding factors, to reduce the loss rate in the post

consumer markets both domestic and overseas.

Backed by an awareness of these issues i

demonstrati

imbalanc

consumer markets and

showing the impact

(Fig 3

The case of high

Chapter3Investment

Perspective

3.1.1 Perspective of Demonstrati

The fiscal 2010 year

identify issues at all stages of production, storage


specific policy measures





demonstrative surve

balanced state

consumer markets and

showing the impact

(Fig 3-1).

Production

Farmers

Farmers

The case of raw tubers

The case of high-valueitems and Processed food

DemonstratiInvestment into Roots and

Perspective and History of Demonstrati

Perspective of Demonstrati

The fiscal 2010 year Study concluded that it was necessary


in order to break the imbalanc

measures was required





urvey on expanding

by stimulating

consumer markets and promotin

showing the impact that this project has on the value chain of the

Fig. 3-1 Positioning of demonstrative survey in value chain

Production Stock, Transportation

Brokers

Farmers

The case of raw tubers

value- addedProcessed food

Brokers

DemandExpansion

DemonstrativeRoots and

and History of Demonstrati

Perspective of Demonstrative

concluded that it was necessary


balanced state of the

required. Furthermore, the fiscal 2011

need to be addressed in the value chain of yams




on expanding investment

stimulating demand for

promoting the downstream

that this project has on the value chain of the

Positioning of demonstrative survey in value chain

Stock, Transportation

Brokers

Processors,

Yams/Cassava

Brokers

DemandExpansion

1st option : Commercial viability of highvalue-added items, and implementing theirsales promotion

12

ve SurveyRoots and Tubers

and History of Demonstrati

ve Survey

concluded that it was necessary

at all stages of production, storage and transport, processing, consumpti

the yam and cassava

Furthermore, the fiscal 2011

of yams and cassavas, namely



Backed by an awareness of these issues in the Study

investment was carried out

demand for roots and tubers

the downstream portion

that this project has on the value chain of the


Stock, Transportation Processing

Processors,Packers

Yams/Cassava

Yams

option : Commercial viability of highadded items, and implementing their

sales promotion

urveyubers Industry

and History of Demonstrative Surve

concluded that it was necessary to further examine and

transport, processing, consumpti

yam and cassava market

Furthermore, the fiscal 2011 Study

cassavas, namely

eliminate impeding factors, to reduce the loss rate in the post-harvest stages

Study conducted

carried out with the objective of breaking the

roots and tubers through the exploration of new

portion of the value chain.

that this project has on the value chain of the roots and tubers


ProcessingDemandExpansion

DemandExpansion

Yams/Cassava

Yams/Cassava

option : Commercial viability of high-added items, and implementing their 2

uses of yams and cassava, for householdsand/or food service industry

for PromotingIndustry

urvey

further examine and

transport, processing, consumpti

market, and that implementation of

Study identified three

cassavas, namely, to improve productivity and

harvest stages, and to explore new

conducted in the current fiscal year

with the objective of breaking the

through the exploration of new

of the value chain. A concep

roots and tubers


Consumption

Households/Restaurants

Expansion

Expansion

Yams/Cassava

Yams/Cassava


2nd option: Diversification of recipes/culinaryuses of yams and cassava, for householdsand/or food service industry

for Promoting

further examine and thoroughly

transport, processing, consumption, and export

and that implementation of

identified three issues


and to explore new

the current fiscal year



A conceptual chart

roots and tubers is shown below

Consumption Export


Exporters

Exporters


option: Diversification of recipes/culinaryuses of yams and cassava, for householdsand/or food service industry

for Promoting

thoroughly

and export,

and that implementation of

issues that


and to explore new

the current fiscal year, a



tual chart

is shown below

Export

Exporters

Exporters

option: Diversification of recipes/culinaryuses of yams and cassava, for households

13


As a proposed demonstrative survey, an investigation was carried out to examine the emergence of

high value-added products and their sales promotion.

a. Background

In Ghana, the ratio of processed products is minimal in relation to the volume of agricultural

products produced such as roots and tubers and grains. Namely, the food-processing industry based

on agricultural products remains at the developing stage.

At present, most foodstuff processing is undertaken by small-scale processing businesses,

cooperatives based in agricultural villages, or farmers themselves. Medium and large-scale

processing businesses are obliged to comply with the quality standards set by the Ghana Standards

Board（GSB) and Food and Drugs Board (FDB). However, small-scale businesses are not subject to

such regulation with the result that processing technology, quality and hygienic management, and

packing, etc., remain at an extremely low level of development. In 2010, CSIR-FRI conducted

technical research in Ghana funded by the West Africa Agricultural Productivity Program (WAAPP)

of the World Bank on processing yam, cassava, sweet potato, and cocoyam (taros) into high

value-added processed foodstuffs. However, such research was limited to examining processing

technologies with no examination of matters such as procurement of raw materials, distribution, and

sales promotion, etc.

Therefore, as the first proposal it was planned to discuss and examine with stakeholders methods of

procuring raw materials, promoting distribution and sales, and incorporating the results of technical

research into the value chain. In doing so, it was deemed necessary to proceed with the

demonstrative survey after discussions and examinations had been completed with the stakeholders

in the value chain such as the producers, the distributors (both wholesale and retail), the foodstuff

processing enterprises, eateries, hotels, and the consumers, only after all of these stakeholders have

understood their respective benefits and roles.

b. Outline

a) Discussions with the stakeholders

The stakeholders were contacted to thoroughly examine and identify the feasibility of investing in

the value chain, then the ideas for product development were narrowed down through discussions,

and finally their cooperation was ensured concerning the manufacture of trial products and the

formulation of sales plans.

Discussions were held with CSIR-FRI (and the World Bank having sponsored the research)

concerning the possibility of applying the above-mentioned research results and using facilities for

completing trial products, etc., and agreement was obtained on their cooperation with this Study in

14

the current fiscal year. Besides, in 2010, CSIR-FRI carried out research on processing technologies

for high value-added processed food products related to yam, etc., and developed freezing

technologies for cooked roots and tubers.

b) Narrowing down ideas on promising product development

Ideas on promising product development were narrowed down on the basis of information obtained

through interviews and discussions with the above-mentioned stakeholders, and a proposed list of

specific new products was prepared. Such narrowing-down activities were carried out in the light of

whether or not there were private businesses likely to become implementing entities, whether

investment from overseas can be expected, and on consumer trends in Ghana (and overseas export

markets). The following were assumed in terms of actions and ideas for product development

(targets for narrowing-down exercises) at the present stage:

It was assumed that the following ideas were examined in the Study and narrowed down.

Development of Cooked or Semi-cooked New Yam/Cassava Processed Products

Product development is done using freezing technology for cooked roots and tubers

developed by CSIR-FRI.

Yams boiled by vapor heating, pressurized vapor, or far-infrared-ray emission

appliances, if packed in a retort pouch or vacuum-sealed, can be consumed easily and

instantly in households, restaurants, or street stalls. For example, in street stalls they

can be boiled as they are in a vacuum-sealed state and can be sold, thus enhancing

hygiene. Problems relating to quarantine can be diminished and export opportunities

can be expanded.

The unit amount can be adjusted by products being cut into smaller pieces, then

processed and finally packed. Thus, consumption by individuals and small families

will grow and losses in the process of consumption are likely to be reduced.


a.Overview

It was decided that within the framework of the demonstrative survey, information collection and

analysis would be conducted through a questionnaire survey as a follow-up to developing new

cooked/semi-cooked yam and cassava processed products and organizing sample-tasting events.

More particularly, proposed new products were examined with counterparts in Ghana, and trial

products were produced. Using such trial products, questionnaire surveys were conducted at retail

shops such as local supermarket stores. It was decided to collect, together with information on the

15

taste and quality of products, information on the price range of products (if commercialized) and the

frequency of customers’ purchases, etc.

b.Determining Products to be Developed

In the demonstrative survey the following products were developed after in situ market survey and

consultations with local counterparts.

1. Packaged yam crisps

2. Precooked vacuum packaged yam

3. Yam legume flour

The following are the concepts of each product.

Product Packaged Yam crisps Precooked vacuumedpackaged yam

Yam legume flour

Characteristics For snacks orrefreshments, notnecessarily for meal

Easy-to-cookproduct forprincipal food.(Need to berefrigerated)

Material forcooking snacks,main meals, anddesserts

TargetConsumers

Middle to high classurban residents,including children

(At Retails) Middleto high class urbanresidents, especiallyworking women,housewives andsingle people

(At Restaurants,etc.) Middle to highclass urbanresidents andforeigners

(At Retails) Middleto high class urbanresidents,especially workingwomen andhousewives

(At Restaurants,etc.) Middle tohigh class urbanresidents andforeigners

Sales Channels Supermarkets Other retail stores Roadsides

Supermarkets Other retail stores Hotels and

restaurants

Supermarkets Other retail stores Hotels and

restaurantsPlaces ofconsumption

Everywhere(households,offices, schools,outdoors, insidecars & trains, etc.)

Households Hotels and

restaurants

Households Hotels and

restaurants

Competingproducts

Imported potatocrisps

Plantain chips Other crisps and

sweets

Traditional recipesof yams

Other instant food,such as instantnoodles

Rice and bread(potentially)

Conventional flourfor pudding

16

c.Organisational Set-up for Implementing the Survey

The demonstrative survey was carried out in cooperation with the following organisations.

Implementing Organisations

CSIR-Food Research Institute (FRI)

This is a governmental research institute concerned with food

processing technology that has a stock of research results and

knowledge and expertise relating to yam and cassava processed

products.

Institute of Packaging Ghana (IOPG)

This is an NPO possessing a stock of designs and manufacturing

technologies on product packaging

Global Farmers' Wives Association (GFWA)

This is an association whose members are women from agricultural

villages in Ghana, and whose objectives and activities are to diffuse

and promote agricultural products and their processed products.

Two restaurants in Accra city: Iris Kitchen and Tasty Treats

Ghanaian cuisine restaurants frequented by customers belonging to

middle-income classes and above (housewives, office workers, students,

and children, etc.). They also have catering services.

Coordinator

Dr. Emmanuel OTOO

Research officer belonging to CSIR-Crops Research Institute (CRI)

and expert on breeding and cultivating yams. He has a long history of

joint research with Professor Shiwachi of Tokyo University of

Agriculture. He also cooperated with the Study in the fiscal 2010 in

the capacity of a research coordinator.

The following is the organisational chart of work implementation.

3.2

3.2.1

A sensory evaluation on yam

conducted as a pre

to determine the preferred yam

reconstituted into pudding based on defined characteristics by a selected in

controlled conditions of a sensory laboratory. It was also to enable the selection of samples for a

consumer preference campaign.

CSIR

An in

sensory attributes evaluated included appearance (colour; colour uniformity),

yam chips), flavour (aroma; taste), and overall acceptability. Panelists were drawn from staffs,

students and National Service Personnel of the CSIR

Yam crisp was formulated by seasoning yam slices with different spices and de

In all, eighteen (18) samples of yam crisps prepared from puna and dente with different spices were

used for the evaluation. Also, two samples of boiled pre

from puna and dente yam varieties, were

yam, boiled/roasted soybeans, boiled/roasted cowpea.


3.2.1 Sensory Evaluation of the

A sensory evaluation on yam

conducted as a pre





CSIR-FRI, Accra, Ghana.

An in-house acceptance test was used for the sensory evaluation of all developed samples. And









Fig. 3-2 The


Sensory Evaluation of the

A sensory evaluation on yam crisps

conducted as a pre-requisite to a demonstrative survey





, Accra, Ghana.

house acceptance test was used for the sensory evaluation of all developed samples. And









The organisation


Sensory Evaluation of the Products

crisps, pre-cooked vacuum packaged yam and yam

site to a demonstrative survey

to determine the preferred yam crisps, pre



consumer preference campaign. The sensory evaluation was held in the Sensory Laboratory of the








from puna and dente yam varieties, were used for the evaluation.


17

organisational chart of work implementation

roducts

cooked vacuum packaged yam and yam

site to a demonstrative survey.

, pre-cooked vacuum package



sensory evaluation was held in the Sensory Laboratory of the




students and National Service Personnel of the CSIR-FRI




used for the evaluation.

yam, boiled/roasted soybeans, boiled/roasted cowpea. Ten

al chart of work implementation


. The objective of the sensory evaluation was

cooked vacuum package







RI.



used for the evaluation. Also, two samples of boiled pre-cooked vacuum

used for the evaluation. Flours were prepared from boiled

Ten Different formulations were generated by

al chart of work implementation


The objective of the sensory evaluation was


reconstituted into pudding based on defined characteristics by a selected in-house panel under




sensory attributes evaluated included appearance (colour; colour uniformity), Texture (crispiness for


Yam crisp was formulated by seasoning yam slices with different spices and deep


cooked vacuum-packaged yam, one each

lours were prepared from boiled

Different formulations were generated by

cooked vacuum packaged yam and yam-legume flour was


d yam and yam-legume flour

house panel under




Texture (crispiness for


ep-frying until crisp.


packaged yam, one each



legume flour was


legume flour

house panel under




Texture (crispiness for


frying until crisp.


packaged yam, one each



18

combination of different amounts of the three components.

Each judge evaluated a total of eighteen samples of yam crisps, two samples of boiled precooked

vacuum-packaged yam, and twenty samples of yam legume flour reconstituted into a thick porridge

(pudding) and sweetened with table sugar. Based on the mean overall acceptability, two samples of

yam crisps (ginger-flavoured and shrimp-flavoured) and three samples of yam legume flour were

selected for the demonstrative campaign. Both samples of precooked vacuum-packaged yam were

selected for the consumer campaign since there were only two samples.

The followings are the process of manufacture of the sample products;

Fig. 3-3 The process of manufacture of yam crisps

Yam

Deep FrySlice

Yam Crisps

Wash

Peel

Wash

Spice

Soak (shrimp-spice solution)

Deep Fry

Package

CoolCool

19

Fig. 3-4 The process of manufacture of pre-cooked vacuum-packaged yam

Fig. 3-5 The process of manufacture of yam legume flour


Based on the sensory evaluation, seven samples of the yam recipes were selected for the consumer

demonstration campaign. The campaign involved the following partners: Global Farmers’ Wives

Association, Tasty Treats, and Iris Kitchen. The consumer demonstration campaign evaluated the

following samples:

Yam

Blast freeze Hard chillMaxi chill

Frozen yam

Package

Pre-treatment

Cut

Wash

Wash

Yam

Boil

Cut to pieces

Mill into flour

Wash

Peel

Wash

Dry

Cowpea

Wash

Crush and Winnow

Boil

Dry

BlendMill into flour

Soybean

Wash

Boil

Dry

Mill into flour

Yam Legume Flour

Crush and Winnow

Mash

2 samples of yam c

2 samples of pre

2 samples of yam c

2 samples of pre

2 samples of yam crisps

2 samples of pre-cooked vacuum

risps (shrimp-flavoured puna; ginger

cooked vacuum-packaged yam (puna; dente)

20

flavoured puna; ginger

packaged yam (puna; dente)

flavoured puna; ginger-


-flavoured puna)


flavoured puna)

3

-

-

-

Yam crisps of 100g

vacuum

as pudding by addition of warm water to the flour in the ratio of 125 g flour to 450 ml water.

CSIR

supervises

required for the samples for the campaign.

The demonstration campaign was carried out in January 2013, for consumers to assess the three

developed yam products. This was carried out at two restaurants (Iris Kitche

the Central Business District of Accra, among other selected locations. Indices of interest in the

campaign were sensory attributes, packaging and

3.2.3

a.Packaged Yam

The yam crisps samples were assigned different codes (416 as Ginger, and 788 as Shrimp) to reflect

the different treatments applied to them. In as much as samples 416 and 788 had closely related

means scores (6.4 and 6.5), respondents were generally

the highest rating (6.5), which translates into “like extremely” on the hedonic scale of 1

3 samples of fortified yam flour, to be constituted into pudding;

- Yam flour (400g), boiled soya bean (50g), boiled cowpea (50g)

- Yam flour (316.7g), boiled soya bean (116.7g), boiled cowpea (66.7g)

- Yam flour (316.7g), roasted soya bean (116.7g), roasted cowpea (66.7g)

Yam crisps of 100g

vacuum-packaged yam of 120g


CSIR-FRI developed all seven selected yam samples of the

supervises the campaign as well. Inst







Packaged Yam





samples of fortified yam flour, to be constituted into pudding;

Yam flour (400g), boiled soya bean (50g), boiled cowpea (50g)

Yam flour (316.7g), boiled soya bean (116.7g), boiled cowpea (66.7g)

Yam flour (316.7g), roasted soya bean (116.7g), roasted cowpea (66.7g)

Yam crisps of 100g were

packaged yam of 120g


FRI developed all seven selected yam samples of the

the campaign as well. Inst






Findings from Demonstrative Campaign

Packaged Yam Crisps









were presented in a package

packaged yam of 120g were boiled and served on plates. Fortified yam flour



the campaign as well. Institute of Packaging G











21





presented in a package

boiled and served on plates. Fortified yam flour



itute of Packaging G




campaign were sensory attributes, packaging and pricing of the three products.










presented in a packaged form for evaluation. The



FRI developed all seven selected yam samples of the consumer

itute of Packaging Ghana, provided all the packaging materials




pricing of the three products.




means scores (6.4 and 6.5), respondents were generally fond of sample 788 as it turned out to have






d form for evaluation. The



consumer demonstration

provided all the packaging materials


developed yam products. This was carried out at two restaurants (Iris Kitchen and Tasty Treats) and


pricing of the three products.



fond of sample 788 as it turned out to have




d form for evaluation. The pre-cooked

boiled and served on plates. Fortified yam flour was presented


emonstration campaign and



n and Tasty Treats) and





the highest rating (6.5), which translates into “like extremely” on the hedonic scale of 1-7 adopted

cooked

presented


ampaign and



n and Tasty Treats) and





7 adopted

for the evaluation. On the same scale 6.4 is interpreted to mean “like very much”.

Preference for sample was m

reason why they chose “788” over the other two. While another group made their selection based on

texture (crispiness, hard or soft), others fancied “788” because according to them, i

feeling of yam and was more nutritious, compared to the other sample evaluated.

The agreed price range by a majority of participants (91.7%) was between GH¢ 1

though the stated prices spanned between GH¢ 0.5 and GH¢ 7. By and large, 7.5% said the product

should be sold for more than GH¢ 3.

Respondents liked the yam crisps and rated it highly when they were asked to compare it to potato

crisps. Nearl

gave it a lower grade compared to potato c


Preference for sample was m








s. Nearly 95% regarded it as same with potato c



Preference for sample was mainly based on taste; the larger section of respondents gave that as the








y 95% regarded it as same with potato c



ainly based on taste; the larger section of respondents gave that as the




Fig. 3-6 Price range for yam crisps





y 95% regarded it as same with potato c

gave it a lower grade compared to potato crisp

22






Price range for yam crisps




y 95% regarded it as same with potato crisp

risps.






Price range for yam crisps




risps, 3.6% esteemed it as better, while 1.8%









s, 3.6% esteemed it as better, while 1.8%




texture (crispiness, hard or soft), others fancied “788” because according to them, it had natural

The agreed price range by a majority of participants (91.7%) was between GH¢ 1 to 2.9, even






t had natural

to 2.9, even




b.Precooked vacuum

The products were developed from two yam varieties, namely; “Puna” and “Punjo

coded as 405 and 695 for t

by 68.3% of respondents (n=189) while 695 was selected

respondents (n=184). The reasons for their verdict were mainly based on taste and texture. Most

respondents generally liked 455 because it was tasty and soft. Some perceived it as hard but liked it

all the same. O

Age, gender, educational level and employment status of respondents did not have any influence on

their choice of sample.

The reasons why respondents disliked sample 695

455. Another chunk or the respondents observed sample 695 as being sour, bitter or having a bitter

aftertaste which lingers in the mouth for a while. Some perceived it as hard, which makes chewing

difficult

explained that it was not tasty, too soft, dry, hard or salty, among othe

Precooked vacuum

he products were developed from two yam varieties, namely; “Puna” and “Punjo

coded as 405 and 695 for t




all the same. Others felt it was less sticky/starchy and had more fiber, which is good for digestion.






difficult while other felt it was dry, sticky or watery. Some respondents also disliked sample 455 and


Fig. 3-7

Precooked vacuum packaged yam


coded as 405 and 695 for the consumer acceptability test.




thers felt it was less sticky/starchy and had more fiber, which is good for digestion.






while other felt it was dry, sticky or watery. Some respondents also disliked sample 455 and


Comparison of yam crisps versus potato crisps

packaged yam


he consumer acceptability test.











23


packaged yam


he consumer acceptability test.






The reasons why respondents disliked sample 695 was because it was mainly not as tasty as sample







he consumer acceptability test. Sample 405 was most preferred as chosen

by 68.3% of respondents (n=189) while 695 was selected as the least preferred sample by 67.4% of





was because it was mainly not as tasty as sample







Sample 405 was most preferred as chosen

as the least preferred sample by 67.4% of









explained that it was not tasty, too soft, dry, hard or salty, among other stated reasons.

he products were developed from two yam varieties, namely; “Puna” and “Punjo (Dente)











r stated reasons.

(Dente)” and











A comparison of the developed product with freshly cooked yams resulted in mixed reactions.

Whereas

with

freshly cooked yams to be better.

Also, the

developed product and made suggestion to be considered for product improvement.

section of consumers proposed that the price of the product ranged from GH¢ 1

GH¢ 3

1.

Fig.


Whereas 20.5% said the produc

freshly cooked yams and felt they are the same. The remaining


Also, the survey showed that consumers are willing to spend between GH¢ 0.5 to 15 on the



GH¢ 3 – 4.9, 18% mentioned GH¢ 5 or more, while 3.1% recommended

Fig. 3-8 Comparing the developed yam product to freshly cooked yams


% said the produc



survey showed that consumers are willing to spend between GH¢ 0.5 to 15 on the



4.9, 18% mentioned GH¢ 5 or more, while 3.1% recommended

Comparing the developed yam product to freshly cooked yams


% said the product is better, majority (58.3







24



t is better, majority (58.3








t is better, majority (58.3%) judged the product to compare very well








%) judged the product to compare very well

freshly cooked yams and felt they are the same. The remaining 21.2% of respondents found




4.9, 18% mentioned GH¢ 5 or more, while 3.1% recommended it be sold for less than GH¢




% of respondents found


developed product and made suggestion to be considered for product improvement. 54.0%

section of consumers proposed that the price of the product ranged from GH¢ 1 – 2.9, 24.8% said

it be sold for less than GH¢



% of respondents found


54.0% of a

24.8% said

it be sold for less than GH¢

Suggestions that bother in the product itself incl

some spices and more salt (1.0%), appearance and hardness of product, and including a sauce to the

product. Other recommendations

ingredients

Largely, the preferred size of the product as judged by the respondents (52.2%) was for it to remain

the same, even though 41.4% would rather have a product one and half or double the size of the

current product. The smaller minority (3.4%) of the study po

was reduced by half.

c.Yam legume flour

The followings are

Components

Yam flourSoybean flourCowpea flour** Sample 425 was produced from yam flour, roasted soybean flour and roasted cowpea flour




ingredients, directions for preparation and storage on the package.





Yam legume flour

The followings are

Components

Yam flourSoybean flourCowpea flour** Sample 425 was produced from yam flour, roasted soybean flour and roasted cowpea flour

Fig. 3-




, directions for preparation and storage on the package.





Yam legume flour

The followings are sample codes, components and proportions

4005050

** Sample 425 was produced from yam flour, roasted soybean flour and roasted cowpea flour

-9 Suggested prices for developed yam ampesi



product. Other recommendations were to increase the quantity and size of the product, state the





ample codes, components and proportions

126

400


25

Suggested prices for developed yam ampesi

Suggestions that bother in the product itself include, improving the taste of the product by adding


were to increase the quantity and size of the product, state the





ample codes, components and proportions

Proportions (grams)316.7116.766.7



ude, improving the taste of the product by adding






current product. The smaller minority (3.4%) of the study population would rather the product size

ample codes, components and proportions of the sample products

917Proportions (grams)

316.7116.766.7








pulation would rather the product size

of the sample products

Proportions (grams)316.7116.766.7








of the sample products

425**







The preference test indicates that,

sugary, the overall impression of the sample by a bulk majority (55.7%) of them was that which is

tasty and or attractive. As a matter of fact, taste was the main determinant of sample preference.

remaining samples were also rated as tasty by some, albeit not as much as sample 126. Other

comments received by samples were “rough” and “not uniform”. 3.3% of respondents liked none of

the three pudding samples presented. Sample 425 was the least fan

observed it to be unattractive and not tasty. Other comments such as “much soya” and “rough” were

recorded for sample 917.









Fig.









Fig. 3-10 Most preferred pudding sample

The preference test indicates that, even though some participants found sample 126 as rough or







26

Most preferred pudding sample

even though some participants found sample 126 as rough or





















the three pudding samples presented. Sample 425 was the least fancied by respondents as they







cied by respondents as they




tasty and or attractive. As a matter of fact, taste was the main determinant of sample preference. The



cied by respondents as they


Nearly 42% of

and rated the two as same. About 29% each of some participants respectively rated the samples as

“better than” and “not better” t

stressed further by the fact that most of the respondents were ready to pay between GH¢ 20 and 13

for a pack of 500 g. Overall, only less than 20% were willing to pay less than GH¢ 2 for the

Respondents also proffered several recommendations to be considered in finalizing the development

of the fortified flour for puddings. While most of them called for the taste and packaging to be

improved, others requested the soy bean be reduced

improve texture (smoothness and uniformity) and appearance as well as including milk in the flour

were also made.

Fig. 3-11 Comparison of pudding

Nearly 42% of the





espondents also proffered several recommendations to be considered in finalizing the development




were also made.

Comparison of pudding

the respondents said the samples compare very well with pudding from wheat flour









Comparison of pudding from

respondents said the samples compare very well with pudding from wheat flour


“better than” and “not better” than pudding from wheat pudding. The high rating of the pudding is







27

from Yam legume flour



han pudding from wheat pudding. The high rating of the pudding is





improved, others requested the soy bean be reduced or excluded from the flour. Suggestions to


Yam legume flour with pudding from wheat flour








or excluded from the flour. Suggestions to


with pudding from wheat flour















for a pack of 500 g. Overall, only less than 20% were willing to pay less than GH¢ 2 for the product.










product.





Chapter4Proposals for

4.1

4.1.1

Calls on local policy planning officers, international

partner

business entities were

In the

explained with special reference to the demonstrati

Discussions were

future

In the

progress

generally responded favo

diversify patterns of consumption

arising from

such as the expansion of middle

of working

In organisation

in conjunction with the demonstrati

in Ghana but also in the context of exploring and expanding expo

Product development in the demonstrati

middle

product development

in in the light of the fact that

Ghana such as Ac

deman

4.1.2

A workshop was organized

diffuse and enhance awareness

recommendations

also organized to shar

study

Chapter4Proposals for

Outline of Policy Dialogue



partner organisation

business entities were

the policy dialogue


Discussions were held

future.

the policy dialogue

progress, as well a

generally responded favo


arising from the diminishing time that households can make available for cooking due to factors


of working women in urban

organisations with which



roduct development in the demonstrati

middle-income classes and above

product development

in the light of the fact that

Ghana such as Ac

demand for yam products among West African communities in Europe and the

4.1.2 Workshop

A workshop was organized


recommendations

organized to shar

study, as well as to

SuggestionProposals for Promoting

Outline of Policy Dialogue

Policy Dialogue


organisations were made for

business entities were made to exchange views.

policy dialogues, the contents and results of the


held with a view to promoting

policy dialogue, thes Japanese side explained the objective

as well as the products developed in th

generally responded favourably to


diminishing time that households can make available for cooking due to factors


women in urban areas

s with which a




income classes and above

product development efforts would consider

in the light of the fact that

Ghana such as Accra but from the regions north of

d for yam products among West African communities in Europe and the

Workshop

A workshop was organized on


recommendations formulated on the

organized to share with interested parties in Ghana the

as well as to enhance awareness

SuggestionsPromoting

Outline of Policy Dialogue and


s were made for a policy dialogue

to exchange views.

the contents and results of the


with a view to promoting

Japanese side explained the objective

s the products developed in th

rably to the Japanese explanation.

diversify patterns of consumption of roots and tubers


such as the expansion of middle-income classes, spread of office work

areas such as Ac

a policy dialogue was engaged, it was pointed that products developed

in conjunction with the demonstrative surve



income classes and above in Ghana are

would consider

in the light of the fact that the yam-eating culture

ra but from the regions north of


on Thursday 13th

diffuse and enhance awareness of the results

on the future expansion of agricultural

with interested parties in Ghana the

awareness of pol

28

ObtainedPromoting Investment

and Workshop and Suggestions Obtained

Calls on local policy planning officers, international organisation

policy dialogues. Furthermore,

to exchange views.

the contents and results of the


with a view to promoting investment in the agricultural sector in Ghana


s the products developed in the demonstrati

Japanese explanation.

roots and tubers,


income classes, spread of office work

such as Accra.

policy dialogue was engaged, it was pointed that products developed

urvey would be important not only for the domestic market


roduct development in the demonstrative survey was carried out

in Ghana are the main

would consider export markets in Western Africa, Europe

eating culture originated

ra but from the regions north of Kumasi and that there exists a certain level of


13th February,

results of the demonstrati

future expansion of agricultural

with interested parties in Ghana the

policy-measures for promoting investment in

btained in situInvestment

Workshop and Suggestions Obtained

organisations,

. Furthermore,

the contents and results of the Study for the current fiscal year were

explained with special reference to the demonstrative survey,

investment in the agricultural sector in Ghana


e demonstrative

Japanese explanation. Many commented that efforts to

including yams


income classes, spread of office work


y would be important not only for the domestic market


y was carried out

main targeted consumers

export markets in Western Africa, Europe

originated not from the

Kumasi and that there exists a certain level of


February, 2013 in Accra, the capital of Ghana

demonstrative s

future expansion of agricultural

with interested parties in Ghana the results

measures for promoting investment in

in situ Survey


and international development

. Furthermore, calls on related associations of

for the current fiscal year were

and views were exchange


Japanese side explained the objectives of the current Study and its

ve survey. The Ghanai

any commented that efforts to

including yams, would meet current nee


income classes, spread of office work, and increase in the number



in Ghana but also in the context of exploring and expanding export markets for

y was carried out on the assumption that

targeted consumers. In the future such

export markets in Western Africa, Europe

not from the s


d for yam products among West African communities in Europe and the US

2013 in Accra, the capital of Ghana

survey carried

future expansion of agricultural investment. The workshop was

results and recommendations of this

measures for promoting investment in

Survey and


international development

related associations of


and views were exchange


of the current Study and its

y. The Ghanaian side


meet current nee


and increase in the number



rkets for such products.

on the assumption that

. In the future such

export markets in Western Africa, Europe, and the

southern regions of


US.

2013 in Accra, the capital of Ghana

y carried out this time and

. The workshop was

and recommendations of this

measures for promoting investment in the field

and


international development

related associations of


and views were exchanged.

in the

of the current Study and its

an side


meet current needs


and increase in the number



products.

on the assumption that

. In the future such

and the US

outhern regions of


2013 in Accra, the capital of Ghana, to

this time and

. The workshop was

and recommendations of this

field and

its necessity

At the workshop

representatives from

(CSIR

(Mitsubishi Research Institute

representative of the Ministry of Trade and Industry overviewed

Strategy.

as the sponsor to the Stud

from those

participants

enhancing awareness h

Questions and

the demonstrati

storing the three

vacuum

the representative of CSIR

concerned management and economic matters

example, questions were asked on detail

investment

Government

among the participants

that it is diffi

official assistance

carried out

As in the

devel

also envisaged.

markets for yam

4.2Related

This fiscal year is the last

undertaken

step towards

its necessity and possibili

At the workshop attended

representatives from

(CSIR-FRI) explained the history of the demonstrati

Mitsubishi Research Institute


Strategy. Finally,

as the sponsor to the Stud

from those expressed

participants were animated. Therefore, it is considered that

enhancing awareness h

Questions and discussions

the demonstrative

storing the three

vacuum-sealed yams

the representative of CSIR



investment cost for

Government organisation

among the participants

that it is difficult to embark upon develop

official assistance

carried out at one’s own risk without

As in the policy dialogue

developed this time are

also envisaged. This

markets for yam.

Recommendations on Policy Measures for Promoting the SectorRelated to Roots and

fiscal year is the last

undertaken over the past

step towards expanding

possibilities.

attended by a

representatives from international development partners

FRI) explained the history of the demonstrati

Mitsubishi Research Institute)


the representative of the Ministry of Agriculture

as the sponsor to the Stud made closing remarks. At the worksh

expressed in the policy dialogue

animated. Therefore, it is considered that

enhancing awareness have been fully achieved.

discussions among the

ve survey. More p

storing the three kinds of product developed,

yams, and facilities

the representative of CSIR-FRI answered



for their commercialization

organisations if and when the products act

among the participants themselves

cult to embark upon develop

official assistance. Opinions were also expressed that ultimately business

one’s own risk without

policy dialogue, the question was

oped this time are targeted

This led us to rediscover the

Recommendations on Policy Measures for Promoting the SectorRoots and T

fiscal year is the last phase

over the past three

expanding investment related to

.

by approximately 50 persons including Gov

international development partners

FRI) explained the history of the demonstrati

) introduced proposals and recommendations for future action. Then,



made closing remarks. At the worksh

the policy dialogue


ave been fully achieved.

among the participants mostly

y. More particularly,

kinds of product developed,

and facilities and equipment required for manufacturing the products,

FRI answered



mercialization

s if and when the products act

themselves were active as exemplified by the fact that

cult to embark upon developing

were also expressed that ultimately business

one’s own risk without relying

the question was

ed mainly at Ghana’s domestic market

rediscover the

Recommendations on Policy Measures for Promoting the SectorTubers

phase of this Study

three years, the following policy

investment related to

29

pproximately 50 persons including Gov

international development partners,

FRI) explained the history of the demonstrative surve

introduced proposals and recommendations for future action. Then,



made closing remarks. At the worksh

the policy dialogue were heard


ave been fully achieved.

participants mostly

articularly, technical q

kinds of product developed, the used

equipment required for manufacturing the products,

appropriately

concerned management and economic matters involved

example, questions were asked on detailed manufacturing

mercialization, and details of

s if and when the products actually manufactured and sold. T

were active as exemplified by the fact that

ing, manufacturing


relying upon others

the question was also asked

mainly at Ghana’s domestic market

rediscover the keen interest

Recommendations on Policy Measures for Promoting the Sector

Study Project. In the light of

years, the following policy

investment related to roots and tubers

pproximately 50 persons including Gov

, and business

urvey and its



the representative of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry

made closing remarks. At the workshop a variety of opinions

were heard, and the exchange

animated. Therefore, it is considered that the objectives of sharing information and

participants mostly referred to

technical questions were asked on the method of

the used-by date, scientific mechanism of


appropriately. The questions asked by business

in the manufacture and sale of products. For

manufacturing cost of products, the likely initial

and details of assistance

ually manufactured and sold. T

were active as exemplified by the fact that

, manufacturing, and selling


upon others, etc.

asked in the workshop

mainly at Ghana’s domestic market

interest that exists


n the light of

years, the following policy measures

roots and tubers.

pproximately 50 persons including Government officials, resear

and business people, first the Ghanaian side

y and its results. Next, the Japanese side


representative of the Ministry of Trade and Industry overviewed the Yam Sector Development

, Forestry and Fisher

op a variety of opinions

the exchanges of views among the

the objectives of sharing information and

to points raised

uestions were asked on the method of

by date, scientific mechanism of


. The questions asked by business


cost of products, the likely initial

assistance to be provided by

ually manufactured and sold. T

were active as exemplified by the fact that while it was asserted

selling new products without any

were also expressed that ultimately business development must be

in the workshop as to whether the products

mainly at Ghana’s domestic market or whether export markets are

that exists in Ghana on


n the light of the results of the

measures may be conceived as

ernment officials, resear

people, first the Ghanaian side

. Next, the Japanese side


Yam Sector Development

and Fisheries of Japan,

op a variety of opinions that differed

of views among the


raised in the results



equipment required for manufacturing the products, to which

. The questions asked by business people



provided by CSIR-FRI or

ually manufactured and sold. The discussions

while it was asserted

new products without any

development must be

whether the products

whether export markets are

on expanding export


the results of the study projec

may be conceived as the next

ernment officials, researchers,

people, first the Ghanaian side

. Next, the Japanese side

introduced proposals and recommendations for future action. Then, a

Yam Sector Development

ies of Japan,

that differed

of views among the


results of



to which

people



FRI or

he discussions

while it was asserted

new products without any

development must be

whether the products

whether export markets are

export


project

the next

30

To promote cooperative relations among the Yam Sector Development Strategy and

the foreign stakeholders.

To conduct agricultural development and agricultural village development based on

potential needs in the downstream portion of the value chain.

Vertical and horizontal development of the output of the demonstrative survey:

under cooperative arrangements with various organisations in Japan.

To discover and identify small and medium-scale enterprises with advanced

harvesting and processing technologies relating to roots and tubers, and to

facilitate their investment.

4.2.1 Promoting Contributions with the Yam Sector Development Strategy andCooperation

It is essential, as the first measure of this study, to provide an input into the Yam Sector

Development Strategy that will be initiated in Ghana, and, also to establish cooperative

arrangements with the Strategy (so that the results of this study may be fed into the Strategy). The

Strategy aims to promote the production, processing, and export of yam in Ghana. Meanwhile, the

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and International Trade Centre (ITC), which

are providing assistance to the Strategy, seem to consider promoting the value chain of yams under

similar schemes to other yam-producing countries such as Nigeria. In other words, by inputting the

outcomes of this study into the Strategy and its donors (IITA & ITC), the impact of this study can be

expected to spread not only throughout Ghana but also to other yam-producing West African

countries in the future.

The consultation for the development of the Yam Sector Development Strategy was initiated only

last year. Therefore, as of February 2013 when the policy dialogue took place, no specific policy

measure had been decided, except that the Strategy would be promoted mainly depending on

initiatives of private enterprises. It would be ideal for the value chain to be promoted through the

development of high value-added processed products on a continuing basis in the wake of extension

work (enhancing awareness and exchanging views) carried out by us in the policy dialogue and

workshop by targeting Government officials and private business people, with new input from the

results of this study (especially the demonstrative survey), and to promote further cooperative

arrangements with CSIR-FRI (our partner). As of now, CSIR-FRI seems already to be involved in

the Strategy. CSIR-FRI, backed up by the results of the last demonstrative survey, should be urged

to proceed with the practical application of its stock of food-processing technologies.

31

4.2.2 Agricultural Development and Agricultural Village Development that MeetPotential Needs in the Downstream Portion of the Value Chain

One conceivable approach is to provide technical assistance on yam production, especially

assistance that can meet potential needs in the processing industry in the downstream portion of the

value chain in conjunction with the ODA provided by the Japanese Government for agricultural

development and agricultural village development in Sub-Saharan African countries.

The varieties used in the last demonstrative survey were the white yam varieties Puna and Dente

(Punjo), which are now popular among consumers and are bought raw and cooked. These varieties

lack consistency and uniformity of size and shape. Accordingly, they are not always suitable for

large-scale processing. However, at present there is no alternative but to use these varieties simply

because there is no widely available variety that is suitable for processing. The basic issue is that

practically no processed products based on yams have ever existed; accordingly, there has been no

need for such a yam variety. Furthermore, as pointed out in the fiscal 2010 Study, in West African

agricultural village regions, especially in Nigeria and some regions of Northern Ghana there remains

a strong cultural tradition that values impressive forms of yams as raw roots and tubers1. Therefore,

yam varieties with forms making them easy to harvest and process have not been bred and

cultivated.

For example, in the case of Irish potatoes, various varieties have been developed and diffused to

meet each purpose of use such as conventional cooking, processing (in Japan there are specific

varieties for potatoes for salad, potato crisps, and fried potato) and for use as a raw material for

starch. It would be equally useful to choose and develop yam varieties that are suitable for

processing so that newly emerging demand can be met as the yam-processing industry grows in the

future, thus paving the way for promoting the upstream portion of the value chain.

If diverse varieties with forms and properties needed for various processing purposes, for example,

those for yam crisps, vacuum packaged yams, and yam flour, are to be developed and diffused in a

way that responds to the growth of yam processing, cooperation and links between downstream and

upstream portions of the value chain will be further promoted.

4.2.3 Vertical and Horizontal Development of Demonstrative Survey Results:Under Cooperative Arrangements with Organisations within Japan

Measures to improve processed products and processing technology based on the results of the

demonstrative survey can be envisaged. More particularly, two forms of development can be

envisaged. One is vertical development designed to further refine already developed products and

1 Outcome Report of the fiscal 2010 Research & Study on Expansion of Agricultural Investment in Africa

processing technologies

under similar schemes.

As regards policy

supporting

arrangements with

African countries

might

international

business entitie

4.2.4Harvesting and ProcessingJapan and Promoting Investment

From

by Japanese enterprises

investment in Afric

There

field of

medium

there

machines

getting rid of only root

potatoes,

processed

milling

One idea

investment

making the best use of official aid schemes

and equip

be more realistic to

gradually to more sophisticated versions.

4.3

When studying the possibility of promoting investment

Ghana

factors.



As regards policy

supporting entities

arrangements with

frican countries

might be to send

international organisation

business entities and

4.2.4 Identifying SmallHarvesting and ProcessingJapan and Promoting Investment

From a long-term perspective,

by Japanese enterprises

investment in Afric

There are many Japanese

field of developing

medium-scale enterprises with

there must be many

machines that enable

getting rid of only root

potatoes, and Japanese yams,

processed products

milling technologies

idea is to rediscover these development assets hidden in Japan

investment and business operations in Sub


equipment and technology being used in Japan in

be more realistic to


Other Matters


Ghana on the basis of

factors. None of these factors

processing technologies, and the


As regards policy measures for

ntities, efforts must be made to explore the possibility of establishing cooperative

arrangements with organisation

frican countries in the fields

send experts on food

organisations or

and NPOs that are

Identifying SmallHarvesting and ProcessingJapan and Promoting Investment

term perspective,

by Japanese enterprises in the context of the objective

investment in Africa.

Japanese enterprises

developing corm harvesting machine

enterprises with

many potential development assets

that enable roots and tubers

getting rid of only root hair fibril, starch production

Japanese yams,

products at normal temperature

technologies, etc.

is to rediscover these development assets hidden in Japan

business operations in Sub


ment and technology being used in Japan in

be more realistic to start with versions


Other Matters to be


on the basis of the measures discussed above

of these factors

the other is horizontal

measures for both vertical

, efforts must be made to explore the possibility of establishing cooperative

organisations, universities

of food, agriculture

on food-processing

s or other development partner organis

that are willing to carry out

Identifying Small and MediumHarvesting and Processing Technologies RelatedJapan and Promoting Investment

term perspective, it is necessary

in the context of the objective

enterprises with excellent technologies

harvesting machine

enterprises with practically no experience of

potential development assets

roots and tubers to be harvested without

fibril, starch production

Japanese yams, retort packaging

temperatures, dried


business operations in Sub-

making the best use of official aid schemes. It ma

ment and technology being used in Japan in

start with versions that are


be Noted when


measures discussed above

of these factors can be easily

32

horizontal development

both vertical and horizontal development


s, universities, and research institutions

of food, agriculture, and agricultural villages.


other development partner organis

willing to carry out such activities

Medium-scaleTechnologies Related

necessary for policy measures

in the context of the objectives of this

with excellent technologies

harvesting machines and roots and tubers

practically no experience of

potential development assets within

to be harvested without

fibril, starch production technologies

retort packaging technologies

, dried roots and tubers


-Saharan Africa

. It may be un

ment and technology being used in Japan into

that are less expensive and easier to handle

when Promoting


measures discussed above, one must face the following constraining

easily overcome

development designed

horizontal development


and research institutions

and agricultural villages.

technologies to CSIR

other development partner organis

such activities

scale EnterprisesTechnologies Related to Roots and

measures to be taken

of this Study,

with excellent technologies and

roots and tubers pr

practically no experience of business operations overseas.

within these enterprises. For example,

to be harvested without causing

technologies

technologies that make it possible to preserve

roots and tubers production


Saharan Africa, and to export machinery

unrealistic to introduce

the Sub-Sahara Africa

less expensive and easier to handle

Promoting Investment

When studying the possibility of promoting investments in Sub-Sahara African countries such as

, one must face the following constraining

overcome within a short time

designed to develop new products

horizontal development and


and research institutions already

and agricultural villages. For exa

to CSIR-FRI under aid schemes of

other development partner organisations. Other than

such activities can be identified and assisted.

Enterprises that are Familiar withRoots and

be taken to promote investment

namely, expanding agricultural

and extensive

processing. These are small

business operations overseas.

enterprises. For example,

causing damage to their

technologies based on sweet potatoes, I

that make it possible to preserve

production technologies,

is to rediscover these development assets hidden in Japan and to have

and to export machinery

introduce the kind of machinery

Sahara Africa as they are

less expensive and easier to handle

Investment

Sahara African countries such as


within a short time simply

develop new products

and implementing


already active in West

For example, one idea

FRI under aid schemes of

Other than CSIR

be identified and assisted.

that are Familiar withRoots and Tubers within

to promote investment

expanding agricultural

extensive experience in the

. These are small

business operations overseas. However,

enterprises. For example, harvesting

their bodies and

based on sweet potatoes, I


technologies, and flour

have them contribute to

and to export machinery and equipment

the kind of machinery

as they are. It

less expensive and easier to handle, and to shift



simply with Japanese

develop new products

implementing and


in West

mple, one idea

FRI under aid schemes of

CSIR-FRI,

be identified and assisted.

that are Familiar withwithin

to promote investments

expanding agricultural

experience in the

. These are small and

However,

harvesting

and by

based on sweet potatoes, Irish


and flour

them contribute to

equipment

the kind of machinery

It would

and to shift



Japanese

33

efforts alone. These are matters that must be addressed from a long-term perspective in cooperation

with stakeholders including local government organisations and other public organisations, and with

international organisations and ther international development partner organisations. These matters

are presented below together with possible countermeasures.

4.3.1 Consultants, NGOs and NPOs, and Government Organisations SupportingInvestment

When foreign enterprises including Japanese enterprises try to undertake agricultural investment,

they often require some kind of assistance or involvement by local stakeholders such as those

relating to pre-investment information collection, feasibility studies, identifying and matching

potential investment projects, and consulting services at implementation stages. In the course of this

Study it was confirmed that there are many local stakeholders. More particularly, they are local

consulting firms or related NGOs and NPOs. Among these are some with sufficient capabilities to

become partners in investment projects in terms of their willingness and competence.

However, these consulting firms or NGOs and NPOs naturally have strengths and weaknesses

depending upon areas of business. They vary in terms of size and competence. Moreover, it is

difficult for outsiders to detect these details. In fact, these details will remain unknown until actual

contact has been established.


As pointed out during the interview with USAID and as discussed in the workshop, one problem is

that the financial infrastructure for farmers and small businesses remains underdeveloped. As

regards financing schemes for farmers, questions have been raised on the present arrangement

whereby the time cycle of farming does not match that of bank loans and repayments. From the

farmers’ perspective, they must have funds prepared for farming by the time crops are to be planted

in order to procure the necessary agricultural materials, etc. Their loan repayments must start only

after their crops have been sold. However, financial institutions such as banks have a poor

understanding of farmers’ needs, so they often propose unrealistic conditions regarding periods of

loan repayment and paying-in timing of loaned funds.

Therefore, USAID is now studying the possibility of acting as an intermediary between financial

institutions such banks and farmers and agricultural processing businesses to have more flexible and

appropriate forms of loan services provided for farmers, etc. However, in the light of the

requirements of agri-business promotion and value chain promotion, financing in small amounts

such as in micro-finance would be insufficient, especially for processing business entities.

Accordingly, another financing mechanism will be needed to ensure loans of a sufficient scale to

meet the requirements of business entities

4.4

Investment expansion for Sub

promotion are common

accordance with which the World Bank, Africa Development Bank

development

deeply rooted in the tradition

industry

international community to this region.

4.4.1

One of the

robust and sustainable economies. Because the direction

the TICAD Process FOCUS, a

growth agriculture

economy

TICAD

within Japan

widely

this Study

interested in develop

through the production of

information on simil

experti

enhanced.

4.4.2Promotion Policy of the International Community

The International

confirmed that i

including the Japanese Government

corm-

processing

2 Assumed to be the USAID Development Credit Authority (DCA) Partial Loan Guarantee scheme


Future Perspectives


promotion are common


development organisation

deeply rooted in the tradition

industry based on these crops


4.4.1 Examination of Development Operations Based on TICAD

One of the economic


TICAD Process FOCUS, a

wth agriculture

economy-oriented agriculture to

TICAD V will serve as a good opportunity for attracting t

within Japan to development

widely publicize the

Study for the purpose of identifying Japanese companies, NPOs

interested in develop

through the production of

information on simil

xpertise and experience

enhanced.

4.4.2 ExaminingPromotion Policy of the International Community

International

confirmed that in so doing


-related processing industries in Turkey, Brazil

essing technologies are

Assumed to be the USAID Development Credit Authority (DCA) Partial Loan Guarantee scheme


Future Perspectives


promotion are common themes


organisations are

deeply rooted in the traditions

based on these crops, should be understood


Examination of Development Operations Based on TICAD

economic issues to be discussed at


TICAD Process FOCUS, a

wth agriculture through a valu

oriented agriculture to

will serve as a good opportunity for attracting t

development issues

the results of studies on investment promotional measures

for the purpose of identifying Japanese companies, NPOs

interested in developing products

through the production of such

information on similar projects in other regions of

se and experience, as well as

ing AssistancePromotion Policy of the International Community

International Trade Centre

n so doing,


related processing industries in Turkey, Brazil

technologies are more


meet the requirements of business entities.2

Future Perspectives

Investment expansion for Sub-Saharan Africa, support

themes shared by the internati


developing aid activities. Promoting the

s of Sub-Saharan Africa such as yam and cassava

should be understood



to be discussed at


TICAD Process FOCUS, an approach

through a value chain approach

oriented agriculture to growth-oriented


issues in Afric

of studies on investment promotional measures


products based on

such crops. Furthermore,

ar projects in other regions of

as well as knowledge on the

Assistance in the Context of Industrial PromotionPromotion Policy of the International Community

re (ITC) assists

, ITC is hoping to secure the

including the Japanese Government with the objective of using,


more advanced.


34

Saharan Africa, support

shared by the internati



Saharan Africa such as yam and cassava

should be understood in the context of


to be discussed at TICAD


is set forth to

ain approach

oriented agriculture


Africa and to direct



on yam and cassava

Furthermore, it is expected that by promoting exchange

ar projects in other regions of Africa on the occasion of TICAD, sharing of

knowledge on the efficiency and effectiveness of projects

in the Context of Industrial PromotionPromotion Policy of the International Community

(ITC) assists the Yam Sector Development Strategy.

is hoping to secure the

with the objective of using,


advanced. The ITC has already taken concrete action


Saharan Africa, support for private sector business

shared by the international community including Japan, in



Saharan Africa such as yam and cassava

in the context of


TICAD V in Yokohama in June 2013

robust and sustainable economies. Because the direction of agriculture is one of the

is set forth to support a transition

ain approach. This means

agriculture based on

will serve as a good opportunity for attracting the attention of potential stake

to direct assistance for



yam and cassava, as well as in industrial promotion

it is expected that by promoting exchange

Africa on the occasion of TICAD, sharing of

efficiency and effectiveness of projects

in the Context of Industrial PromotionPromotion Policy of the International Community

Yam Sector Development Strategy.

is hoping to secure the participation of related stake

with the objective of using,

related processing industries in Turkey, Brazil, and Japan where agricultural product

ITC has already taken concrete action


for private sector business

onal community including Japan, in

accordance with which the World Bank, Africa Development Bank, and many other international

developing aid activities. Promoting the production of crops

Saharan Africa such as yam and cassava,

in the context of greater support

Examination of Development Operations Based on TICAD V

in Yokohama in June 2013

agriculture is one of the

a transition from subsistence to

means shifting

on a value chain approach.

he attention of potential stake

assistance for Africa. It

of studies on investment promotional measures including the contents of

for the purpose of identifying Japanese companies, NPOs, and other

as well as in industrial promotion



efficiency and effectiveness of projects

in the Context of Industrial Promotion

Yam Sector Development Strategy.

participation of related stake

with the objective of using, as a model

and Japan where agricultural product

ITC has already taken concrete action


for private sector businesses, and export


and many other international

production of crops that are

, and promoting

support extended

V

in Yokohama in June 2013 is creating

agriculture is one of the focal points in

from subsistence to

from subsistence

a value chain approach.

he attention of potential stakeholders

It would be useful to

including the contents of

and other organisation




efficiency and effectiveness of projects can

in the Context of Industrial Promotion and Export

Yam Sector Development Strategy. It has been

participation of related stakeholders

model, examples of


ITC has already taken concrete action by having


and export


and many other international

that are

promoting an

by the

creating

points in

from subsistence to

subsistence

a value chain approach.

holders

be useful to

including the contents of

organisations


it is expected that by promoting exchanges of


can be

Export

It has been

holders

examples of


having

35

experts from Turkish private companies sent to Ghana. ITC also welcomes the participation of not

only Turkish experts but also experts from Japanese private companies, and is ready to pay the

necessary expenses for that purpose.

Japan is also expected to study, as soon as possible, the possibility of providing assistance in such a

context and to make best use of knowledge and expertise obtained in the process of addressing issues

related to the value chain of yam and cassava by working with the international community. Such

efforts on the part of Japan not only will result in promoting donor coordination, but also will have

the effect of spreading Japanese agricultural product processing technology overseas.

study on measures to enhance investment into agricultural sector in · pdf file ·...

Documents