study of molecules with carbon-carbon bonds. carbon is the element present in all living things. ...
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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Study of molecules with carbon-carbon bonds
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CARBON-BASED COMPOUNDS Carbon is the element present in all
living things. All compounds are classified as organic
or inorganic. Organic compounds-carbon containing Inorganic compounds-do not contain
carbon (several exceptions like CO2)
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CARBON-BASED COMPOUNDS Carbon atoms contain 4 electrons in
their outermost energy level.Most atoms are stable with 8 electrons in
their outermost energy level.To fill its outer energy level, carbon forms
4 covalent bonds with other carbon atoms or atoms of other elements.
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CARBON BONDING When carbon bonds to other carbons, it
can form 3 main shapes:1. Straight Chains 2. Branched Chains3. Rings
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CARBON BONDING There are 3 types of
bonds carbon can form:1. Single bonds2. Double bonds3. Triple bonds
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HOW CARBON-CARBON BONDS ARE MADE
ATP- “energy currency” (stores energy for use in biological reactions)ATP releases energy when one of its high‐
energy bonds is broken to release a phosphate group
Helps form organic compounds
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Built mostly from C, H, & O. There are 4 major macromolecules (organic
compounds).1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids
Each class has different properties.Properties depend on how much C, H, O there is
and what “other elements” are present.
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MONOMERS & POLYMERS Monomers are the “building blocks” or
“bricks” of larger organic compounds, called polymers. The largest polymers are called macromolecules.
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To make different types of buildings, you have to use different bricks. To make different macromolecules you need to use different monomers (bricks).Some bricks build carbohydrates other
bricks build proteins.
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CARBOHYDRATES C,H, & O in a 1:2:1 ratio (C:H:O) Monomer (brick) =Monosaccharides (simple
sugars)Examples:
Glucose – cell energy, blood sugar Fructose – fruit sugar, sweetness Galactose – milk sugar
Disaccharides- two simple sugars bonded togetherExamples:
Sucrose –table sugar Maltose Lactose – in milk
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CARBOHYDRATES Many simple
sugars=polysaccharidesNot sugars, but still carbsExamples:
Starch- glucose storage in plants
Cellulose- plant fibers, give structure
Glycogen-glucose storage in animals
Job= Energy sourceAlso provides structure in plants
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Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Examples:GlucoseFructose
Galactose
Disaccharides (two sugars)
Examples:SucroseMaltoseLactose
Polysaccharides (complex
carbohydrates)
Examples:Starch
GlycogenCellulose
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LIPIDS Made up of C,H,& O, with greater numbers of H. Monomers (bricks) = Fatty acids Types of Lipids:
SteroidsPhospholipidsWaxFats and oils
Job= Energy STORAGE, insulation, build cell membranes
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TYPES OF LIPIDS Steroids
Sex hormones Estrogen & Testosterone
Cholesterol Provides support for cell
membrane Too much can accumulate
and cause heart disease
Phospholipids Cell membranes
WaxesBee wax, plant
cuticle (aloe) Fats and oils
Solids or liquids
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FATS “Good” fats
Unsaturated (bent chains)
Oils (liquid)In cold blooded
animals and plants Fish, olives
Example foods Salmon, walnuts,
avocados
in these foods
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FATS “Bad” fats
Saturated (straight chains)
SolidIn warm blooded
animals Cows, pigs
Example foods Butter, in
cheeseburgers
in these foods
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Lipids
Made of fatty acid monomers
Steroids
Examples: cholesterol,
sex hormones
Waxes
Examples: Beewax, earwax
Phospholipids
Make up cell membranes
Fats and oils
Unsaturated
Saturatedty
pes
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PROTEINS Mainly C,H,O,N, & S. Monomers (bricks) =
amino acids Proteins are made of
chains of amino acids that fold into sheets, tubes, blobs and other shapes.
Job depends on typeMany structural and
regulatory functions
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PROTEINS Examples:
Enzymes – speed up reactions
Keratin – structure in hair, nails
Collagen – muscles and tendons, stretching
Insulin – breaks down sugar
Antibodies – defense in immune systems
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Proteins
Made of amino acid monomers
Keratin
In hair and nails
Collagen
In muscles and tendons,
provides stretch
Enzymes
Speed up
reactions
Insulin
Regulate blood sugar
Antibodies
Immune system defense
Regulatory Examples
Structural Examples
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NUCLEIC ACIDS Made up of C,H,O,N & P Monomers (bricks) = nucleotides Examples:
DNA or RNA Job = stores and then transmits your
genetic informationProvides the instructions to build proteins