study of micro techno-economic dynamics for...
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STUDY OF MICRO TECHNO-ECONOMIC DYNAMICS
FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN SINDH
A thesis submitted by
Asif Ali Shah
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Ph.D
in
Science and Technology Policy
Mehran University Institute of Science, Technology and Development (MUISTD)
Mehran University of Engineering & Technology
Jamshoro
June 2014
i
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
JAMSHORO
This thesis, written by Mr. Asif Ali Shah under the direction of his supervisor, and approved
by all the members of the thesis committee, has been presented to and accepted by the Dean,
Faculty of Science, Technology & Humanities in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the
degree of Ph.D in Science and Technology Policy.
(Supervisor)
(Co-Supervisor) (Co-Supervisor)
(Internal Examiner) (External Examiner)
(Director, Mehran University Institute (Dean, Faculty of Science, Technology
of Science, Technology and Development) and Humanities )
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DEDICATION
Dedicated to My Family, Friends and Mehran University Institute of Science,
Technology & Development (MUISTD), Jamshoro
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I am indebted to Mehran University Institute of Science, Technology and Development
(MUISTD), Jamshoro in providing me a platform to conduct research in an area of Science
and Technology Policy to address social issues like poverty alleviation. In this respect, I
deeply acknowledge the efforts of Prof. Dr. S.M.Qureshi, Director (Honorary) MUISTD to
have very kindly agreed to supervise this research.
I am also, thankful to Prof. Dr. Roshan Shah Rashdi, Dean, Faculty of Science, Technology
and Humanities for his continuous support, which enabled my research to progress as per
schedule. I am similarly obliged to Dr. Qazi Moin-ud-din Abro, Mr. Irfan Shah Rashdi,
Madam Iffat Batool Naqvi and Mr. Wahid Bux for their able guidance. I also deeply obliged
the efforts of Mr. Zahid A Memon in motivating me to maintain constantly my interest in
conducting this research. I also wish to express my deep gratitude to Dr. Arabella Bhutto, my
Co-Supervisor, for the hard work put in by her in guiding me and supervising my work,
which has been an important factor responsible for successful accomplishment of this task. I
also acknowledge whole heartedly the support extended to me by all the administrative staff
of MUISTD as well.
I highly appreciate the extraordinary support extended to me by PCSIR Laboratories
Hyderabad, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam and my fellow researchers Javaid A
Chachar & Syed Abdul Sattar Shah. Last but not the least, I am thankful to my father,
mother, wife, sisters and also children for their prayers and never ending love.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Page No Certification i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgment iii
Contents iv
List of Abbreviation vii
List of Tables viii
List of Figures x
List of Photographs xi
Abstract xii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1
1.1.1 Poverty and Irregular Growth Trends of Sindh 2
1.1.2 National Innovation System of Pakistan 4
1.1.3 Innovation System of Sindh 5
1.1.4 Motivation of Research 7
1.1.5 Research Question 9
1.2 Research Objectives 9
1.3 Research Methodologies 10
1.3.1 Research Stages 12
1.4 Main Research Findings 15
1.4.1 Contribution to Knowledge 15
1.5 Structure of Thesis 16
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Development of GRD-Framework 17
2.3 Global Perspective 18
2.3.1 Technological 19
2.3.2 Poverty 22
2.3.3 Case Studies at Global Level 24
2.4 Regional/National Perspective 29
2.4.1 Technological 29
2.4.2 Poverty and Growth Trends 32
2.5 Domestic/Local Perspective 38
2.5.1 Technological 38
2.5.2 Poverty and Population Growth Trends 40
2.6 Identification of Appropriate Technologies. 40
2.6.1 Researcher Background Knowledge 42
2.6.2 Focus on the Promotion of Renewable Energy 42
2.6.3 Identification of Suitable Research Framework 43
2.7 Research Question 46
2.8 Solar Thermal Technologies (STTs) 49
2.8.1 Solar Thermal Devices 49
2.9 Conclusion 57
v
CHAPTER 3: DEVELOPMENT OF A FRAMEWORK FOR
STUDYING MTEDIN SINDH
3.1 Introduction 59
3.2 Research Process 59
3.3 Integration of Cai’s et al Framework 60
3.4 Need for Secondary Framework 61
3.5 Integration of Bergek et al (2008) Framework
with Primary Framework/Emergence of Secondary Framework 62
3.6 Identification of Functional Parameters in Sindh’s Context 64
3.7 Achieved Functional Patterns
(Individual and Societal Perception) 66
3.8 Assessment of Functional Parameters for Identification
of MTED Hurdles 69
3.8.1 Identification of Basic Trends 69
3.8.2 Identification of In-depth Trends 70
3.9 Conclusion 71
CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4.1 Introduction 72
4.2 Research Stages 72
4.2.1 Identification of Research Problem 72
4.2.2 Selection of Base Technologies 73
4.2.3 Designing of Research Frameworks 73
4.2.4 Procedures Adopted and Instruments
Used to Implement the Proposed Framework 75
4.2.5 Data Collected and Analyzed 76
4.2.6 Emergence of Policy Recommendations 77
4.3 Conclusion 77
CHAPTER 5: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRIMARY SECTION OF THE MTED
FRAMEWORK FOR STT.
5.1 Introduction 79
5.1.1 Pilot Field Study in a Physical Community 79
5.1.2 Identification of Institutions Through Survey 83
5.2 Overview of Primary Framework 97
5.3 Conclusion 98
CHAPTER 6: IMPLEMENTATION OF A SECONDARY SECTION OF
THE MTED FRAMEWORK FOR STT.
6.1 Introduction 99
6.2 Independent Sample Approach 100
6.2.1 Awareness Creation Through Education 100
6.2.2 Funding and Viability 109
6.2.3 Introduction of Household Services to Masses Through RETs/STTs 117
6.2.4 Availability and Alignment of Public Policies Prompting RE 133
6.2.5 Creation/ Alignment of Policy & Educational RE Based Institution 142
6.2.6 Community Involvement 151
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6.2.7 Interlinking Economic , Poverty Alleviation Policies with
RE Based Policies 155
6.3 Real Scenario (Related Samples Approach) 164
6.3.1 The Sindh’s current MTED, predicts the unconstructive scenario
regarding renewable energy technologies (RETs)/ Solar Thermal
Technologies (STTs) successful diffusion in Sindh. 164
6.4 Hurdles in MTED for Poverty Alleviation 170
6.4.1 Hurdles Identification 170
6.4.2 Mapping of Hurdles 170
6.5 Overview of Secondary Framework 170
6.6 Conclusion 171
CHAPTER 7: FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATION
7.1 Main Findings 180
7.1.1 GRD Framework 180
7.1.2 The Primary MTED for Poverty Alleviation in Sindh 181
7.1.3 The Secondary MTED for Poverty Alleviation in Sindh 182
7.2 Conclusions 184
7.2.1 Contributions of Research 185
7.2.2 Research Limitations 187
7.2.3 The Way Forward 187
7.3 Policy Recommendations 187
REFERENCES 189
APPENDICES
I: Survey Questionnaire 194
II: Pillars of PRSP 195
III: Pillars of PRSP 196
IV: List of some stakeholders participated in survey 197
V: Survey Questionnaire 198
VI: Real Scenario 202
VII: Publications Details 206
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CSIR Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
F.I’s Financial Institutions
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GRD Global Regional Domestic
HDI Human Development Indices
ISS Innovation System of Sindh
IUCN International Union of Conservation of Nature
MTED Micro Techno-Economic Dynamics
NGOs Non Governmental Organizations
NHDRP National Human Development Report of Pakistan
NIS National Innovation System
NISP National Innovation System of Pakistan
NSTP National Science and Technology Policy
NTP National Technology Policy
PCSIR Pakistan Council of Scientific Industrial Research
PCST Pakistan Council of Science and Technology
PPPA Pakistan Participatory Poverty Assessment
PISS Provincial Innovation System of Sindh
PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
PV-System Photovoltaic System
RETs Renewable Energy Technology
S&T Science and Technology
SCT Solar Cooker Technologies
SDT Solar Dryer Technologies
SME Small and Medium Enterprises
STD Solar Thermal Devices
STP Science and Technology Policy
STTs Solar Thermal Technologies
SWD Solar Water Desalination
SWH Solar Water Heater
TIS Technological Innovation System
UNDP United Nation Development Program
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Page No
1.1: Human Development index (HDI)
1.2: Sindh’s Contribution Towards Economy of Pakistan
1.3: Growth Rate of Pakistan & Sindh
03
03
04
2.1: Employment-Growth Nexus
2.2: Headcount Ratio of Poverty in Pakistan
2.3: Cost of War on Terror to Pakistan (Rs. in Billions)
2.4: S&T Projects, P&D Department, Govt. of Sindh
25
33
34
39
3.1: MTED Functional Parameters
3.2: List of Stakeholder
66
68
4.1: Research Stages and Concerned Objectives
4.2: Procedure Adopted and Instruments Used
74
75
5.1: Numbers of Stakeholders/Year
5.2: Sectoral Share of Visitors
5.3: Categorization of Stakeholders in Terms of Different Level of Awareness.
5.4: Guidance Persuaded by Stakeholders
5.5: Demand for Various Solar Thermal Devices
5.6: Sectorial Representation of Data in Terms of Awareness
84
87
89
90
91
92
6.1: Awareness Creation Through Education
6.2: Mann-Whitney Test (Significance)
6.3: Correlation
6.4: Mann-Whitney Test (Mean Rank)
6.4(a): Higher the Awareness, Higher the Emphasis on Secondary Education
6.4 (b): No Variation in Societal Perception Regarding General/Technical
Education W.R.T. Awareness levels
6.5: Descriptive Statistics
6.6: Funding and Viability
6.7: Mann-Whitney Test (Significance)
6.8: Mann-Whitney Test (Mean Rank)
6.8(a): Lower the Awareness, Higher the Negative Perception Reading
Inefficiencies in RETs/STTs.
6.8(b): Lower the Awareness, Higher the Emphasis on Human Resource
Development in RETs/STTs
6.9: Correlation
6.10: (Introduction of Household Services to Masses Through RETs/STTs)
6.11: Mann Whitney (Significance)
6.12: Mann Whitney (Mean Rank)
6.12(a): Lower the Awareness, Higher the Negative Perception Regarding Cost
of RETs/STTs.
6.12 (b): Increase in Awareness, Creating Optimistic Opinion Towards
RETs/STTs
6.12(c): Awareness level Vs Stakeholder’s Perceptions
101
105
106
107
103
104
108
109
114
115
111
112
116
118
127
129
120
121
123
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Table No.
6.12 (d): Solar Dehydrators Least Explored Devices
6.12 (e): Solar Dehydrators for Dates Drying
6.12 (f): Solar Dehydrators for Chilies Drying
6.12 (g): Solar Dehydrators for Rose Petals/Spinach /Onions/ Tomato etc Drying
6.12 (h): RETs and Electricity Generation
6.13 (a): Correlation
6.13 (b): Correlation
6.13 (c): Correlation
Page No
124
125
126
126
126
120
121
132
6.14: Policies
6.15: Mann-Whitney Test (Significance)
6.16: Correlations
6.17: Descriptive Statistics
6.18: Mann-Whitney Test (Mean Rank)
6.18(a): Lower the Awareness, Higher the Emphasis on Government Role
134
138
139
140
141
136
6.19: Creation/ Alignment of Policy & Educational RE Based Institution
6.20: Mann Whitney Test (Significance)
6.21: Mann Whitney Test (Mean Rank)
6.21(a): Impacts of Pilot Field Studies.
6.21 (b): Role of Policy Experts.
6.21 (c): Role of Policy Experts.
6.22(a): Correlation
6.22(b): Correlation
6.23: Descriptive Statistics
6.24: Community Involvement
6.25: Mann-Whitney Test (Significance)
6.26: Mann-Whitney Test (Mean Rank)
6.27: Correlation
6.28: Interlinking Economic, Poverty Alleviation Policies with RE Based
Policies
6.29: Mann-Whitney Test (Significance)
6.30: Mann-Whitney (Mean Rank)
6.30(a): National Policies Involving the Input from Provinces.
6.30(b): Impact of Technical Education in Diffusion of RETs/STTs
6.31: Descriptive Statistics
6.32: Correlation
6.33: Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test for Individual & Societal Perception
6.34: Sindh’s MTED Hurdles for Poverty Alleviation in Emerging TIS
142
146
147
145
144
145
148
149
150
151
153
153
154
155
160
160
156
158
161
162
166
172
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Page No
1.1: The Research Stages
2.1: The GRD framework
2.2: Pakistan’s and Sindh’s Human Development Index (HDI)
2.3: Interactive relationships Among Different Components within a
Community
2.4: Bergek et al (2008) Framework
2.5: Parts & Working of Solar Water Desalination Panel
13
18
41
47
48
51
3.1: Primary Framework
3.2: Basic MTED of Sindh
3.3 Bergek et al (2008) Framework
3.4. Secondary Framework
3.5 Fluctuations in Response
60
62
63
64
69
4.1. Overview of the Entire Research 78
5.1: Map of Pakistan
5.2: Location of the Field Study, Highlighted area Showing District
Khairpurmirus
5.3: Trend Representing Number of Stakeholders (2004-05 to 2008-09)
5.4: Sectors Shaping Techno-Economic Dynamics in Sindh
5.5: Sectoral Share of Visitors
5.6: Level of Awareness
5.7: Guidance Pursued by Stakeholders for Solar Thermal Devices
5.8: Requirements of Solar Thermal Devices
5.9: Overview of Sectoral Data
5.10: Comparison of Data Across Different Sectors in Terms of Awareness
5.11: Comparison of Data Within Different Sectors in Terms of Awareness
5.12: Overview of Primary Framework.
80
80
85
86
87
89
90
91
93
94
95
97
6.1: Comparison: 2-Related Samples Approach
(Individual Vs Societal Perceptions)
6.2: Hurdles of MTED in Sindh
165
179
7.1 MTED Framework of Shadow TIS 183
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LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Photographs No. Page No
2.1: Simple Solar Water Desalination Panel
2.2: Solar Water Heater
2.3: Solar Cooker (Parabolic Type)
2.4: Solar Cooker (Box Type)
2.5: Solar Dehydrator (Stair Case)
2.6: Solar Dehydrator (Box Type)
50
52
54
55
56
56
5.1: Open Space Drying.
5.2: Dates Drying Through Solar Dehydrator
5.3: During the Field Study
5.4: The Researcher with the Community People
80
80
82
82
xii
ABSTRACT
It is attempted to assess the status of poverty in Sindh and its possible alleviation through
economic up-gradation of the society with use of appropriate technology at the micro level
and determination of relationship between the two. The phenomenon is termed as Micro
Techno-Economic Dynamics (MTED). A new literature review framework termed as GRD-
Framework is developed and successfully used for this study. It is limited to the use of solar
thermal technology, identified as an appropriate technology. It has provided global, regional
(national) and domestic (Sindh) perspective for technology utilization for poverty alleviation
and MTED.
On the basis of literature surveyed and the background research already done by the author,
two indigenous research frameworks Primary and Secondary are designed to conduct this
research. The primary framework provides the basic MTED scenario for poverty alleviation
in Sindh, whereas the secondary framework sketches the in-depth MTED scenario.
The research methodology of the Primary framework based upon the process laid down by
Cai et al (2009) is applied through a field study in a community comprising of mainly
farmers, who form a large portion of poor in the society. The survey under this framework
has helped further in identifying the major institutions underlying the innovation system that
shapes the MTED in Sindh. Afterwards, the Bergek et al (2008) framework is merged with
the Primary framework to produce the Secondary framework. The Secondary framework
utilizes the data collected from the institutions identified in Primary framework through
another survey. It is based upon seven functional parameters identified by the Bergek et al
(2008), which are modified for this study in the context of Sindh.
xiii
The data collected further identifies the significant difference in perceptions at the levels of
an individual and the society, as a whole. It helps in testing hypotheses formed to identify the
hurdles in promotion of MTED for poverty alleviation in Sindh. These hurdles are mapped
with such issues identified and addressed in the national policies before and some more
realistic policy recommendations are framed.
And the key policy recommendations that emerge are:
The Government of Sindh should strengthen the Science and Technology (S&T) Cell
in the Department of Planning and Development or better revive and reestablish the
separate Department of Science and Technology established earlier but abandoned
soon after.
The S&T Cell or the Department should frame a comprehensive policy and its plan of
action to introduce the MTED, rather make it feasible though out Sindh up to village
level, to alleviate poverty.
The policies framed and action plans introduced in this respect be reviewed on regular
basis.
A detailed survey of human and natural resources and other requirements be
conducted for each feasible unit at Taluka, Village, etc. level for whole of Sindh and
a relevant appropriate technology (s) be identified for each different unit to introduce
MTED phenomenon for poverty alleviation effectively in that area.
xiv
An appropriate comprehensive program be launched for vocational education and
technical training for generation of suitable manpower in Techno-Economic
Development and Innovation to promote MTED. The concepts may be introduced in
general through special topics/ courses at secondary level of education to generate
creative minds in this field.
Financial Incentives may be provided to promote RETs/STTs and other relevant
technologies in order to keep the wheel of MTED in Sindh moving.
The Government must encourage linkages among different concerned organizations
to form themselves into an Innovation System to achieve the objectives of poverty
alleviation through MTED
The role of NGOs and private sector be strengthened in MTED effort to rapidly bring
the benefits of RETs/STTs and other appropriate technologies to common people.
Funds be provided for small pilot field studies and training to provide RETs/STTs and
other appropriate technologies first-hand knowledge to common people.
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CHAPTER # 01
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Sindh, one of the four provinces of Pakistan, is a land of old civilization and
once highly prosperous, is facing challenges on many fronts. Its people are
surrounded by environmental, social, political and economical crises and are facing
high poverty level and its complexity. The information available is meager and very
few initiatives have been taken to collect the authentic statistics for poverty in Sindh
and assess its true status.
Poverty is generally defined as extreme and moderate depending upon the
earnings of 1 or 2 US dollars a day. But this too lacks any authentic supporting
statistical data. Khan (2003) suggested that there are many definitions and concepts of
poverty but the essence of all these relates to deprivation, absence and shortfall of
income, health, consumption, education, security, employment and leadership and any
deficiency in these elements results in poverty. The recent (2013) and earlier versions
of Economic Survey of Pakistan too have failed to provide updated figures for
poverty. These documents also fail to provide details on head count ratio of poverty
by repeating the same observation “The committee is working on its task in a
professional ways considering all dimensions of poverty and report of the committee
will be available shortly” ESP (2013).
Therefore, it is considered vital to assess the status of poverty in the context of
the prevailing structure of socio-economic development system and its dynamics
more properly and determine possible ways for its alleviation in Sindh, which could
be replicated/ adopted for not only other regions of the country but their application
may then extend to similar regions of the world as a whole. The purpose of this study
is, hence, to investigate different scenarios of improving economic conditions of poor
and deprived communities in Sindh through diffusion of some appropriate
technologies in the society at the micro level locally.
This would involve development of an objective relationship between use of
technology and economic development at the grass root/ micro level. The
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phenomenon for this study is termed as Techno-Economic Dynamics (MTED) for
Poverty Alleviation in Sindh. The word “micro” is used in a twin sense,
encompassing grass root application of very simple technologies. These technologies
are said to be utilized by various individuals or different groups of people of the
society. The word “Techno” refers to technology and the “economic” refers to the
socioeconomic conditions. The word “Dynamics” refers to the performance of the key
processes of the innovation system, fluctuations in which directly influence the
development, diffusion and use of new technologies. The emphasis is on the possible
alleviation of poverty through varying relationships between technology and
economic activities in Sindh.
The thesis, therefore, starts with the rational to understand and consider the
issues of poverty in light of technology development under National innovations
system (NIS) and Innovations System of Sindh (ISS). On the basis of these issues
identified, the research question is evolved followed by the research objectives. The
focus of the research question and objectives is, hence, aimed to investigate the
dynamics of utilization of appropriate technologies at the micro level or each of the
local community level for the overall economic growth and up-gradation in Sindh.
1.1.1 Poverty and Uneven Growth Trends of Sindh
The National Human Development Report of Pakistan (NHDRP) published in
2003 is the only authentic governmental report, which provides a detailed data about
poverty in four provinces. The report indicates that the human development index
(HDI) of Sindh’s urban areas is highest among all the other urban areas of Pakistan,
which is in reverse for the rural areas of Sindh as shown in table 1.1. As per HDI,
Karachi stood first and Tharparkar stood last. Exactly the same trends were identified
by Haroon et al (2007) on the basis of HDI of 2005 being performed by UNDP that
Tharparkar district is again the poorest district in entire Pakistan, whereas the Karachi
remains the richest one. The diversification of human development indices in Sindh
province is also one of the basis for pursuing this research.
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Table 1.1: Human Development Index (HDI)
Areas Pakistan Sindh
Urban
0.656 (Average)
0.659 (Average)
Karachi 0.618 (Highest)
Rural
0.496 (Average)
0.456 (Average)
Tharparkar 0.343 (Lowest)
(Source: Hussain, 2003)
Another report published by IUCN, titled as “Sindh State of Environment &
Development” has undertaken the issue of poverty in Sindh and highlighted some
policy flaws responsible for the deteriorating status of Sindh. For example, that even
though Sindh generates 70% of total income tax and 62% of total sales tax of
Pakistan, only in return gets 23.28% revenue transfer from the National government.
This data is represented in table 1.2. This scenario remains almost unchanged until
recently when 18th
amendment was passed and provinces got larger autonomy.
However, still there are many controversies surrounding the revenue transfer to Sindh
from the federal government, but the share of Sindh to national economy grows
largely such as Sindh’s daily gas production increases to 55% of Pakistan’s total daily
production SBI (2013). Even some independent experts claim Sindh’s contribution in
oil and gas is more than 70% of Pakistan’s national economy.
Table 1.2: Sindh’s Contribution Towards Economy of Pakistan
(Source: Compiled from Sindh State of Environment and Development, IUCN, 2004)
The status of Sindh is miserable and need some policy recommendations on
urgent basis for the prosperity of its people. Sindh needs to generate its growth pattern
more widespread and pro poor. As by closely looking to the recently published
0.456 0.496 Rural
0.659 0.656 Urban
Sindh Pakistan (Average) HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) Tharparkar: 0.343 Karachi: 0.618
56% oil, 37% gas Oil & Gas
34% in large Scale, 25% in small scale Industrial
Capacity
62% of total amount Sales Tax
70% of total amount Income Tax
23% of Pakistan Population
Revenue Transfer to Sindh: 23.28 %
4
literature such as ‘Comparative Statistics, Pakistan & Sindh 2007’ and ‘Comparative
Statistics by Province 2009’ both published by Bureau of Statistics, Government of
Sindh indicate some irregular trends of population growth in Sindh. The population
growth rates of Sindh as compared to the entire Pakistan again show the same
irregular trends as indicated by NHDRP-2003, shown in table 1.3.
Table 1.3: Growth Rate of Pakistan & Sindh
Pakistan Sindh
Growth Rate 1961-72 1972-81 1981-98 1961-72 1972-81 1981-98
Total Annual
Compound 3.6 3.06 2.69 4.6 3.55 2.80
Urban - do - 3.7 4.38 3.53 5.2 4.40 3.52
Rural - do - 3.5 2.58 2.33 4.2 2.96 2.19
(Source: Comparative Statistics, Pakistan & Sindh 2007, Comparative Statistics by Province 2009)
It is also visible that Sindh has a Rural-Urban divide in terms of its population
growth rates. The average urban growth rate of Sindh is again higher than the average
of entire Pakistan’s urban areas. The rural growth rate of Sindh is lower than the
average of entire Pakistan’s rural areas.
1.1.2 National Innovation System (NIS) of Pakistan
When there is less emphasis on poverty reduction through appropriate
technologies, the task for policy redesign in our society becomes difficult. On one
hand, the data is either not available or updated regularly and on the other hand, the
society is lacking in good governance and innovation capabilities in Sindh.
This study actually makes a little effort to become, one of the future
component of the national innovation system (NIS) of Pakistan. Since this work is in
line as per definition of the NIS. A general definition of a system is a group of
components (devices, objects or agents) serving a common purpose, i.e. working
towards a common objective or overall function (Bergek et al, 2008). The common
objective of these components is to develop, diffuse and utilize new products (goods,
services) and process. This study is a progress on the lines for development of
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technological innovation system (TIS) in a society, which mainly focuses on the
diffusion and utilization of the appropriate technologies in Sindh.
1.1.3 Innovation System for Sindh (ISS)
The developing regions have to make some decisions to progress in S&T for
possible alleviation of poverty. They have different options to adopt and to pursue
different strategies to meet a level of developed regions. They may continue their
indigenous R&D in already established field of science, or they may depend on the
imported technology and become dumping grounds of technologies or may make an
active action plan to work on new avenues of science and prove their authority in a
new field of science. Korea, China and India are the examples of such countries that
design their S&T policies to take favor of available resources and achieve success in
their economic and the technological growth. Particularly, India has adopted the
“inclusive growth” approach by involving the local communities and reduces poverty.
At present, the deteriorating conditions of people of Pakistan grasp attention to adopt
the successful models of countries like India in Sindh. Sindh also possesses human
resources to accelerate and sustain the economic growth. So for the adoption of such
an approach like the “inclusive growth” in Sindh, the establishment of strong
innovation system is essential.
As innovation system can be considered as an analytical imaginary tool, which
measures the performance of science and technology status in a society. The said
study provides a platform for further research to develop Technological Innovation
System for Sindh (TISS). In longer run the TISS may become the sub part of the
national technological innovation system of Pakistan (NTISP). Presently, neither
provisional nor national innovation system of any such kind exists in Pakistan. The
success or failure of any system is due to its nature, performance of actors,
institutions, markets, and networks. Any weakness in the system structure may lead to
“system failure”, i.e. a system that fails to develop or does so in a stunted fashion
(Carlsson and Jacobsson, 1997). In the dynamics of the innovation system, tension
and conflicts are common. They affect institutional performance, networks interaction
and capabilities of actors in the form of readiness, skills and health. To make a system
work it is the biggest responsibility for the policy makers to design an innovation
system to come and work together for a single task, which offers all stakeholders the
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equal benefits. The ultimate aim of this study is to provide policy recommendations
for sustainable economic growth opportunities for people of Sindh for possible
poverty alleviation through the adoption of appropriate technologies. The dialogue at
regional and national levels on policy recommendations is necessary for developing
countries especially when they lack or suffer from inadequacy of institutional
structure for knowledge based informed judgment and decision (Qureshi, 2006).
Literature discuses two approaches through which the techno-economic
studies are performed for technology and innovation systems. These approaches are
known as i) Techno-Economic Network and ii) Techno-Economic Paradigm.
Green and Hull (1999) define these approaches as:
i) Techno-Economic Network:
The study of the techno-economic network involves the examination and
description of the dynamic relationship among the various actors and intermediaries
required for the success of innovation. It is a bottom up approach in which the focus is
placed upon factors responsible for innovation than economics. Thus, this approach
belongs to the sociology as it discusses the relationship of individual actors in techno-
economic network.
ii) Techno-Economic Paradigm:
It explains the long term fluctuations in economic growth and their links with
the technological change. Thus, this approach belongs to the field of economics. It is a
top down approach as it gives more focus to the economics than innovation.
However to understand the Micro techno-economic dynamics in Sindh, the
techno-economic network approach is selected in this study. The bottom-up approach
of the techno-economic network allows to observe the community involvement as one
of the important actors of the innovation process for possible poverty alleviation. To
observe the communities involved, the case study research methodology is adopted in
this research.
For a technology to become a part and parcel of any society, the role of
techno-economic networks is evident to achieve the task of poverty alleviation.
Through which various actors and intermediaries work together as a component of the
7
innovation system. This research identifies the actors of the techno-economic network
of Sindh’s MTED. It includes the Industries, Financial Institutes, academia, NGOs
and community people. The nature and interrelations of these actors with each other,
influencing the techno-economic dynamics in Sindh are also studied.
To make the picture more clear regarding the task of possible poverty
alleviation through appropriate technologies in Sindh, the motivation of research is
discussed in detail below:
1.1.4 Motivation of Research
The idea of this study is inspired from the Chinese model, which utilized
communities’ potential for the economic development. The Chinese model is based
upon creation of small political and administrative units known as “Communes”. The
people of these communes feel pride in exploiting their natural resources locally
available, adopting appropriate technologies, then improving them through
innovation in their economic development. This concept of indigenous resources
based micro techno-economic approach and involvement of local communities,
contributed to the macro level national economic growth. It further created the
advanced scientific and technological capacity, which enabled China to enter into the
age of high technology and collaboration with the advanced countries. China today is
recognized as one of the very fast growing economies of the world.
Government of Pakistan has also recognized the power of communities and
introduced the ‘Devolution Plan’ in 2000 and strengthened the local government
system. In this plan the communities are driven by small self governing administrative
and political units such as Unions, Talukas and District Councils to promote
economic development and welfare of people at the grass root level of the country.
Fortunately, Sindh is blessed with enormous different types of natural resources,
which are available everywhere and generally with a reasonably good quality of
human resource. It is therefore, considered that the Micro Techno-Economic
Development approach, may suit fast economic development of Sindh in the
prevailing circumstances.
The research, therefore, envisages in studying the dynamics of this approach
as applicable in Sindh in particular and in Pakistan in general. This research
8
investigates similar models used successfully by the developing countries having
different S&T capacities and economic level to determine the enabling conditions,
including achieving the S&T capacity breakthrough, institutional structure, policies
and infrastructure to build for. The ground realities which hinder the technological
absorption for proper economic growth in Sindh are also identified through pilot field
study.
During this study the focus is on the renewable energy technologies specially
the cheap solar thermal devices. The reason for selecting solar devices lies in the
availability of sunlight throughout the year. This research has the scope of practical
implications as it will try to answer that “why solar energy based devices are not
commercialized in the Sindh province”? despite of availability of sun and the need for
off grid devices in the context of energy crises. The research also has theoretical
implications as are pointing towards the role of MTED to strengthen the mechanism
to spread cheap solar energy devices and suggest some policy measures to do so.
Since the introduction of new technologies in a society is a complex issue. Therefore,
the search for optimal patterns of renewable energy generation, conversion and
transmission under the least economic cost is the major concern for the decision
makers. However, management of Renewable Energy System (RES) has complex
interactions with many components of a community, such as environment, ecosystem
and socio-economy (Cai et al, 2009).
Thus the study in longer run tries to analyze the functioning and linkages of
research and scientific organizations working in the area of renewable energy
technologies with the organization working for the cause of poverty alleviation,
community mobilization and the economic generation. The study of micro techno-
economic dynamics may initiate the policy formulation process in Sindh province on
professional grounds. It may also promote the concept of equity as it will provide
useful recommendations to the entire Sindh. These recommendations will be
beneficial for all communities, possessing various occupations to utilize technologies
and generate income on a sustainable basis.
The prevailing level of poverty and the inefficiency of the social sector to fight
and refrain people from falling into it is the reason to study this sort of dynamics.
9
1.1.5 Research Question
The main focus of the study is to provide trajectories to mobilize all
components existing individually to combine and work as a single entity to achieve
the common goal. In this case the common goal is poverty alleviation and the single
entity is referring to “system” responsible for the emergence of technological
innovation system (TIS). For all components to mobilize and work in a single
direction, the mobilization of resources like man, money and the machine are
essential.
In developing countries, introduction of National Innovation System (NIS) and
Technological Innovation System (TIS) is still in the early stage. To explore these
systems, the understanding of interaction between technologies and the economic
activities in a society is a first step. In the same manner the study of techno-economic
dynamics and the introduction of NIS/TIS for Sindh is entirely a new concept. Sindh
has no proper system of organizations, institutions, economic activities and poverty
alleviation like many developing countries. The absence of networks, low literacy,
incompetent and unstable governments are the reason behind this situation (Qureshi,
2006). Therefore, tracing the interaction of technologies, economic activities and
poverty is a huge challenge in Sindh. Being a policy student the concepts of NIS/TIS
of the developed countries became the motivation to see their implications in our
society for special cause of poverty alleviation. But here the question arises, does
these models can be exactly adopted in our society? The answer comes negative. The
crucial issue and challenge identified is the non-existence or weak alliance between
the government, R&D organizations and universities and industry and ability to
integrate science and technology with national development plans and programs
(PCST, 1999). Thus keeping in view the conditions of institutes, education level as
well as governments, this study focuses on techno-economic dynamics at the micro
level of the society to see the hurdles in interlinking technology, economic
up-gradation and society in Sindh for poverty alleviation.
1.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The research is qualitative and quantitative in nature. It is qualitative due to
pilot field study, whereas the questionnaire based surveys made it quantitative.
10
Therefore, research objectives identified for each framework of this research are
defined below:
To develop a literature review framework to understand the techno-economic
dynamics for poverty alleviation in Sindh.
To identify and select community based appropriate technologies to serve as a
base to conduct the research.
To design a Primary framework to investigate relationships between
technology, economic activities and poverty alleviation in Sindh.
To determine, the potentials of identified appropriate technologies for possible
poverty alleviation and economic up-gradation.
To identify the major stakeholders, Institutes involved in shaping techno-
economic dynamics of selected technologies.
To determine the level of awareness of identified major stakeholders towards
base technologies.
To design a Secondary framework to investigate relationships between
technology, economic activities and poverty alleviation in Sindh.
To determine the functional parameters of Micro Techno-Economic Dynamics
(MTED) in Sindh for poverty alleviation.
To conduct an assessment of functional parameters to set functionality of
Micro Techno-Economic Dynamics (MTED) in Sindh for poverty alleviation.
To determine the hurdles (Inducement & Blocking Mechanism) in
performance of MTED in Sindh for poverty alleviation.
To propose policy measures for poverty alleviation through the use of
appropriate technologies.
1.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This research starts with the case study approach to understand the response of
communities towards the appropriate technologies. Yin (2003) explained that the case
11
study based research methodology investigates a contemporary phenomena within
real life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomena and context are
not cleanly evident. This methodology is also preferred when “how” and “why”
questions are being posed and when the investigator has little control over the
environment. In literature three types of case studies are found such as explanatory,
exploratory and descriptive. The central tendency among all types of case studies is
that it tries to illuminate a decision or set of decisions: why they were taken, how they
were implemented, and with what results (Schramm, 1971).
The research encompass of the identification of research problem, appropriate
technology selection, designing the research stages, data collection and its analysis
and ended by providing the policy guidelines. The various steps taken during the
research are:
1. Identification of research problem: To identify that why in Sindh poverty has
not been alleviated by implementing appropriate technologies at the
community level to generate economic up gradation opportunities.
2. Selection of base technologies: Since the whole output of this research
depends upon the selection of appropriate technologies to investigate the
techno-economic dynamics for poverty alleviation in Sindh, emphasis is given
to simple solar thermal technologies, promoting adoption of renewable and
environmental friendly technologies.
3. Designing of the research stages: once technologies are selected following
steps are taken to design the research methodology of this research:
i. A GRD-framework is designed to perform literature review.
ii. From GRD-framework a Primary framework is developed to test the
selected technology on theoretical and practical grounds to understand
the basic MTED scenario of Sindh.
iii. From the Primary framework outcome an extensive Secondary
framework is developed, to test the MTED scenario in Sindh.
12
4. Data collection and its analysis: The data collected through the primary and
secondary frameworks are then analyzed to identify the hurdles in Sindh’s
MTED.
5. Policy guidelines: Finally the policy recommendations are provided.
The research methodology is further discussed in chapter 4.
1.3.1 Research Stages
The said study is undertaken in stages. The main reason for this approach is
based upon the fact that since it is entirely a new study, researcher can move around
with its research methodologies, keeping in view the results obtained from each stage
are utilized for upcoming stage. The research thus divided into eight stages, four
stages for Primary framework and four stages for Secondary framework as shown in
figure 1.1.
13
Fig. 1.1: Research Stages
Research Stages
Primary Framework
1.Literature
Review
2. Pilot Field
Study
Study
3. Structural
Components
4. Basic
Learning
Secondary Framework
1. Functional
Parameters
(Survey II)
2. Assessment
of F. Parameters
3. MTED’s
Hurdles
identification
4. Policy Recommendation
s\
14
The Primary Framework
In Pakistan, finding an appropriate framework to investigate its standing in
adopting simple technologies in generating viable poverty alleviation trends is a big
question for researchers. Currently, to work in this area, no framework is available for
Sindh. Thus, in this manner the primary framework provides the basic sketch for
Sindh’s techno-economic dynamics for poverty alleviation. The four stages of this
framework consist of development of literature review framework including the
identification of base technologies, pilot field study on the basis of identified base
technologies, stakeholders and sectors identification through survey and finally the
development of secondary framework. In the first stage a new framework (Global-
Regional-Domestic) is developed to perform a literature review. The framework is
termed as the GRD-Framework. Through this framework the literature review is
performed in global, regional (Pakistan) and domestic (Sindh) context. The GRD-
framework helped in further identifying the solar thermal technologies as a basis to
perform this research and to design the methodology of this research.
In the second stage, a pilot field study is performed to find the potential of
selected technologies in the physical community. In the third stage, a survey is
conducted to identify the major stakeholders and institutions shaping the techno-
economic dynamics in Sindh. The fourth stage draws some findings and describes the
future objectives of the research. At this stage of research focus remains on finding
the basic information of techno-economic dynamics for Sindh to develop the
secondary framework.
The Secondary Framework
The secondary framework provides the in-depth sketch for Sindh’s techno-
economic dynamics for poverty alleviation. This framework is precisely designed to
identify the role of various parameters and their relationships. The parameters
identified are also the hurdles in alleviating poverty at the community level of the
society through simple technologies. This framework also consisting of four stages i-e
the determination of functional parameters of MTED in Sindh, assessment of
functional parameters, hurdles identification and the policy recommendations. In first
stage detailed information is collected from sectors identified to see their functional
patterns. In this stage the focus is on answering the question “how the dynamic of
15
technology and economic up-gradation is working in Sindh for poverty alleviation on
identified parameters?” The answer is provided through the assessment of functional
parameters in second stage. Primary framework efforts are made to understand its
structural existence, but in secondary framework focus is on identifying the hurdles in
the development of TISS for poverty alleviation in Sindh. Finally, at fourth stage the
research will offer the policy recommendations for economic up-gradation and
poverty alleviation in Sindh.
1.4. MAIN RESEARCH FINDINGS
The main findings of this research emerged from the two frameworks i-e
Primary and Secondary. These two frameworks are iconic in terms of performing
technology based research at the micro level of society to know their socio-economic
impacts for possible poverty alleviation. These frameworks are the outcome of
specially designed literature review process termed as the GRD Framework. All of
these frameworks concerning with literature review and research itself are trend
setters in Sindh to understand the techno-economic dynamics for poverty alleviation
through community based appropriate technologies.
It is identified during the research while making a conclusion of Primary
framework that the proposed study has close relevance to the emerging TIS. The same
was also proved by the weak and unstructured dynamics of technology such as solar
thermal to generate economic opportunities to alleviate poverty at the grass root level
of the society. Therefore emerging TIS in Sindh can be termed as “Shadow TIS” for
appropriate technologies to bring economic prosperity to community.
1.4.1 Contributions To Knowledge
The contribution of this research has importance in two perspectives:
Contributions to the Literature
This research provides adequate information to policy makers to emphasis
more on technology utilization for poverty alleviation as it establishes the linkages
between pattern of economic growth and poverty in Sindh.
16
Contributions to the Industry
This research investigates linkages for institutes /industries working on the
renewable energy, poverty and the economic up-gradation.
1.5 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS
This chapter provided an overview of the entire thesis by covering all the
perspectives of the entire research, which has been done to understand issues in Micro
Techno-Economic Dynamics for Poverty Alleviation in Sindh. It clearly provides the
thesis description and motivation of the research in the light of the research question
and in this context described the national and provincial innovation systems. Nature
of research and research stages in terms of research framework are also discussed by
highlighting the research objectives and research methodology. Similarly, major
research findings and their contributions to knowledge development are discussed and
overview of all the chapters of this thesis are described at the end.
The second chapter discusses the strategies adopted for literature review and
also highlights the needs for the study of MTED in Sindh. The third chapter describes
the development and evaluation of framework for studying MTED in Sindh. The
fourth chapter then discusses the research methodology for the implementation of
developed framework in Sindh. The fifth chapter then provides the details regarding
the implementation of the Primary framework of research to sketch the basics of
MTED scenario of Sindh. The sixth chapter focuses on extracting the in-depth
scenario of MTED in Sindh for poverty alleviation through the implementation of
Secondary framework. The seventh chapter provides the conclusions, findings and
policy recommendations.
17
CHAPTER # 02
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
A new literature review framework i.e: GRD (Global – Regional – Domestic)
framework developed to obtain global, regional and domestic overview regarding the
poverty alleviation and economic up-gradation strategies applied through appropriate
technologies. It emphasized in relating appropriate technologies to understand the
micro techno-economic dynamics (MTED) for possible poverty alleviation in Sindh.
The chapter begins by highlighting the need for development of the GRD-
framework and then shifts its focus towards the process of selection of the appropriate
technologies. For this research, the solar thermal technologies (STTs) are identified as
appropriate technologies.
2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE GRD-FRAMEWORK
To understand Sindh’s MTED for possible poverty alleviation and economic
up-gradation on the basis of appropriate technologies, is an innovative step. Diffusion
and utilization of appropriate technologies for the economic growth in society is
generally studied through the innovation systems. In this context, the establishment of
new domestic Technological Innovation System (TIS) has close resemblance with this
study. Therefore it is essential to understand global, regional and domestic innovation
systems, S&T and poverty alleviation policies responsible to generate pro-poor
growth trends. Thus, this study develops a new framework to understand the
dynamics of the domestic technological innovation system. The framework is named
as the GRD-Framework. Here G-represents global, R-represents regional and D-
represents domestic. The GRD-Framework is shown in fig. 2.1.
17
18
Fig. 2.1: The GRD Framework
The global, regional and domestic sections are further divided into three
subsequent subsections of technology, economic and poverty. In global context, the
emergence of Socio-technical System and some examples of China’s and India’s
National Innovation Systems (NIS) represent the technological perspective. For
economic and poverty alleviation sections, the case studies of Bolivia, Ethiopia, India,
Indonesia, Uganda and Vietnam having a close resemblance to Sindh’s and Pakistan’s
poverty trends were investigated. However, to get an overview of regional/national
perspective, Pakistan’s science, technology & Innovation (STIP) and poverty
alleviation policies were studied. Under domestic perspective, Sindh’s
vision/priorities of Science & Technology, human development and growth patterns
are discussed.
2.3 GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
Global perspective describes the historical background for the emergence of
various innovation systems in societies and investigates the case studies of countries
achieved remarkable success for poverty alleviations and economic growth.
Global Regional Domestic
<Literature Review: GRD- Framework>
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Types of Innovation
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National
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Sindh’s
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19
2.3.1 Technological
This section contains the historical perspective for the emergence of various
innovation systems followed by some good examples:
Emergence of Socio-Technical Systems
In past the policy measures for technology and innovation were judged by the
market failure, but it is now being analyzed as a system approach to innovation
(Bergek et al, 2008). The components of the system can either have strong or weak
relationships. It sometimes comes together in a planned, intend and deliberate manner
but can also exist together in unplanned, unintentional and in-deliberate manner. They
may or may not hold common goals. In 50’s majority of economists, including Slow
(1958) examined the different levels of developments in various countries on the basis
of the amount accumulated per worker. From 60’s it was measured in the
technological difference amongst countries based on the Shumpeters theories of 30’s
and 40’s. This approach was also in focus by the researchers of the 1980’s like
Freeman (1982) and Fagerberg (1987). In 1990’s it was termed as a “new growth
theory” by Lucas (1988) and Romer (1990). Meanwhile the concept of technological
capability introduced by Kim (1980), the absorptive capacity of Cohen (1990) and
innovation system of Lundvill (1992) were also emerged in parallel. However,
Gerschenkron (1962) and Moses Abramovitz (1986) associated technological
capabilities, economic upgradation with the capabilities of societies known as social
capabilities. They based their studies on the historical development of USA and UK.
But there are other researchers who took this approach to understand the growth of
other countries. Johnson (1982) focused on Japan and the some of the studies by Kim
(1980) and others also focused on new industrialized countries.
However, Bergek et al (2008) also highlighted the concepts of different
innovation systems found in the literature like National Systems of Innovation
(Freeman, 1987; Lundvall and Nelson, 1992), Regional Innovation Systems (Asheim
and Isaksen, 1997; Cooke et al., 1997), Sectoral Systems of Innovation and
Production (Breschi, 1997; Malerba, 2002) and Technological Systems (Carlsson and
Stankiewicz, 1991). There are also other similar concepts of socio-technical system
(Bijker, 1995; Geels, 2004). This research comes mostly in terms with the
Technological Innovation Systems (TIS) concept introduced by Bergek et al. (2008).
20
The factor behind the appropriateness of this system is that it also focuses on
the development, diffusion and use of a particular technology (in terms of knowledge,
product or both). Fagerberg and Srholec (2008) also highlighted the emergence of
various socio-technical systems in the society.
Thus, it was learned that in past innovations were merely judged by the market
failures, but now it is judged as a whole system, having different components. The
success or failure of innovations depends upon the performance of its components in a
society and not merely upon the market acceptability. To understand this point, it was
further learned that in a society, the functioning of the innovation system is also
related to its stage of development. This idea emerged when the stage of development
of any society was initially linked closely with the amount accumulated per worker
(1950), technological difference (1960), technological capability (1980), new growth
theory (1988), absorptive capacity of society (1990) and finally innovation systems
(1992).
Some Good Examples for Technology-Economic Nexus
While performing the literature review, some good examples were identified,
which can work as a policy inspiration for the developing countries to follow. These
are discussed in detail below:
Zhou and Leydesdorff (2006) explained the China’s NIS. China emerged as
knowledge based economy by increasing huge funding in its R&D. Due to favorable
chances of the economic growth and policies favoring the overseas scholars to return
back, puts China into the map of worlds emerging superpower in the economic
activities. Majority of its R&D occurs in the public funded organizations, which
utilized its local resources of human and non human efficiently. China is not only
utilizing its potential resources but it is also following global trends of advancement
in S&T. In 2001, China issued its strategy for nanotechnology i-e National
Nanotechnology Development (2001–2010).
Mashelkar (2008) explained India’s remarkable achievement in utilizing S&T
to accelerate the pace of its economic growth, which laid on four distinctive
approaches. These approaches are:
21
(i) Techno-Nationalism: responsible for space, defense, nuclear energy, and
supercomputers.
(ii) Inclusive Growth: emphasizing the use of S&T for middle class and poor
betterment, including provision of cheap drugs, consumable at a lower price.
(iii) Techno-Globalism: providing outsourcing for developed countries in various
skill oriented fields as many multinational companies had opened their offices
to utilize the low cost skill and scientific manpower of India.
(iv) Global Leadership: for gaining competitive age and become world leader in
certain fields like IT and biotechnology.
The most relevant approach with this research is the concept of the inclusive
growth. This concept promotes the growth of all corners of the society with the help
of technology. The central idea of this concept is to use technologies to provide relief
to the poor and middle class society. In India some remarkable achievements in public
sector organizations like Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) were
identified in promoting the concept of the inclusive growth. The CSIR is actually an
Indian sister organization like Pakistan Council of Scientific & Industrial Research
(PCSIR). CSIR had achieved remarkable growth by introducing the better techniques
in informal sector such as leather processing used for Kolapuri Chappel
manufacturing and menthol rich essential oil extraction. Due to the CSIR contribution
the quality of these items increased drastically with a minimum processing time. This
resulted in higher exports, which contributed to income generation and poverty
reduction.
CSIR faced no hindrance in implementation of its projects from any element
of the society. As they were carefully planned and before launching of these projects,
CSIR managed to acquire the confidence of all stakeholders of society. CSIR built
this confidence by assuring the gains to all stakeholders. Through these projects
almost all levels of society were benefited, especially the poor ones. The success of
this inclusive growth approach lies in the selection of technologies which best suited
the society requirements. While doing so, CSIR established strong networks of the
village community, industry association, NGO, academia and state and provincial
government ministries. Almost all the technologies which were identified through this
22
approach are either relevant to the process and product and was enabling in nature
(making the network work).
Thus the technological perspective provides awareness regarding various
systems, which relates technology to the society. Identification of some good
examples like “Indian’s Inclusive Growth Approach” provides an approach for
poverty reductions through better usage of appropriate technologies, benefiting all the
stakeholders of the society.
2.3.2 Poverty
World Bank has defined extreme poverty as living on less than US $1.25
(PPP) per day, and moderate poverty as less than $2.50 a day at 2005 international
prices on the work of Ravallion et al (2007). Coudouel et al (2002) also associated
poverty with accumulations of resources and assets. According to the world bank the
poverty can also be caused by the unavailability or shortfall in human assets (capacity
of basic labor, physical/mental health skill), natural assets (land, environmental
condition), physical assets (physical capital, access to infrastructure), financial assets
(saving and access type of credit) and social assets (social security and employments,
education etc). Thus, it is very difficult to measure poverty in a society as it is a
combination of a variety of factors.
Kliebenstein (2009) explained that usually the prosperity of a society is
measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The GDP has limited scope to see the
poverty status of society because it is not based on the employment scope of a society.
As the employment is the major indicator of poverty, hence GDP has a limited scope
to measure poverty. Similarly, the Human Development Index (HDI) also possesses a
narrow scope. The HDI is an indication of overall growth of the society, which is
unable to precisely discuss the growth achieved by the poor sector of the society. The
indicator which is more appropriate to measure the poverty as compared to GDP and
HDI is known as Human Poverty Index (HPI). But as society is composed of low,
average and better pay off groups of people and HPI based its calculation on the
average income of society, hence it does not provide a clear picture of poverty,
because increase in the income of one group in a society affects the average income.
Sundaram (2006) explained that it is not necessary that the high economic growth is
accompanied by the poverty reduction. The rate of poverty reduction depends upon
23
the approach and execution of the economic policies. Policies which are supporting
reduction in poverty are known as pro-poor. Nallari et al (2011) suggested that pro-
poor growth is about changing the distribution if relative incomes obtained through
the growth process must favor poors. The generation of employment opportunities is
the factor which makes these policies favorable to poor.
Islam (2006) explained that widely two main approaches are used to address
the issues of poverty alleviation. First, deals with macroeconomic policies favoring
growth, which is pro-poor. Second, deals with micro level policies, which introduced
the direct intervention for poverty reduction. The micro level interventions such as the
introduction of micro credits and provision of social safety programs are some of the
examples. Both the micro and macro policies have an impact on each other. The
economic policies are the major sources of income inequalities as well. The higher the
rates of income inequalities, the lower the poverty reduction and vice versa. Finally,
Islam (2006) concluded that the pattern of growth in both the approaches is widely
missed by the policy makers. It was believed in past from 50’s to 80’s that the growth
had a trickledown effect on poverty but the 90’s brought new ideas such as the
concept of poverty and growth were no more interrelated. As in many cases the
growth was not accompanied by the poverty reduction. The pattern of growth
accompanying the poverty reduction took importance for researcher. Flanagan (2006)
believes that in the 20th
century, it was finally concluded that the growth results in
poverty alleviation when it emerges from the labor intensive approach.
Similarly, it is also a fact that in urban and rural areas the growth and poverty
have different nature. Urban poverty largely depends on the growth of industry and
the service sector, whereas the rural poverty largely depends on the growth of the
agriculture sector. The growth in Industry, services and agriculture leads to poverty
reduction if it creates demand of labor with increased real wages and numbers of
working days.
Rehman et al (2006) suggested that urban and rural growths are interlinked.
Accumulated growth in urban areas affects the rural areas and vice versa. The effect is
generally calculated from the numbers of the migrant workers. If the wealth is not
distributed evenly then the growth in any sector does not result in poverty reduction.
The growth is said to have positive impact on poverty only when it is pro-poor. The
24
pro-poor growth provides ample chances for the poor to grow economically. This sort
of growth is observed in South Korea (1960’s and 1970’s) and Indonesia (1970’s and
1980’s). The indicator which measures this growth is known as Labor Force
Participation Rate (LFPR). The poverty alleviation had shown better figures for
sectors having low employment elasticity (less employment and less productivity)
than the sectors of higher employment elasticity (high employment with low
productivity). Thus, it is the role of the policy makers to target those sectors having
low employment elasticity in order to provide relief to people living in the extreme
poverty.
Poverty is not simple to understand, especially when the society is filled with
surplus poll of labor (Rehman et al, 2006). The surplus poll results in deteriorated
status of demand-supply and do not increase the real wage but even results in under
wage. In a society the characteristics of labor affect its supply to markets. These
characteristics are education, number of workers in household [size, age and
composition (male/female)].
However, demand depends upon the sector and its patterns for employments.
Many countries like South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore have seen
drastic growth by maintaining the balance for the economic growth and its labor
consumption. Policies are said to be a source of poverty reduction when they are labor
intensive because they are not only based on the utilization of surplus labor but can
also increase the productivity when efficiently executed. It is essential to wisely select
technologies which suit the skills of poor to increase the productivity and remove the
underdevelopment. Globally, there are some initiatives which are commonly referred
for setting targets for the poverty alleviation. Among Millennium Development Goals
initiated by United Nation in 2000, one is reserved for the eradication of extreme
poverty. Amir (2005) criticized the goal for not mentioning the full employment
factor for achieving the task of the poverty alleviation.
2.3.3 Case Studies at Global Level
The aim of this study is to find and identify policies and program that could
have a positive impact on alleviating the poverty. As poverty exists in entire world,
the policies adopted by various countries provides poverty understanding and could
be a viable source to find the relevant policy issues in fighting poverty. To understand
25
further the policies aiming for poverty reductions, the case studies of various
countries like Bolivia, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia and Uganda were investigated. The
reason for selecting these countries is their remarkable achievements in reducing the
poverty specially the extreme poverty.
Jemio & Choque (2006) explained that the Bolivian’s achieved a considerable
amount of poverty reduction from the reform of 1985. It is a Latin American country
having a large number of poor people. Due to reform, the wages (real & reform) and
domestic terms of trade were improved fairly. The strategy adopted by the Bolivian
authorities was to examine sectors and occupations, where large numbers of poor are
concentrated and targeting them through reforms. These reforms are aiming to reduce
inequalities through land distribution, improving the education systems and opening
up of opportunities for sectors working in rural and urban areas. Another factor for
success was its efficiency in managing the flow of migrant workers.
Demke (2006) undertook the Ethiopian case study and pointed towards
fulfillment of “Basic Need Basket” for the poverty alleviation. The basic need basket
refers to the fulfillment of minimum requirements of a human being. This strategy is
viable for regions where poverty is extreme and can provide immediate relief to the
people. However, the policies adopted by the Ethiopian’s government had flaws.
These policies did not encourage the private sector and many industries, lands were
nationalized. From the case study it is also possible to devise the Employment-
Growth nexus as shown in table 2.1.
Table 2.1: Employment-Growth Nexus
Employment Growth Status
+ Ve + Ve Healthy
+ Ve - Ve Stagnation
- Ve - Ve Recession
- Ve + Ve Technological Advances
(Source: Compiled from the work of Demke, 2006).
Sundaram & Tedulkar (2006) briefed that the India in the past had seen an era
where the per capita income was low. The lower per capita income represents low
26
productivity. The factors identified for low productivity were “outdated technologies”
and “absence of capital”. Due to the government initiatives capital, begins to flow in
the Indian markets. This resulted in a shift to new occupations with upgraded skills
providing new chances of better productivity. The higher productivity also restored
higher chance of earnings, which further promised the improvement in the quality of
life. The Indian capital flow came from the opening up of markets to foreigners.
Along with, it is also due to the Indian people saving habits. The government of India
managed to attract its people to invest their savings in new businesses. Otherwise
from 1950-1980 the Indian economy remained stagnant with a GDP of 3.4 but after
these reforms in 1980’s its GDP rose to 5.75. The rise in GDP was due to the efficient
policies, which mobilized Indian resources (men, machine, money) in a positive
direction for the poverty alleviation. In 1990’s, there was an emergence of cooperate
sector through mergers, acquisitions, formation of alliances and joint ventures to
compliment companies each other’s strength and to bring focus on core competencies.
However, the wider potential of these reforms were limited due to the increasing
population of India as the worker-population of India is not a promising one.
Sundaram & Tedulkar further provides two estimates of poverty namely:
(i) House Hold Based: This estimate of poverty based on ‘Poverty Line’. The
poverty line is the representation of income generation. It is either based on
one dollar a day earning or two dollars a day.
(ii) Individual Member of the Household: The poverty incidence at the
individual level is affected by the age, education, skills and household
characteristics. The household characteristics are further depending upon the
child-dependency ratio, child-woman ratio, working woman ration, household
nature of Job (self employed, wage, salaries, residual), social class (caste,
language and sects) and possession of assets.
They further added that success of India depends upon reform in the labor
intensive sectors as identified by the Indian Task force on Employment, Planning
Commission of India. These were four such sectors i-e (i) Agriculture and allied
activities (ii) Food processing industries (iii) Small scale industries and (iv) Services.
The success of these policies depends upon their correlation between micro and macro
27
initiatives. As the micro initiatives related to the human capital, it becomes the supply
of macro level initiatives.
Islam (2006) explained the strategies of the Indonesian government to fight
against the poverty. He pointed out that the Suharto period (1966-1998) was the
turning point for Indonesians in achieving the higher targets for the poverty
alleviation and the economic growth. This period had shown good relations between
economic growth, employments generation and poverty alleviations. During his
period, the movement of the workforce from the agriculture to non-agriculture sector
was major trend. The real wages grew at 5% per annum for the period of twenty years
(1976-1996) accompanied by the reduction of consumption poverty (68.9-32.5).
However, the 1997 crises slowed the process, but it did not take away the entire
positive trend. In this year the Indonesian government launched a donor supported
special social safety net programs. The aim of these programs was to stop people
again falling into poverty traps. As a result, the volatile population of poor living
above the poverty line was just 7-11% of its total population. The up-gradation in the
skills of the Indonesian workforce during the 1990’s was also proved to be an
important tool to reduce the poverty. The provision of education at the secondary
level remains a major policy goal of the Indonesian government.
Kabann et al (2006) explained the Uganda’s fight with extreme poverty. In
past the political instability followed by the military coup destroyed the total outlook
of Uganda. But the National Resistance Movement of 1986 brought remarkable
changes and political stability followed by the Economic Recovery Program of 1987.
The progress continued with the Poverty Eradication Action Plan of 1997. Due to this
strategy, the poverty incidence of Uganda decreased from 55.7% to 38.8% in the
period of 1992-2003. This plan specially focused on the good governance, improving
the national economy by promising both the civil and human rights. The reason,
Uganda achieved such remarkable growth in the poverty reduction, is the
prioritization of poverty reduction policies within the National Development
Framework. Such as the trade liberalization in coffee marketing, favored by the shift
in global change in coffee test. Not only it depends on the export of coffee but when
the coffee export was declined Uganda’s diversified export strategy helped poor by
launching the exports of fish, hides/skins and horticulture.
28
Huong et al (2006) explained that in mid 80’s the Vietnam was listed in
world’s forty poorest countries having almost 75 percent of population as a poor. But
in late 80’s it became the fastest growing economy of the world. The trend also
sustained in 1990’s, the growth was pro-poor and resulted in alleviating the poverty at
the higher rates. The change in direction resulted from the 1989 reform introduced by
the government such as agriculture reforms, private sector encouragement, openness
of market, price liberalization, devaluation and unification of exchange rate, rising of
interest rates to positive level and sustainability in government subsidies. Due to these
reforms, Vietnam became the market oriented economy. In agricultural reforms, the
Vietnamese changed their focus from the low value staple crops to cash crops,
livestock and aquaculture. Another factor which contributed to the poverty reduction
at the higher rate was achieved by targeting the distinctive ethnic groups on the basis
of their poverty. To target these groups, flexible policies were introduced to meet the
requirement of each ethnic group. To target the extreme cases of poverty ‘Hunger
Action Program’ was also introduced in various locations and communities.
In poverty section, different terms and definition were investigated, which try
to define the poverty. It followed by various policy approaches, describing the
linkages between the economic growth and the poverty reduction. Still there is no
single definite definition of poverty but it can be related to any type of deprivation.
The case studies of various countries provided policy implementation in real
situations. Bolivian’s, targeted poverty in those sectors and occupations, where the
majority of the poor are concentrated. Ethiopian’s attempted to eradicate the extreme
poverty through the fulfillment of ‘Basic Need basket’. Indian’s approach provided a
good example for protection of local industries while intelligently opening up the
markets for foreigners. Indonesian’s successfully managed to handle labor force from
the agriculture to the industrial sector. Ugandan’s attempted to address the poverty
issues through national resistance movement (1986), economic recovery program
(1987) and poverty eradication action plan (1997).
However, Vietnamese’s fought poverty by introducing reforms in various
sectors especially in agriculture by shifting its focus from staple to cash crops and
introduced hunger action programs targeting poor and distant ethnic communities.
After investigating the global perceptive in fighting poverty on technological and
29
economical grounds, the National S&T and poverty alleviation policies of Pakistan
were studied in regional perspective.
2.4 REGIONAL (NATIONAL) PERSPECTIVE
The regional perspective, deals with Pakistan’s national policies for S&T and
poverty reduction to generate economic up gradation opportunities. Mainly there are
two policy approaches through which Nations can achieve human development,
economic prosperity and alleviate poverty. First approach deals with the social issues
and other concerned with the scientific development. In Pakistan the impact of both of
these approaches of national public policies were investigated for their contribution
towards the poverty reduction. For social approach the National Poverty Reduction
Strategy Papers were selected as a main policy document, whereas for scientific and
technological approach the National Policies of Science, Technology and Innovation
were identified as main policy documents. Details of these policies are described in
the following section.
2.4.1 Technological
Pakistan’s S&T policies were selected as a reference for the regional
technological perspective. The details of these policies are described in the following
section to investigate their focus on addressing communities as potential to alleviate
through S&T.
National Science and Technology Policies
The science and technology status of Pakistan after its independence in 1947
was not strong. It inherited very meagre infrastructure of science and technology,
which included one university, four research laboratories and a few industries with
primitive technology (Scientific Commission, 1960). Pakistan S&T status further
suffered from the early lost of its founder and first Prime Minister. The early lost of
its prime leadership further weakened the Pakistan’s vision for setting up its S&T
priorities. The real work for the S&T formulation in real terms was started very late
after establishment of S&T cell in the Ministry of Science and Technology in 1975.
The cell produced first policy draft of National Science and Technology in 1976,
which was approved in 1984.
30
A country which took almost 37 years to produce its first S&T Policy had
already lost much of its ground to accelerate in S&T. First National Science &
Technology Policy (STP) was launched in 1984, whereas the second National
Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STIP) was launched recently in 2012.
Meanwhile, one separate National Technology Policy (TP) was launched in 1993. The
STP (1984) touched all the aspect related to scientific and technological development
of Pakistan. It defines and provides outlines of the organization and structure of S&T
to university research, technology development to S&T manpower, service condition
and incentive for S&T manpower to promote of S&T, international liaison to
financing of S&T.
Whereas the vision of TP (1993) states that:
“Pakistan must join the world economic community as member of the group
‘Newly Industrialized Countries’ before the current century closes. The goal of the
national technology policy is to help attain this vision by promoting the best use of
Intentional and indigenous technology in various sectors of economy and hereby
accelerating economic growth and improving the quality of life of all Pakistanis”.
The TP (1993) is divided in two parts i-e National Technology Policy and
Technology Development Plan (TDP). First part consists of vision, objectives,
strategies and instruments of technology policy. Second part consists of regime for
technology transfer and foreign investment, mechanisms for assessment and selection
for technologies, rationalization and commercialization of R&D system, strengthening
industrial infrastructure, framework for industrial extension, metrology, testing,
standards and quality system, techno-commercial information and use of it, technical
manpower development, financial support for technology development, trade and tax
policy, intellectual property rights and capability property rights.
The STI-2012 policy mainly defines and outlines: S&T Planning and
Management Structure, Human Resources, Indigenous Technology Development,
Technology Transfer and Creation of Absorptive Capacity, International Cooperation
and Thrust Areas. The National STI Policy 2012 turn out to be rather a wish list
without knowing how much funds are required, where from these will come, what
should be the priorities, etc. This resulted in doubts about the assurance and
sustainability of the STI effort in future. Hence, the proposed policy with clear targets,
31
strategies, action plan may be debated and reviewed and revolutionized to the extent
possible, as the present working system in MoST too may not deliver (Qureshi, 2013).
Poverty: The Impact of National Science & Technology Policies
A country which produced one full National Science and Technology Policy
(1984) and one National Technology Policy (1993) had already lost much of its
ground for national development to reduce poverty. The factors responsible for
absence of national policies are political instability, political will, bureaucrats’
motivation, leadership deficiencies and unavailability of S&T policy experts. In
Pakistan majority of policies are formulated by politicians of ruling parties supported
by bureaucrats holding key posts in government. Generally, politicians and
bureaucrats tend to avoid burden taking and do not want to adopt innovative thinking.
This passive approach of policy makers results in unavailability of policies on regular
basis, which is responsible for deteriorating conditions of science and technology in
Pakistan. According to the GCR (2013) launched at World Economic Forum
Pakistan’s Competitiveness in 144 countries is deteriorating day by day [Rank: 124
(2011-2012), Rank: 118 (2010-2011)]. As per this ranking Pakistan is only ahead of
some of the worst performing African countries but it is surprising that despite of very
low rank i-e 134 in terms of basic requirements it has shown many encouraging signs
in terms of better ranking conducted for factors i-e innovation and sophistications
(ranking: 75). This represents that people of Pakistan possess much scope for
innovation if provided better opportunities, which can only be possible through
efficient ST&I policy approaches targeted at grass root level of the society. Currently,
these types of policy approaches are entirely missing in Pakistan. Therefore the results
are obvious in terms of very low ranking for its technological readiness i-e 118.
It can be further concluded from GCR (2013) that the poor performance of
Pakistan in terms of technological readiness and its inability to advance in innovation
is due to a missing link in its national policies of science & technology and poverty
reduction. The important link which is missing is that either no or less importance had
been given to community participation in acceleration of the economic growth
especially through efficient utilization of technologies. Technology itself is the
product of interaction of science with society (STP-1984). Even STP-1984 has given
focus to popularization of science and technology but the measure it suggests were
32
not also implemented fully. National Commission of Science and Technology also did
not consider the inclusion of this approach as one of its goal. It was also realized that
the community people have little or no awareness regarding advancement in science
and technology apart from home and mobile appliances. Similarly, they are unaware
of technologies role in economic growth. This unawareness resulted in creation of
lesser interest among community people to take advantage of technology to change
their living standard, which best suits, their needs, area and resource.
The situation can be much better if the recommendations of the S&T Policy of
1984 were implemented efficiently such as the establishment of design centers for
appropriate technologies, launching of science and technology centers for promotion
of S&T, introduction of S&T clubs in all educational institutes, establishment of
museums/ display centre of S&T. It is important to point here that STP- 1984
emphasized to launch all these initiative at town, district and city levels but after 25
years we remained unable to do so. Similarly, the STI-2012 is also highly
questionable, as even its draft was not being shared with the wider audiences
including the provinces. Therefore as per above discussion, when few S&T policies
were launched in Pakistan, the task of achieving poverty alleviation seems very
difficult.
2.4.2 Poverty and Growth Trends
Poverty in Pakistan has many dimensions and many definitions and can be
described by various terms but the most related and appropriate terms, which best
suited with the suffering of inhabitants of Pakistan, are related to deprivation and
inequalities. But despite of many deprivations and inequalities, people possess a basic
sense of human rights, which they were also deprived of. Poverty leads them into a
life mainly consists of humiliation and extreme social injustice. Many peoples in
Pakistan are poor on the basis of per head count ratio. Table: 2.2 indicates that the
severity of poverty in rural areas, where the head count ratio is almost double than
urban areas, a visible indication of Rural-Urban Divide.
33
Table 2.2: Headcount Ratio of Poverty in Pakistan
(Source: Pakistan Economic Survey 2007-08, Finance Division, Govt. of Pakistan)
The ESP (2008) also indicates that the effects of poverty in Pakistan can be
even worse considering the inflation trends in Pakistan, which increased rapidly after
2005 dragging more and more people into poverty trap by increasing the vulnerability
of people to become poor. The widening gap between the rural and urban areas is
also witnessed by the UNDP Human development Report (2013), which shows HDI
for Pakistan over the years is improved. It reflects that the main development in HDI
is taking place in urban areas largely. However, it is important to mention that in the
recent economic surveys of Pakistan launched after 2007 up to 2013 the details for
headcount ratio of poverty are missing.
Higher poverty impact in Pakistan can also be visualized from its higher
mortality rates. UNDP (2013) indicates alarming infant and under five mortality rates
of Pakistan. Despite Pakistan GDP growth on the higher side as compared to some of
the Asian countries, the higher mortality rates indicates the failure of public policies
for overall development of people, which also shows the misappropriate approach of
public policies to generate the economic growth by eradicating poverty.
The report further points towards the prevalence of extreme poverty in
Pakistan. The Human Development Indices for Pakistan is low. The report is alarming
as it indicate that the pace of human development in Pakistan is too low that its
inhabitants may even left behind with most of the countries in the South Asian region
and may fall into the category of Sub-Saharan countries of Africa, the region of
extreme poverty.
Headcount ratio (% of population)
Year Urban Rural Pakistan
1998-99 20.9 34.7 30.6
2000-01 22.7 39.3 34.5
2004-05 14.9 28.1 23.9
2005-06 13.1 27.0 22.3
34
It is also a fact that the nature of poverty trends in Pakistan consists of longer
periods. These are natural and manmade but these trends can be seen in global context
as well. The war on terror had also worsened Pakistan economic condition and thus
increased the incidence of poverty. The total cost Pakistan bears in this war is shown
in table 2.3.
Table 2.3: Cost of War on Terror to Pakistan (Rs. in Billions)
Policies provide guidelines for societies to align their actions to cater any
specific issue or problem. The declaration of human rights, environmental protection
acts are some of the policies, which are adopted universally without any consideration
of regions and boundaries. On the other hand, some policies are confined to regions
and boundaries. The regional, National policies are supposed to be formulated in a
way, which provides best solutions to the problems of countries keeping in view its
available resources.
National Poverty Reduction Policies
The policy documents, which devise the poverty alleviation strategies in
Pakistan by the government, are known as Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers
(PRSPs). These papers were required from poor countries for debt relief by donor and
credit providing organizations. For Pakistan, these papers published by the Finance
Division with input from many organizations including Planning Commission. These
papers are based upon top down approach. PRSP-I was launched in 2003, whereas,
the draft of PRSP-II was launched in 2007. The full version of PRSP-II is delayed and
launched in 2009. PRSP-I was planned for three years (2004-2006) and PRSP-II was
Years FY 2004/05 FY 2005/06 FY 2006/07 FY 2007/08 FY 2008/09
Direct Cost 67.103 78.060 82.499 108.527 114.033
Indirect
Cost * 192.000 222.720 278.400 375.84 563.760
Total 259.103 300.780 360.899 484.367 677.793
* On account of loss of exports, foreign investment, privatization, industrial output, tax
collection, etc.
(Source: Pakistan Economic Survey 2007-08, Finance Division, Govt. of Pakistan).
35
supposed to be launched for the next three years (2006-2009) but only its draft was
launched in April 2007. Thus for a country, which got independence in 1947, only
two full fledge poverty reduction policy papers are not enough, even ignoring the
approaches constructed to fight poverty.
PRSP-I was based on four pillars. Pillar-I is based on accelerating economic
growth through macroeconomic framework, which includes fiscal and monetary
policy, financial sector reforms, capital markets, trade liberalization and export
promotion, private sector development, investment policy and privatization,
deregulation and regulatory framework and small and medium enterprises, supportive
infrastructure for communications, power sector, oil, gas and minerals,
telecommunication, rural development strategy based on agriculture, water, livestock,
fisheries housing finance. Pillar II is based on improving governance and devolution,
which includes devolution, access to justice, police reforms, civil service reforms and
capacity building, anti-corruption strategy, procurement reforms, freedom of
information, statistics, anti-money laundering law. Pillar III is based on investing in
human capital, which includes education, special education, health, population
welfare, drinking water and sanitation, national commission for human development.
Pillar IV is based on targeting the poor and the vulnerable, which includes micro
finance facilities, Khushal Pakistan Program, Tameer-E-Pakistan program, DERA and
identification of other Social Safety Nets. PRSP-I also addressed the issues of
monitoring of PRSP-I.
PRSP-II is based on IX pillars. Pillar I addresses the issue of macroeconomic
stability and real sector growth. Pillar II is dealing with protecting the poor and the
vulnerable. Pillar III represents increasing productivity and addition in agriculture.
Pillar IV highlights integrated energy development program. Pillar V devises the
strategies for making industry internationally competitive. Pillar VI describes the
strategy for human development for the 21st century. Pillar VII addresses removing
infrastructure bottlenecks through public private partnerships. Pillar VIII describes
strategies for capital and finance for development and Pillar IX devises plan for
Governance for a Just and Fair System. PRSP-II further addresses the issues of
Outcomes of the PRSP-I, Poverty Diagnostics, Monitoring and Evaluation of PRSP-II
and Costing of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
36
Another Approach for Policy Framework
Another mechanism based on a bottom up approach of policy formulation, is
known as the Pakistan Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPPA). This assessment is
not though a regular practice but is mostly launched by provisional governments.
PPPA takes people’s perception in formulating poverty reduction strategies. This
approach counter balances the top down approach of (PRSP).
There are some institutes of policy development in Pakistan, which solely
work on issues of poverty alleviation and income generation like Centre for Poverty
Reduction and Social Policy Development (Formally known as Centre for Research
on Poverty Reduction and Income Distribution (CRPRID), Planning Commission,
Government of Pakistan. The centre is considered as a main policy institute, which
works solely for policies pertaining to poverty alleviation. The centre had done some
good work in the past. The work includes publishing of quality research, such as
outlining the poverty and monitoring system in Pakistan. It is further needed to
provide more input to policy makers on a regular basis.
The role of international agencies such as IUCN, World Bank, UNDP and
others cannot be ignored for formulation of policy documents dealing with poverty
alleviation. These organizations jointly work with the federal and the provisional
governments. However, their work delivers less to common people who are suffering
from poverty. The proposed policies and action plans, on the one hand, are not
utilized by the government and on the other hand, when implemented, became the
victim of corruption, mismanagement and political instabilities.
Recently, due to media activism (print and electronic) common people were
able to make their voices heard about issues concerning with policies. Through these
mediums, poor people are raising their voices and pressurizing the policy makers to
incorporate their views in policy formulation and implementation. In this context,
Pakistan had also seen improved role of civil society and non-governmental
organizations (NGOs).
Poverty: The Impact of National Poverty Reduction Policies
Poverty in Pakistan not only a mere result of national S&T policies of Pakistan
but it is also a collective failure of PRSPs too. Pakistan only launched two full PRSPs
37
i-e PRSP-I & II. This produced difficult times for Pakistan to move ahead in
formulating strategies to fight poverty with a concrete vision in the absence of
policies. PRSP-I and PRSP-II provided the basic framework for the poverty reduction
and encouraged the concept of community participation in up-taking the provision of
social services but did not take technology as a tool for poverty alleviation through
community mobilization. After going through the policy documents of PRSP and
PPPA, it was also realized that both the PRSPs, do not incorporate the findings of
PPPA.
The simple example can be quoted from the PPPA (2003) report. This report
recommends the formulation of support system for people falling into sudden illness.
Sudden illness of an individual member of the family can cause a group of people to
fall into poverty, which can be of permanent or longer period in the absence of any
support system. But yet no policy initiatives in PRSP have addressed this issue in
totality. The UNDP (2009) report titled “Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers: An
Evaluation” also pointed out many flaws and described major failures in PRSPs of
Pakistan. The report suggests that PRSPs failed to mention any mechanism to
promote equality, accountability and very importantly lacks human rights based
approach to development. The report also addressed the PRSP pillars and discussed
the proposed areas of intervention.
Through the areas of intervention planned for PRSP-I and PRSP-II, as
represented in Annexure II and III, the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers: An
Evaluation, UNDP (2009) report concluded that the “direct approach to income
generation” is totally missed by both the PRSPs. The direct approach to income
generation can be ideally achieved if communities adopting new and simple
technologies. This approach can dig out a way for income generation at community
level. This strategy has scope to promote the concept of equity by providing all
communities an equal chance to utilize technologies and generate income on a
sustainable basis, which best suits their area, occupation and available resources.
The essential part of this research is to analyze the impact of S&T and poverty
alleviation strategies of Pakistan. These will be analyzed further in details in order to
see their relevance in terms of Sindh’s potentials. After acquiring the knowledge of
38
global and regional perspective, the domestic perspective regarding the S&T and
poverty alleviation approaches of Sindh is discussed in the next section.
2.5 DOMESTIC (LOCAL) PERSPECTIVE
In order to understand Sindh’s technological and poverty status, its S&T
vision, poverty levels, human development indices and growth patterns are discussed
in the domestic perspective. This section also puts light on Sindh’s contribution on
Pakistan’s overall economy.
2.5.1 Technological
In Sindh government no especial ministry is established, which can cater its
S&T needs. However, at times it allocates some funds in S&T section of Planning and
Development Department, Government of Sindh. The activity of this department is
discussed in detail below:
S&T Vision of Sindh
In Sindh, the approach to use technologies can be of viable importance,
keeping in view availability of increasing manpower and efficiency of technologies to
yield better quality products, in less time and cost. This approach is missed by the
institute, which is mainly responsible for setting science and technology priorities of
Sindh. The institute is known as S& T section of Planning and Development
Department, Government of Sindh. The said section is responsible to set a vision for
science and technology of Sindh. From the data available for this section 2004-05 to
2008-09 its budget increased but almost all funding was allocated to information
technology (IT) sector for e-Government initiatives. The initiatives are shown in
table: 2.4. Still, the same approach is being continued. Hence, efforts are needed to
incorporate the concepts of inclusive growth in setting the S&T priorities of Sindh,
which are currently being missed in Sindh’s S&T vision.
39
Table 2.4: S&T Projects, P&D Department, Govt. of Sindh.
Rs.Million
Sr.
No. Name of Scheme
Total
Cost
Allocation
2008-2009
Ongoing schemes
1 E-Govt. Pilot Project for Sindh Govt. Employees
(Phase-I) (Sindh Govt. Share 25% Rs.9.995
million)
39.958 Rs.0.045
2 Establishment of Portal Provincial website for
Govt. of Sindh (Sindh Govt. Share 25% Rs.7.289
million)
29.156 0.333
3 Introduction of IT in district Administration of
Sindh (Phase-I)
38.160 10.00
4 Establishment of IT resources and Rural
Community Internet Centres in Sindh
28.021 10.321
5 Intranet setup for Govt. of Sindh 28.00 2.80
6 E-Govt. projects for District Govt. Sukkur 27.389 12.989
7 Call Centre Training for jobless graduates and
under-graduates
37.117 22.647
8 Establishment of Video Conferencing System in
Sindh
149.80 50.00
9 Introduction of e-police System in Sindh 941.440 100.00
10 Development of HRM System for GOS 14.771 9.841
11 Computerization of office of Advocate General
Sindh including field offices
55.00 38.00
New schemes
12 Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Sindh Youth Development
Program
610 500
13 Computer Education in Colleges and Higher
Secondary Schools and Secondary Schools through
Public private partnership
300 100
(Source: www.sindhpnd.gov.pk)
40
2.5.2 Poverty and Population Growth Trends
In chapter one introduction section, a brief overview regarding poverty and
growth trends pointed a huge rural-urban divide in Sindh both in terms of GDP and
HDI perspective. Sindh’s Nutritional Policy Guidelines Notes (2012) on other hand
depicts serious health issues to its people, which are related to poverty especially in
rural areas such as malnutrition, child and mother health etc. This results in mass
migration to Urban areas.
This suggests that Sindh status is deteriorating on monetary and physical
grounds but on the other hand its share in national economy increasing drastically.
E.g.: Sindh’s share of oil and gas produced by Pakistan is crossing 72%, its HDI in
rural areas is decreasing rapidly. Badin, which produces almost 60% of Pakistan’s oil
is ranked at very low on HDI scale. To better understand this scenario Sindh and
Pakistan Population growth trends are compared. However, the statistics concerned
with Sindh’s HDI, revenue transfer and economic growth rates are in itself a
reflection of policy drawbacks. People of Sindh are living in isolation with no
planning for future and no remedies to cure their present wounds. Therefore, the
irregular population growth trends obtained from table 2.2 are further investigated to
obtain in-depth information regarding the Sindh’s overall economic growth trends.
Comparison between Pakistan’s and Sindh’s Population Growth Trends
On further investigating, it is surprising to see that from the statistics of the
available years, the average growth rate of Sindh is always higher than the average of
entire Pakistan. It is important to mention that the average growth rate of population
for both Pakistan and Sindh is falling continuously, which present that the growth
patterns of Pakistan’s and Sindh’s urban and rural areas are not consistent in nature.
However sindh lower growth rate of population in rural areas in higher population
growth in urban areas point to words the phenomena of rural urban divide based on
economic parameters.
41
Comparison between Pakistan’s and Sindh’s human development index (HDI)
In Sindh the growth rates in population are irregular in nature depicting human
development perspective, which are irregular as well. This fact is quite visible from
fig. 2.2.
(Source: Compiled from Comparative Statistics, Pakistan & Sindh 2007, Comparative
Statistics by province 2009)
Fig. 2.2: Pakistan’s and Sindh’s Human Development Index (HDI)
The above figure represents the human development indices for Sindh as
reported in National Human Development Report (2003), Pakistan. These trends also
show rural-urban divide in terms of human development and also points towards
severity of problems in its rural areas.
Therefore, these declining trends in growth are challenging for the policy
makers to understand poverty in a manner to finish Rural-Urban divide through better
policy approaches. Even though the urban Sindh had shown good growth rates, now
the question is “do these growth rates are pro poor also?” Thus the aim of this
research is also to find out some policy guidelines to free people from policy
dilemmas and provide them some alternate option for development.
Thus through the literature review from the global perspectives, it is learned
that developing countries are lagging behind to investigate affects of technological
innovation system on society. Due to this the policy designs and strategies devised are
missed matched with potential of their resources. However, few countries have made
distinctive success in designing their innovative system. The most relevant example
identified is Indian’s inclusive growth approach, which closely resembles to motive of
0.656
0.496
0.659
0.456
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Urban Rural
Pakistan's
Sindh's
Average HDI
42
this research. Regional perspective provided further insight into detailed conditions of
S&T in Pakistan along with higher rates of its poverty. In Pakistan like many
developing countries, the policies are not launched on a regular basis due to the
political instabilities and the absence of professional involvement in the policy
making process. Usually policy making is done by politicians and bureaucrats who
avoid in burden taking for introducing new policies. Similarly, policies designed for
poverty alleviation are fewer in number as well as the strategies of these policies do
not match with the potential resources of Pakistan.
These policies unfortunately unable to focus on issues like community
mobilization and technology utilization for poverty alleviation such as “direct
approach to income generation”. From the domestic perspectives, it is learned that the
vision adopted for Sindh’s S&T is also not well planned and not in line with the
available resources. The policy flaws discussed at the Pakistan (regional) level are
also visible in case of domestic level i.e: Sindh. However, keeping in view the
declining growth trends of Sindh (HDI and population), urgent measures are needed
to redesign its policies for S&T and poverty alleviation.
2.6 IDENTIFICATION OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES
As research started, it was planned to see the dynamics of all technologies and
their economic impact in Sindh for the poverty alleviation. As research progressed, it
was realized that to remain focus as less literature available for Sindh’s MTED
perspective, a big challenge was to identify the most suitable “appropriate”
technologies. In this scenario the renewable energy technologies and its economic
impact on society is preferred. But as there are many technologies falls into the
category of renewable energy technologies, only the solar thermal technologies were
finally selected to pursue this research. Three main reasons for the selection of solar
thermal technologies are (i) Researcher Background Knowledge and (ii) Focus on the
promotion of Renewable Energy and (iii) Identification of suitable research
framework. The details of each reason are discussed below:
2.6.1 Researcher Background Knowledge
The researcher acquired practical knowledge in working with solar thermal
technologies during his job as a scientific officer in Solar Energy Research Centre,
43
now known as Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR)
Laboratories Hyderabad. The researcher has some vague idea that solar thermal
technologies not only possess huge potentials both in terms of the economic growth
and the poverty alleviation but can also promote the concept of clean renewable form
of energy. This unique concept was needed to be tested in our society for the poverty
alleviation.
For Sindh, the same approach is also emphasized in “Sindh State of
Environment & Development (2004)”. The report stated that the “absence of
application of appropriate technologies (methods) to achieve the economic growth
through the exploitation of local natural and human resources is a common approach
in Sindh”. Thus the concept of utilizing the renewable energy technologies in the form
of solar thermal technologies for economic growth and poverty alleviation is an
innovative concept. This study is first of its kind to see the socio-economic impact of
renewable energy technologies in our society through the use of solar thermal
technologies.
2.6.2 Focus on the Promotion of Renewable energy
Chaudhry (2008) explained that the energy consumption per person also refers
as the way to judge the nations progress towards its development. In Pakistan, we see
an acute shortage of energy and its consumption representing weak pattern for its
development. Power cut off is an indication of the severity of crises. Being poor,
Pakistan spends 3 Billion US dollars per year to import oil. This ratio is growing
annually by 1%. Now only two choices are left for the policy makers, that either to
adopt the traditional strategy to rely on the fossil fuel based energy or to adopt the
abundant availability of natural renewable energy sources. The situation becomes
alarming if we look at the state of a majority of people living in the remote rural areas
having no access to the commercial-energy sources. What so ever available is not
giving productive results due to the longer period of electricity cut off. If we talk
about poverty alleviation and sustainable development than the use of renewable
energy resources is an essential tool. On the one hand, it addresses the power issues of
off grid people and on the other hand, it can be the alternative source of power when
the grid electricity remains off for the longer times.
44
A large population of Sindh as well as entire in Pakistan facing an acute
shortage of energy supply. The poor patterns of its energy consumption prove this
point. This research intends to work for the promotion of renewable energy
technologies to cater Sindh and Pakistan energy need. Keeping in view the off grid
nature of solar thermal technologies, these technologies possesses high potentials for
Sindh. For example due to the weaker grid systems and un-availability of municipal
provision of services in Tharpakar, its people are lagging most in terms of human
development indices. Therefore, through the diffusion of these technologies it can
rapidly improve the rates for human development.
The objective of Pakistan is to achieve 10% of state electricity generation
obtained from renewable resources by 2010 (Raza et al, 2005). 2013 is already passed
but the proposed target seems fogy as pace to accelerate the renewable energy
technologies to generate electricity is very slow. Pakistan is located at the equator.
The countries located on this line are receiving maximum amount of sunlight, which
can be tapped for household and commercial purposes. Sunlight resources are never
ending and can be used to change the living conditions of many poor living in poverty
and poverty ridden areas. In Sindh, the average sunlight period last for at-least 8
hours/day. This huge quantity of sunlight can be used for heating purpose in a variety
of ways, depending on the entrepreneurial skills of scientists and researchers living in
society.
Similarly, the solar thermal technologies can be manufactured locally and runs
on no electricity and have a tendency to do a variety of tasks related to the heating
mechanisms. It is important to mention that the focus of this research is on the solar
thermal technologies which are simple and cheap and no photovoltaic (PV) system is
involved in their manufacturing. In our country the conventional energy resources are
becoming limited day by day. Therefore, it became essential to utilize alternate energy
resources instead of the conventional energy resources to facilitate the routine
activities of life.
The small scale energy technologies based on solar energy can play an
important role in our rural / sub-urban areas particularly. In our country the
agriculture sector is the major source to support the economy. For example,
agriculture products such as fruits, vegetables etc., of various kinds are produced in
45
large quantities. It has been observed that due to unavailability of proper dehydration
techniques, the sufficient quantity of these products becomes spoilage as the products
are being dried openly under the sun.
The Province of Sindh is rich in agriculture-based resources in particular.
The commodities residing in rural/ sub-urban locations have limited access to
technologies for the value-addition to their agricultural produce. These inevitable
forces compel them to sell their raw resources at extremely low cost. The possibilities
of the technological development in the rural areas of Sindh will need special focus.
This will not only develop the region socially as well as economically but will also
become a source of national growth through enhanced GDP. All the foregoing has
direct relevance to the national and sectoral objectives. However, folding and drought
in rural Sindh is not just a climate (change) problem. It is also related to insufficient,
badly maintained infrastructures, poor water management capability (such as
widespread flooding irrigation). In other words, rural Sindh suffers under a
combination of factors, including wide spread poverty, political weakness, low level
of education and training, cultural tensions, deficient infrastructure and environmental
vulnerability. It is well known that the Province of Sindh is self sufficient in raw
agriculture resource. These resources have a vast potential of industrialization. The
general public has no exposure and accesses to acquisition of industrial technologies
thereby badly affect them financially as they could not pay back the value of their
production. It has been observed that 30 to 40 % of their total production become
spoiled due to non availability of proper processing/drying techniques which
ultimately cause a severe loss to them (Pandhiani, 2008).
Therefore, the solar thermal technologies can efficiently solar dry raw resource
produced in rural areas including fruits, particularly, mangoes, dates, banana, chikku,
and vegetable crops such as onion, chilies, tomatoes and potato, produced in large
quantities. Unfortunately, the above-mentioned fruits do not pay back appropriately to
those who are devoted to their production. Major reasons for this low level of returns
to the growers are: low level of technical skills in the rural communities, lack of
technological opportunities/exposure for value-addition to raw produce and non-
existence of technical support opportunities.
46
Most of the rural population is either unaware of the potential that remains
untapped through cottage scale industrial processing of their produce or find it
difficult to benefit from the technical facilities available at Karachi, being far away in
distance from their abodes. This scenario presents a unique opportunity to encourage
the concept of “Village- Head Technologies” (Pandhiani, 2008). Several
commodities, being perishable in nature, cannot be bulk transported to the industrial
city of Karachi, as it is neither efficient nor economical.
Furthermore, it is appropriate that the perishable products be semi-processed at
cottage industry in village. It is convenient for such semi-processed materials to be
shifted to processing industries in the urban centers for making marketable products.
Among the advantages that will accrue from “Village-Head Technologies” are: saving
30-40% of the produce from spoilage, acquisition of technologies at the rural sites,
generation of SME’s and job opportunities, halt of rural exodus to urban centers,
enhanced level of technical skills in the backward rural population, pride of greater
participation in national development.
The Photovoltaic (PV) technology for the generation of electricity has a huge
potential. This technology is ideal for the off gird generation of electricity in remote
areas. In Sindh, it is ideally suited for Tharparkar, where the cost of established grid
system falls on much higher side as compared to PV System. Khan (2010) also
concluded that the current PV technology scenario in Pakistan belongs to a low phase
of development. It has not got much momentum in its diffusion due to its higher
prices. There is an urgent need to boost the local R&D to developed PV Cells with a
lower cost.
2.6.3 Identification of Suitable Research Framework
While designing primary framework to pursue MTED in Sindh, emphasis of
GRD was given to identify a framework/model having closed resemblance with the
conditions that prevails in Sindh. Thus through the literature, the Cai’s et al (2009)
framework is identified and is shown in fig. 2.3 to work as a base of primary
framework. This framework is selected on an assumption that through this framework
the concise information on community based research in Sindh will be extracted on
both the theoretical and practical grounds. This will also be helpfull in lying solid
foundation to design RE research frameworks for Sindh. The main reason for creation
47
of such assumptions lies in the fact that the selected framework is composed of
various components, which attempts to investigate different factors influencing the
introduction of Simple renewable energy (RE) technologies among local people in a
society. This approach exactly matches with the motive of this research. The main
components of this framework are environment, ecosystem, socio-economy,
institutions and impact of energy policies on physical community.
Cai et al (2009) suggested that the search for optimal patterns of renewable
energy generation, conversion and transmission under the least economic cost is the
major concern for the decision makers. As the management of renewable energy
system management has complex interactions with many components of a
community, such as environment, ecosystem and socio-economy. As introduction of
the renewable energy system is affected by many issues related to government,
society and market fluctuations, they describe the interaction of these various
elements interacting with the community. The adoption, modification and integration
of Cai et al (2009) framework in Sindh’s context is discussed in detail below.
(Source: Cai et al, 2009)
Fig. 2.3: Interactive Relationships Among Different Components within a Community
48
In order to design secondary framework to sketch in-depth MTED scenario of
Sindh once again literature review was performed on the basis of GRD-Framework.
Thus finally through the literature Bergek et al (2008) framework as shown in figure
2.4 is identified to work as the base of secondary framework. The main reason for the
selection of this framework lies in the fact that the outcome of research previously
done through primary framework is appears to be failed status of MTED like the
shadow of emerging technological innovation system (TIS). Weaknesses in the
system structure may lead to “system failure”, i.e. a system that fails to develop or
does so in a stunted fashion Carlsson & Jacobsson. (1997). Similarly Fagerberg &
Srholec (2008) described the emergence of RE technologies in developing countries
falling under status of liability of newness. Since RE technologies even the simplest
one like solar thermal technologies as concluded above not came out from “liability of
newness” in Sindh as very little population is aware about their application as well.
Therefore it has close relevance with emerging TIS, which best describes the
interlinking of new technology with the society.
Figure: 2.4 Bergek et al (2008) Framework
49
2.7 RESEARCH QUESTION
In the light of above discussion the research question of this thesis is to
investigate that “what is the current Scenario in Sindh to alleviate poverty through
simple technologies by generating economic upgradation opportunities at community
level”. Further “how this can be achieved in Sindh on the basis of simple renewable
energy technologies (RETs) like Solar Thermal Technologies (STTs)”.
The answer of the proposed research question in this way provides insight how
the regional (national) as well as provincial (Sindh) innovation system is behaving
and provides glimpses regarding their stage of existence. The path to answer this
research question is initiated after selection of STTs to work as base technologies to
investigate MTED of Sindh. These technologies tested for adoption by physical
community to identify their economic upgradation capabilities. Once the feasibility of
STTs is identified then through the survey basic physical structure of MTED is
identified. It consists of major institutions and corresponding sectors shaping MTED
in Sindh by precisely identifying their awareness level. Thus the knowledge gathered
helps to identify the functional parameters of MTED as inspired by Bergek et al
(2008) work. Therefore the data collected on both the individual (self) and societal
perspective regarding the identified functional parameters through a secondary
survey. The collected data then analyzed to identify the blocking mechanism of
MTED in Sindh, which is useful in proposing policy recommendations.
2.8 SOLAR THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES (STTs)
There are different types of solar thermal technologies but due to the nature of
research, the focused technologies are termed as solar thermal devices (STD) and are
discussed in detail in the following sections:
2.8.1 Solar Thermal Devices
The solar thermal technologies (STTs) were identified as core technologies to
understand the techno-economic dynamics for poverty alleviation in Sindh. The
different types of STTs selected to pursue the research are:
(i) Water Desalination Plant (For cleaning and sweetening the brackish/hard water)
(ii) Food Dehydrator (For drying the fruits, vegetables etc) (a) Stair Case (b) Cabinet
50
(iii) Solar Geyser (Water Heater) (iv) Solar Cookers (a) Box Type (b) Burner
Parabolic Type
Important features of these devices are; -
Non-conventional/operated on Solar Energy and Non- hazardous /highly safe
at working.
Easy to use/no technical skills required for operation.
Low or even no maintenance cost with long life.
Cheap, economical and highly hygienic.
Complete local made and a variety of models are available with required
capacity according to varying applications.
Details of these selected devices are given below:
Solar Water Desalination (SWD)
Many areas of the world are suffering from water shortage. The only
inexhaustible source of water on earth is the ocean. Its main drawback, however, is
the high salinity. It would be beneficial to tackle the problem of water shortage by
desalination of the seawater through Sun Energy. A simple SWD panel is shown in
photograph 2.1.
(Source: PCSIR Laboratories Hyderabad)
Photograph 2.1: Simple Solar Water Desalination Panel
51
In most parts of Pakistan drinking water is not available at the standard
quality. The degree of purification required to make the available water acceptable,
varies greatly from locality to locality. In some places, it is absolutely necessary to
boil water and in other areas some other methods can meet the purpose. Keeping in
view the shortage of drinking water throughout country especially in summer times,
the installation of water desalination plant can produce potable water in desired
quantities from a sea or brackish water.
Working Principle
The water need to be distilled is kept on black surface still (butyl rubber)
covered with airtight books of glasses. Solar rays pass through the glass cover and
absorbed by the black surface resulting accumulation of heat inside built envelop. Due
to this heat gain, the water vapors are formed and moves upward slides downward on
the sloping glass sheet and accumulated in the aluminum channels from where it can
be collected. Different parts and working of simple solar water desalination panel are
shown in fig. 2.5
Fig. 2.5: Parts & Working of Solar Water Desalination Panel
Cleaning and Maintenance of SWD Plants
As, the process of water desalination continues, the pure water is condensed.
Only salt residues remain in the basin, which can be washed off easily, as and when
required.
52
Cost of SWD Plant
The solar water desalination plant can be a unit panel or a set of panels as per
required capacity / yield. The standard panel of 8’x 4’ size can desalinate the water
12-15 liter/day (depending on sunlight). The life of plant is more than 20 years with
normal routine care / maintenance, hence the cost of one liter desalinated water can be
25-30 paisa (Including repair & maintenance etc).
Advantages
It is ideal for the areas where water is highly saline and treatment cost can be
higher. The clean water from desalination plant is not only free from chemical
contaminants but pathogens are also killed. The health problems of the
inhabitants shall also be addressed simultaneously. The maintenance is very
simple.
Solar Water Heater (SWH)
In our daily life due to regular use of gas, electricity for heating the water etc,
creates a serious concern for the consumers either due to their unavailability or high
cost. To overcome these problems the SWHs, which are available at reasonable cost is
a viable option.
(Source: PCSIR Laboratories Hyderabad)
Photograph 2.2: Solar Water Heater
Working Principle
SWH is made up of two main parts. Its one part is solar flat absorber, which is
the main source of heat and a water tank to store water. The water tank is made of two
metallic sheets. The gap between these two metallic sheets is filled with glass wool or
53
other insulating material, which keeps the heated water in the tank at the same
temperature for a long time.
The water tank is connected to a flat plate collector having glass sheet at the
top and black surface to absorb maximum heat from the sun. Inside the flat plate
collector, there is a network of piping of copper / G.I. or Aluminum tubes, which
conducts heat through solar radiations and makes the water hot and running through
these tubes. Hot water is collected in the tank for use. The flat plate collector is
connected by means of a pipe with the water supply tank, which gives a constant
supply of water to the flat plate collector.
Advantages
SWH system works on thermosyphon process
This system is best suited in those locations where conventional energy
resources are rarely available.
It is easy to operate and requires less maintenance
No risk is involved in operating SWH.
Solar Cooker Technology (SCT)
The shortage of energy sources in the most areas of the country has reached at
the critical stage due to regular use of firewood, natural gas and kerosene oil for
cooking. As in villages, the majority of family members are deputed to collect the
dead trees and bushes to meet their cooking requirements also consumes a lot of
human energy as well. Efforts to design and introduce solar cookers have been put for
many years concentrated on two main types: the box type cooker, and parabolic or
concentrated type cooker.
These cookers are discussed in detail below.
Solar Cooker (Parabolic Type)
In parabolic cookers solar radiations are reflected back in concentrated form to
heat the cooking pot. All our traditional dishes can be cooked in 30-40 minutes time
period. Keeping in view the climatic condition temperature about 300-450 oC can be
54
produced. It is absolutely simple, very effective, highly safe and durable. The Solar
Cooker (Parabolic Type) is shown in photograph 2.3.
(Source: PCSIR Laboratories Hyderabad)
Photograph 2.3: Solar Cooker (Parabolic Type)
Solar Cooker (Box Type)
The solar box type appliances are low-based temperature, which comes around
100-160 oC. It is perfect for rice making and baking but all other dishes are also
possible to be cooked. It takes slightly higher time but fewer efforts to cook. The
substance need to be cooked may be left inside. It will be cooked in one to one and
half hour time (keeping in view the nature of substance and climatic conditions). In
these appliances food will not be over cooked or burnt and it retains all nutrition.
This box consists of three main parts:
I. Cover of the box with a reflector
II. Double walled body of the box with insulator
III. Bottom of the box having black color.
This cooker may be fabricated with locally available material as well as
imported materials namely glass, mirror, plastics, aluminized plastic, steel or
55
aluminum and wood. Glass wool or coconut peals can be used as insulating materials.
The choice of the materials will directly affect the cost, durability and efficiency of
the cooker.
(Source: PCSIR Laboratories Hyderabad)
Photograph 2.4: Solar Cooker (Box Type)
Solar Dryer Technology (SDT)
Solar drying has been used for agricultural and other products since long time.
The traditional techniques though cheep; often yield inferior products, hence
cleanliness cannot be ensured. By applying modern technology to solar drying,
substantial improvements can be made both in quantity of the dried product and
quality of the product as well. It is estimated that a large fraction of agricultural
commodity produced in Pakistan is wasted without consumption due to the
unhygienic traditional way of drying. In periods of abundant growth the over-
production results in the spoilage, which is against the national interest.
The drying of vegetables and other products under sun on the paved grounds
spread in thin layers is very old technique and unhygienic. In this process the quality
of things after drying is not ensured because of the rapid reconstitution of thing due to
sudden weather changes and unexpected rainfall, animal and human interference, dust
and debris caused by the wind.
56
Advantages
The advantages of solar dryers are:
It gives high value goods for export, It takes 60% less time as compared to
conventional drying, Substantial reduction in weight, with good quality and
taste can be maintained.
Various kinds of vegetables and fruits, palm dates, khopra, Soya bean, meat, and
fish can be dried in season when these are cheap and abundant and can be used in
off-season when these are very costly and are available in little quantity.
It is simple in use and can be placed anywhere under the sun. It is very simple
in construction and is constructed from locally available material. It is good
preserving and hygienic technique. In the process the material after drying
give good quality and test.
There are two types of solar dehydrators i-e (a) Staircase and (b). Box type.
These are shown in photograph 2.5 & 2.6 respectively.
(Source: PCSIR Laboratories Hyderabad) (Source: PCSIR Laboratories Hyderabad)
Photograph 2.5: Solar Dehydrator Photograph 2.6: Solar Dehydrator
(Stair Case) (Box Type)
It is therefore learned that there are many usage of solar technologies for
heating purposes. If these technologies efficiently utilized, can enough provide
potential for the economic growth and can also reduce poverty as well. These
technologies have much higher potential for distant and off-gird areas.
57
2.9 CONCLUSION
The global perspective provides in-depth idea regarding various concepts of
innovation systems and some good examples offered an inspiration to follow.
Through the global context, it was identified that the proposed research is closely
related with the study of technological innovation system (TIS). From the global
context it is further identified that India’s “inclusive growth approach” is the strategy
that the researcher tend to promote in Sindh for the possible poverty alleviation. As
the majority of this research is based on the collaboration with PCSIR, the initiatives
of CSIR inclusive growth approach provides the vital information to further pursue
this research. However, the case studies of different countries provided awareness
regarding diversified policy approaches adopted for poverty reduction and economic
Up-gradation in various sectors of growth. These case studies also offered a road map
to follow for possible poverty alleviation in Sindh.
In regional perspective, it is clear that Pakistan’s weaker performance for
possible alleviation poverty through S&T is quite visible from the fact that in its entire
period of existence, Pakistan launched few policies pertaining for S&T. Therefore, it
is not possible for a country aged sixty three years to depend merely on such policies
to utilize S&T for poverty alleviation when enormous new challenges and approaches
were developed during this period. It is also doubted that these meager number of
policies, are even not sufficient to boost S&T in Pakistan. Therefore their impact for
poverty alleviation must be a distant one.
It is further visible that in Pakistan poverty is not only due to the contribution
of the internal factors but also due to the absence of polices or policy flaws in policies
designed for poverty alleviation. At the same time, some external factors like war on
terror are contributed to rising level of poverty. Due to this, either the poverty is
remained stagnant or even increasing as well. Thus the regional perspective provided
an idea regarding policy approach being implemented at the national level for
promoting S&T and possible poverty alleviation.
The domestic perspective learning is that the institute responsible to develop
Sindh’s vision for S&T remained unable to introduce initiatives through which
poverty can be alleviated by using appropriate technologies. It is identified through
this section that the growth trends of Sindh are irregular both within the province in
58
terms of rural and urban divide as well as compared to average statistics for entire
Pakistan. Through this section it is also learned that the rural areas of Sindh are the
most poverty affected areas.
GRD-Framework provided an initial ground to pursue this research in a more
focused manner as through this framework, the appropriate community based
technologies i-e solar thermal technologies (STTs) are selected as a basis to
understand the micro techno-economic dynamics (MTED) for possible poverty
reduction in Sindh.
However, by selecting the STTs, the researcher previous working experience
is efficiently utilized, which also promote the idea of clean energy. Therefore,
selection of the STTs on one hand, reduces dependency of people on provision of
energy related services supplied through grid system needed for electricity, cooking
and heating purposes. While on the other hand, it reduces the burden on the demand
of gas and other utilities. These technologies can also be utilized where traditional
practices are more time consuming and yields low quality products. Hence the STTs
in Sindh’s context best suited to its resource and current energy needs, therefore are
termed as appropriate technologies.
59
CHAPTER # 03
DEVELOPMENT OF A FRAMEWORK FOR STUDYING MTED
IN SINDH
3.1 INTRODUCTION
In Sindh research is an issue like many developing regions. It is due to the
absence of established research models/frameworks. Hence, no path is available for
researcher through which the impact of appropriate technologies on possible poverty
alleviation and economic up-gradation can be investigated at community level. This
research fills this gap. It provides two frameworks (Primary and Secondary) designed
to best describe the ground realities regarding MTED in Sindh for poverty alleviation
through appropriate technologies. Management of renewable energy sources (RES)
has been prioritized in many communities throughout the world since the ‘‘energy
crisis’’ of the 1970s (Sayigh; 2004). However, in Sindh the procedure to design a
research framework initiated due to an acute shortage of literature available in this
field. To overcome this problem the first stage of the proposed framework is reserved
to perform the literature review in Sindh’s context. The literature review is performed
in three steps covering global, regional and domestic perspectives. The focus of the
literature review is to identify the impacts of appropriate technologies on possible
poverty alleviation, economic up-gradation by investigating the role of S&T policies
in the diffusion of simple RE technologies. In this manner to answer the proposed
research question, an indigenous research framework is developed to conduct MTED
research for Sindh.
3.2 RESEARCH PROCESS
Through the literature, the Cai’s et al (2009) and the Bergek et al (2008)
frameworks are identified as suitable research frameworks to conduct MTED research
in Sindh. These frameworks helped in designing an indigenous research framework to
sketch the MTED scenario of Sindh for possible poverty alleviation and economic up-
gradation at community level. Not only these identified frameworks works on the
principles that how new technologies especially RETs interact with various factors at
community level as studied by Cai’s et al (2009) framework but precisely work on
the lines of emerging technological Innovation System (TIS) as studied by Bergek et
59
60
al (2008) framework. How these frameworks absorbed and modified in Sindh’s
perspective is discussed in following section.
3.3 INTEGRATION OF CAI et al, (2009) FRAMEWORK
The integration of Cai et al (2009) framework initiated as the GRD-
Framework learning became the input of this adopted framework. For this research
the Cai et al (2009) framework is partially adopted by selecting only two of its central
components i-e Physical community and institutions. The reason for the selection of
these two components lies in the fact that the other components were included in the
choice of technology selected to work as a appropriate technology to pursue this
research i-e solar thermal technology. The appropriate technology further tested in the
local community by conducting a pilot field study to determine their diffusion scope
for diffusion to alleviate poverty and can generate economic up-gradation
opportunities. However, to identify the major institutions a survey has been
conducted. The survey aimed to provide the basic characteristics of major
stakeholders involved in shaping existing MTED of Sindh. Characteristics include the
identification of awareness level and nature of linkages between major stakeholders
and institutions etc. Therefore, Primary Framework merged with GRD-Framework is
shown in fig. 3.1
Phase-I Phase-II Phase-III Phase-IV
Fig. 3.1: Primary Framework
Literature Review (GRD-Framework)
Selection of solar thermal technologies
Identification of Cai et al Framework
Physical Community Pilot Field Study
Institutions Survey
Basic learning
Existing MTED in Sindh
Secondary Framework Objectives Identification
Designing of Methodology
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3.4 NEED FOR SECONDARY FRAMEWORK
Pilot field study performed in Primary Framework identified that a huge gap
exists in organizations linkages to diffuse and promote simple RE technologies.
Similarly policy shortcomings in providing preferences to promote appropriate
technologies among local communities at organizational/ national level, unavailability
of funding to commercialize these devices are some of other main findings of pilot
field study. During this pilot field study it is also identified that the fresh dates palm
dried through solar dehydrators are much better in test, color. The time required is one
third of time required in traditional drying practices of open air. These results show
huge scope for simple RE based technologies such as solar Dehydrators in particular,
but also points towards the much more scope available for RE and its technologies in
general for poverty alleviation and economic up-gradation.
On the other hand, the survey provided a grim figure. Almost 69 percent of the
stakeholders participated in survey are entirely unaware about the application of solar
thermal technologies (STTs). Low awareness of participants points towards the fact
that the general public in Sindh is even unaware about the simplest form of RE
technologies. Therefore, much work is required to create awareness regarding RE and
its technologies in general public. However, through the survey, it is also identified
that there are six categories of stakeholders that can shape the MTED in Sindh for
poverty alleviation. These groups include Academia, Industry, NGOs, Government,
Financial Institutions and farmers. Thus, the learning of Primary framework draws a
basic sketch of Sindh’s MTED for possible poverty alleviation and economic up-
gradation.
The basic scenario represents a dull Sindh’s MTED status for possible poverty
alleviation and economic up-gradation. Since the current practices and trends for the
diffusion and application of appropriate technologies to alleviate poverty alleviation
in local communities are not encouraging. Hence, efforts are needed to identify the
MTED hurdles responsible for not alleviating poverty in Sindh. In order to find these
hurdles on the basis of six identified MTED sectors, the need of Secondary
framework is raised. Meanwhile, after performing all the tasks of primary Framework,
the details of which are represented in chapter 5, the summarization of the major
findings is shown in figure 3.2
62
Identification of Basic/Primary MTED Structure of Sindh .
• Bergek et al.’s (2008) framework best
describes the interlinking of new
technology with the society
• Interlinking Primary Framework with Bergek et al’s Framework
• Fagerberg and Srholec (2008)
• The emergence of RETs in developing
countries
• Micro Techno - economics Dynamics (MTED) for Poverty Alleviation in Sindh
A New Concept
Falling under the status of
liability of newness
Emerging Technological
Innovation System (TIS).
Secondary - Framework
2
Fig. 3.2: Basic MTED of Sindh
Since the outcome of the Primary framework for Sindh’s MTED for poverty
alleviation have close resemblance with the introduction of new technologies in
emerging technological innovation systems, Bergek et al (2008) framework is
integrated with it to investigate the Sindh’s MTED in further detail. The details of this
integration shown in following section:
3.5 INTEGRATION OF BERGEK ET AL (2008) FRAMEWORK WITH PRIMARY
FRAMEWORK/EMERGENCE OF SECONDARY FRAMEWORK
According to this framework, the research is divided into a total of six steps,
where the step three is subdivided into two steps. The Primary framework shows a
good scope of integration in it. As two initial steps of Bergek et al’s framework i-e
starting point defining the TIS in focus and structural components are already covered
in research persuaded under primary framework. Therefore the figure 3.1 after
integration of figure 3.3 can be re-drawn as figure fig. 3.4.
63
Fig: 3.3: Bergek et al (2008) Framework
Future Research Research done in
Primary Framework
64
Fig 3.4: Secondary Framework
Literature Review GRD-Framework
Selection of solar thermal technologies
Identification of Cai et al Framework
Physical Community Pilot Field Study
Institutions Survey
Basic learning Primary Sketch of Renewable
energy scenario of Pakistan
Future Research Objectives Identification
Designing of Research Methodology
65
The research methodology shown in figure 3.4 is termed as secondary
framework. The secondary framework then starts from step 3a i-e functions. A survey
is conducted to cover the step of 3a. The survey is based upon individual sections
such as education, institutions, policy and services to encompass all the seven
headings described in this step. Step 3b i-e achieved functional pattern analyzed the
collected data of step 3a. Fourth step of assessing functionality and setting process
goals, the data of step 3b is reviewed and streamlined. The fifth step identifies hurdles
in achieving the sustainable development through RE in Sindh on the basis of the
fourth step. Finally the sixth step is reserved for the policy recommendations. To
venture into the secondary framework, which actually starts from the step 3 as shown
in figure 3.3, the procedure adopted is shown in following section.
3.6 IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS IN SINDH’S
CONTEXT
Bergek and his fellow researchers investigated the functionality of emerging
TIS on the basis of seven parameters such as Knowledge Development, Resource
Mobilization, Market formation, Legitimation, Influence on the direction of
search and Entrepreneurial experimentation. However, on the basis of Primary
framework learning, it is visible that the Sindh’s MTED for possible poverty
alleviation, even not fully qualified to called as ‘emerging TIS” as proposed by
Bergek et al (2008). The Sindh’s MTED has close resemblance to it but, far to be
categorized as emerging one due to its poor status for possible poverty alleviation and
economic up-gradation.
In such scenario, the seven functional parameters of Bergek et al (2008)
framework were realized to be modified in terms of Sindh’s low literacy, absence of
community based policies and mismatched priorities of its educational and R&D
institutes. Thus through the literature available and the practical Knowledge gathered
through the pilot field study and the survey performed in testing of primary
framework the Bergek et al’s seven parameters as perceived in following manner as
shown in table 3.1.
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Table: 3.1. MTED Functional Parameters
Bergek et al (2008) Parameters This Research Parameters
Knowledge Development Awareness creation through Education
Resource Mobilization Funding & Viability
Market formation Introduction of household services to
masses through RETs
Legitimation Availability of RE Policies
Influence on the direction of search Creation/ Alignment of Policy &
Educational RE based Institution
Entrepreneurial experimentation Community Involvement
Development of external economics
Interlinking Economic , Poverty
Alleviation Policies with RE based
policies
It is evident from table 3.1 that the Bergek et al (2008) functional parameters
are somehow advanced as compared to the parameters identified and selected for this
research. The main justification lies in the fact that Sindh’s very poor rates of HDI,
literacy along with weak institutes’ linkages compelled the researcher to modify
Bergek parameters in terms of information obtained through Primary framework.
Further, these parameters are designed by keeping in view the motive of this research,
which especially focuses on poverty alleviation by utilizing appropriate technologies
at the community level. However, the techniques utilized to identify functional trends
of step (3b), the approach utilized in discussed in the next section.
3.7 ACHIEVED FUNCTIONAL PATTERNS (INDIVIDUAL & SOCIETAL
PERCEPTION)
In order to identify the functionality of MTED in terms of above identified
seven parameters a survey was planned. In this respect a survey is launched in 2011 to
investigate the emerging trends/patterns of MTED functionality in Sindh. The
67
researcher through survey wanted to set levels regarding the stakeholder’s opinions
regarding these seven parameters. Not only through the survey researcher interested to
identify various levels in terms of respondents ranking for various questions but
another portion is added to find the respondents' level of agreement in the societal
perspective. The societal perspective is actually the stakeholder’s response in terms of
society as a whole, where as the self liking is termed as individual perspective. The
questions framed are attached as Annexure IV. The survey questionnaire is distributed
among active MTED stakeholders (low and moderate group) identified through the
earlier survey conducted in primary framework. The list of stakeholders is shown in
table 3.2. Therefore a total of 63 survey questionnaires distributed and 46 is the
response received.
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Table 3.2: List of Stakeholders
In next section the fourth and fifth steps of secondary framework are discussed in details:
69
3.8 ASSESSMENT OF FUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS FOR IDENTIFICATION
OF MTED HURDLES
In assessing functionality and setting process goals section, the data obtained
through the above section is reviewed and streamlined. To achieve this objective, two
approaches are utilized i-e Simple analysis is performed through Microsoft’s Excel
for Trends Identification, whereas in-depth analysis is performed through SPSS
to identify significant opinion differences / hypothesis testing.
3.8.1 Identification of Basic Trends
The simple trends such as variation of responses to increase awareness levels
is identified through the graphs plotted in Microsoft’s excel. E.g: In the knowledge
transfer (awareness creation through education) section (figure 3.5) it was identified
that when the awareness increases then variation in response increased. This
represents that the stakeholders possessing high awareness are much more aware
towards the MTED issues in Sindh for possible poverty alleviation as compared to
low aware stakeholders. Since more aware stakeholders are more sensitive in
answering the questions, which represented through the fluctuations in response
received.
Fig: 3.5 Fluctuations in Response
70
3.8.2 Identification of In-depth Trends
The more complex trends i-e the identification of significant changes
regarding the opinion difference between the low and moderate groups of
stakeholders towards their individual and societal perspective are investigated through
the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The two approaches utilized are
discussed in detail below:
Identification of Significant Opinion Differences
To identify the significant changes, comparisons performed between the two
groups of stakeholders i-e low and moderate group for individual and societal
perspective in following manner.
(i)
Independent Samples
(ii)
Related Samples
Hypothesis Generation and Testing
Once the significant changes are identified, various hypotheses generated and
tested in order to identify the hurdles in MTED in Sindh for poverty alleviation.
71
3.9 CONCLUSION
Two frameworks i-e Primary and Secondary developed to sketch MTED
scenario of Sindh for possible poverty alleviation and economic up-gradtion. The
findings of the Primary framework helped in finding the Bergek et al Framework
(2008) to design the Secondary framework. Not only these frameworks are ideal to
conduct MTED research on the basis of STTs but can be utilized to investigate the
impact of other technologies on poverty alleviation. Since this research is one of its
kind, which initiated the TIS based research in Sindh, therefore, provides a solid
platform for future researchers to utilize these frameworks as a base to conduct
community based technological research.
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CHAPTER # 04
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses the research methodology to study Sindh’s MTED to
alleviate poverty by generating economic up-gradation opportunities through
appropriate technologies. In this context the case study approach is adopted in Sindh’s
perspective. The case study approach is adopted in such a way that it provides both
the qualitative and quantitative data to draw whole picture of Sindh’s MTED for
possible poverty alleviation and economic up-gradation.
4.2 RESEARCH STAGES
To achieve the above objective this chapter is mainly divided into these
section six section (i) Identification of research problem (ii) Selection of base
technologies (iii) Designing of the research framework (iv) Procedures adopted and
instruments used to implement the proposed framework (v) Data collected and
analyzed and (vi) Emergence of policy recommendations.
4.2.1 Identification of Research Problem
This research since used the case study approach, thus especially focuses its
attention to find answers to following problems i-e:
a. Why, despite the huge contribution to national economy Sindh’s poverty is
increasing, especially in terms of widening rural-urban divide.
b. Why simple RETs like STTs are not successfully diffused in Sindh, even
when there is an acute shortage of energy.
c. What is the current scenario of MTED to alleviate poverty in Sindh.
d. How the MTED of Sindh will be moved in a direction to alleviate poverty by
removing the hurdles in it.
Once the boundaries of the research and its scope are identified, the next
important step is to identify the appropriate technologies, which have relevance to
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73
the above mentioned problems and best suitable to low literacy of people in Sindh. In
this manner the simple STTs are selected as a base technology to conduct this
research. The main reasons for their selection are discussed in the next section.
4.2.2 Selection of Base Technologies
Solar thermal technologies (STTs) are identified as a base technology to
investigate the MTED in Sindh’s context for possible poverty alleviation and
economic up-gradation. Main reason for selection lies on following three important
facts:
(a) The researcher has suitable knowledge regarding STTs since he worked in of
the leading R&D organization.
(b) The selected technologies can promote the concept of green development on a
sustainable basis by widely utilizing the abundance of solar energy.
(c) Identification of the framework, which suitably answers the quarries arisen in
the literature review process.
In this context an indigenous framework is designed, which is represented in the
next section.
4.2.3 Designing of Research Frameworks
It has always been a problem to researcher to find out suitable research
frameworks in Sindh’s context, which can study the technology-related issues
especially dealing with society such as possible poverty alleviation and economic up-
gradation. In this manner the two frameworks namely Primary and Secondary are
designed to investigate the MTED scenario of Sindh for possible poverty alleviation
and economic up-gradation on the basis of simple STTs. Each stage of these
frameworks along with the designated objectives is shown in table 4.1.
74
Table: 4.1 Research Stages and Concerned Objectives
Framework Stage Phase Proposed Objectives
Primary
Framework
I Literature
Review
To develop a literature review framework to
understand the techno-economic dynamics
for poverty alleviation in Sindh.
To identify and select community based
innovative technologies to serve as a base to
conduct the research.
To design a research methodology to
investigate relationships between technology,
economic activities and poverty alleviation in
Sindh.
II
Pilot Field
Study
To determine, the adoption (diffusion),
Economic up-gradation, Poverty alleviation
capabilities of identified base technologies
III Survey
To identify the major stakeholders, Institutes
involved in shaping techno-economic
dynamics of selected technologies.
To determine the characteristics of identified
major stakeholders such as the level of
awareness towards base technologies.
IV
Learning and
development
of Secondary
framework
To determine the basic structure of techno-
economic dynamics in the Sindh province.
To develop the secondary/in-depth
framework.
Secondary
Framework
V Identification
of functional
parameters
To determine the functional parameters of
Micro-techno economic dynamics (MTED)
in Sindh for poverty alleviation
VI Assessment of
functional
parameters
To conduct an assessment of functional
parameters to set functionality of Micro-
techno economic dynamics (MTED) in Sindh
for poverty alleviation.
VII Determination
of hurdles
To determine the hurdles (Inducement &
Blocking Mechanism) in performance of
MTED in Sindh for poverty alleviation.
VIII Policy
Measures
To propose policy measures for poverty
alleviation through the use of technologies.
75
4.2.4 Procedures adopted and instruments used to implement the proposed
framework
The overall stages/Phases of primary and secondary framework along with the
procedures and instruments used to achieve individual objectives are represented in table 4.2.
Table: 4.2 Procedure Adopted and Instruments Used
Framework Stage Phase Procedures Adopted Instruments Used
Primary
I Literature
Review
Objective I:
An indigenous
literature review
framework is
developed
Policy Papers,
Economic, S&T
Indicators.
Objective II:
Solar Thermal
technologies (STTs)
are identified as
appropriate
technologies.
i. Researcher
background.
ii. Focus on RE.
iii. Identification of
suitable
Framework
Objective III:
The primary research
framework has been
finalized.
Learning of
objectives I & II.
II
Pilot Field
Study
Objective:
The on-site field study
has been performed.
Fresh Date Palm
has been dried
through solar
dehydrator
III
MTED basic
structure
Objective:
Mapping of
Stakeholders visiting
PCSIR
The survey designed to
identified following
details: Basic structure
of MTED in Sindh
such as Institutions
Name, Sectors and
their level of awareness
towards STTs.
Survey
Questionnaire I.
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IV
Learning of
and
development
of Secondary/
in-depth
framework
Objective I:
The data collected
through stage I, II and
III has been analyzed.
MS Excel
Objective II:
A secondary
framework has been
sketched.
Learning made
through a primary
framework.
Secondary
V Identification
of functional
parameters
Objective:
The seven basic
functional parameters
are identified on the
basis of Individual and
societal perspective
Survey
Questionnaire II.
VI Assessment of
functional
parameters
Objective:
Functionality of
MTED has been
identified
Through the survey
questionnaire the
functionality of
MTED was
identified after
their analysis in
excel and SPSS.
VII Determination
of hurdles
Objective:
Hurdles of MTED
were identified
These functions
then utilized to
identify the hurdles
of MTED in Sindh
through hypothesis
testing.
VIII Policy
Measures
Objective:
Provision of Policy
recommendations
All the hurdles
identified are then
mapped w.r.t
concerned policy
issues.
4.2.5 Data Collected and Analyzed
There are mainly two surveys conducted for this research, one for primary and
another for secondary framework. The primary survey is conducted at Pakistan
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) in Primary framework. The
survey questionnaire is attached as annexure I, whereas the secondary survey
conducted from the selected stakeholders identified through primary survey is
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attached as annexure V. The secondary survey collected the data from the moderate
and low level of stakeholders identified through a primary survey in terms of
awareness level towards STTs. The pilot filed study is conducted at District
Khairpurmirs famous for data palm cultivation.
The data collected then checked for reliability tests in SPSS, whereas the
simple graphs are drawn through MS Excel. Later on the statistical techniques such as
non parametric tests (2 independent and 2 dependent sample approach) are utilized to
generate the complex trends by testing the relevant hypothesis. The hypothesis then
utilized to determine the hurdles in Sindh’d MTED.
4.2.6 Emergence of Policy Recommendations.
The data analyzed then summarized to map the interlinking of all the
parameters w.r.t hurdles of Sindh’s MTED for possible poverty alleviation and
economic up-gradation so that how they contribute in policy issues. This mapping is
useful in identifying the interrelationship between hurdles and key policy issues,
which can have significant impact on MTED to alleviate poverty in Sindh. The
overall flow of the research done is shown in following figure 4.1.
4.3 CONCLUSION
The chapter in start provides the details of research problem then discussed the
causes for selection of STTs as a appropriate technology to pursue this research. Since
the core focus of undertaking research is to design research frameworks, the details of
each stage and their corresponding objectives are also discussed in details. Followed
by the procedures adopted and instruments used to implement the proposed research
frameworka and how the data collected and analyzed. Finally at the end the
emergences of policy recommendations are discussed.
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4
Sectors
Development of
L.R Framework
3. InstitutionsSurvey
Institutions
Awareness
1. Literature Review (L.R)Research
Methodology
Technology
Identification
Economic
Up-gradation
2. Pilot Field Study
Physical Community (Viability)
Diffusion
Poverty Alleviation
4. Analysis Ph.D Objectives Ph.D
R.Methodology
* MTED : Micro techno-economic dynamics
*MTED Basic
Structure
Overview
Govt.
Academia
Industry
Farmers
NGO’s
F.I’s
MTM
Fig. 4.1 Overview of the Entire Research
5
7. Blocking Mechanism of MTED Mapping
Policy Issues
5. Identification of Functional parameters
Data Collected (Individual &Societal)
Data Collection (Individual &Societal
Hypothesis Generation
6. Assessment of Functional Parameters
Emerging Trends/Patterns
Hypothesis Testing
8. Policy Recommendations Policy Measures Future Research
* MTED : Micro techno - economic dynamics
*MTED Basic/ Moderate Structure
Functional Parameters
Hurdles Identified
Functional Parameters Awareness creation through Education Funding & Viability Introduction of household services to masses through RETs Availability of RE Policies Creation/ Alignment of Policy & Educational RE based Institution Community Involvement Interlinking Economic, Poverty Alleviation Policies with RE based policies
79
CHAPTER # 05
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRIMARY SECTION OF THE
MTED FRAMEWORK FOR STT
5.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides implementation details regarding the Primary
framework to alleviate poverty on the basis of STTs. The research in this framework
starts by conducting a pilot field study in a local community. Once, the output of the
pilot field study is found to be satisfying as it provide the answer that right kind of
technologies has been selected to pursue MTED research in Sindh. The next target of
this research is to identify the major stakeholders, sectors and their corresponding
awareness level towards STTs in Sindh through a survey. Hence, the outcome of
research persuaded is also of much importance for future research as it provides the
inside views of Sindh’s MTED to commercialize solar energy based devices.
Chaudhry (2009) also identified that commercialization of solar energy devices is one
of the big challenge to achieve sustainable development through renewable energy in
Pakistan.
The details of Primary frameworks stages are discussed in the following
sections:
5.1.1 Pilot Field Study in a Local Community
A pilot case study is conducted in a small local community to identify the
scope of solar thermal technologies as a base to pursue this research. The aim of the
pilot field study is to investigate the possible poverty alleviation and economic up-
gradation capabilities of STTs, which is the prerequisite to understand the Sindh’s
MTED at the micro level. The pilot filed study thus then conducted in village Gul
Mohammad Jamro, 7 Km away from Ranipur District Khairpur, famous for dates
palm cultivation. The location of pilot field study is represented by fig 5.1 and fig 5.2
respectively. In pilot field study, a technology known as Solar Dehydrator is
introduced into a small community.
The reason behind the selection of Solar Dehydrator to conduct a pilot field
study lies in the fact that it best suited the definition of appropriate technology. It is
cheap, environmental friendly, indigenous and easy to maintain and utilizes the local
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resources such as fresh dates palm drying, which traditionally are dried in open space.
The open space drying and drying through solar dehydrator are represented in
photographs 5.1 and 5.2 respectively.
The idea behind the selection of this particular technology, location and food
commodity lies in the fact that Pakistan is one of the largest dates growing region of
the world and largest dates exporter after India and UAE. It produces 11% share of
the total global production of the dates. The share of the Sindh province (Sukkur and
Khairpur) is the largest in Pakistan.
Fig 5.1: Map of Pakistan Fig. 5.2: Location of the field
study, highlighted area showing district Khairpurmirus.
Photograph 5.1: Open space drying. Photograph 5.2: Dates drying
through solar dehydrator.
Lesson Learned Through the Pilot Field Study in a Local Community
As the pilot field study became the launching pad to start this research to
understand the basic Sindh’s MTED scenario at the micro level of society. The
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factors identified through it points towards the existing condition of the MTED in
Sindh. The factors thus identified are:
(i) Absence of Linkages
Weak or absence of linkages among various organizations working for poverty
alleviation, technology transfer and income generation activities in Sindh is the main
hurdles identified through pilot field study in Sindh’s MTED. Many factors can be
responsible for these weak linkages but the most obvious ones are those having
origins in policy measures. National and provincial Policies for S&T, poverty
alleviation and income generations ignore those initiatives, which bring all these
stakeholders to work together on a single platform to become one entity. This also
points towards the absence of any developed policy framework/model like techno-
economic networks or paradigm for Sindh. But keeping in view the people’s
suffering, efforts are needed to be initiated in this manner.
(ii) Identification of Policy Flaws
From the pilot study, it is identified that the provincial as well as the national
policies of Pakistan in areas of poverty alleviation, S&T had given no or less
importance to utilize the communities’ potentials in achieving the economic growth
through the use of appropriate technologies. In Sindh, this approach can be of viable
importance keeping in view its increasing manpower and better efficiencies of STTs
to yield quality products. Currently, the said approach is missed by the institutes
responsible for setting Sindh’s S&T vision and priorities i-e Science and Technology
Section of Planning and Development Department, Government of Sindh. As far as
policy documents are concerned, this research identified only one project titled
“Commercialization of Solar Devices and Technologies” in National Technology
Policy (1993) of Pakistan. The project was proposed by an institute named Pakistan
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (PCSIR-Solar Energy Research Centre)
now known as PCSIR laboratories, Hyderabad.
(iii) Techno-Economic Advantages of Solar Dehydrator
The results for dates drying through solar dehydrator are very impressive. It
took 2-3 days instead of 7 days as compared to open space drying. It did not utilize
any electricity in the process of drying and yields better quality dates.
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(iv) Recognition and In-depth Understanding of the Dynamics
Despite of strong potential for dates drying through solar dehydrator and
acceptance of technology by the local community as shown in photograph 5.3 and 5.4
raising funds were not possible to extend this research work. The only appreciation it
Photograph 5.3: During the field study. Photograph 5.4: The researcher with
the community people
got from the organizers of World Conference on Physics for Sustainable Development
(WCPSD), Durban, South Africa where the research findings is presented as a poster.
No such recognition is obtained from within the Sindh and Pakistan as well. On
meeting through various funding agencies in the government sector, it is identified
that there is no provision to support such projects. The absence in the majority of
government institutes in up-taking community based technological project can be
visualized from the priorities of Sindh government planning and development
department as discussed above. After completing the pilot field study, the
recommendations are also communicated to various public sector departments to
introduce these technologies in different communities of Sindh. Some of the
bureaucrats and politicians have shown motivation to adopt such technologies but due
to transfer/posting of bureaucrats and engagement of politicians in formulation of new
governments, the things are not materialized as yet.
(v) Advantage taken from the Pilot Field Study
Due to absence of policies in government setup to promote the concept of
community involvement to achieve economic growth through utilization of these
technologies, no fruitful results are obtained for common people to alleviate poverty.
83
Whereas, by knowing the importance of solar dehydrators a private industrial party
utilized the said technology for chili drying.
(vi) Impact of Renewable Energy Technologies
Through the field study it is learned that almost no impact of renewable
energy technologies (RETs) reached to the doors of larger population in Sindh. In
case of Pakistan, very few initiatives for renewable energy application in community
people are reported.
The pilot field study identified factors such as (i) absence of linkages (ii)
policy flaws at regional and domestic level to utilize community potential (iii)
economic viability of solar thermal technologies (iv) recognition received and (vi)
lack of funding to commercialize these technologies. The pilot field study also
explained how community people remained unable to avail any profit for it. However,
after investigating the adoption (diffusion), economic up-gradation and poverty
alleviation capabilities of the STTs through the pilot field study, survey further
identified the major institutions, stakeholders responsible to establish Sindh’s
innovation system.
5.1.2 Identification of Institutes through Survey
A survey is launched in PCSIR Laboratories Hyderabad in 2004 under the
guidance of Dr. Riazuddin Abro, the then Officer Incharge PCSIR Laboratories
Hyderabad. The survey is based on collecting the data regarding the details of visitors,
their requirements and suggestions. These visitors are actually the major stakeholders
responsible for shaping the techno-economic dynamics in Sindh. The survey was
planned for five years, which was started in May 2004 and ended in April 2009 under
the guidance of Engr. Nisar Ahmed Pandhiani, Director of PCSIR Laboratories
Hyderabad. The survey provides the vital information regarding the dynamics for the
diffusion of STTs in Sindh for possible poverty alleviation and economic up-
gradation. It also provides an estimation regarding the level of awareness of each
stakeholders towards each device of solar thermal technologies.
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Analysis of Survey
The survey identified major stakeholders, institutions and some of their
characteristics, which are discussed below:
(i) Visitors Trend
During the survey period of five years i-e May 2004 to April 2009, a total of
250 stakeholders on a average 50 stakeholders/year visited PCSIR laboratories
Hyderabad as shown in Table 5.1. The list of the stakeholders is attached as
Annexure IV. The number of stakeholders is not promising. It is also an indication of
low awareness regarding the solar thermal technologies in Sindh. The unawareness is
not only the single cause identified for low number of stakeholders, the location of
laboratory is also identified as another major hurdle. The concerned institute is
located at an odd distance of 3 Km from toll plaza of Hyderabad. The trend of
stakeholders recorded in each year is shown in fig. 5.3.
Table 5.1: Numbers of Stakeholders/Year
S. No. Year Nos. of
Visitors
1 2004-05 35
2 2005-06 46
3 2006-07 68
4 2007-08 40
5 2008-09 61
Total 250
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Fig. 5.3: Trend Representing Number of Stakeholders (2004-05 to 2008-09)
It was identified that during the first three years, the trend for stakeholders
showed growth. Increase in R&D funding is the first and foremost factor contributed
to this growth. The funding is increased for institutions like PCSIR working under the
umbrella of Ministry of Science & Technology (MoST). Increased funding made it
possible for PCSIR laboratories to display these devices outside the wall of its
laboratory premises. PCSIR laboratories in this way participated in various events
such as seminars and exhibitions to create awareness regarding these devices. These
exhibitions brought many stakeholders in contact with PCSIR.
The stakeholder identified belongs to various institutions working in both
public and private sectors such as NGOs, Industry, farmers and academia. This
interaction directly influenced people to visit PCSIR to get awareness for solar
thermal devices. Many other visitors also attracted to visit PCSIR through indirect
verbal publicity obtained from the stakeholder, who directly came in contact with
PCSIR. Another factor responsible for increased number of visitors is due to the
contributions made by the print media. During this period PCSIR managed to publish
news about its activities in leading national and local newspaper. Similarly,
pamphlets/brochures printed and distributed to various organizations such as Chamber
of Commerce & Industry Hyderabad, Sindh Abadgar Board and other leading
organizations working in interior of Sindh. These brochures/pamphlets highlight the
importance of solar thermal devices. Due to these practices the maximum number of
visitors i-e 68 are recorded in 2006-07.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09
Nos. of Visit
86
However, the trend reversed after 2006-07 as in 2007-08 the number of
visitors declined from 68 to 40. Many reasons contributed in this change but the
stagnation of funds, changing of top and middle management in PCSIR are major
factors. This produced bad affects on the progress of projects under consideration.
This scenario, lead to people to refrain themselves to visit PCSIR. However, this trend
reversed again in 2008-09 when the management crisis was over and new
management took over.
(ii) Sectors Identification
The survey identified that stakeholders are mainly coming from six sectors i-e
government, academia, Financial Institutions (FI), industry, farmers and NGO’s.
These sectors are playing important role in shaping the techno-economic dynamics in
Sindh at the micro level of society as shown in fig. 5.4.
Fig. 5.4: Sectors Shaping Micro Techno-Economic Dynamics (MTED) in Sindh
87
44%
13% 11%
22%
7% 3% Govt.
Academia
FI
Industry
Farmers
NGOs
The sectoral share of visitors is further summarized in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2: Sectoral Share of Visitors
S. No. Sector / Profession Nos.
1 Govt. Official 109
2 Academia 33
3 FI* 27
4 Industry 56
5 Farmers 17
6 NGOs** 8
Total 250
*FI: Financial Institutes. **NGOs: Non Governmental organizations.
By closely investigating the above table, the identified trends are represented
graphically in fig. 5.5.
Fig. 5.5: Sectoral Share of Visitors
The sector showing largest number of stakeholders includes officials of the
public sector i:e 44 percent. This group consists of government officials having
diversified background and are working in various organizations, departments in
public sector with a major share of army/rangers personals working in border areas.
The share of government officials is quite opposite as per the earlier assumption that
the public sector institutions possess lower attraction and awareness towards
renewable energy technologies such as solar thermal devices. The share of industrial
88
sector stood second at 22 percent. Third stand holds by academia at 13 percent. FIs
stood fourth with 11 percent. However, the farming community stood fifth at 7
percent followed by NGOs at 3 percent.
From the above figure it is quite visible that almost all the stakeholders
ranging from government sector to industry, FIs to academia and farmers to NGOs
have inclination towards renewable energy technologies. It was also observed that
some of the FIs are interested in providing financial support such as leasing to
commercialize solar thermal devices, whereas some industries offered joint R&D
initiatives. Meanwhile NGOs representatives offered the joint venture to diffuse these
technologies to variety of people in many areas.
(iii) Awareness
Identification of awareness level towards solar thermal technologies is another
trend, which is observed through the survey. The stakeholders are characterized in
various awareness groups such as:
i) Unaware ii) Low iii) Moderate iv) High
The description of these categories is discussed below:
i) Unaware
In this category those stakeholders are placed, who do not have any idea about
the solar thermal devices earlier before visiting PCSIR.
ii) Low
This category belongs to stakeholders, who already posses knowledge about
the solar thermal devices but were unable to identify their requirements from the use
of these devices.
iii) Moderate
Stakeholders in this category are enough aware from the solar thermal devices
and they already identified their specific requirements. Instead of guidance,
stakeholders in this group put demands on PCSIR to fulfill their requirements.
89
69%
17%
14% 0%
Unaware
Low
Moderate
High
iv) High
This category reserved for those stakeholders who are well aware with the
solar thermal devices that they may even guide and propose some technical
modifications in the design and development of the solar thermal devices to improve
their efficiency.
On the basis of above definitions, the categorization of stakeholders in terms
of different level of awareness is shown in Table 5.3.
Table 5.3: Categorization of Stakeholders in Terms of Different Level of
Awareness.
S. No. Level Nos.
1. Unaware 172
2. Low 43
3. Moderate 35
4. High 0
Total 250
The values of Table 5.3 is plotted in the pie chart, the percentages of various
categories are represented in fig. 5.6
Fig. 5.6: Level of Awareness
It is observed that 69 percent of all stakeholders do not have any knowledge
about the solar thermal devices. The sole purpose of their visit is to acquire the
awareness of these technologies. The percentage of stakeholders belonging to low
category is 17 percent. The moderate category had almost equal numbers of
90
48%
26%
26%
Electricity
Desalination
Misc (Cookers,
Geysers etc)
stakeholders as compared to low category having share of 14 percent. However, it
was surprising to see that not a single person from any walk of life came to guide
PCSIR in improving the efficiency of their products.
(iv) Guidance Persuaded by Stakeholders
Those stakeholders who visited PCSIR to obtain guidance are characterized as
low aware group. The details for guidance required for various solar devices is
summarized in Table 5.4 and the percentage share of each device, whose guidance is
persuaded presented in fig 5.7.
Table 5.4: Guidance Persuaded by Stakeholders
S. No. Devices Nos.
1. Electricity 21
2. Desalination 11
3. Misc (Cooking, Water
Heating etc) 11
Total 43
The stakeholders in this group totally depend upon PCSIR for the
identification of solar devices to fulfill their energy related needs. Therefore the
guidance obtained related to the provision of electricity, clean potable water, cooking
and heating.
Fig. 5.7: Guidance Pursued by Stakeholders for Solar Thermal Devices
91
In this group, photovoltaic system for generation of electricity is the most
demanded option. PV system’s demand stood at 48 percent. Desalination demand
stood second at 26 percent followed by the demand of solar cookers and geyser at 26
percent. It is further surprising to see that this group is not aware regarding the use of
Solar Dehydrator. In this respect “No Body” seeks the guidance of PCSIR for solving
their drying issues especially related to food items. This trend is quite opposite for
stakeholders possessing moderate awareness in which the dehydrator is the most
demanded device.
Thus for this group it is suggested that more efforts are needed to raise
awareness regarding the solar thermal devices such as solar cookers and geysers but
more precisely for solar dehydrators.
(v) Demand for Solar Devices
After further analyzing the statistics of group possessing the moderate level
awareness the demand for various solar thermal devices is represented in Table 5.5
Table 5.5: Demand for various Solar Thermal Devices
S. No. Devices Nos.
1. Dehydrator 20
2. Desalination 11
3. Misc. (Cookers, Geysers etc) 4
Total 35
The trends identified for the demand of various solar thermal devices is represented in fig. 5.8
Fig. 5.8: Requirements of Solar Thermal Devices
58% 31%
11%
Dehydrator
Desalination
Misc (Cookers, Geysers etc)
92
Majority of stakeholders, i-e 58 percent demanded solar dehydrator for drying
of various food items. The demand for water desalination plant for clean drinking
water stood at second with 31 percent. However, 11 percent of clients are demanding
solar cookers and geysers. The low percentage in demand of solar cooker and geysers
cannot be taken as a reference towards the lower efficiency of these devices. But it is
also an identification, which points towards the lower awareness among masses to
utilize the potential of these devices.
(vi) Overall Sectorial Representation of Data
The data for all the six identified sectors through survey i-e government,
official, academia, FI, industry, farmers and NGOs in terms of awareness is
summarized in Table 5.6.
Table 5.6: Sectorial Representation of Data in Terms of Awareness
Sector Unaware Low Moderate High Total
Govt.
Official 75 19 15 0 109
Academia 30 3 0 0 33
FI 20 3 4 0 27
Industry 26 14 16 0 56
Farmers 17 0 0 0 17
NGOs 4 4 0 0 8
Total 172 43 35 0 250
It is quite visible from the data that not a single individual belonging to the
group of “High Awareness” visited the selected site of survey. The stakeholders
belonging to the “High Awareness” group are experts in dealing with the solar
thermal technologies having enough capability, to suggest some technical measures to
improve the efficiency of solar thermal devices. Now the question arises: “why not
any such stakeholder belonging to this group visited the survey site”?.
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The answer could have many dimensions but it can be assumed that either
expert believes that there is no need for modification required in solar thermal devices
or it could be assumed that there is no scope of these devices in our society for
poverty alleviation keeping in view their efficiency and cost factor. It can either be a
deficiency in PCSIR outreach or experts are unwilling to contribute. The reasons
behind this dynamics also needed to be investigated in future part of the research. The
Table 5.6 is further analyzed and graphically represented in fig. 5.9 to show the
overall trend of all the six sectors in terms of awareness level.
Fig. 5.9: Overview of Sectoral Data
It is quite visible that in all sectors the unawareness regarding the solar
thermal devices is high. However, it is further surprising to see that the group of
academia also did not have any share in moderate and high aware group of people.
This shows a quite strange dynamics of our society that there are missing linkages
between the R&D institutes and academia. It is further surprising that the farming
category is entirely unaware regarding the solar thermal devices and therefore, they
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Govt. Official
Academia FI Industry Farmers NGOs
Sector
Unaware
Low
Moderate
High
Nos. of Visitor
94
are unable to utilize their potential. However, even though the number of stakeholders
from NGO sector is low but they are half aware and unaware towards STTs but their
percentage in moderate awareness group is quite encouraging.
On the other hand, it is in the industry and FI, where stakeholders despite of
their low percentage of participation have shown huge potential of growth since they
are willing to establish linkages to utilize these devices. The remaining part of the
research addresses the issues regarding the establishment of these potential linkages.
(vii) Comparison Between Different Sectors in Terms of Awareness
The survey results are also compared for the awareness level between each
sector on the basis of Table 5.6. This comparison is presented in fig. 5.10.
Fig. 5.10: Comparison of Data Across Different Sectors in Terms of Awareness
In the unaware group majority of stakeholders (40%) belong to the
government sector. The academia, FI, industry, farmers and NGOs have share of 20,
10, 20, 16 and 4 percent respectively. In low awareness category government,
academia, FI, industry, farmers and NGOs are 42, 10, 8, 30 and 10 percent
respectively. In this category, farmers do not hold any share. Thus this community is
the most unaware community of all despite of the fact that the solar thermal devices
have huge potential for framers in processes of the post harvesting. The Moderate
Aware category has a share of government, FI and industry as 40, 10 and 50 percent.
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Unawar
Low
Middle
High
Govt.
Academia
FI
Industry
Farmers
NGOs
95
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Govt.
Academia
FI
Industry
Farmers
NGOs
Unaware
Low
Moderate
High
In this category it is identified that there is no share of academia, farmers and NGOs.
Thus it is quite clear that more efforts are needed to increase the awareness of the
solar thermal devices at all the level of society. However, more in-depth interactions
are needed on a regular basis to increase the interaction among these sectors. Since
higher the interactions, higher the chances for awareness creation and linkage
formation. Better the linkages, the better the chances, for the diffusion of these
technologies. Thus awareness is the single most identified factor which seems to
hinder the diffusion of these technologies. If the stakeholders are aware and linkages
are established, they further take up the efficiency and cost issue associated with these
devices.
(viii) Comparison within Different Sectors in Terms of Awareness
In order to understand the individual sectors, the data of awareness ratio of
each group from Table 5.6 is again evaluated and represented by fig. 5.11.
Fig. 5.11: Comparison of Data within Different Sectors in Terms of Awareness
The above figure present that stakeholders in government sector are 64, 16 and
20 percent unaware, low and moderate aware respectively. The academia is almost 90
percent unaware and 10 percent is low aware. FI are 74, 10 and 16 percent unaware,
low and moderate aware. The industry is 42, 22 and 36 percent unaware, low and
moderate aware. All the farming community is unaware. However, the NGOs people
are half unaware and half low aware.
96
The survey well serves the aim of this research as it identifies major
stakeholders and institutions which shape Sindh’s MTED for poverty alleviation. The
survey identifies six sectors of stakeholders. These sectors are: public sector
(government officials), academia, financial institutions (FI), farmers and non-
governmental organizations (NGOs). As per share of stakeholders identified, the
government official has largest share followed by people from industry, academia, FI,
farmers and NGOs stood second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth respectively.
In terms of level of awareness, however, 14, 16 and 20 percent of government
officials are unaware, low and moderate aware. FI are 74, 10 and 16 percent are
unaware, low and moderate aware. Academicians are 90 percent unaware and 10
percent aware. All the farmers are categorized as unaware and NGOs are 50 percent
unaware and low aware. However, on further analyzing the low awareness group, on
the basis of guidance persuaded for solar thermal technologies, the requirement for
electricity generating systems stood first with 48 percent. Followed by 26 percent for
availability of potable water through desalination and 26 percent stakeholders were
asking guidance for other solar process such as cooking and heating.
It is surprising to know that no guidance was required for dehydration process.
This shows that stakeholders belonging to low awareness groups are entirely unaware
with the usage and potential of solar dehydration. Similarly after further analyzing the
data for moderate aware group, the highest demand comes for solar dehydrators at 58
percent followed by solar desalination at 13 percent and remaining devices at 11
percent. It is important to mention that moderate aware group prefers solar
dehydration technologies showing their potential a trend opposite to low awareness
group.
However, the demand for desalination exists at same level in both low and
moderate aware. No stakeholder in moderate aware group demanded a PV system for
electricity, which is quite opposite as compared to low aware group. This shows that
the moderate aware group is quite aware with the price factor of PV system.
97
5.2 OVERVIEW OF PRIMARY FRAMEWORK
The overview of the analysis is summarized fig 5.12 for the Primary
framework. The conclusion drawn from the analysis is discussed in the following
section. Followed by the objectives setting and methodology designed for future
research.
Represents, Cai et al (2009) adopted framework.
Fig. 5.12: Overview of Primary Framework
Literature Review GRD-Framework Identification of Cai et al Framework
Selection of solar thermal technologies
Designing the research methodology
Fact identification: Pakistan is late in up -
taking innovations studies.
National and Province policy and vision
flaws in community mobilization for
poverty alleviations through technology
utilization.
Identification of Sindh’s declining status in
terms of growth and human development.
Local Community
Pilot Field Study.
- Absence of Linkages.
- Policy Flaws.
- Funding Limitations.
- Identification of Diffusion, Economic
Up-gradations and poverty alleviation
Capabilities of solar thermal
technologies.
Institutions Survey
- Identification of Major Stakeholder,
Institutes & sectors shaping techno-
economic dynamics in Sindh.
- Awareness identification regarding solar
thermal technologies.
- Identification of demand and guidance
persuaded for solar thermal
technologies.
Basic learning Existing MTED in Sindh
Recommendations
Furutre Research Work Objectives Identification
Designing of Methodology
98
5.3 CONCLUSION
The learning of the GRD-Framework establishes the relationship between
appropriate technologies to the economic growth and discuses its impact for poverty
alleviation in global context. It then also provides Pakistan’s scenario for combating
poverty though S&T. It is also observed that the weak impact of S&T for poverty
alleviation in Sindh appeared to be the outcome of the deteriorating condition of S&T
itself. It is either due to the absence of policies or un-utilization of communities’
potential to generate economic growth through S&T.
However, in Sindh, the aim of poverty alleviation became further difficult
keeping in view the rural-urban divide and lack of its indigenous S&T and poverty
alleviation policies. It can be further concluded that Sindh should establish its own
agenda to fight poverty through the diffusion of S&T, which best utilize its
availability of large population. This task is further tested through the pilot field study
in local community and it is observed that the linkages absences, un-utilization of
physical manpower and lack of governmental support are some of the causes, which
hinder the diffusion of these technologies to generate economic up gradation
opportunities for common people.
On the other hand, survey efficiently pointed out the awareness level of
stakeholders regarding the application of STTs. It is also identified through the survey
that 69% of the stakeholders are unaware regarding the application of STTs. Hence, in
order to achieve poverty alleviation more efforts are needed on an urgent basis to
create awareness in masses for these technologies.
After collecting information on practical grounds, the basic MTED scenario of
Sindh for possible poverty alleviation and economic up-gradation is sketched through
Primary framework. To identify the proper hurdles in utilizing appropriate
technologies to alleviate poverty in Sindh, the Primary framework findings thus
motivate the researcher to investigate it in some more depth. Thus to address this need
once again the help of literature was taken to develop Secondary framework.
99
CHAPTER # 06
IMPLEMENTATION OF A SECONDARY SECTION OF THE
MTED FRAMEWORK FOR STT
6.1 INTRODUCTION
The discussion regarding the implementation of the Secondary framework is
represented in this chapter. It mainly covers the fourth and fifth stages concerning
with assessing functionality and setting process goals, identification of inducement
and blocking mechanism. The assessment process initiated with the identification of
simpler trends of stakeholder’s perception. The assessment is based upon the
individual and societal perceptions of the data collected for seven identified functional
parameters in third stage. The assessment for the identification of simpler trends is
performed through Microsoft Excel. However, the complex trends are identified
through SPSS. The main aim in generating simpler and complex trends is to identify
significant opinion differences between low and moderate group of stakeholders on
their individual and societal perceptions. The identification of significant opinion
difference is the key to establish and test various hypothesis generated for seven
functional parameters. The identified significant changes then points towards the
MTED blocking mechanism for poverty alleviation in Sindh. This chapter ends after
identified hurdles then mapped with various policy issues to draw policy
recommendations.
During the initial data collection phases performed for primary framework it is
realized that stakeholders holds varying degree of awareness towards renewable
energy (RE). It is then responsible for creation of different perceptions towards RE
utilization. On the basis of these varying degree of awareness the respondents since
categorized in four main groups i-e Unaware, Low, Moderate and Highly aware. It is
important to mention here that none of the stakeholder is identified that belong to
highly aware group, whereas the majority of the stakeholders are unaware. Therefore,
apart from low and moderate group of stakeholders, the unaware and highly aware
group of stakeholders currently unable to play any active role in shaping techno-
economic dynamics for poverty alleviation in Sindh. In order to conduct an in-depth
survey for the utilization of Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs)/ Solar Thermal
Technologies (STTs) in Sindh focus is laid upon precisely two groups of stakeholders
99
100
i-e low and moderate. Since both the low and moderate group’s stakeholders are the
most active players in practical utilization of these devices. Hence the behavior and
activities of these two groups of stakeholders are shaping the techno-economics
dynamics for poverty alleviation in Sindh through RETs/STTs. Therefore, their in-
depth responses are investigated
6.2 INDEPENDENT SAMPLE APPROACH
In this section to identify the significant changes, which generated various
hypothesis are tested for low and moderate group responses. In this approach first the
responses are merged (individual to individual and societal and societal) and then
investigated in following manner for seven functional parameters after the individual
i-e the stakeholder’s self level of agreement is compared against their respective
societal perception.
6.2.1 Awareness Creation Through Education
Various factors of awareness creation associated with the successful diffusion
and utilization of RETs/STTs through education. Therefore different hypothesis are
generated, proved and re-tested on the basis of survey questionnaires, which are
discussed in detail below:
H1. Higher the Awareness, Higher the Diffusion of RETs (STTs) in Sindh
In order to investigate that despite of different awareness levels (low and
moderate) how these groups are visualizing the expected effects on awareness creation if
more RE based courses are included in general and technical education. Long back the
developed nations exactly realized the same e.g: UK based energy policy experts
Newborough et al (1991) concluded that … our future prosperity does not depend solely
upon the progress made by scientists and engineers: it can be secured only when energy-
use and energy thrift become components of the knowledge-base of the average person.
This research attempts to identify the impacts regarding the inclusion of RE courses in
primary, secondary, Higher Secondary and University level of education. The same also
focused for general and technical education. The reason for generation of this hypothesis
lies in the fact that the stakeholders are pointing towards the fact that the well placed
infrastructure of technical education institutions can achieve the task of RETs (STTs)
promotion. Similarly, more RE courses inclusion in general education creates more
101
interests towards RE in masses. This can only be achieved if newly introduced courses
provide more options for infield trainings/conferences and seminars, which improves
people interactions with these technologies. Therefore the following questions are
investigated from the respondents of low and moderate groups of stakeholders (table 6.1).
The response is judged upon five scales showing their level of agreement i-e: Highly
agree (5), Moderately agree (4), Uncertain (3), Moderately disagree (2) and Not agree (1).
Table.6.1 Awareness Creation Through Education
Level of Agreement
(Respondent Possess)
Highly Agree Not Agree
5 4 3 2 1
Statements
1. Success of RET (STT) diffusion depends upon Knowledge Transfer (KT) through
education.
2. Is it needed to include more courses on RE in general education.
3. The role of primary education in promotion of RE is highly essential.
4. The role of secondary education in promotion of RE is highly significant.
5. The role of higher secondary education in promotion of RE is crucial.
6. The role of university education in promotion of RE is most significant.
7. More trainings/seminars/conferences increase the awareness of RETs/STTs.
8. Institutes of technical education should incorporate more courses on RE.
According to Mann-Whitney U Statistics test conducted for 2-independent
samples approach utilized for individual and societal perspectives of low and
moderate group, the relationship between the inclusions of more courses in general/
technical education systems and increase of RE awareness is not significantly
different from each other (table 6.2) at the significant level of (0.05). Therefore the
null hypothesis is accepted and it is concluded that inclusion of more RE courses at
various levels in general and technical education will enhance the awareness towards
102
RE and its technologies including STTs. The correlation shows the positive
relationship between all the elements of knowledge creation cluster except the role of
university education (table 6.3). This represents that the role of university education is
not sufficient for the overall success of RETs (STTs) in Sindh. Thus in order to
achieve RETs (STTs) societal success all other education levels (primary, secondary
and higher secondary) must be given equal importance. The intelligent utilization of
technical education system and its infrastructure provides an additional advantage.
The descriptive statistics (table 6.4) shows that the major emphasis as per combine
mean ranks of individual level of agreement (Individual Perspective) and levels of
agreement regarding chances of happening of the same in Sindh (Societal
Perspective). In this table, the major emphasis of individual perception is on
RETs/STTs trainings (4.9), followed by the university education (4.78), involvement
of technical education institutions in promotion of RETs/STTs (4.65) and so on.
Similarly, the major emphasis of societal perception is on recognizing the university
education role for promotion of RETs/STTs (3.57), role of knowledge creation in
achieving the success in diffusion of RETs/STTs (3.20), availability of RETs/STTs
trainings (3.15) and so on. On the basis of main hypothesis, two more sub- hypothesis
proved and tested is discussed in details below:
H1(a). Secondary education is the key level for diffusion of RETs/STTs in Sindh
In our earlier research it is identified that despite of possessing the same
educational qualifications, the degree of awareness of stakeholders varies towards the
utilization of RETs/ STTs. This variation in awareness is due to the fact that the
stakeholders have not enjoyed equal chances to acquire RE based technologies
awareness. This point towards policy realignments such as the emphasis on RE
awareness creation at all levels of education especially at the secondary level. In
Pakistan the drop out ratio after primary level of education is higher in secondary
level of education. Therefore, if the emphasis of RE education started from the
primary education followed by the secondary education then all the students will have
much more chance to learn more about RE practices. Currently, such practices are not
adopted in Sindh. It is identified that despite of multiple education systems in Sindh if
the attention is focused on syllabus and programs offered by general/technical
education almost no or less importance has been given to RE (Shah et al, 2011).
Introduction of RE based courses in secondary education are of vital importance. The
103
students dropping out at the secondary level then get some awareness about RE
importance, whereas it is difficult to achieve at later life. This fact needed to be
verified. Therefore the hypothesis under study is developed.
Therefore according to Mann-Whitney U Statistics test (Table 6.2) the relationship
between the awareness level and role of RE awareness creation at the secondary level
of the education is significantly different for each level of awareness (at the
significant level of 0.002). It is evident from the test that the mean rank (table 6.4) for
the role of secondary education in promotion of RE is considered highly significant
by the moderate group in both the individual and societal perspective as compared to
low group’s individual and societal perspective. The (table 6.4 (a)) derived from the
(table 6.4) precisely represents the same.
Table 6.4(a) Higher the Awareness, Higher the Emphasis on Secondary
Education
Statements
(I-Individual Perception S-Societal
Perception)
Awareness
level N
Mean
Rank
Sum
of
Ranks
I: The role of secondary education in
promotion of RE is highly significant.
low 24 18.08 434.00
moderate 22 29.41 647.00
S: The role of secondary education in
promotion of RE is highly significant.
low 24 19.15 459.50
moderate 22 28.25 621.50
Therefore the null hypothesis is accepted. It is concluded that high level of
awareness regarding renewable energy technologies (RETs) including Solar Thermal
Technologies (STTs) will generate higher emphasis on introduction of renewable
energy (RE) courses in the secondary education. Thus it is concluded that the
moderate group is much more aware towards the scope of RE introduction in
secondary education, which can diffuse more RE based technologies in masses.
Similarly, if the relationship of secondary level of education is further investigated
through standard deviation (table 6.5). The societal perception figure is highest i-e
0.081, which indicates much variation in response regarding realization of secondary
education role for awareness creation in Sindh.
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H1(b). Sindh in near Future will Create more RETs/STTs Awareness through
General and Technical Education
The societal response of stakeholders belonging to both (low & moderate)
groups is investigated in detail by testing the above hypothesis.
According to Mann-Whitney U statistics test (table 6.2) conducted for
comparison of 2-independent samples approach the mean response of both the groups
is found to be exactly equal at the significant level of (0.05). The (table 6.4 (b))
derived from the (table 6.4) precisely represents the same.
Table 6.4 (b) No Variation in Societal Perception Regarding General/Technical
Education w.r.t. Awareness Levels
Statements
(S-Societal Perception)
Awareness
level N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks
S: Is it needed time to include more
courses on RE in general
education.
low 24 23.50 564.00
moderate 22 23.50 517.00
S: Institutes of technical education
should incorporate more courses on
RET.
low 24 23.50 564.00
moderate 22 23.50 517.00
Therefore the null hypothesis is rejected. Since the societal perspective of
stakeholder doesn’t vary with the increase in awareness level. The said conclusion is
also supported by the societal standard deviation (table 6.5), which is least for
inclusion of RE based courses in general and technical education i-e 0.469 and 0.556
respectively. The above hypothesis rejection thus proves that for the societal
perspectives both the groups of stakeholders agreed to a point that they are visualizing
the same hurdles. Due to which the MTED wheel is not working properly for poverty
alleviation in Sindh. Thus in Sindh’s near future the awareness of RETs/STTs through
education system (general/technical) is not achievable. These systems currently are
not aligned enough to diffuse theses technologies since .… the low level of awareness
regarding the potentials of renewable energy is the key hurdle in achieving the said
cause (shah et al, 2011).
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Table 6.2 Mann-Whitney Test (Significance)
I:Success of
RET (STT)
diffusion
depends
upon
Knowledge
Transfer
(KT).
S:Success of
RET (STT)
diffusion
depends
upon
Knowledge
Transfer
(KT).
I: Is it
needed
time to
include
more
courses on
RE in
general
education.
S:Is it
needed
time to
include
more
courses on
RE in
general
education.
I:The role of
Primary
education in
promotion
of RE is
highly
significant.
S:The role
of Primary
education in
promotion
of RE is
highly
significant.
I:The role of
secondary
education in
promotion
of RE is
highly
significant.
S:The role
of
secondary
education in
promotion
of RE is
highly
significant.
I:The role
of higher
secondary
education
in
promotion
of RE is
crucial.
S:The role
of higher
secondary
education
in
promotion
of RE is
crucial.
I:The role of
university
education in
promotion
of RE is
most
significant.
S:The role
of university
education in
promotion
of RE is
most
significant.
Mann-
Whitney
U
220.500 216.000 236.000 264.000 216.000 256.000 134.000 159.500 207.000 200.000 259.500 193.500
Asymp.
Sig. (2-
tailed)
.278 .216 .467 1.000 .257 .846 .002 .012 .143 .114 .886 .087
I:More trainings/
seminars/ conferences
increases the
awareness of
RET/STT.
S:More
trainings/seminars/conferences
increases the awareness of
RET/STT.
I:Institutes of technical
education should
incorporate more
courses on RET.
S:Institutes of technical
education should
incorporate more courses
on RET.
Mann-
Whitney U 262.000 213.000 250.000 264.000
Asymp. Sig.
(2-tailed) .928 .224 .696 1.000
106
Table 6.3 Correlation
S:Success of RET
(STT) diffusion
depends upon
Knowledge Transfer
(KT).
Pearson
Correlation
.105 .564 .071 .276
Sig. (2-tailed) .488 .000 .637 .063
N 46 46 46 46
I:Success of
RET (STT)
diffusion
depends
upon
Knowledge
Transfer
(KT).
S:Success
of RET
(STT)
diffusion
depends
upon
Knowledge
Transfer
(KT).
I: Is it
needed time
to include
more
courses on
RE in
general
education.
S:Is it
needed time
to include
more
courses on
RE in
general
education.
I:The role
of Primary
education
in
promotion
of RE is
highly
significant.
S:The role
of Primary
education
in
promotion
of RE is
highly
significant.
I:The role
of
secondary
education
in
promotion
of RE is
highly
significant.
S:The role
of
secondary
education
in
promotion
of RE is
highly
significant.
I:The role
of higher
secondary
education
in
promotion
of RE is
crucial.
S:The role
of higher
secondary
education
in
promotion
of RE is
crucial.
I:The role
of
university
education
in
promotion
of RE is
most
significant.
S:The role
of
university
education
in
promotion
of RE is
most
significant.
S:Success of
RET (STT)
diffusion
depends upon
Knowledge
Transfer
(KT).
Pearson
Correlat
ion .310 1 .310 .576 .174 .514 .061 .207 .016 .370 -.004 -.005
Sig. (2-
tailed) .036 .036 .000 .247 .000 .686 .167 .917 .011 .981 .975
N 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 46
I: More
trainings/seminars/c
onferences
increases the
awareness of
RET/STT.
S: More
trainings/seminars/c
onferences
increases the
awareness of
RET/STT.
I: Institutes of
technical
education should
incorporate more
courses on RET.
S: Institutes of
technical education
should incorporate
more courses on
RET.
107
Table 6.4 Mann-Whitney Test (Mean Rank)
Statements (I-Individual Perception S-
Societal Perception)
Awarenes
s level N
Mean
Rank
Sum of
Ranks
I:Success of RET (STT) diffusion depends
upon Knowledge Transfer (KT).
low 24 25.31 607.50
moderate 22 21.52 473.50
S:Success of RET (STT) diffusion depends
upon Knowledge Transfer (KT).
low 24 25.50 612.00
moderate 22 21.32 469.00
I: Is it needed time to include more courses
on RE in general education.
low 24 24.67 592.00
moderate 22 22.23 489.00
S:Is it needed time to include more courses
on RE in general education.
low 24 23.50 564.00
moderate 22 23.50 517.00
I:The role of Primary education in promotion
of RE is highly significant.
low 24 21.50 516.00
moderate 22 25.68 565.00
S:The role of Primary education in promotion
of RE is highly significant.
low 24 23.17 556.00
moderate 22 23.86 525.00
I:The role of secondary education in
promotion of RE is highly significant.
low 24 18.08 434.00
moderate 22 29.41 647.00
S:The role of secondary education in
promotion of RE is highly significant.
low 24 19.15 459.50
moderate 22 28.25 621.50
I:The role of higher secondary education in
promotion of RE is crucial.
low 24 21.13 507.00
moderate 22 26.09 574.00
S:The role of higher secondary education in
promotion of RE is crucial.
low 24 20.83 500.00
moderate 22 26.41 581.00
I:The role of university education in
promotion of RE is most significant.
low 24 23.31 559.50
moderate 22 23.70 521.50
S:The role of university education in
promotion of RE is most significant.
low 24 20.56 493.50
moderate 22 26.70 587.50
I:More trainings/seminars/conferences
increases the awareness of RET/STT.
low 24 23.58 566.00
moderate 22 23.41 515.00
S:More trainings/seminars/conferences
increases the awareness of RET/STT.
low 24 25.63 615.00
moderate 22 21.18 466.00
I:Institutes of technical education should
incorporate more courses on RET.
low 24 24.08 578.00
moderate 22 22.86 503.00
S:Institutes of technical education should
incorporate more courses on RET.
low 24 23.50 564.00
moderate 22 23.50 517.00
108
Table 6.5 Descriptive Statistics
Response
Type Statements N Mean
Std.
Deviation Minimum Maximum
Ind
ivid
ua
l P
ersp
ecti
ve
More
trainings/seminars/conferences
increases the awareness of
RETs/STTs.
46 4.91 .285 4 5
The role of university education in
promotion of RE is most significant. 46 4.78 .467 3 5
Institutes of technical education
should incorporate more courses on
RETs.
46 4.65 .604 3 5
Is it needed time to include more
courses on RE in general education. 46 4.59 .580 3 5
Success of RETs (STTs) diffusion
depends upon Knowledge Transfer
(KT).
46 4.43 .750 3 5
The role of secondary education in
promotion of RE is highly
significant.
46 3.65 .706 2 5
The role of higher secondary
education in promotion of RE is
crucial.
46 3.41 .686 2 5
The role of Primary education in
promotion of RE is highly
significant.
46 3.35 .849 1 5
Response
Type Statements N Mean
Std.
Deviation Minimum Maximum
So
ciet
al
Per
spec
tiv
e
The role of university education in
promotion of RE is most significant. 46 3.57 .688 2 5
Success of RET (STT) diffusion
depends upon Knowledge Transfer
(KT).
46 3.20 .582 2 4
More
trainings/seminars/conferences
increases the awareness of
RET/STT.
46 3.15 .788 2 5
Is it needed time to include more
courses on RE in general education. 46 2.96 .556 2 4
Institutes of technical education
should incorporate more courses on
RET.
46 2.96 .469 2 4
The role of secondary education in
promotion of RE is highly
significant.
46 2.74 .801 1 5
The role of higher secondary
education in promotion of RE is
crucial.
46 2.70 .695 1 4
S:The role of Primary education in
promotion of RE is highly
significant.
46 2.52 .691 1 4
109
6.2.2 Funding and Viability
Resource mobilization is second most important function in emergence of
standard technological innovation system (TIS). However, in current circumstances the
establishment of such standard emerging TIS in Sindh is itself a distant dream. In this
respect, the low awareness and less diffusion of RETs/STTs are major hurdles.
Therefore the functional parameter of resource mobilization in Sindh’ perspective
is addressed only through the monetary aspect of resources mobilization such as the
availability of funding to diffuse RETs/STTs in Sindh. The outcome of hypotheses
generated in this section thus removed uncertainties in providing the policy
recommendations. Since the investors are not just facing all the uncertainties that the
policy maker face, but also the uncertainties of the actual policies themselves (Fuss et al
2009). These policy recommendations are also helpful in removing the uncertainties of
potential investors regarding RETs/STTs. The removal of uncertainties will then boost
the confidence of potential investors in these technologies. Thus in Sindh’s context
various hypotheses tested are discussed below:
Table 6.6 Funding and Viability
Level of Agreement
(Individual Perception)
Highly Agree Not Agree
5 4 3 2 1
Statements
1. Increase of capital volume may increase resource
mobilization for RETs (STTs).
2. Increase in Seed and Venture Capital [Funds for startup
Firms and Business], also increases potential for resource
mobilization for RETs (STTs).
3. Resource mobilization for RETs (STTs) can be done through
change and increase in quality of human resources.
110
H2: The perception regarding the efficiencies of RETs/STTs depends upon awareness.
In Sindh apart from low awareness towards RETs/STTs, there is also a strong
negative perception concerning with the efficiencies of these technologies. The
researcher faced this negative perception during the pilot field study performed in local
community. It is due to low awareness, which created pessimistic view regarding the
efficiencies of STTs. The same perception is possessed by the community people for
solar dehydrator utilized for fresh dates palm drying. However, after utilization of solar
dehydrators the perception of community people changed drastically. This research then
attempts to identify the root cause responsible for creation of negative perceptions
concerning with the efficiencies of RETs/STTs. Thus to test the hypothesis i-e ‘The
perception regarding the efficiencies of RETs/STTs depends upon awareness’
emphasis is given to stakeholders awareness. This hypothesis mainly attempts to test the
assumption that “is awareness playing any role in creating a negative perception towards
the efficiencies of RETs/STTs?”. Therefore the above hypothesis is developed to test this
assumption. In our case these awareness levels are low and moderate.
4. Change in complementary Assets (Products, Services, Work
Infrastructure etc) increases resource mobilization for RETs
(STTs).
5. Lack of efficiency in technologies of RETs (STTs) is the
main hurdle in their commercialization. If they are made
more efficiently society will adopt them easily.
6. Creation of Business Incubators [places providing business
management help] is the main source to encourage new firms
in the field of RETs (STTs).
111
Therefore as per Mann-Whitney U Statistics test (table 6.7) the relationship
between the awareness level and negative perception towards RETs/STTs is significantly
different for each level of awareness (at the significant level of 0.047). It is evident (table
4.11) that the mean rank for stakeholder’s individual perceptions for low awareness
group is higher as compared to moderate group. This point that the low groups of
stakeholders are more of the opinion than the moderate group that the inefficiencies of
RETs/STTs is the main hurdle in their diffusion/commercialization. The (table 6.8)
precisely represented for this hypothesis as table 6.8 (a).
Table 6.8 (a) Lower the Awareness, Higher the Negative Perception regarding
Inefficiencies in RETs/STTs
Statements
(I-Individual Perception)
Awareness
Level N
Mean
Rank
Sum of
Ranks
I: Lack of efficiency in technologies of RET
(STT) is the main hurdle in their
commercialization. If they are made more
efficient society will adopt them easily.
Low 24 27.10 650.50
Moderate 22 19.57 430.50
Therefore the null hypothesis is rejected. It is concluded that it is due to low
awareness that the stakeholders possesses the negative perception that RETs/STTs are
inefficient in performing day to day tasks such as heating, drying, cooking etc. Once their
awareness is increased and they familiarized themselves with these devices their
perception changes towards RETs/STTs efficiencies. It is exactly the same conclusion,
which the researcher observed in pilot field study i-e higher the interaction of RETs/STTs
with common people, higher the positive perception and higher the chances for diffusion
of these technologies in local communities. Therefore in order to further clarify that “why
low awareness toward RETs/ STTs is creating a negative perception towards the
efficiencies of these technologies”. It is concluded that it is due to the lack of awareness
in utilization of these technologies. This mainly concerns with the fear hold by the
common man regarding the operational and maintenance requirements of these devices.
Once they acquire the first hand experience, they are able to remove their fear and
uncertainties concerning with the regarding the working of these technologies. In this
context another hypothesis is tested to clarify the above said concept.
112
H2(a): Human Resource Development is a Primary Tool to Acquire Societal focus
Towards Resource Mobilization for RETs (STTs).
From the previous hypothesis it is established that somehow low awareness
creates negative perception regarding the efficiencies of RETs/STTs. It is observed in
pilot field study that the negative perception towards RETs/STTs are created due to the
uncertainties concerning with the adoption of new technologies. This includes monetary
investments and uncertainties concerning with operation/ maintenance of STTs. Fuss et al
(2009) considered such investments as irreversible. Thus the negative perception towards
the efficiencies of RETs/STTs is actually a “fear” related to the investments concerning
with adoption/ investment in new technologies. This fear therefore exists in shape of
doubts concerning with operational/maintenance capabilities of these new technologies.
Therefore according to Mann-Whitney U Statistics test (table 6.7) as per societal
opinion i-e the probability for change and increase in the quality of human resources
development in Sindh for RE is found to be significantly different for each level of
awareness (at the significant level of 0.035). It is thus evident from (table 6.8) that as per
mean rank the level of agreement on societal perspective is considered highly significant
by the low group as compared to moderate group. The (table 6.8) is precisely represented
below for the above hypothesis as table 6.8 (b).
Table 6.8(b) Lower the Awareness, Higher the Emphasis on Human Resource
Development in RETs/STTs.
Statements
(S-Societal Perception)
Awareness
level N Mean Rank
Sum of
Ranks
Resource mobilization for RETs
(STTs) can be done through change
and increase in quality of human
resources.
Low 24 26.94 646.50
Moderate 22 19.75 434.50
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .035
The same is quite clear from the (table 6.8(b)) that the lower awareness level
stakeholders, therefore puts higher emphasis on human resource development in the area
of RETs/STTs. This represents desire to increase the interaction with RETs/STTs to
113
overcome their fear. Absence of such hands-on opportunities creates uncertainties for
operational/maintenance capabilities of RETs/STTs. Once, these stakeholders acquire
hands-on knowledge, their perception changes towards RETs/STTs. The same is quite
visible from the response of moderate group. This group does not consider human
resource development as a primary tool to acquire societal focus towards resource
mobilization for RETs (STTs). It is due to current MTED of Sindh, where even the basic
infrastructure for introduction of new community based technologies such as RETs/STTs
does not exist. Exactly the same is proved by (table 6.9). This table represents the inverse
(negative) correlation between chances for ‘Resource mobilization for RETs (STTs),
which can bring change and increase the quality of human resources’. Therefore the
moderate group shows less hope to popularize RETs/STTs through human resource
mobilization. It is due to the fact that no basic initiatives such as the establishment of
business incubators to help new firms are in place to commercialize RETs/STTs in Sindh.
Thus null hypothesis is rejected.
114
Table 6.7 Mann-Whitney Test (Significance)
I:Increase
of capital
volume
may
increase
resource
mobilizat
ion for
RET
(STT).
S:Increase
of capital
volume
may
increase
resource
mobilizati
on for
RET
(STT).
I:Increas
e in Seed
and
Venture
Capital
[Funds
for
startup
Firms
and
Business
], also
increases
potential
for
resource
mobilizat
ion for
RET
(STT).
S:Increas
e in Seed
and
Venture
Capital
[Funds
for
startup
Firms
and
Business
], also
increases
potential
for
resource
mobilizat
ion for
RET
(STT).
I:Resour
ce
mobilizat
ion for
RET
(STT)
can be
done
through
change
and
increase
in
quality
of
human
resources
.
S:Resour
ce
mobilizat
ion for
RET
(STT)
can be
done
through
change
and
increase
in quality
of human
resources
.
I:Change
in
complem
entary
Assets
(Product
s,
Services,
Work
Infrastru
cture etc)
increases
resource
mobilizat
ion for
RET
(STT).
S:Chang
e in
complem
entary
Assets
(Product
s,
Services,
Work
Infrastru
cture etc)
increases
resource
mobilizat
ion for
RET
(STT).
I:Lack of
efficienc
y in
technolo
gies of
RET
(STT) is
the main
hurdle in
their
commerc
ialization
. If they
are made
more
efficient
society
will
adopt
them
easily.
S:Lack
of
efficienc
y in
technolo
gies of
RET
(STT) is
the main
hurdle in
their
commerc
ialization
. If they
are made
more
efficient
society
will
adopt
them
easily.
I:Creatio
n of
Business
Incubato
rs [places
providin
g
business
manage
me-nt
help] is
the main
source to
encourag
e new
firms in
the field
of RET
(STT).
S:Creatio
n of
Business
Incubato
rs [places
providin
g
business
manage
me-nt
help] is
the main
source to
encourag
e new
firms in
the field
of RET
(STT).
Mann-
Whitney
U 232.500 211.000 248.000 203.500 260.000 181.500 228.000 203.000 177.500 228.000 258.000 239.000
Asymp.
Sig. (2-
tailed) .364 .193 .609 .142 .893 .035 .272 .130 .047 .386 .860 .534
115
Table.6.8 Mann-Whitney Test (Mean Rank)
Statement Awareness
Level N
Mean
Rank
Sum of
Ranks
I:Increase of capital volume may increase resource
mobilization for RET (STT).
low 24 24.81 595.50
moderate 22 22.07 485.50
S:Increase of capital volume may increase resource
mobilization for RET (STT).
low 24 25.71 617.00
moderate 22 21.09 464.00
I:Increase in Seed and Venture Capital [Funds for startup
Firms and Business], also increases potential for resource
mobilization for RET (STT).
low 24 24.17 580.00
moderate 22 22.77 501.00
S:Increase in Seed and Venture Capital [Funds for startup
Firms and Business], also increases potential for resource
mobilization for RET (STT).
low 24 26.02 624.50
moderate 22 20.75 456.50
I:Resource mobilization for RET (STT) can be done through
change and increase in quality of human resources.
low 24 23.67 568.00
moderate 22 23.32 513.00
S:Resource mobilization for RET (STT) can be done through
change and increase in quality of human resources.
low 24 26.94 646.50
moderate 22 19.75 434.50
I:Change in complementary Assets (Products, Services,
Work Infrastructure etc) increases resource mobilization for
RET (STT).
low 24 25.00 600.00
moderate 22 21.86 481.00
S:Change in complementary Assets (Products, Services,
Work Infrastructure etc) increases resource mobilization for
RET (STT).
low 24 26.04 625.00
moderate 22 20.73 456.00
I:Lack of efficiency in technologies of RET (STT) is the
main hurdle in their commercialization. If they are made
more efficient society will adopt them easily.
low 24 27.10 650.50
moderate 22 19.57 430.50
S:Lack of efficiency in technologies of RET (STT) is the
main hurdle in their commercialization. If they are made
more efficient society will adopt them easily.
low 24 22.00 528.00
moderate 22 25.14 553.00
I:Creation of Business Incubators [places providing business
management help] is the main source to encourage new firms
in the field of RET (STT).
low 24 23.75 570.00
moderate 22 23.23 511.00
S:Creation of Business Incubators [places providing business
management help] is the main source to encourage new firms
in the field of RET (STT).
low 24 22.46 539.00
moderate 22 24.64 542.00
116
Statement
(S-Societal)
S:Resource
mobilization
for RET
(STT) can be
done through
change and
increase in
quality of
human
resources.
I:Increase
of capital
volume
may
increase
resource
mobilizat-
ion for
RET
(STT).
S:Increase
of capital
volume
may
increase
resource
mobilizat-
ion for
RET
(STT).
I:Increase
in Seed
and
Venture
Capital
[Funds for
startup
Firms and
Business],
also
increases
potential
for
resource
mobilizati
on for
RET
(STT).
S:Increase
in Seed
and
Venture
Capital
[Funds for
startup
Firms and
Business],
also
increases
potential
for
resource
mobilizati
on for
RET
(STT).
I:Resource
mobilizati
on for
RET
(STT) can
be done
through
change
and
increase in
quality of
human
resources.
S:Resource
mobilizatio
n for RET
(STT) can
be done
through
change and
increase in
quality of
human
resources.
I:Change
in
complem
entary
Assets
(Products,
Services,
Work
Infrastruct
ure etc)
increases
resource
mobilizati
on for
RET
(STT).
S:Change
in
compleme
ntary
Assets
(Products,
Services,
Work
Infrastruct
ure etc)
increases
resource
mobilizati
on for
RET
(STT).
I:Lack of
efficiency
in
technolog
ies of
RET
(STT) is
the main
hurdle in
their
commerci
alization.
If they are
made
more
efficient
society
will adopt
them
easily.
S:Lack of
efficiency
in
technolog
ies of
RET
(STT) is
the main
hurdle in
their
commerci
alization.
If they are
made
more
efficient
society
will adopt
them
easily.
I:Creation
of
Business
Incubator
s [places
providing
business
managem
ent help]
is the
main
source to
encourage
new firms
in the
field of
RET
(STT).
S:Creation
of
Business
Incubators
[places
providing
business
managem
ent help] is
the main
source to
encourage
new firms
in the field
of RET
(STT).
Pearson
Correlat
ion
.168 .876 .062 .804 -.095 1 .189 .889 .035 .331 -.065 .459
Sig. (2-
tailed) .263 .000 .681 .000 .529 .209 .000 .819 .025 .668 .001
Table.6.9 Correlation
117
6.2.3 Introduction of Household Services to Masses through RETs/STTs
The analyst needs to assess what phase the market is in (nursing, bridging,
mature), who the users are and what their purchasing processes look like, whether the
demand profile has been clearly articulated and by whom, if there are institutional stimuli
for market formation or if institutional change is needed Bergek et al (2008). In order to
further understand the MTED in Sindh for RETs/STTs, the researcher also felt the need
to investigate RETs/STTs markets in Sindh. Through our earlier research the basic
structural components of markets are already investigated by identifying its major
stakeholders, institutes, sectors and their respective awareness level. Therefore it is
assumed that the Sindh’s MTED can be considered as a “Shadow TIS”. Since, the market
is in very early stage or in “nursing phase” due to very few people are aware about these
technologies.
(Kemp 2009) further suggested that in “nursing phase” market began to open up
to learn about new technologies. Therefore following questions (table 6.10) are framed to
investigate the in-depth structure of market formation in Sindh for RETs/STTs. These
questions mainly structured to identify the demand and purchasing trends of STTs,
customers preferences and the actions required to make these devices more successful in
Sindh. Thus in Sindh’s context on the basis of data collected from stakeholders various
hypothesis tested and proved are discussed below:
118
Table 6.10: (Introduction of Household Services to Masses through RETs/STTs)
Level of Agreement
(Individual Perception)
Highly Agree Not Agree
5 4 3 2 1
Statements
1. Do you think there is a scope of Renewable Energy Technologies (RET) in our
society?
2. RET can improve economic conditions, remove poverty in Sindh.
3. The problem of water purification/cleaning can be solved through Solar
Desalination
4. Solar Geysers can provide suitable options for water heating
5. The solar stove (Cookers) is an ideal way for Cooking of food in off grid areas
6. Food/vegetables drying provide much economic up-gradation opportunities
through solar dehydrators.
7. The solar dehydrators can be efficiently used for dates drying
8. The solar dehydrators can be efficiently used for chilies drying
9. The solar dehydrators can be efficiently used for Rose petals/Spinach /Onions/
tomato etc drying
10. After sales service for STT is essential for their commercialization. If it is
provided society may greatly adopt STTs.
11. STTs can easily be diffused in society, if it contains more applications other then
water purification, heating, cooking and drying.
12. STT can improve economic conditions, remove poverty in Sindh.
13. The shortfall of electricity can be removed through RE.
14. The cooling systems of buildings can be done through RE.
15. High cost of RET (STT) brings hurdle in their diffusion. Is society ready to pay
more for these technologies?
16. A major cause for almost no diffusion of RE/ST is unawareness regarding their
utilization. If society becomes more aware it can be benefited more from these
technologies.
17. Lack of Incentives / Disincentives from Govt. do make hurdles for the diffusion
of RET (STT).
18. RETs (STTs) successful diffusion will occurs when more general applications of
these technologies will emerge.
19. Operational Complexities [Difficulties in operation] affected the diffusion rate of
RET (STT) in society.
20. Customization [availability of tailor-made technologies] best suiting the needs of
individual customer is a key to improve the scenario for RET (STT) applications.
119
H3. High Cost is the Main Hurdle for Diffusion of RE & its Technologies
During our previous interaction with MTED stakeholders in pilot field study and
surveys conducting for primary framework it is identified that in Sindh, it is a common
perception that RETs including STTs technologies not only involves huge investments
but are also costly in nature. This perception creation lies in the fact that the first
awareness common people acquires in the area of RETs is concerned with photovoltaic
(PV) technologies being utilized for electricity generation. In absence of subsidies the
cost of PV technologies are on higher side. Therefore the first perception developed by
the common people of Sindh regarding these technologies is that they are costlier to
purchase and adopt. Creation of such perception hampered the diffusion of these
technologies in Sindh. However, in reality STTs does not involve PV and are much
cheaper. They can be manufactured locally. Implementation of technology subside
increase the national contribution to early deployment, independent of the level of
spillover (Thomas; 2010). In order to prove the above assumption that somehow the
higher cost perception for RETs/STTs is related with the low level of awareness attempts
are made to test the hypothesis “High cost is the main hurdle for diffusion of RE & its
technologies”.
Therefore according to Mann-Whitney U Statistics test (table 6.11) the
relationship between the awareness level and negative perception regarding the cost of
RETs/STTs is significantly different for each level of awareness (at the significant level
of 0.001). It is evident that the mean rank for each level of awareness, the level of
agreement (societal perception) with the statement that cost of RETs/STTs is the main
hurdles in their diffusion/commercialization is considered highly significant by the low
group as compared to moderate group. For this hypothesis the (table 6.12) precisely
represented as table 6.12 (a).
120
Table 6.12(a) Lower the Awareness, Higher the Negative Perception regarding Cost
of RETs/STTs.
Statement
( Societal Perception)
Low Moderate
High cost of RET (STT) is the main hurdle in their
diffusion.
28.08 18.50
(Significant level) 0.001
In this context the null hypothesis is rejected. It is concluded that lower the level
of awareness, higher the perception that the cost of RETs/STTs is the main hurdles for
diffusion of these technologies. Increase in awareness, thus changes this perception. Once
the awareness increases, then moderate group thinks that there are other problems such as
policy absence/irregularities, lack of focus of institutes on RETs/STTs etc) contributes to
low diffusion of these technologies. There also exists a negative relationship between the
cost of RETs/STTs with other factors. Table 6.13 (a), reproves the above discussion that
currently as per stakeholder’s societal perceptions RETs/STTs are not in position to
remove poverty in Sindh. Since the stakeholders are not visualizing any chance that
government can provides the incentives to boost these technologies, which generate
economic upgradation opportunities to alleviate poverty.
Table.6.13 (a) Correlation
Statement( Societal
Perception) Individual Perception
High cost of RET (STT) is the
main hurdle in their diffusion
STT can improve
economic conditions,
remove poverty in
Sindh
Diffusion of RETs (STTs)
depends upon Incentives /
Disincentives from Govt.
- 0.153 - 0.23
121
From above hypothesis, the earlier research assumption that low awareness
towards RETs/STTs makes pessimistic perception regarding these technologies is also
proved. To further check this assumption following hypothesis is developed and tested.
H3(a) . The rate of successful diffusion of RETs/STTs increases with the introduction
of household RETs/STTs applications.
In order to identify that increase in awareness creates optimistic opinion regarding
successful diffusion of RETs/STTs in Sindh to alleviate poverty a question i-e
“Renewable Energy Technologies (RET) can be successfully diffused in our society?” is
framed to test the above hypothesis.
According to Mann-Whitney U Statistics test (table 6.11) the relationship between
the awareness level and creation of optimistic perception regarding the successful
diffusion of RETs/STTs is significantly different for each level of awareness (at the
significant level of 0.002). It is evident (table 6.12(b)) that the mean rank for each level
of awareness is higher for the moderate group as compared to low group. As the level of
agreement is in terms of societal perception, it represents that the higher aware group is
more optimistic for RETs/STTs diffusion. Whereas, the low aware appeared to be
pessimistic.
Table: 6.12 (b) Increase in Awareness, Creating Optimistic Opinion towards
RETs/STTs
Statement
(Societal perception)
Awareness
level
Mean
Rank
Sum of
Ranks
Renewable Energy Technologies (RET) can be
successfully diffused in our society?
Low 18.42 442.00
moderate 29.05 639.00
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)0.002
Therefore the null hypothesis is accepted. It is concluded that increase in
awareness certainly creates positive thinking for the capabilities of RETs/STTs to be
diffuse in Sindh to alleviate poverty by generating economic up-gradation opportunities
122
to common people. However, this could be achieved only when more efficient household
energy related applications such as heating and cooling will be fulfilled through
RETs/STTs. Currently as per correlation table 6.13(b), there exists a negative relationship
between the successful diffusion of RETs with the huge demand of fulfilling electricity
and cooling requirements of the building. It is due to absence of government incentives.
Therefore fewer chances are available to achieve these two objectives through
RETs/STTs. Thus in order to make RETs/STTs more viable in Sindh, house hold energy
needs of cooling and heating should be fulfilled through these technologies. In this
context more R&D and government interest needed to be diverted in this direction.
Table. 6.13 (b). Correlation
S: Renewable Energy
Technologies (RET)
can be successfully
diffused in our society?
I: The
shortfall
of
electricity
can be
removed
through
RE.
S: The
shortfall
of
electricity
can be
removed
through
RE.
I: The
cooling
systems
of
buildings
can be
done
through
RE.
I: Diffusion
of RET
(STT)
depends
upon
Incentives /
Disincentives
from Govt.
Pearson
Correlation -.141 -.026 -.003 -.348
Sig.
(2-tailed) .351 .863 .984 .018
However, since as per negative correlation between RETs/STTs and provision of
economic upgradation opportunities to alleviate poverty following hypothesis is
developed and tested.
H3 (b). To alleviate poverty through RETs/STTs is a difficult task to achieve in Sindh
In previous hypothesis attempts are made to determine the overall acceptance of
RETs/STTs in Sindh. Now in order to precisely investigate the assumption that
123
“RETs/STTs can improve economic conditions and can remove poverty in Sindh” the
above hypothesis is tested on the data collected from stakeholder.
According to Mann-Whitney U Statistics test (table 6.11) the relationship between
the awareness level and agreement with the capabilities of RETs/STTs that they can
improve economic condition and remove poverty in Sindh. It is significantly different for
Individual perceptions (at the significant level of 0.007) and insignificantly indifferent for
societal perception (at the significant level of 0.925). This trend is shown in table 6.12(c).
At the individual level the moderate group is much more optimistic that RETs/STTs can
improve economic conditions by removing poverty as compared to low group of
stakeholders. In societal perceptions both the low and moderate group surprisingly
possess equal level of agreement, which shows that they are visualizing the equal
challenges for RETs/STTs if they have to produce any impact in generating economic
and poverty alleviations opportunities.
Table: 6.12(c) Awareness Level Vs Stakeholder’s Perceptions
Statement
Awareness
Level
Nos. of
stakeholders
Low
Mean
Rank
Moderate
Mean
Rank
Individual
Perception
RETs/STTs can
improve
economic
conditions,
remove poverty
in Sindh.
low 24 18.79 451.00
moderate 22 28.64 630.00
Asymp. Sig.
(2-tailed) .007
Societal
Perception:
RETs/STTs can
improve
economic
conditions,
remove poverty
in Sindh.
low 24 23.33 560.00
moderate 22 23.68 521.00
Asymp. Sig.
(2-tailed) 0.925
124
Therefore the null hypothesis is rejected for individual perspective and accepted
for societal perspective. Hence, it is concluded that practically despite of much scope of
RETs/STTs in Sindh, there is less hope in Sindh that RETs/STTs can reduce poverty in
current circumstances. This fact becomes clearer through correlation. It shows a negative
relationship between the opinion that RETs/STTs can reduce poverty and bring economic
up-gradation opportunities to common people with other factors as shown in (Table. 6.13
(c). As per this table, the negative perception is mainly concerned with the fact that due to
low awareness common people are not much satisfy with the application of STTs in
fulfilling their day to day problems related with provision of energy such as electricity
generation and cooling of building in summer season. Whereas, on the other hand
absence of incentives for RETs/STTs, makes the situation even more worst. The same is
already supported by the hypothesis H3 and H3(i).
H3(c) Among the STTs identified, solar dehydrator possesses least economic up-
gradation and poverty alleviation capabilities for food/ vegetable drying
In primary frameworks survey it is identified that low aware stakeholders are not
aware regarding the potentials of solar dehydrators. Therefore further efforts are taken to
identify “what are those STTs devices that common people has least explored”. A
question “Food/vegetables drying provide much economic up-gradation opportunities
through solar dehydrators” is being asked from the stakeholder in low and moderate
group. The main reason for making this assumption is that solar dehydrators are the least
explored STT devices by masses. Therefore on the basis of data collected following trend
are emerged (table 6.12 (d).
Table: 6.12 (d) Solar Dehydrators Least Explored Devices
Statement
( Individual Perception)
Awareness
Level
Mean
Rank
Sum of
Ranks
I: Food/vegetables drying provide much economic
up-gradation opportunities through solar
Low 16.75 402.00
Moderate 30.86 679.00
125
dehydrators. Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000
Statement
( Societal Perception)
Awareness
level
Mean
Rank Sum of
Ranks
S: Food/vegetables drying provide much economic
up-gradation opportunities through solar
dehydrators.
Low 19.83 476.00
Moderate 27.50 605.00
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) 0.026
According to Mann-Whitney U Statistics test (table 6.11) the relationship between
levels of awareness and awareness towards the capabilities of solar dehydrators to
produce economic up-gradation opportunities is significantly different for Individual
perception (at the significant level of 0.000) and societal perception (at the significant
level of 0.026). In terms of awareness at the individual and societal level the moderate
group is much more aware for solar dehydrators that it can creates opportunities of
economic up-gradation through food and vegetable drying. Whereas, the stakeholders of
low awareness does not agreed with this statement. This then proves the assumption that
solar dehydrators are the least explored devices among low awareness people. The same
trend is also true for community people living in Sindh as well.
Therefore the null hypothesis is rejected. It is concluded that solar dehydrators are
least explored by masses. Thus common people are not aware with their economic potential
to be achieved through food and vegetable drying. The same hypothesis is also true for solar
dehydrators utilization for i) Fresh date palm drying (table 6.12 (e) ii) Fresh Chilies Drying
(table 6.12 (f)) ii) Fresh Rose Petals/Spinach/tomato drying (table 6.12 (g))
Table: 6.12 (e) Solar Dehydrators for Dates Drying
Statement Response Type Low Moderate
Solar dehydrators can be efficiently used for
dates drying
Individual
(Significant level)
0.000
17.00 30.59
Societal 19.83 27.50
126
(Significant level)
0.026
Table: 6.12 (f) Solar Dehydrators for Chilies Drying
Statement Response Type Low Moderate
Solar dehydrators can be efficiently used for
chilies drying
Individual
(Significant Level)
0.000
17.50 30.05
Societal
(Significant Level)
0.026
19.83 27.50
Table: 6.12 (g) Solar Dehydrators for Rose Petals/Spinach /Onions/ Tomato etc Drying
Statement Response Type Low Moderate
Solar dehydrators can be efficiently used for
Rose petals/Spinach /Onions/ tomato etc
drying
Individual
(Significant Level)
0.000
17.08 30.50
Societal
(Significant Level)
0.028
19.79 27.55
However, in order to prove our assumption that electricity generation is the most
common application of RETs, as identified in primary framework survey. The question
“Shortfall of electricity can be removed through RE is the most common application
of RETs” is also being investigated from the stakeholders. The response received (table
6.12 (h)) proved the same assumption as appeared in primary survey that electricity
generation is most common application in low awareness stakeholders since the mean
rank of low aware group as compared to moderate group is much higher.
Table: 6.12 (h) RETS and Electricity Generation
Statement Response Type Low Moderate
The shortfall of electricity can be removed
through RE.
Individual
(Significant Level)
0.000
30.15 16.25
127
Societal
(Significant Level)
0.001
21.63 16.82
128
Table: 6.11 Mann Whitney (Significance)
I:Renewabl
e Energy
Technologi
es (RET)
can be
successfully
diffused in
our society?
S:Renewab
le Energy
Technologi
es (RET)
can be
successfully
diffused in
our society?
I:RET can
improve
economic
conditions,
remove
poverty in
Sindh.
S:RET can
improve
economic
conditions,
remove
poverty in
Sindh.
I:The
problem of
water
purification/
cleaning can
be solved
through
Solar
Desalination
S:The
problem of
water
purification/
cleaning can
be solved
through
Solar
Desalination
I:Solar
Geysers
can
provide
suitable
options for
water
heating
S:Solar
Geysers
can
provide
suitable
options for
water
heating
I:Solar
stoves
(Cookers)
can be an
ideal way
for
Cooking
of food in
off grid
areas
S:Solar
stoves
(Cookers)
can be an
ideal way
for
Cooking
of food in
off grid
areas
I:Food/veget
ables drying
provide
much
economic
up-gradation
opportunitie
s through
solar
dehydrators.
S:Food/vege
tables drying
provide
much
economic
up-gradation
opportunitie
s through
solar
dehydrators.
Mann-
Whitney
U
245.500 142.000 151.000 260.000 256.000 220.000 129.500 198.500 194.000 222.000 102.000 176.000
Asymp.
Sig.
(2-tailed)
.596 .002 .007 .925 .845 .286 .001 .093 .091 .291 .000 .026
I:Solar
dehydrators
can be
efficiently
used for dates
drying
S:Solar
dehydrators
can be
efficiently
used for dates
drying
I:Solar
dehydrators
can be
efficiently
used for
chilies drying
S:Solar
dehydrators
can be
efficiently
used for
chilies drying
I:Solar
dehydrators
can be
efficiently
used for Rose
petals/Spinac
h /Onions/
tomato etc
drying
S:Solar
dehydrators
can be
efficiently
used for Rose
petals/Spinac
h /Onions/
tomato etc
drying
I:After sales
service for
STT is
essential for
their
commercializ
ation. If it is
provided
society may
greatly adopt
STTs.
S:After sales
service for
STT is
essential for
their
commercializ
ation. If it is
provided
society may
greatly adopt
STTs.
I:STTs can
easily be
diffused in
society, if it
contains
more
applications
other then
water
purification,
heating,
cooking and
drying.
S:STTs can
easily be
diffused in
society, if it
contains
more
applications
other then
water
purification,
heating,
cooking and
drying.
Mann-
Whitney U 108.000 176.000 120.000 176.000 110.000 175.000 214.000 205.500 239.500 191.000
Asymp. Sig.
(2-tailed) .000 .026 .000 .026 .000 .028 .176 .172 .553 .089
129
Table: 6.11 Mann Whitney (Significance) Continue
I: STT can
improve
economic
conditions,
remove
poverty in
Sindh.
S:STT can
improve
economic
conditions,
remove
poverty in
Sindh.
I:The
shortfall of
electricity can
be removed
through RE.
S:The
shortfall
of
electricity
can be
removed
through
RE.
I:The
cooling
systems
of
buildings
can be
done
through
RE.
S:The
cooling
systems
of
buildings
can be
done
through
RE.
I:High cost of
RET (STT)
brings hurdle
in their
diffusion. Is
society ready
to pay more
for these
technologies?
S:High cost
of RET (STT)
brings hurdle
in their
diffusion. Is
society ready
to pay more
for these
technologies?
I:A major cause
for almost no
diffusion of
RE/ST is
unawareness
regarding their
utilization. If
society becomes
more aware it can
be benefited more
from these
technologies.
S:A major cause
for almost no
diffusion of RE/ST
is unawareness
regarding their
utilization. If
society becomes
more aware it can
be benefited more
from these
technologies.
Mann-
Whitney U 187.000 241.500 104.500 117.000 197.500 141.000 226.000 154.000 198.500 199.000
Asymp. Sig.
(2-tailed) .036 .576 .000 .001 .058 .003 .300 .010 .101 .105
I:Difussion of
RET (STT)
depends upon
Incentives /
Disincentives
from Govt.
S:Difussion of
RET (STT)
depends upon
Incentives /
Disincentives
from Govt.
I:RETs (STTs)
successful
diffusion will
occurs when
more general
applications of
these
technologies
will emerge.
S:RETs (STTs)
successful
diffusion will
occurs when
more general
applications of
these
technologies
will emerge.
I:Perception
regarding
operational
complexities
[Difficulties in
operation]
effected the
diffusion rate
of RET (STT)
in society.
S:Perception
regarding
operational
complexities
[Difficulties in
operation]
effected the
diffusion rate of
RET (STT) in
society.
I:Customization
[availability of
tailor-made
technologies] best
suiting the needs of
individual
customer is a key
to improve the
scenario for RET
(STT) applications.
M:Customization
[availability of
tailor-made
technologies] best
suiting the needs of
individual customer
is a key to improve
the scenario for RET
(STT) applications.
Mann-Whitney
U 251.000 259.000 241.000 239.000 255.000 249.000 245.000 243.000
Asymp. Sig. (2-
tailed) .738 .905 .569 .548 .822 .720 .648 .613
130
Table: 6.12 Mann Whitney (Mean Rank)
Statements Awareness
Level N
Mean
Rank
Sum
of
Ranks
I:Renewable Energy Technologies (RET) can be successfully
diffused in our society?
low 24 22.73 545.50
moderate 22 24.34 535.50
S:Renewable Energy Technologies (RET) can be successfully
diffused in our society?
low 24 18.42 442.00
moderate 22 29.05 639.00
I:RET can improve economic conditions, remove poverty in
Sindh.
low 24 18.79 451.00
moderate 22 28.64 630.00
S:RET can improve economic conditions, remove poverty in
Sindh.
low 24 23.33 560.00
moderate 22 23.68 521.00
I:The problem of water purification/cleaning can be solved
through Solar Desalination
low 24 23.83 572.00
moderate 22 23.14 509.00
S:The problem of water purification/cleaning can be solved
through Solar Desalination
Low 24 25.33 608.00
moderate 22 21.50 473.00
I:Solar Geysers can provide suitable options for water heating low 24 17.90 429.50
moderate 22 29.61 651.50
S:Solar Geysers can provide suitable options for water
heating
low 24 20.77 498.50
moderate 22 26.48 582.50
I:Solar stoves (Cookers) can be an ideal way for Cooking of
food in off grid areas
low 24 20.58 494.00
moderate 22 26.68 587.00
S:Solar stoves (Cookers) can be an ideal way for Cooking of
food in off grid areas
low 24 21.75 522.00
moderate 22 25.41 559.00
I:Food/vegetables drying provide much economic up-
gradation opportunities through solar dehydrators.
low 24 16.75 402.00
moderate 22 30.86 679.00
`S:Food/vegetables drying provide much economic up-
gradation opportunities through solar dehydrators.
low 24 19.83 476.00
moderate 22 27.50 605.00
I:Solar dehydrators can be efficiently used for dates drying low 24 17.00 408.00
moderate 22 30.59 673.00
S:Solar dehydrators can be efficiently used for dates drying low 24 19.83 476.00
moderate 22 27.50 605.00
I:Solar dehydrators can be efficiently used for chilies drying low 24 17.50 420.00
moderate 22 30.05 661.00
S:Solar dehydrators can be efficiently used for chilies drying low 24 19.83 476.00
moderate 22 27.50 605.00
I:Solar dehydrators can be efficiently used for Rose
petals/Spinach /Onions/ tomato etc drying
low 24 17.08 410.00
moderate 22 30.50 671.00
S:Solar dehydrators can be efficiently used for Rose
petals/Spinach /Onions/ tomato etc drying
low 24 19.79 475.00
moderate 22 27.55 606.00
I:After sales service for STT is essential for their
commercialization. If it is provided society may greatly adopt
STTs.
low 24 21.42 514.00
moderate 22 25.77 567.00
131
Table: 6.12 Mann Whitney (Mean Rank) Continue
Statements Awareness
Level N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks
S:After sales service for STT is
essential for their commercialization.
If it is provided society may greatly
adopt STTs.
low 24 21.06 505.50
moderate 22 26.16 575.50
I:STTs can easily be diffused in
society, if it contains more applications
other then water purification, heating,
cooking and drying.
low 24 24.52 588.50
moderate 22 22.39 492.50
S:STTs can easily be diffused in
society, if it contains more applications
other then water purification, heating,
cooking and drying.
low 24 20.46 491.00
moderate 22 26.82 590.00
I:STT can improve economic
conditions, remove poverty in Sindh.
low 24 20.29 487.00
moderate 22 27.00 594.00
S:STT can improve economic
conditions, remove poverty in Sindh.
low 24 22.56 541.50
moderate 22 24.52 539.50
I:The shortfall of electricity can be
removed through RE.
low 24 30.15 723.50
moderate 22 16.25 357.50
S:The shortfall of electricity can be
removed through RE.
low 24 29.63 711.00
moderate 22 16.82 370.00
I:The cooling systems of buildings can
be done through RE.
low 24 26.27 630.50
moderate 22 20.48 450.50
S:The cooling systems of buildings can
be done through RE.
low 24 28.63 687.00
moderate 22 17.91 394.00
I:High cost of RET (STT) brings
hurdle in their diffusion. Is society
ready to pay more for these
technologies?
low 24 25.08 602.00
moderate 22 21.77 479.00
S:High cost of RET (STT) brings
hurdle in their diffusion. Is society
ready to pay more for these
technologies?
low 24 28.08 674.00
moderate 22 18.50 407.00
I:A major cause for almost no
diffusion of RE/ST is unawareness
regarding their utilization. If society
becomes more aware it can be
benefited more from these
technologies.
low 24 26.23 629.50
moderate 22 20.52 451.50
132
Table: 6.12 Mann Whitney (Mean Rank) Continue
Statements Awareness
Level N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks
S:A major cause for almost no
diffusion of RE/ST is unawareness
regarding their utilization. If society
becomes more aware it can be
benefited more from these
technologies.
low 24 20.79 499.00
moderate 22 26.45 582.00
I:Difussion of RET (STT) depends
upon Incentives / Disincentives from
Govt.
low 24 22.96 551.00
moderate 22 24.09 530.00
S:Difussion of RET (STT) depends
upon Incentives / Disincentives from
Govt.
low 24 23.71 569.00
moderate 22 23.27 512.00
I:RETs (STTs) successful diffusion
will occurs when more general
applications of these technologies will
emerge.
low 24 24.46 587.00
moderate 22 22.45 494.00
S:RETs (STTs) successful diffusion
will occurs when more general
applications of these technologies will
emerge.
low 24 22.46 539.00
moderate 22 24.64 542.00
I:Perception regarding operational
complexities [Difficulties in operation]
effected the diffusion rate of RET
(STT) in society.
low 24 23.88 573.00
moderate 22 23.09 508.00
S:Perception regarding operational
complexities [Difficulties in operation]
effected the diffusion rate of RET
(STT) in society.
low 24 24.13 579.00
moderate 22 22.82 502.00
I:Customization [availability of tailor-
made technologies] best suiting the
needs of individual customer is a key
to improve the scenario for RET (STT)
applications.
low 24 24.29 583.00
moderate 22 22.64 498.00
M:Customization [availability of
tailor-made technologies] best suiting
the needs of individual customer is a
key to improve the scenario for RET
(STT) applications.
low 24 24.38 585.00
moderate 22 22.55 496.00
133
Table 6.13 (c) Correlation
S:The
problem of
water
purification/
cleaning can
be solved
through
Solar
Desalination
I:Solar
Geysers can
provide
suitable
options for
water
heating
I:Food/veget
ables drying
provide
much
economic
up-gradation
opportunitie
s through
solar
dehydrators.
S:Food/vege
tables drying
provide
much
economic
up-gradation
opportunitie
s through
solar
dehydrators.
I:The
shortfall of
electricity
can be
removed
through
RE.
S:The
shortfall of
electricity
can be
removed
through
RE.
I:The
cooling
systems of
buildings
can be
done
through
RE.
S:The
cooling
systems of
buildings
can be
done
through
RE.
S:High cost
of RET
(STT)
brings
hurdle in
their
diffusion. Is
society
ready to pay
more for
these
technologies
?
I:Difussion
of RET
(STT)
depends
upon Ince-
ntive /
Disincentiv
es from
Govt.
I:RETs
(STTs)
successful
diffusion
will occurs
when more
general
applications
of these
technologies
will emerge.
I:Perce-ption
regarding
operational
complexities
[Difficulties
in operation]
effected the
diffusion rate
of RET
(STT) in
society.
I:RET
can
improve
economi
c
condition
s,
remove
poverty
in Sindh.
Pearson
Correlati
on
-.110 .392 .429 -.010 -.280 -.222 -.235 -.302 -.067 -.122 -.004 -.030
Sig. (2-
tailed) .467 .007 .003 .945 .059 .137 .115 .041 .659 .420 .978 .843
S:RET
can
improve
economi
c
condition
s,
remove
poverty
in Sindh.
Pearson
Correlati
on
.430 -.120 -.026 .633 .092 .380 .128 .406 .334 -.407 .167 .109
Sig. (2-
tailed) .003 .428 .866 .000 .543 .009 .398 .005 .023 .005 .266 .470
134
6.2.4 Availability and Alignment of public Policies Prompting Renewable
Energy
Bergek et al (2008) investigated the importance of legitimation needed for the
introduction of new technology in a society and suggested that ….. Mapping the
functional dynamics of “legitimation” includes analyzing both the legitimacy of the
TIS in the eyes of various relevant actors and stakeholders. But in case of Sindh‘s
shadow TIS, the functional parameter of legitimation is investigated on the basis of
very initial grounds such as the availability of RE policies or identification of any
component of other policies having RE component. Therefore in Sindh’s context to
identify the ligitimation status of RETs/STTs policies and their adoptability various
hypothesis are tested and proved, which are discussed below:
H4: Availability of RE policies on regular basis is a vital tool, to alleviate poverty by
generating economic opportunities through RETs/STTs.
Fuss et al (2009) identifies some of the uncertainties in the shape of future
economic growth chances with respect to technology adoption (technological
progress) mainly concerning with the cost etc. Similarly in Sindh’s shadow TIS
having no standard foundation/structure for new technology adoption. Much more
uncertainties are associated with the introduction of new technologies. These
uncertainties increase when innovative approaches for technology utilization are
being considered to achieve certain tasks such as poverty alleviation. This scenario
mainly generated by the irregularity of public policies in Pakistan at both the national
and provincial level. When only two national S&T policies (1984 & 2012), one
national technology policy (1993) and only one national RE policy (2006) are not
enough to achieve above said task. Whereas, no such policies are even introduced by
the provincial government. However, the major initiatives taken for RETs utilization
e.g.: electricity generation at Gharo, (Thatta, Sindh) through wind is being criticized
by the local community. The community people consider it as a stunt to grab their
land. Policies like economic, poverty alleviation does not yields productive results in
Sindh as they are lacking to include RETs/STTs as a tool to remove poverty and to
achieve economic up gradation success since …… the effectiveness of policy is
stronger if it is combine with another one (Charlier et al 2012). Therefore the above
discussion represents a confused picture in terms of ligitimation/ policies status of
Sindh concerning with the diffusion of RETs/STTs. Therefore following survey
135
questions are framed to make the picture some more clear. It is important to mention
here that these questions (table 6.14) are developed on the basis of earlier research
learning through primary framework.
Table 6.14: Policies
Level of Agreement
(Respondent Possess)
Highly Agree Not Agree
5 4 3 2 1
Statements
1. Availability of RE policies on regular basis affects the
commercialization/diffusion of RET.
2. In order to promote RET/STT all other policies [Education, S&T etc] may also
contain some components of RE.
3. Should Sindh Govt. also launch its own policies for promotion of RE on
regular basis.
4. Political parties must have their own think tanks which works on innovative
ideas such as poverty alleviation through utilization of technologies etc
5. Govt. /Politicians needed to be much sincere in policy formulation for utilizing
RET/STT as a tool for poverty alleviation and economic up gradation.
6. What do you foresee in coming 10 years that the rate of poverty will be
reduced greatly, keeping in view the current policy practices.
Therefore according to Mann-Whitney U Statistics test (table 6.15) conducted
for comparison of 2-independent samples the availability of RE policies on regular
basis are not significantly different from each other at the significant level of (0.05).
This approach is utilized for individual and societal perspectives for low and moderate
group. Therefore the null hypothesis is accepted. Hence, it is concluded that
availability of RE policies on regular basis at national (Pakistan) and regional (Sindh)
level is a vital tool. This can efficiently produce economic opportunities and
ultimately resulting in poverty reduction. Thus the above hypothesis proves the same
thing which the researcher noticed in pilot field study that absence of RE policies on
regular basis is the major cause for low awareness towards RETs. Poor networking
among various organizations due to regular RE policy intervention are among few
136
reasons responsible for ‘shadow TIS’. In this manner Sindh’s weak MTED is the
outcome. This trend regarding the poor performance of MTED in Sindh further
verified through the correlation test performed for the survey question i-e “Should
Sindh Govt. also launch its own policies for promotion of RE on regular basis”. It
shows the positive relationship amongst all the questions except the two statements i-e
(i) Availability of RE policies on regular basis affects the commercialization/diffusion
of RET and (ii) In order to promote RET/STT all other policies [Education, S&T etc]
may also contain some components of RE. This negative relationship shows the
severity of ligitimation problems, which occurs for the application of RE based
technologies. These problems emerged due to unavailability of RE policies on regular
basis.
The descriptive statistics (table 6.17) represents the major emphasis as per
combine mean ranks of individual and Societal Perspectives. According to this table
the major emphasis in terms of individual perception is upon the inclusion of RE
based components in other national/regional policies (4.9), followed by the need to
introduce provincial RE policies by Sindh government (4.76), role of think tanks in
promoting policy practices to work on innovative ideas such as the task to achieve
poverty alleviation through technologies (4.46) and so on. Similarly, the major
emphasis as per societal perception is the availability of RE policies on regular basis
at first and foremost place (2.78) followed by the need to introduce provincial RE
policies by Sindh government (2.70), inclusion of RE based components in other
national/regional policies (2.63) and so on.
It is also quite visible that the mean average rank of societal perception is
almost half of the value of individual perception. This shows that as per mean value at
the individual level, the stakeholders are almost half optimistic regarding the
availability of RE based technologies as compared to societal perspective. On the
basis of main hypothesis, one more sub- hypothesis also proved and tested, which is
discussed in details below:
137
H4 (a). Lower the Awareness Level, Higher the Dependency on Government’s Role
in Achieving RETs/STTs Successful Diffusion.
The energy policy decisions today will influence the environmental, social and
economic situations of country for decades to come (Ruble 2011). In primary
framework attempts are made to investigate the dynamics of RETs/STTs to identify
their impacts in producing economic opportunities at the grass root level of the
society. The low or no impact regarding the usage of RETs/ STTs, is due to the
stakeholder’s higher dependency on government in diffusion of these technologies.
Thus to investigate the same a question i-e “Govt. /Politicians needed to be much
sincere in policy formulation for utilizing RET/STT as a tool for poverty
alleviation and economic up gradation” is precisely framed. This statement is
further tested on the basis of hypothesis i-e Lower the awareness level, higher the
emphasis on government’s role in achieving RETs success to alleviate poverty
through policies.
Therefore according to Mann-Whitney U Statistics test (table 6.15) the
relationship between the awareness level and role of government in diffusion of
RETs/STTs is significantly different for each level of awareness. It is evident from the
mean rank (table 6.18) that the role of government in diffusion of RETs/STTs is
considered highly significant by the lower group as compared to moderate group in
both the individual and societal perspectives. For this hypothesis the (table 6.18) is
precisely restructured as (table 6.18(a)).
Table 6.18(a) Lower the Awareness, Higher the Emphasis on Government Role
Statement
(I: Individual Perception S: Societal perception)
Awareness
level N
Mean
Rank
I:Govt. /Politicians needed to be much sincere in
policy formulation for utilizing RET/STT as a tool
for poverty alleviation and economic up gradation.
Low 24 27.50
Moderate 22 19.14
Asymp. Sig. (2-
tailed) .024
S:Govt. /Politicians needed to be much sincere in
policy formulation for utilizing RET/STT as a tool
for poverty alleviation and economic up gradation.
Low 24 28.21
Moderate 22 18.36
Asymp. Sig. (2-
tailed) .007
138
Therefore the null hypothesis is accepted. Thus it is concluded that the lower
the awareness level regarding RETs/STTs the higher the dependency on governmental
efforts to diffuse these technologies. As per standard deviation (table 6.17) it is
highest for the same statement i-e 0.958. It shows much variation in response
regarding realization of government’s role in successful diffusion of RETs/STTs. It is
because of the fact that since the moderate group is much aware, thus it thinks that the
wheel of Sindh’s MTED only able to move when all the other sectors apart from
government play their active part in achieving the said task. These other sectors
includes financial institutions, NGOs, Industry, farmers and academia as identified
through primary framework.
139
Table: 6.15 Mann-Whitney Test (significance)
I:Availabilit
y of RE
policies on
regular basis
affects the
commerciali
zation/diffus
ion of RET.
S:Availabilit
y of RE
policies on
regular basis
affects the
commerciali
zation/diffus
ion of RET.
I:In order to
promote
RET/STT all
other
policies
[Education,
S&T etc]
may also
contain
some
components
of RE.
S:In order to
promote
RET/STT all
other
policies
[Education,
S&T etc]
may also
contain
some
components
of RE.
I:Should
Sindh Govt.
also launch
its own
policies for
promotion of
RE on
regular
basis.
S:Should
Sindh Govt.
also launch
its own
policies for
promotion of
RE on
regular
basis.
I:Political
parties must
have their
own think
tanks which
works on
innovative
ideas such as
poverty
alleviation
through
utilization of
technologies
etc
S:Political
parties must
have their
own think
tanks which
works on
innovative
ideas such as
poverty
alleviation
through
utilization of
technologies
etc
I:Govt.
/Politicians
needed to be
much
sincere in
policy
formulation
for utilizing
RET/STT as
a tool for
poverty
alleviation
and
economic up
gradation.
S:Govt.
/Politicians
needed to be
much
sincere in
policy
formulation
for utilizing
RET/STT as
a tool for
poverty
alleviation
and
economic up
gradation.
Mann-
Whitney U
260.500 225.500 258.000 242.500 227.000 182.000 222.000 207.500 168.000 151.000
Asymp. Sig.
(2-tailed)
.932 .339 .882 .602 .131 .049 .181 .164 .024 .007
I:What do you foresee in coming 10
years that the rate of poverty will be
reduced greatly, keeping in view the
current policy practices.
S:What do you foresee in coming 10
years that the rate of poverty will be
reduced greatly, keeping in view the
current policy practices.
Mann-Whitney U 185.500 201.000
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .062 .140
140
Table: 6.16 Correlations
I:Availabili
ty of RE
policies on
regular
basis
affects the
commercial
ization/diff
usion of
RET.
S:Availabil
ity of RE
policies on
regular
basis
affects the
commercial
ization/diff
usion of
RET.
I:In order
to promote
RET/STT
all other
policies
[Education,
S&T etc]
may also
contain
some
component
s of RE.
S:In order
to promote
RET/STT
all other
policies
[Education,
S&T etc]
may also
contain
some
component
s of RE.
I:Should
Sindh
Govt. also
launch its
own
policies for
promotion
of RE on
regular
basis.
S:Should
Sindh
Govt. also
launch its
own
policies for
promotion
of RE on
regular
basis.
I:Political
parties must
have their
own think
tanks which
works on
innovative
ideas such as
poverty
alleviation
through
utilization of
technologies
etc
S:Political
parties must
have their
own think
tanks which
works on
innovative
ideas such as
poverty
alleviation
through
utilization of
technologies
etc
I:Should Sindh Govt.
also launch its own
policies for
promotion of RE on
regular basis.
Pearson
Correlation .511 -.010 .600 -.084 1 .223 .647 .034
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .949 .000 .578 .136 .000 .822
S:Should Sindh
Govt. also launch its
own policies for
promotion of RE on
regular basis.
Pearson
Correlation .063 .538 .200 .710 .223 1 .251 .724
Sig. (2-tailed) .680 .000 .183 .000 .136 .092 .000
I:Govt. /Politicians
needed to be much sincere
in policy formulation for
utilizing RET/STT as a
tool for poverty
alleviation and economic
up gradation.
S:Govt. /Politicians
needed to be much sincere
in policy formulation for
utilizing RET/STT as a
tool for poverty
alleviation and economic
up gradation.
I:What do you foresee in
coming 10 years that the
rate of poverty will be
reduced greatly, keeping
in view the current policy
practices.
S:What do you foresee in
coming 10 years that the
rate of poverty will be
reduced greatly, keeping
in view the current policy
practices.
I:Should Sindh Govt. also
launch its own policies for
promotion of RE on regular
basis.
Pearson
Correlation .117 .086 -.199 -.059
Sig. (2-
tailed) .439 .572 .184 .695
S:Should Sindh Govt. also
launch its own policies for
promotion of RE on regular
basis.
Pearson
Correlation .769 .828 .581 .672
Sig. (2-
tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000
141
Response Type Statements N Mean Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum
Ind
ivid
ua
l
I:In order to promote RET/STT all other
policies [Education, S&T etc] may also
contain some components of RE.
46 4.89 .622 3 5
I:Should Sindh Govt. also launch its own
policies for promotion of RE on regular basis. 46 4.76 .315 4 5
I:Political parties must have their own think
tanks which works on innovative ideas such as
poverty alleviation through utilization of
technologies etc
46 4.46 .524 3 5
I:Availability of RE policies on regular basis affects
the commercialization/diffusion of RET. 46 4.28 .886 2 5
I:Govt. /Politicians needed to be much sincere in
policy formulation for utilizing RET/STT as a tool
for poverty alleviation and economic up gradation.
46 2.72 .958 1 5
I:What do you foresee in coming 10 years that
the rate of poverty will be reduced greatly,
keeping in view the current policy practices.
46 2.54 .808 1 4
Response Type Statements N Mean Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum
So
ciet
al
S:Availability of RE policies on regular basis affects
the commercialization/diffusion of RET. 46 2.78 .629 2 4
S:Should Sindh Govt. also launch its own
policies for promotion of RE on regular basis. 46 2.70 .785 2 4
S:In order to promote RET/STT all other
policies [Education, S&T etc] may also
contain some components of RE.
46 2.63 .711 2 4
S:Govt. /Politicians needed to be much sincere in
policy formulation for utilizing RET/STT as a tool
for poverty alleviation and economic up gradation.
46 2.63 .951 1 4
S:Political parties must have their own think tanks
which works on innovative ideas such as poverty
alleviation through utilization of technologies etc
46 2.48 .809 1 5
S:What do you foresee in coming 10 years that
the rate of poverty will be reduced greatly,
keeping in view the current policy practices.
46 2.26 .828 1 4
Table: 6.17 Descriptive Statistics
142
I:Should Sindh Govt. also launch its own policies for
promotion of RE on regular basis.
low 24 25.04 601.00
moderate 22 21.82 480.00
S:Should Sindh Govt. also launch its own policies for
promotion of RE on regular basis.
low 24 26.92 646.00
moderate 22 19.77 435.00
I:Political parties must have their own think tanks
which works on innovative ideas such as poverty
alleviation through utilization of technologies etc
low 24 25.25 606.00
moderate 22 21.59 475.00
S:Political parties must have their own think tanks
which works on innovative ideas such as poverty
alleviation through utilization of technologies etc
low 24 25.85 620.50
moderate 22 20.93 460.50
I:Govt. /Politicians needed to be much sincere in
policy formulation for utilizing RET/STT as a tool
for poverty alleviation and economic up gradation.
low 24 27.50 660.00
moderate 22 19.14 421.00
S:Govt. /Politicians needed to be much sincere in
policy formulation for utilizing RET/STT as a tool
for poverty alleviation and economic up gradation.
low 24 28.21 677.00
moderate 22 18.36 404.00
I:What do you foresee in coming 10 years that the rate
of poverty will be reduced greatly, keeping in view the
current policy practices.
low 24 26.77 642.50
moderate 22 19.93 438.50
S:What do you foresee in coming 10 years that the rate of
poverty will be reduced greatly, keeping in view the current
policy practices.
low 24 26.13 627.00
moderate 22 20.64 454.00
Ranks
S-Societal I- Individual Awareness
level N
Mean
Rank
Sum of
Ranks
I:Availability of RE policies on regular basis affects the
commercialization/diffusion of RET.
low 24 23.35 560.50
moderate 22 23.66 520.50
S:Availability of RE policies on regular basis affects
the commercialization/diffusion of RET.
low 24 21.90 525.50
moderate 22 25.25 555.50
I:In order to promote RET/STT all other policies
[Education, S&T etc] may also contain some
components of RE.
low 24 23.75 570.00
moderate 22 23.23 511.00
S:In order to promote RET/STT all other policies
[Education, S&T etc] may also contain some
components of RE.
low 24 24.40 585.50
moderate 22 22.52 495.50
Table 6.18 Mann-Whitney Test (Mean Rank)
143
6.2.5 Creation/ Alignment of Policy & Educational RE based Institution
To develop TIS, whole range of firms and organizations need to enter into it.
There must then be sufficient incentives and/or pressures for the organizations to be
induced to do so. (Bergek et al 2008). But Sindh has no such strong push for
organizations/firms to promote RETs/STTs. It mainly contributed due to absence of
RE based incentives. It represents a strange trend even in scenario of acute shortage of
electricity conditions prevailing in entire Pakistan. However, many countries faced
energy shortages scenarios very differently. The weaknesses of the electric network,
forced many different organization like universities, NGOs and local enterprises, to
search alternative solution (Pansera 2012). Therefore in Sindh’s context to identify the
major influence on the direction of search to promote RETs/STTs, the focus is laid
upon the creation of new policy / educational institute.
It is important to investigate the influence on the direction of search through
identification of basic structural components of a society. In this manner attempts are
made to identify the status of various institutes/ sectors in Sindh that how much they
are ready to align themselves to work on these lines. Various hypothesis generated
and then tested are shown in table 6.19.
Table 6.19: Creation/ Alignment of Policy & Educational RE based Institution
Level of Agreement
(Respondent Possess)
Highly Agree Not Agree
5 4 3 2 1
Statements
1. R&D/Educational Institutional Alignment (Institutions starting to focusing
more on RET/STT) is crucial for promotion of RET (STT).
2. Creation of new RE based institutions is crucial for promotion of RET (STT)
3. Increase of pilot field studies highlighting the use of RET (STT) by
institutions may helps in their diffusion.
4. Is it a need of time, to establish more policy institutes in Sindh, which make
policy more relevant to Sindh’s real issues.
5. Policy needs to be formulated by policy experts rather than
politicians/bureaucrats.
144
H5: Pilot Field Studies will Rapidly Diffused RETs (STTs) in Sindh
The pilot field study performed in primary framework greatly aware the
communities regarding the potentials of RETs/STTs. To reconfirm it further a
hypothesis is tested on survey question i:e “increase of pilot field studies is an
essential tool to diffuse RETs/ STTs in Sindh”. The data thus collected for the same
from both the moderate and low group of stakeholders.
Therefore Mann-Whitney U Statistics test (table 6.20) is conducted for
comparison of 2-independent samples approach. It shows a significant opinion
difference among the low and moderate group of stakeholders at the significant level
of (0.030). This represents that at the societal perspective stakeholders in these groups
possess different perceptions regarding the diffusion of RETs/STTs through pilot field
studies. Increase in awareness puts higher force to the importance of pilot field study.
The same is witnessed through the mean ranks of low and moderate group of
stakeholders table 6.21(a). In this context the null hypothesis is rejected for low
group and accepted for moderate group. Hence it is concluded that the importance of
pilot field studies is more recognized by the moderate group as compared to low
group. Therefore it points towards the fact that to create more RE awareness, more
pilot field studies are needed to be conducted in local communities.
Table 6.21(a). Impacts of pilot field studies.
Statement
(Societal Perspective)
Awareness
Level N
Mean
Rank
Sum of
Ranks
Increase of Pilot Field Studies highlighting
the use of RET(STT) by institutions may
help in their diffusion
low 24 19.75 474.00
moderate 22 27.59 607.00
Asymp. Sig. (2-
tailed)
.030
The relationship between the statement i-e “Increase of pilot field studies
highlighting the use of RETs (STT) by institutions may help in their diffusion” and all
the other statements shows as positive a correlation (table 6.22 (a)) except for the
statement ‘Policy needs to be formulated by policy experts rather than
politicians/bureaucrats’. This negative relation thus represents that as per average
145
mean rank of both the low and moderate group it is concluded that currently pilot
field studies will not increased in number until and unless, the policies are being
formulated by the professional policy makers. These policy professional are much
aware of the fact that pilot field study is an ideal approach in Sindh to create RE
awareness in masses. Therefore following sub-hypothesis is generated, tested and
proved as well.
H5(a). Involvement of RE Policy Experts in Policy Formulation Process will
Increases the Diffusion of RETs/STTs in Sindh
The major policy tool required in Sindh to produce high influence on the
direction of search to diffuse RETs/STTs is the involvement of professional policy
making experts in policy formulation process. Once the policy is being made by the
policy experts, then they also focuses more on the idea of pilot field study to diffuse
RETs/STTs in Sindh. Since it is still an assumption then a question i-e “Policy needs
to be formulated by policy experts rather than politicians/bureaucrats” is framed to
test the above assumption.
Mann-Whitney U Statistics test (table 6.20) conducted for comparison of 2-
independent samples approach. It shows a significant opinion difference among the
moderate and low group at the significant level of (0.010). This difference exists on
individual perspective (Table 6.21(b)). It identifies through the mean ranks that
increase in awareness puts higher push to involve policy making experts in policy
formulation. In this context the null hypothesis is accepted on individual perspective.
Table 6.21 (b). Role of policy experts
Statement
(Individual Perspective)
Awareness
Level N
Mean
Rank
Sum of
Ranks
Policy needs to be formulated by policy
experts rather than politicians/bureaucrats.
Low 24 18.96 455.00
Moderate 22 28.45 626.00
Asymp. Sig. (2-
tailed)
.010
146
However, on societal perspective (Table 6.21(c)) no significant opinion
difference is observed. Therefore the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore the
chances of conducting more pilot field study in near future are grim.
Table 6.21 (c). Role of policy experts.
Statement
(Societal Perspective)
Awareness
Level N
Mean
Rank
Sum of
Ranks
Policy needs to be formulated by policy
experts rather than politicians/bureaucrats.
Low 24 23.19 556.50
Moderate 22 23.84 524.50
Asymp. Sig. (2-
tailed)
0.867
The same trends can also be witnessed through the correlation relationship
(table 6.22(b)). As per this table individual perception’s of the stakeholders shows the
negative relationship between various statements. Such as the statement of “Policy
needs to be formulated by policy experts rather than politicians/bureaucrats” on
societal perspective. Thus, it is quite clear that in the absence of policies being made
by the policy experts there are no chance that the R&D/ educational institutes face
more push to shift their focus towards RETs/STTs in Sindh. Similarly no new
institutes will be created to precisely work on RETs/STTs promotion in Sindh by
adopting innovative policies approaches.
Through the descriptive statistics (table 6.23) the highest rate for opinion
variation the statement that “Policy needs to be formulated by policy experts rather
than politicians/bureaucrats” at both the individual and societal perception. As the
standard deviation for the same is 0.868 and 0.912 respectively. This represented that
in reality there are meager chances that in near future that the professional policy
makers are largely involved in policy making procedures of Sindh rather than
politician/bureaucrats.
Less policy professional are involved in policy making practices of Sindh. In
near future the push required to influence search directions to find innovative ideas
such as to remove poverty through RETs/STTs are very limited.
147
Table: 6.20 Mann Whitney Test (Significance)
Test Statistics
I:R&D/
Educational
Institutional
Alignment
(Institutions
starting to
focusing
more on
RET/STT)
is crucial
for
promotion
of RET
(STT).
S:R&D/
Educational
Institutional
Alignment
(Institutions
starting to
focusing
more on
RET/STT)
is crucial
for
promotion
of RET
(STT).
I:Creation
of new RE
based
institutions
is crucial
for
promotion
of RET
(STT).
S:Creation
of new RE
based
institutions
is crucial
for
promotion
of RET
(STT).
I:Increase
of Pilot
Field
Studies
highlightin
g the use of
RET(STT)
by
institutions
may help in
their
diffusion
S:Increase
of Pilot
Field
Studies
highlightin
g the use of
RET(STT)
by
institutions
may help in
their
diffusion
I:Is it a
need of
time, to
establish
more
policy
institutes
in Sindh,
which
make
policy
more
relevant to
Sindh’s
real
issues.
S:Is it a
need of
time, to
establish
more
policy
institutes
in Sindh,
which
make
policy
more
relevant to
Sindh’s
real
issues.
I:Policy
needs to be
formulated
by policy
experts
rather than
politicians/
bureaucrats
S: Policy
needs to be
formulated
by policy
experts
rather than
politicians/
bureaucrats.
Mann-
Whitn
ey U 221.000 215.000 233.500 237.500 232.000 174.000 210.000 243.500 155.000 256.500
Asym
p. Sig. (2-
tailed)
.105 .227 .283 .509 .192 .030 .085 .624 .010 .861
148
Table: 6.21 Mann Whitney Test (Mean Rank)
Ranks
Awareness
Level N
Mean
Rank
Sum of
Ranks
I:R&D/Educational Institutional Alignment (Institutions starting to focusing more on
RET/STT) is crucial for promotion of RET (STT).
low 24 21.71 521.00
moderate 22 25.45 560.00
S:R&D/Educational Institutional Alignment (Institutions starting to focusing more
on RET/STT) is crucial for promotion of RET (STT).
low 24 25.54 613.00
moderate 22 21.27 468.00
I:Creation of new RE based institutions is crucial for promotion of RET (STT). low 24 22.23 533.50
moderate 22 24.89 547.50
S:Creation of new RE based institutions is crucial for promotion of RET (STT). low 24 22.40 537.50
moderate 22 24.70 543.50
I:Increase of Pilot Field Studies highlighting the use of RET(STT) by institutions
may help in their diffusion
low 24 22.17 532.00
moderate 22 24.95 549.00
S:Increase of Pilot Field Studies highlighting the use of RET(STT) by
institutions may help in their diffusion
low 24 19.75 474.00
moderate 22 27.59 607.00
I:Is it a need of time, to establish more policy institutes in Sindh, which make policy
more relevant to Sindh’s real issues.
low 24 21.25 510.00
moderate 22 25.95 571.00
S:Is it a need of time, to establish more policy institutes in Sindh, which make policy
more relevant to Sindh’s real issues.
low 24 24.35 584.50
moderate 22 22.57 496.50
I :Policy needs to be formulated by policy experts rather than
politicians/bureaucrats.
low 24 18.96 455.00
moderate 22 28.45 626.00
S: Policy needs to be formulated by policy experts rather than
politicians/bureaucrats.
low 24 23.19 556.50
moderate 22 23.84 524.50
149
Table: 6.22(a) Correlation
Statements
I:R&D/Edu
cational
Institutional
Alignment
(Institutions
starting to
focusing
more on
RET/STT)
is crucial
for
promotion
of RET
(STT).
S:R&D/Edu
cational
Institutional
Alignment
(Institutions
starting to
focusing
more on
RET/STT)
is crucial
for
promotion
of RET
(STT).
I:Creation
of new RE
based
institutions
is crucial
for
promotion
of RET
(STT).
S:Creation
of new RE
based
institutions
is crucial
for
promotion
of RET
(STT).
I:Increase of
Pilot Field
Studies
highlighting
the use of
RET(STT)
by
institutions
may help in
their
diffusion
S:Increase
of Pilot
Field
Studies
highlighting
the use of
RET(STT)
by
institutions
may help in
their
diffusion
I:Is it a
need of
time, to
establish
more
policy
institutes
in Sindh,
which
make
policy
more
relevant
to
Sindh’s
real
issues.
S:Is it a
need of
time, to
establish
more
policy
institutes
in Sindh,
which
make
policy
more
relevant to
Sindh’s
real
issues.
I: Policy
needs to be
formulated
by policy
experts
rather than
politicians/
bureaucrats
.
S: Policy
needs to be
formulated
by policy
experts
rather than
politicians/b
ureaucrats.
S:Increase
of Pilot
Field
Studies
highlightin
g the use of
RET(STT)
by
institutions
may help in
their
diffusion
Pearson
Correlation .210 .501 .251 .729 .221 1 .298 .624 -.039 .505
Sig. (2-
tailed) .161 .000 .092 .000 .140 .044 .000 .797 .000
150
Table: 6.22(b) Correlation
I:R&D/
Education
al
Institution
al
Alignment
(Institution
s starting
to
focusing
more on
RET/STT)
is crucial
for
promotion
of RET
(STT).
S:R&D/
Educati
onal
Instituti
onal
Alignme
nt
(Instituti
ons
starting
to
focusing
more on
RET/ST
T) is
crucial
for
promoti
on of
RET
(STT).
I:
Creation
of new
RE
based
instituti-
ons is
crucial
for
promoti
on of
RET
(STT).
S:
Creation
of new
RE
based
instituti-
ons is
crucial
for
promoti
on of
RET
(STT).
I:Increas
e of Pilot
Field
Studies
highlight
ing the
use of
RET(ST
T) by
institutio
ns may
help in
their
diffusion
S:Increas
e of Pilot
Field
Studies
highlight
ing the
use of
RET(ST
T) by
institutio
ns may
help in
their
diffusion
I:Is it a
need of
time, to
establish
more
policy
institutes
in Sindh,
which
make
policy
more
relevant
to Sindh’s
real
issues.
S:Is it a
need of
time, to
establish
more
policy
institutes
in Sindh,
which
make
policy
more
relevant
to
Sindh’s
real
issues.
I:Policy
needs to be
formulated
by policy
experts
rather than
politicians/
bureaucrats.
S:Policy
needs to be
formulated
by policy
experts
rather than
politicians/
bureaucrats
.
I:Policy needs to
be formulated by
policy experts
rather than
politicians/burea
ucrats.
Pearson
Correla
tion .170 -.371 -.026 -.202 .018 -.039 .133 -.175 1 -.115
Sig. (2-
tailed) .259 .011 .863 .178 .907 .797 .377 .244 .448
151
Table: 6.23 Descriptive Statistics
N Mean Std.
Deviation Minimum Maximum
I:R&D/Educational Institutional
Alignment (Institutions starting to
focusing more on RET/STT) is crucial
for promotion of RET (STT).
46 4.87 .341 4 5
I:Creation of new RE based
institutions is crucial for promotion of
RET (STT).
46 4.78 .554 3 5
I:Increase of Pilot Field Studies
highlighting the use of RET(STT) by
institutions may help in their diffusion
46 4.89 .315 4 5
I:Is it a need of time, to establish more
policy institutes in Sindh, which make
policy more relevant to Sindh’s real
issues.
46 4.78 .467 3 5
I:Policy needs to be formulated by
policy experts rather than
politicians/bureaucrats.
46 4.04 .868 2 5
S:R&D/Educational Institutional
Alignment (Institutions starting to
focusing more on RET/STT) is crucial
for promotion of RET (STT).
46 3.30 .662 2 5
S:Creation of new RE based
institutions is crucial for promotion of
RET (STT).
46 3.17 .677 2 5
S:Increase of Pilot Field Studies
highlighting the use of RET(STT) by
institutions may help in their diffusion
46 3.07 .742 2 5
S:Is it a need of time, to establish more
policy institutes in Sindh, which make
policy more relevant to Sindh’s real
issues.
46 3.09 .755 2 5
S;Policy needs to be formulated by
policy experts rather than
politicians/bureaucrats.
46 2.54 .912 1 5
152
6.2.6 Community Involvement
TIS without vibrant experimentation is stagnate (Bergek et al). Sindh’s MTED
since fall into the category of ‘Shadow TIS’ it remained stagnant to alleviate poverty
through RETs/STTs. A recent trend in communities is to create plans to directly manage
their energy systems (Denis; 2009). However, through primary framework leanings
exactly the same fact is identified. As NGOs and private sector are much eager to utilize
RETs/STTs in Sindh to fulfill individuals and community household energy requirements
related with water heating and cleaning etc.
Therefore through this research attempts are made to test the assumption that
NGO and private sector can play a vital role for accelerating community based
entrepreneurial experimentation in Sindh. In this manner a hypothesis is generated and
tested on the basis of questions framed in table 6.24.
Table 6.24: Community Involvement
Level of Agreement
(Respondent Possess)
Highly Agree Not Agree
5 4 3 2 1
Statements
1. NGOs and private sector can perform efficient role in poverty
alleviation in Sindh.
2. Do NGOs and private sector ever focused on alleviating poverty
through technology utilization.
3. Poverty can be reduced in Sindh, if policies giving more focus to
communities.
153
H6: NGOs and private sector can alleviate poverty at community level by promoting
RETs/STTs.
In order to prove the assumption that in Sindh’s context NGOs and private sector
possesses the much scope to alleviate poverty through innovative technology utilization.
Mann-Whitney U Statistics test (table 6.25) and (table 6.26) are conducted for
comparison of 2-independent samples approach. The approach utilized shows that there is
no significant opinion difference among all the moderate and low group stakeholders
regarding the capabilities of NGOs and private sector to alleviate poverty in Sindh
through RETs/STTs. Therefore null hypothesis is accepted. It is concluded that due to the
financial constraints private sector and NGOs are unable to achieve the same despite of
having strong network in majority of Sindh communities. Both these sector can greatly
remove poverty through RETs/STTs if their focus increases in utilization of these
technologies through funding availability.
The above hypothesis is further proved through correlation details (table 6.27). It
shows optimistic opinion of the stakeholders in both the individual and societal
perspective when asked about the role of NGOs and private sector towards poverty
alleviation through technology utilization. It means that both the low and moderate group
are agreeing with the fact the NGOs and private sector contributing in promotion of
RETs/STTs in Sindh to alleviate poverty
154
Table: 6.25: Mann-Whitney Test (Significance)
Test Statistics
I:NGOs
and private
sector can
perform
efficient
role in
poverty
alleviation
in Sindh
S:NGOs
and private
sector can
perform
efficient
role in
poverty
alleviation
in Sindh
I:Do NGOs
and private
sector ever
focused on
alleviating
poverty
through
technology
utilization.
S:Do
NGOs and
private
sector ever
focused on
alleviating
poverty
through
technology
utilization.
I:Poverty
can be
reduced in
Sindh, if
policies
giving
more focus
to
communitie
s.
S:Poverty
can be
reduced in
Sindh, if
policies
giving
more focus
to
communitie
s.
Mann-Whitney
U 244 213 259 254 228 261
Asymp. Sig.
(2-tailed) .647 .223 .907 .806 .064 .943
a. Grouping Variable: awareness Level
Table: 6.26: Mann-Whitney Test (Mean Rank)
Ranks
Statements Awareness
Level N
Mean
Rank
Sum of
Ranks
I:NGOs and private sector can perform efficient
role in poverty alleviation in Sindh
low 24 22.69 544.50
moderate 22 24.39 536.50
S:NGOs and private sector can perform efficient
role in poverty alleviation in Sindh
low 24 21.38 513.00
moderate 22 25.82 568.00
I:Do NGOs and private sector ever focused on
alleviating poverty through technology
utilization.
low 24 23.29 559.00
moderate 22 23.73 522.00
S:Do NGOs and private sector ever focused on
alleviating poverty through technology
utilization.
low 24 23.08 554.00
moderate 22 23.95 527.00
I:Poverty can be reduced in Sindh, if policies
giving more focus to communities.
low 24 25.00 600.00
moderate 22 21.86 481.00
S:Poverty can be reduced in Sindh, if policies
giving more focus to communities.
low 24 23.38 561.00
moderate 22 23.64 520.00
155
Table: 6.27: Correlation
I:NGOs
and
private
sector can
perform
efficient
role in
poverty
alleviation
in Sindh
S:NGOs
and
private
sector can
perform
efficient
role in
poverty
alleviation
in Sindh
I:Do NGOs
and private
sector ever
focused on
alleviating
poverty
through
technology
utilization.
S:Do
NGOs and
private
sector ever
focused on
alleviating
poverty
through
technology
utilization.
I:Poverty can
be reduced in
Sindh, if
policies
giving more
focus to
communities.
S:Poverty
can be
reduced in
Sindh, if
policies
giving more
focus to
communities.
I:Do
NGOs and
private
sector ever
focused on
alleviating
poverty
through
technology
utilization.
Pearson
Correlation
.833**
.553**
1 .762**
.058 .085
S:Do
NGOs and
private
sector ever
focused on
alleviating
poverty
through
technology
utilization.
Pearson
Correlation
.601**
.792**
.762**
1 .021 .213
156
6.2.7 Interlinking Economic , Poverty Alleviation Policies with RE Based Policies
Entry of new firms into the emerging TIS is central to the development of positive
externalities.(Bergek et al 2008). Bergek et al further suggested that the involvement of
new firm thus increases the political say of these firms and in turns strengthen advocacy
required for this TIS. It results in increase of opportunities required for successful
ligitimitation process. Ultimately strengthening of legitimacy influence and creates
changes in other functionalities of TIS such as resource mobilization, influence on the
direction of search, market formation and entrepreneurial experimentation. However,
through earlier research it is identified that even though many institutes/organizations
working on poverty alleviation, economic up-gradation and RE but they are all operating
in isolation. Thus not producing any combined effect. This weak interlinking resulted in
dysfunctional dynamics for RETs/STTs, which is unable to alleviate poverty. The said
impact not only generated due to the operational mode of these organizations but mainly
contributed by the policy approaches not encouraging such interlining. Therefore in order
to identify the precise focus and preference of the stakeholders contributed in the
development of such dynamics is tested through various questions (table 6.28), which
further helped in generating many hypothesis.
Table 6.28: Interlinking Economic, Poverty Alleviation Policies with RE Based
Policies
Level of Agreement
(Respondent Possess)
Highly Agree Not Agree
5 4 3 2 1
Statements
1. National policies are being formulated by incorporating the views,
needs and ground realities of provinces.
2. Technical education can strongly boost the diffusion of RET/STT if
its infrastructure can be utilized efficiently such as the provision of
after sale services for RE/ST technologies.
3. Does Sindh has potential to use technologies for poverty alleviation
and economic up gradation.
157
H7: Increase in awareness, increases the perception that the national policies are made
on ground realities
It is common assumption that the national policies are formulated without taking
into the consideration of provincial realities. Main national policies of Pakistan such as
national S&T policies are observed to adopt such approaches. Resulting in stagnation of
Sindh’s MTED to alleviate poverty. The dialogue and discussion should not have been
restricted mainly to establishments, institutions and organizations of MoST and others
which generally cluster in Islamabad as seen in the “Acknowledgements” page of the
National STI Policy- 2011 document (Qureshi; 2013). Thus in order to test the above
assumption a question i-e “National policies are being formulated by incorporating the
views, needs and ground realities of provinces” is framed to test the above hypothesis.
Table: 6.30(a) National Policies involving the input from Provinces.
Statement
(Individual Perception)
Awareness
Level N
Mean
Rank
I: National policies are being formulated by incorporating the
views, needs and ground realities of provinces.
Low 24 15.79
moderate 22 31.91
Asymp.
Sig.
(2-tailed)
0.000
Statement
(Societal Perception)
Awareness
level N
Mean
Rank
S: National policies are being formulated by incorporating the
views, needs and ground realities of provinces.
Low 24 21.85
moderate 22 25.30
Asymp.
Sig.
(2-tailed)
0.321
158
Therefore Mann-Whitney U Statistics test (table 6.30 & 6.31) conducted for
comparison of 2-independent samples approach. It shows that as per individual thinking
there exists a significant opinion difference between the moderate and low group
stakeholders (table 6.30(a)). The moderate group means rank is significantly higher as
compared to low group. The variation is also visible through the standard deviation,
which is highest i-e 0.875 for individual perception regarding this assumption.
Therefore null hypothesis is accepted at individual level and rejected at societal
level. Hence it is concluded that the more aware stakeholders (moderate group) are
surprisingly much more optimistic regarding policy making process in Pakistan. It points
towards the fact that implementation flaws in national policies are responsible for policies
failure rather than the policies itself. Thus these policies are unable to bear any fruit to
common people. In reality what so ever less or more weightage has been given to
inclusion of Sindh’s issues in national policies, implantation flaws are the main hurdles in
their success. The above hypothesis is further proved by looking into the correlation
details (table 6.32), which shows optimistic opinion of the stakeholders regarding
involvement of Sindh view point Sindh in national policies.
However on societal perspective the opinion of low and moderate group of
stakeholders are not significantly different from each other. They represent equal chances
for incorporation of Sindh’s views in national policies. The equal response of the
stakeholders points towards the probability of taking Sindh’s perspective in national
policies. This also confirms the trend pointed out by (Qureshi; 2013). It provides an
indication that on practical grounds inclusion of Sindh’s view point is not given much
importance while making national policies. Societal perspective correlation also shows
the positive relation with all the other factors as shown in table 6.32 except the statement
i-e “Does Sindh has potential to use technologies for poverty alleviation and economic up
gradation”. This inverse relation shows that due to current MTED practices there are no
chances that technologies can be used for poverty and economic upgradation. It again
points towards the flaws in implementation of national policies in Sindh.
In above circumstances the quest o find “what is the ideal approach through
which trickledown effect of RETs/STTs can be reached to common people for poverty
159
alleviation and economic up-gradation”. When less emphasis is given to promote these
technologies through general education. Therefore an assumption is developed that since
technical education has a well placed infrastructure in entire Sindh, thus can be efficiently
utilized to promote RETs/STTs in common people. Following hypothesis is developed
and tested.
H7(a): Technical education can accelerate the diffusion of RETs/STTs in Sindh.
In order to verify the assumption that technical education can play an important
role in Sindh’s context to accelerate the diffusion pace of RETs/STTs in Sindh. The trend
observed from both the low and moderate group of stakeholders is shown in table
6.30(b).
Table 6.30(b) Impact of Technical Education in Diffusion of RETs/STTs
Statement
(Individual Perception)
Awareness
Level N
Mean
Rank
I: Technical education can strongly boost the diffusion of
RET/STT if its infrastructure can be utilized efficiently such
as the provision of after sale services for RE/ST technologies.
Low 24 28.25
moderate 22 18.32
Asymp.
Sig.
(2-tailed)
0.007
Statement
(Societal Perception)
Awareness
level N
Mean
Rank
S:Technical education can strongly boost the diffusion of
RET/STT if its infrastructure can be utilized efficiently such
as the provision of after sale services for RE/ST technologies.
Low 24 24.10
moderate 22 22.84
Asymp.
Sig.
(2-tailed)
0.725
160
Therefore Mann-Whitney U Statistics test (table 6.30 & 6.31) conducted for
comparison of 2-independent samples approach. It shows that as per individual thinking
there exists a significant opinion difference between the moderate and low group
stakeholders. Low group gives more importance to this approach as compared to
moderate group, which shows that the low group thus finds technical education as a
suitable means to diffuse RETs/STTs. However, moderate group does not give much
importance to this approach. Meanwhile in societal perception both the low and moderate
group shows the equal level of agreement (mean ranks) for the diffusion of RETs/STTs
through technical education. It shows at the societal perspective the stakeholders are not
much confident about this concept. Similarly through the correlation (table 6.28) at
individual and societal perspective, the above statement shows the positive relation with
all the statements. It then points towards the scope of technical education infrastructure to
diffuse RETs/STTs in Sindh. Therefore the null hypothesis is accepted for individual
perspective and rejected for societal perspective.
161
Table 6.29: Mann-Whitney Test (Significance)
Test Statistics
I:National policies
are being formulated
by incorporating the
views, needs and
ground realities of
provinces.
S:National policies
are being formulated
by incorporating the
views, needs and
ground realities of
provinces.
I:Technical
education can
strongly boost the
diffusion of
RET/STT if its
infrastructure can be
utilized efficiently
such as the provision
of after sale services
for RE/ST
technologies.
S:Technical
education can
strongly boost the
diffusion of
RET/STT if its
infrastructure can be
utilized efficiently
such as the provision
of after sale services
for RE/ST
technologies.
I: Does Sindh has
potential to use
technologies for
poverty alleviation
and economic up
gradation.
S: Does Sindh has
potential to use
technologies for
poverty alleviation
and economic up
gradation.
Asymp. Sig. (2-
tailed) .000 .321 .007 .725 .712 .692
Table: 6.30 Mann-Whitney (Mean Rank)
Awareness
Level N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks
I:National policies are being formulated by incorporating the views, needs and ground
realities of provinces. low 24 15.79 379.00
moderate 22 31.91 702.00 S:National policies are being formulated by incorporating the views, needs and ground
realities of provinces. low 24 21.85 524.50
moderate 22 25.30 556.50 I:Technical education can strongly boost the diffusion of RET/STT if its infrastructure
can be utilized efficiently such as the provision of after sale services for RE/ST
technologies.
low 24 28.25 678.00
moderate 22 18.32 403.00
S:Technical education can strongly boost the diffusion of RET/STT if its infrastructure
can be utilized efficiently such as the provision of after sale services for RE/ST
technologies.
low 24 24.10 578.50
moderate 22 22.84 502.50
I: Does Sindh has potential to use technologies for poverty alleviation and economic up
gradation. low 24 24.13 579.00
moderate 22 22.82 502.00 S: Does Sindh has potential to use technologies for poverty alleviation and economic up
gradation. low 24 22.83 548.00
moderate 22 24.23 533.00
162
Table: 6.31 Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
N Mean Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum
I:National policies are being formulated by
incorporating the views, needs and ground realities
of provinces.
46 3.65 .875 2 5
I:Technical education can strongly boost the
diffusion of RET/STT if its infrastructure can be
utilized efficiently such as the provision of after
sale services for RE/ST technologies.
46 3.24 .794 2 5
I: Does Sindh has potential to use technologies for
poverty alleviation and economic up gradation.
46 4.09 .661 3 5
S:National policies are being formulated by
incorporating the views, needs and ground realities
of provinces.
46 2.52 .547 2 4
S:Technical education can strongly boost the
diffusion of RET/STT if its infrastructure can be
utilized efficiently such as the provision of after
sale services for RE/ST technologies.
46 2.54 .690 1 4
S: Does Sindh has potential to use technologies for
poverty alleviation and economic up gradation. .
46 2.65 .640 1 4
163
Table 6.32 Correlation
Correlations
I:National
policies are
being
formulated by
incorporating
the views,
needs and
ground
realities of
provinces.
S:National
policies are
being
formulated by
incorporating
the views,
needs and
ground
realities of
provinces.
I:Technical
education can
strongly boost
the diffusion of
RET/STT if its
infrastructure
can be utilized
efficiently such
as the provision
of after sale
services for
RE/ST
technologies.
S:Technical
education can
strongly boost
the diffusion of
RET/STT if its
infrastructure
can be utilized
efficiently such
as the provision
of after sale
services for
RE/ST
technologies.
I: Does Sindh
has potential to
use
technologies
for poverty
alleviation and
economic up
gradation.
S: Does Sindh
has potential to
use
technologies
for poverty
alleviation and
economic up
gradation..
I:National policies are being
formulated by incorporating the
views, needs and ground realities
of provinces.
Pearson
Correlation 1 .434
** .026 .247 .207 .255
Sig.
(2-tailed) .003 .862 .099 .167 .087
S:National policies are being
formulated by incorporating the
views, needs and ground realities
of provinces.
Pearson
Correlation .434
** 1 .320
* .527
** -.005 .466
**
Sig.
(2-tailed) .003 .030 .000 .972 .001
I:Technical education can strongly
boost the diffusion of RET/STT if its
infrastructure can be utilized efficiently
such as the provision of after sale
services for RE/ST technologies.
Pearson
Correlation .026 .320
* 1 .528
** .383
** .473
**
Sig.
(2-tailed) .862 .030 .000 .009 .001
164
Correlations
I:National
policies are
being
formulated by
incorporating
the views,
needs and
ground
realities of
provinces.
S:National
policies are
being
formulated by
incorporating
the views,
needs and
ground
realities of
provinces.
I:Technical
education can
strongly boost
the diffusion of
RET/STT if its
infrastructure
can be utilized
efficiently such
as the provision
of after sale
services for
RE/ST
technologies.
S:Technical
education can
strongly boost
the diffusion of
RET/STT if its
infrastructure
can be utilized
efficiently such
as the provision
of after sale
services for
RE/ST
technologies.
I: Does Sindh
has potential to
use
technologies
for poverty
alleviation and
economic up
gradation.
S: Does Sindh
has potential to
use
technologies
for poverty
alleviation and
economic up
gradation.
S:Technical education can strongly
boost the diffusion of RET/STT if
its infrastructure can be utilized
efficiently such as the provision of
after sale services for RE/ST
technologies.
Pearson
Correlation .247 .527
** .528
** 1 .187 .589
**
Sig. (2-
tailed) .099 .000 .000 .215 .000
I: Does Sindh has potential to use
technologies for poverty
alleviation and economic up
gradation. .
Pearson
Correlation .207 -.005 .383
** .187 1 .283
Sig.
(2-tailed) .167 .972 .009 .215 .056
S: Does Sindh has potential to use
technologies for poverty
alleviation and economic up
gradation. .
Pearson
Correlation .255 .466
** .473
** .589
** .283 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .087 .001 .001 .000 .056
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
165
6.3 REAL SCENARIO (2-REALTED SAMPLES)
A highly strong opinion difference is noticed after comparison of stakeholders’
response in the low and moderate group. This response is basically obtained for various
perspectives of RE application in Sindh. The deviation is measured in terms of individual
liking (individual perception) and chances of acceptability/happening/occurring the same
in Sindh (societal perception). It is then termed as real situation i-e (Real Scenario =
Individual liking - of acceptability/happening/occurring the same in Sindh) or Real
Scenario = Individual Perception - Societal Perception.
On the basis of data collected for individual and societal perceptions, the main
hypothesis tested is discussed in detail below:
6.3.1 The Sindh’s current MTED, predicts the unconstructive scenario regarding
renewable energy technologies (RETs)/ Solar Thermal Technologies (STTs)
successful diffusion in Sindh.
It is always a researcher’s quest to identify the difference of opinions possess by
the respondents for their respective likings / wishes against the chances of happenings the
same in society. This approach provides an actual identification of flaws in various
policies, which needed to be put forward. It will help in devising better policies to make
the task of making RETs successful diffusion in Sindh. This method is ideal to change
common perception towards RETs such as renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) are
often recognized as less competitive than traditional electric energy systems (Annika et
al).
Wilcoxon Signed Rank test (table 6.33) then conducted for 2- related samples
approach. It investigated the combine response for individual and societal perceptions
for low and moderate level at the significant level of (0.05). For seven functional
parameters i:e awareness creation through education (Knowledge Development),
Resource Mobilization (funding & viability), Market Formation (Introduction of
household services to masses through RETs), Influence on the direction of search
(Creation/ Alignment of Policy & Educational RE based Institution), Entrepreneurial
Experimentation (Community Involvement) and Development of external economics
(Interlinking Economic, Poverty Alleviation Policies with RE based policies) the
166
individual and societal perceptions are significantly different from each other. Therefore
the null hypothesis is accepted. Hence, it is concluded that the level of agreement varies
hugely in all the sectors designed to study the functionality of MTED in Sindh. All the
sections showed significant difference of opinion in terms of individual and societal
perceptions. It is actually the prediction of real MTED situation in Sindh on the basis of
respondent’s personal likings / wishes against the chances of happenings the same in
society/Sindh.
E.g: In the functional parameters of awareness creation through education it point
towards the fact that despite respondents strong agreement to make Sindh’s MTED
functional through education at one hand but on other hand are much disappointed with
the dynamics of education systems that cannot play any important part in diffusion of RE
in Sindh. Thus it makes the Sindh’s MTED dysfunctional. This dynamics as discussed
above is true for all the seven functional parameter, showing the functionality of Sindh’s
MTED through TIS.
The same is being represented graphically (figure 6.1) by taking the example of
awareness creation section that in real life scenario i-e the difference between the
individual and societal perception represents a visible opinion difference.
Figure 6.1: Comparison: 2-Related Samples Approach (Individual Vs Societal
Perceptions)
167
Table.6.33 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test for Individual & Societal Perception
Awareness creation through Education
S:Success of
RET (STT)
diffusion
depends upon
Knowledge
Transfer (KT).
- I:Success of
RET (STT)
diffusion
depends upon
Knowledge
Transfer (KT).
S:Is it needed
time to include
more courses
on RE in
general
education. - I:
Is it needed
time to include
more courses
on RE in
general
education.
S:The role of
Primary
education in
promotion of
RE is highly
significant. -
I:The role of
Primary
education in
promotion of
RE is highly
significant.
S:The role of
secondary
education in
promotion of
RE is highly
significant. -
I:The role of
secondary
education in
promotion of
RE is highly
significant.
S:The role of
higher
secondary
education in
promotion of
RE is crucial. -
I:The role of
higher
secondary
education in
promotion of
RE is crucial.
S:The role of
university
education in
promotion of
RE is most
significant. -
I:The role of
university
education in
promotion of
RE is most
significant.
S:More
trainings/semin
ars/conferences
increases the
awareness of
RET/STT. -
I:More
trainings/semin
ars/conferences
increases the
awareness of
RET/STT.
S:Institutes of
technical
education
should
incorporate
more courses
on RET. -
I:Institutes of
technical
education
should
incorporate
more courses
on RET.
Z -5.528 -5.789 -4.616 -5.010 -4.162 -5.457 -5.831 -5.951
Asymp. Sig.
(2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
Funding & Viability
S:Increase of
capital volume
may increase
resource
mobilization for
RET (STT). -
I:Increase of
capital volume
may increase
resource
mobilization for
RET (STT).
S:Increase in Seed and
Venture Capital [Funds
for startup Firms and
Business], also increases
potential for resource
mobilization for RET
(STT). - I:Increase in
Seed and Venture Capital
[Funds for startup Firms
and Business], also
increases potential for
resource mobilization for
RET (STT).
S:Resource mobilization
for RET (STT) can be
done through change and
increase in quality of
human resources. -
I:Resource mobilization
for RET (STT) can be
done through change and
increase in quality of
human resources.
S:Change in
complementary Assets
(Products, Services,
Work Infrastructure etc)
increases resource
mobilization for RET
(STT). - I:Change in
complementary Assets
(Products, Services,
Work Infrastructure etc)
increases resource
mobilization for RET
(STT).
S:Lack of efficiency in
technologies of RET (STT)
is the main hurdle in their
commercialization. If they
are made more efficient
society will adopt them
easily. - I:Lack of efficiency
in technologies of RET
(STT) is the main hurdle in
their commercialization. If
they are made more efficient
society will adopt them
easily.
S:Creation of Business
Incubators [places
providing business
management help] is the
main source to
encourage new firms in
the field of RET (STT). -
I:Creation of Business
Incubators [places
providing business
management help] is the
main source to
encourage new firms in
the field of RET (STT).
Z -6.014a -5.938
a -5.889
a -5.645
a -3.164
a -5.644
a
Asymp. Sig.
(2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .002 .000
168
Introduction of household services to masses through RETs/STTs
S:Renewable
Energy Technologies
(RET) can be
successfully diffused in our
society? -
I:Renewable Energy
Technologies
(RET) can be successfully
diffused in our
society?
S:RET can improve
economic conditions, remove poverty in
Sindh. - I:RET can
improve economic conditions, remove
poverty in Sindh.
S:The problem of
water purification/cleaning
can be solved
through Solar Desalination - I:The
problem of water
purification/cleaning can be solved
through Solar
Desalination
S:Solar
Geysers can provide
suitable
options for water heating
- I:Solar
Geysers can provide
suitable
options for water heating
S:Solar stoves
(Cookers) can be an ideal way
for Cooking of
food in off grid areas - I:Solar
stoves
(Cookers) can be an ideal way
for Cooking of
food in off grid areas
S:Food/vegetables
drying provide much economic up-gradation
opportunities through
solar dehydrators. - I:Food/vegetables
drying provide much
economic up-gradation opportunities through
solar dehydrators.
S:Solar
dehydrators can be efficiently
used for dates
drying - I:Solar dehydrators can
be efficiently
used for dates drying
S:Solar
dehydrators can be efficiently
used for chilies
drying - I:Solar dehydrators can
be efficiently
used for chilies drying
S:Solar dehydrators can be
efficiently used for Rose petals/Spinach /Onions/
tomato etc drying - I:Solar
dehydrators can be efficiently used for Rose
petals/Spinach /Onions/
tomato etc drying
Z -5.305 -4.873 -4.664 -4.976 -5.202 -4.678 -4.532 -4.532 -4.407
Sig .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
S:After sales
service for STT is
essential for their commercialization.
If it is provided
society may greatly adopt
STTs. - I:After
sales service for STT is essential
for their
commercialization. If it is provided
society may
greatly adopt STTs.
S:STTs can easily
be diffused in
society, if it contains more
applications other
then water purification,
heating, cooking
and drying. - I:STTs can easily
be diffused in
society, if it contains more
applications other
then water purification,
heating, cooking
and drying.
S:STT can
improve
economic conditions,
remove
poverty in Sindh. -
I:STT can
improve economic
conditions,
remove poverty in
Sindh.
S:The
shortfall
of electricity
can be
removed through
RE. -
I:The shortfall
of
electricity can be
removed
through RE.
S:The cooling
systems of
buildings can be done through
RE. - I:The
cooling systems of buildings can
be done through
RE.
S:High cost of
RET (STT)
brings hurdle in their
diffusion. Is
society ready to pay more
for these
technologies? - I:High cost
of RET (STT)
brings hurdle in their
diffusion. Is
society ready to pay more
for these
technologies?
S:A major cause
for almost no
diffusion of RE/ST is
unawareness
regarding their utilization. If
society becomes
more aware it can be benefited more
from these
technologies. - I:A major cause for
almost no
diffusion of RE/ST is
unawareness
regarding their utilization. If
society becomes
more aware it can be benefited more
from these technologies.
S:Difussion of
RET (STT)
depends upon Incentives /
Disincentives
from Govt. - I:Difussion of
RET (STT)
depends upon Incentives /
Disincentives
from Govt.
S:RETs
(STTs)
successful diffusion will
occurs when
more general applications
of these
technologies will emerge.
- I:RETs
(STTs) successful
diffusion will
occurs when more general
applications
of these technologies
will emerge.
S:Perception
regarding
operational complexities
[Difficulties
in operation] effected the
diffusion rate
of RET (STT) in
society. -
I:Perception regarding
operational
complexities [Difficulties
in operation]
effected the diffusion rate
of RET
(STT) in society.
S:Customization
[availability of tailor-
made technologies] best suiting the needs
of individual
customer is a key to improve the scenario
for RET (STT)
applications. - I:Customization
[availability of tailor-
made technologies] best suiting the needs
of individual
customer is a key to improve the scenario
for RET (STT)
applications.
Z -5.623 -5.342 -5.350 -4.468 -4.327 -5.370 -6.055 -5.529 -5.789 -3.817 -5.345
sig .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
169
Availability of RE Policies
S:Availability of RE
policies on regular basis
affects the
commercialization/diffusion
of RET. - I:Availability of
RE policies on regular basis
affects the
commercialization/diffusion
of RET.
S:In order to
promote RET/STT
all other policies
[Education, S&T
etc] may also
contain some
components of RE.
- I:In order to
promote RET/STT
all other policies
[Education, S&T
etc] may also
contain some
components of RE.
S:Should Sindh
Govt. also launch
its own policies for
promotion of RE on
regular basis. -
I:Should Sindh
Govt. also launch
its own policies for
promotion of RE on
regular basis.
S:Political parties
must have their
own think tanks
which works on
innovative ideas
such as poverty
alleviation through
utilization of
technologies etc -
I:Political parties
must have their
own think tanks
which works on
innovative ideas
such as poverty
alleviation through
utilization of
technologies etc
S:Govt. /Politicians
needed to be much
sincere in policy
formulation for
utilizing RET/STT
as a tool for poverty
alleviation and
economic up
gradation. - I:Govt.
/Politicians needed
to be much sincere
in policy
formulation for
utilizing RET/STT
as a tool for poverty
alleviation and
economic up
gradation.
S:What do you
foresee in coming
10 years that the
rate of poverty will
be reduced greatly,
keeping in view the
current policy
practices. - I:What
do you foresee in
coming 10 years
that the rate of
poverty will be
reduced greatly,
keeping in view the
current policy
practices.
Z -5.401 -5.790 -6.001 -5.875 -1.069 -3.357
Asymp. Sig.
(2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .285 .001
Creation/ alignment of policy & educational RE based institution
S:R&D/Educational
Institutional Alignment
(Institutions starting to
focusing more on
RET/STT) is crucial for
promotion of RET (STT).
- I:R&D/Educational
Institutional Alignment
(Institutions starting to
focusing more on
RET/STT) is crucial for
promotion of RET (STT).
S:Creation of new RE
based institutions is
crucial for promotion
of RET (STT). -
I:Creation of new RE
based institutions is
crucial for promotion
of RET (STT).
S:Increase of Pilot
Field Studies
highlighting the use
of RET(STT) by
institutions may help
in their diffusion -
I:Increase of Pilot
Field Studies
highlighting the use
of RET(STT) by
institutions may help
in their diffusion
S:Is it a need of time,
to establish more
policy institutes in
Sindh, which make
policy more relevant
to Sindh’s real issues.
- I:Is it a need of time,
to establish more
policy institutes in
Sindh, which make
policy more relevant
to Sindh’s real issues.
S; Policy needs to be
formulated by policy
experts rather than
politicians/bureaucrats.
- I:Policy needs to be
formulated by policy
experts rather than
politicians/bureaucrats.
Z -5.847a -5.917
a -5.964
a -5.953
a -5.038
a
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
170
Community Involvement
S:NGOs and private sector can
perform efficient role in
poverty alleviation in Sindh -
I:NGOs and private sector can
perform efficient role in
poverty alleviation in Sindh
S:Do NGOs and private sector
ever focused on alleviating
poverty through technology
utilization. - I:Do NGOs and
private sector ever focused on
alleviating poverty through
technology utilization.
S:Poverty can be reduced in
Sindh, if policies giving more
focus to communities. -
I:Poverty can be reduced in
Sindh, if policies giving more
focus to communities.
Z -2.036a -2.828
a -5.819a
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .042 .005 .000
Interlinking economic , poverty alleviation policies with RE based policies
S:National policies are being
formulated by incorporating
the views, needs and ground
realities of provinces. -
I:National policies are being
formulated by incorporating
the views, needs and ground
realities of provinces.
S:Technical education can
strongly boost the diffusion of
RET/STT if its infrastructure
can be utilized efficiently such
as the provision of after sale
services for RE/ST
technologies. - I:Technical
education can strongly boost
the diffusion of RET/STT if its
infrastructure can be utilized
efficiently such as the
provision of after sale services
for RE/ST technologies.
S:National policies are being
formulated by incorporating the
views, needs and ground
realities of provinces. -
I:National policies are being
formulated by incorporating the
views, needs and ground
realities of provinces.
Z -5.521a -4.765
a -5.670a
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000
a. Based on positive ranks. b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
171
6.4 HURDLES IN MTED FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION
After successfully testing the hypotheses generated for seven functional
parameters, the hurdles/blocking mechanism of Sindh’s MTED in terms of emergence
TIS appeared clearer.
6.4.1 Hurdles Identification
In this respect the table 6.34 not only represents the hurdles pointed out by Bergek
et al but it also includes the summarization of hurdles identified through hypotheses
testing. These hurdles represent the blocking mechanism of Sindh’s MTED for poverty
alleviation. Therefore keeping in view the nature of this research, the same are
represented in terms of policy issues and remedies identified through the Primary and
Secondary framework.
6.4.2 Mapping of Hurdles
Once, all the data regarding the hurdles in MTED for possible poverty alleviation
in Sindh is streamlined, efforts are made to map their interrelation with the seven
functional parameters. The main reason for this mapping is to relate the policy issues
with MTED blocking mechanism. The mapping done is represented in figure 6.2
6.5 OVERVIEW OF SECONDARY FRAMEWORK
A framework i-e Bergek et al is identified through the literature to work as the
base of Secondary research framework. It investigated the Sindh’s MTED for possible
poverty alleviation. The selected framework is further modified in terms of Sindh’s
perspective by addressing the seven functional parameters. The functional parameters are
designated at very basic level. Since Sindh’s MTED scenario falls under the level of
shadow TIS as identified through the primary framework. Thus a survey is conducted to
identify the details regarding seven identified functional parameters on both the
individual and societal perspective of stakeholders. Various statistical techniques are then
applied to test different hypothesis. On the basis of hypothesis tested attempts are made
to trace the various hurdles in Sindh’s MTED. Later on, these hurdles are further mapped
with policy issues to investigate their inter-relationship.
172
6.6 CONCLUSION
The hurdles in MTED of Sindh for possible poverty alleviation and economic up-
gradation are identified through the secondary framework. The hurdle identification is
performed through the assessment of seven identified functional parameters. It is based
upon identification of significant opinion difference among the stakeholders on both the
individual and societal perceptions. These hurdles then mapped with respect to seven
basic functional parameters of emerging TIS but attempts are made to relate them with
concerned policy issues and remedies. This mapping provides the in-depth behavior of
Sindh’s MTED for poverty alleviation and economic up-gradation on the basis of
identified appropriate technologies i-e: STTs.
173
Table 6.34 Hurdles in MTED for Poverty Alleviation in Sindh in Terms of Emerging TIS
(Note: The bold words in blocking mechanism are emerged from this research findings. However, the un-bold words are Bergek et al (2008) findings)
Inducement
Mechanism
(Belief in growth
potential & R&D
policy) Blocking Mechanism Hypothesis tested & Proved Policy Issues Policy Measures
Functions
Awareness
creation through
education
Knowledge
Development
No/less emphasis of RETs/ STTs
in general and technical
education.
No hands-on facilities/
Mechanism to acquire
awareness regarding
RETs/STTs
Less research and less research
output, less experts, slow learning
curve.
H1. Higher the awareness, higher the
diffusion of RETs (STTs) in Sindh.
Note: As per mean rank, the major
emphasis of individual perception is on
RETs/STTs trainings (4.9), followed by
the university education (4.78),
involvement of technical education
institutions in promotion of RETs/STTs
(4.65) and so on. Similarly, the major
emphasis of societal perception is on
recognizing the university education role
for promotion of RETs/STTs (3.57), role
of knowledge creation in achieving the
success in diffusion of RETs/STTs
(3.20), availability of RETs/STTs
trainings (3.15) and so on.
The correlation shows the positive
relationship between all the elements of
knowledge creation cluster except the
role of university education (Individual: -
0.004 & societal -0.005). This represents
that the role of university education is
not sufficient for the overall success of
RETs (STTs) in Sindh. Thus in order to
achieve RETs (STTs) societal success all
other education levels (primary,
secondary and higher secondary) must be
given equal importance.
Creation/
changing of
educational
priorities
towards RE
based
education.
Introduction of RE bases
topics/courses in general
and technical education
especially at the secondary
level of education.
174
Inducement
Mechanism
(Belief in growth
potential & R&D
policy)
Blocking Mechanism Hypothesis tested & Proved Policy Issues Policy Measures
Functions
Awareness
creation through
education
Knowledge
Development
H1(a). Secondary education is the key
level for diffusion of RETs/STTs in
Sindh.
Note: In societal perception the standard
deviation is highest i-e 0.08. Thus higher
the awareness, higher the importance on
secondary education for awareness
creation regarding RETs/STTs in Sindh.
H1(b). Sindh in near future will create
more RETs/STTs awareness through
general and technical education.
Note: Since the societal standard
deviation, is least for inclusion of RE
based courses in general and technical
education i-e 0.469 and 0.556
respectively. Hence it indicates no
variation of response, which points
towards the rejection of above
hypothesis.
175
Inducement
Mechanism
(Belief in growth
potential & R&D
policy)
Blocking Mechanism Hypothesis tested & Proved Policy Issues Policy Measures
Functions
Funding &
viability of RETs /
STTs devices
Resource
Mobilization
Lack of funding
No/less awareness mechanism
to identify the viabilities of
RETs/STTs in local community.
Low efficiency of RETs/STTs in
terms of household utility
services such as cooking, drying
etc.
Unavailability of business
incubators.
Less seed and venture capital
No/stagnant volume and quality
of human resources (e.g. number
of university degrees)
Stagnation of complementary
assets
H2. The perception regarding the
efficiencies of RETs/STTs depends upon
awareness.
Note: The mean rank for stakeholder’s
individual perceptions for low awareness
group is higher (27.10) as compared to
moderate group (19.57). Thus low
awareness creates pessimistic
perceptions regarding these technologies.
H2(a): Human resource development is a
primary tool to acquire societal focus
towards resource mobilization for RETs
(STTs).
Note: It is due to the negative correlation
(-0.065) between Human resource
development and business incubators.
No basic initiatives such as the
establishment of business incubators to
help new firms are in place to
commercialize RETs/STTs in Sindh.
Therefore the moderate group possesses
less hope to popularize RETs/STTs
through human resource mobilization.
Whereas, the low gropu since doesn’t
possess firsthand knowledge of
RETs/STTs consider the human resource
development as an essential tool.
Funding
limitations
Increase in funding of RE
based projects involving
more projects, institutes and
communities, which mainly
focus on increasing
efficiencies of RE/ST
technologies.
Availability of seed and
venture capital and
movement of
complementary assets.
Enhancement of funding by
especially focusing on
human resource
development in the area of
RE at the community level.
176
Inducement
Mechanism
(Belief in growth
potential & R&D
policy)
Blocking Mechanism Hypothesis tested & Proved Policy Issues Policy Measures
Functions
Provisions of
house hold
services (heating,
drying, cooking
etc) to masses
through
RETs/STTs
Market Formation
Lack of will that RETs/STTs
can become substitute for
technologies, which run on
conventional energy resources.
Need for reduction in operating
/ maintenance complexities.
Unavailability of Incentives /
disincentive available.
Higher affordability / cost
element
Flaws in market identification.
Lack of users and their
purchasing trends details
Institutional un-alignment
No/less Institutional
change/creation
H3. High cost is the main hurdle for diffusion of
RE & its technologies. Note: High cost is the main hurdle for the diffusion
of RETs due to inverse correlation (-0.23) between
high costs and absence of government incentives.
H3(a) The rate of successful diffusion of
RETs/STTs increases with the introduction of household applications.
Note: It is possible that due to more involvement
of RETs/STTs in provision of household services, their diffusion rate may increase. But in current
scenario it is not possible due to negative
correlation between RETs/STTs and common household applications such as electricity
generation (-0.141) and cooling of houses (-0.003).
H3(b). To alleviate poverty through RETs/STTs is
a difficult task to achieve in Sindh.
Note: Despite of much scope of RETs/STTs in Sindh, there is less hope in Sindh that RETs/STTs
can reduce poverty in current circumstances. This
fact becomes clearer through correlation. It shows a negative relationship between the opinion i:e
RETs/STTs can reduce poverty and bring
economic up-gradation opportunities to common people.
H3(c) Among the STTs identified, solar dehydrator
possesses least economic up-gradation and poverty alleviation capabilities through food/ vegetable
drying.
Note: The higher mean rank (30.86) of moderate
group as compared to mean rank of low group
(16.75) clearly indicated that the solar dehydrator is
least explored devices by common people, when their potential is asked for food and vegetable
drying.
Higher cost of
RETs/STTs.
Perceptional
flaws
regarding
RETs/STTs
costs,
economic up-
gradation
capabilities.
Broadening
of STTs
understanding
Reduction of RETs/STTs
costs through incentives etc.
Awareness creation
regarding RETs/STTs in
masses towards their costs
issues, economic up-
gradation and poverty
alleviation capabilities in
communities.
Expansion of STTs
knowledge in common
people such as more
awareness creation of STTs
like solar dehydrator.
177
Inducement
Mechanism
(Belief in growth
potential & R&D
policy)
Blocking Mechanism Hypothesis tested & Proved Policy Issues Policy Measures
Functions
Policies
Legitimation
Unavailability of RE policies,
Absence of RE Components in
other policies.
Unavailability of Sindh RE
based policies.
Un-Involvement of policy
experts in policy making.
Un-identification of TIS strength
in terms of its legitimacy in the
eyes of various relevant actors
and stakeholders.
Lack of information regarding
how legitimacy influences
demand, legislation, firm
behavior and What (or who)
influences legitimacy, and how.
H4. Availability of RE policies on regular
basis is a vital tool, to alleviate poverty by
generating economic opportunities through
RETs/STTs utilization in Sindh.
Note: The correlation test performed for the
survey question i-e “Should Sindh Govt.
also launch its own policies for promotion
of RE on regular basis” shows negative
relationship with the two statements i-e (i)
Availability of RE policies on regular basis
affects the commercialization/diffusion of
RET (-0.010) and (ii) In order to promote
RET/STT all other policies [Education, S&T
etc] may also contain some components of
RE (-0.084). This negative relationship shows
the severity of ligitimation problems, which
occurs for the application of RE based
technologies. These problems emerged
precisely due to the unavailability of RE
policies on regular basis. Since Sindh does
not launch its own indigenous RE based
policies.
H4(a). Lower the awareness level, higher the
dependency on government’s role in
achieving RETs/STTs successful diffusion
Note: As per standard deviation, which is
highest (0.958) for the statement i-e “Govt.
/Politicians needed to be much sincere in
policy formulation for utilizing RET/STT as
a tool for poverty alleviation and economic
up gradation” points towards the significant
opinion variation in low and moderate group.
The same is also visible from the average
mean, which is higher for low group (27.50)
as compared to low group average mean
(19.19).
Un-
availability of
RE policies.
Government
dependency.
Availability of RE policies
on regular basis.
Need for acceleration of
governmental activities in
the area of RETs/STTs,
when awareness in mass
towards RETs/STTs is low.
178
Inducement
Mechanism
(Belief in growth
potential & R&D
policy)
Blocking Mechanism Hypothesis tested/ Learning Policy Issues Policy Measures
Functions
Creation/
alignment of
policy &
educational RE
based institutes
Influence on the
direction of search
No/low Pilot field studies
Unavailability of policy
institute
Need for R&D/Educational
institute alignment and
creation
Low/No
Incentives/disincentives.
Low/No regulatory pressures.
Weak/no Will of society
H5. Pilot field studies will rapidly
diffused RETs (STTs) rapid diffusion in
Sindh.
Note: the importance of pilot field
studies is more recognized by the
moderate group (27.59) as compared to
low group (19.75) in terms of average
mean. Therefore it points towards the
fact that to create more RE awareness,
more pilot field studies are needed to be
conducted in local communities.
H5(a). Involvement of RE policy experts
in policy formulation process will
increases the diffusion of RETs/STTs in
Sindh.
Note: There exist a higher rate for
opinion variation with the statement that
“Policy needs to be formulated by policy
experts rather than
politicians/bureaucrats” at both the
individual (0.868) and societal (0.912)
perception. The moderate group average
mean (28.45), which is higher as
compared to low group (18.96), shows
that once the awareness increases the
role of policy experts in policy
formulation is being recognized highly.
Shortage of
pilot field
study.
Policy
making on
professional
grounds
Increase of pilot field study.
Involvement of policy
experts in policy making
179
Inducement
Mechanism
(Belief in growth
potential & R&D
policy)
Blocking Mechanism Hypothesis tested/ Learning Policy Issues Policy Measures
Functions
Community
Involvement
Entrepreneurial
Experimentation
Weak NGO’s and private
sector role
Low/no exposure and
involvement of communities
Unavailability of Trends
regarding new entry firm and
existing firms
Less Nos. of technologies in use.
Lesser applications provided by
technologies.
H6 NGOs and private sector can
alleviate poverty in Sindh by promoting
the RETs/STTs at community level.
Note: The correlation between the NGOs
and private sector with poverty
alleviation shows a positive relation.
Thus NGOs and private sector can play
an important role in poverty alleviation
in Sindh.
NGOs &
private sector
role
Strengthening of NOGs &
private sector role by
provision of incentives in
the area of RE
Interlinking
Economic,
Poverty
alleviation
policies with RE
based policies.
Development of
positive
externalities
Flaws in National policies
priorities
Un-utilization of Technical
education infrastructure
Un-identification of Sindh’s
potential
Weak/no Potential/will.
Less/no Knowledge flow.
H7. Increase in awareness, increases the
perception that the national policies are made
on ground realities.
Note: The variation is also visible through
the standard deviation, which is highest i-e
0.875 for individual perception regarding this
assumption. Thus these policies are unable to
bear any fruit to common people. In reality
what so ever less or more weightage has been
given to inclusion of Sindh’s issues in
national policies, implantation flaws are the
main hurdles in their success.
H7(a): Technical education can accelerate the
diffusion of RETs/STTs in Sindh.
Note: The higher average mean (28.15) of
low group of stakeholder points towards the
fact that since these stakeholders are quite
aware with the institutes of technical
education. Therefore are much optimistic
about the role it can play in promotion of
RETs/STTs in Sindh.
Weaknesses
in
incorporating
the regional/
provincial
view point.
Un-
involvement
of technical
education
system.
Making of national policies
by taking the view
point/ground realities of
provinces through policy
draft circulation.
Utilization of technical
education infrastructure for
the promotion/diffusion of
RETs/ STTs.
180
Fig 6.2: Hurdles of MTED in Sindh
180
CHAPTER # 07
FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS
AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
7. 1 MAIN FINDINGS
The major contribution of this research is to provide an understanding of
Sindh’s MTED for poverty alleviation through economic up-gradation with the use of
appropriate technologies. The findings of this research comprise the theoretical
development of the MTED system in Sindh based on the Primary and Secondary
frameworks emerged from the GRD framework.
7.1.1 GRD Framework
Through the global perspective of the GRD (Global – Regional – Domestic)
framework, it is attempted to relate the adoption of the appropriate technologies and
the innovation system for the economic growth and poverty alleviation. It is also
observed that the developing countries are lagging behind drastically in promotion
and adoption of the appropriate technologies for economic development at micro level
in the society. In turn, the societies with weak practices of promotion and adoption of
the appropriate technologies are found to have weaker national and technology
innovation (NIS and TIS) systems.
To relate NIS and TIS with economic generation for poverty alleviation in
form of MTED is a new concept for Sindh. Therefore new approaches are needed to
be identified by the policy makers, which can benefit all the stakeholders of the
society while devising the policies for economic up-gradation and poverty alleviation.
Indian “inclusive growth” approach is the leading example of it. This approach quite
intelligently helped in the development of regional TIS to alleviate poverty, which
generated better economic up-gradation opportunities at the community level of the
society. This approach may be quite applicable in Sindh, keeping in view the similar
set of institutions and engagement of a society as a whole. For example, like the
Indian Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), which adopted the
“inclusive growth" approach, Pakistan also has similar kind of organization known
as the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR). The PCSIR
180
181
having branches in entire Pakistan, especially in major cities of Sindh can work
effectively in the promotion of “inclusive growth” approach in Sindh.
In the regional perspective of the GRD (Global – Regional – Domestic)
framework, it is learnt that Pakistan’s weaker performance in poverty alleviation
through S&T is quite visible from the fact that in its entire period of existence,
Pakistan has launched only three policies pertaining for S&T, which too have never
been monitored and fully implemented. Therefore, it is not possible for a country aged
sixty eight years to depend merely on three policies to utilize S&T for viable
economic growth and total poverty alleviation. The task for poverty alleviation
became in fact more difficult when enormous new challenges emerged during this
period. The meager number of policies was not sufficient to boost S&T in Pakistan.
Therefore, the impact of framing of any policies for poverty alleviation is a distant
one. It is further identified that the level of poverty in Pakistan not only emerged due
to the implementation flaws of available S&T policies, but the flaws in poverty
alleviation policies also contributed to it. The flaws include the “absence of inclusive
growth” approach in poverty alleviation policies. Due to this, either the poverty
remained stagnant or even increased.
From the domestic perspective of the GRD (Global – Regional – Domestic)
framework, it is identified that the institutes responsible to develop Sindh’s vision for
S&T remained unable to introduce initiatives through which poverty can be alleviated
by using appropriate technologies. It is identified that the growth trends of Sindh are
irregular and consisting of visible rural-urban divide. The rural areas of Sindh are the
most affected areas in terms of poverty, when compared to average statistics for entire
Pakistan.
7.1.2 The Primary Framework of MTED for Poverty Alleviation in Sindh
The low awareness about the appropriate technologies such as STTs is the
main hurdle identified by the MTED system to alleviate poverty in Sindh. The low
awareness even for simplest RETs such as STTs represents the alarming situation in
Sindh.
However, practically when community people have provided a chance to get
familiarize themselves with STTs it became visible that not only they easily learned
182
the functioning of these technologies but wanted to utilize these technologies for post
harvest processes. In addition, the survey identified the major stakeholders and their
corresponding level of awareness towards STTs.
Finally, through the primary framework, the basic MTED infrastructure in
Sindh was identified and it is concluded that currently the MTED system is stagnant
in Sindh to have a possible impact on poverty alleviation. Therefore, the Secondary
framework is designed to identify the related hurdles, which keeps the wheel of
MTED stagnant in Sindh.
7.1.3 The Secondary Framework of MTED for Poverty Alleviation in Sindh
Through the Secondary framework, it is identified that the hurdles in Sindh’s
MTED for possible poverty alleviation are of a very basic nature. So much so that
Sindh’s MTED cannot be designated as an “Emerging TIS”. Hence, whole new
parameters are required to be investigated for Sindh’s MTED. These parameters must
be based upon the conditions of lesser developing regions like Sindh. Thus a new
framework is emerged by incorporating the MTED hurdles in Sindh as shown in
figure 7.1 termed as the MTED Framework. The MTED framework designed for
Sindh has a huge scope for TIS based research in developing regions, especially when
the impact of appropriate technologies is needed to be investigated for possible
poverty alleviation and economic up-gradation of the society at the community level.
The hurdles identified thus needed to be investigated before initiation of TIS based
research in developing regions. Finally the researcher concludes that the “Emerging
TIS” term as proposed by Bergek et al could be termed as “Shadow TIS” for very
poor developing regions like Sindh keeping in view their deteriorating status of
MTED.
183
Fig: 7.1 MTED Framework of Shadow
TIS: Study of Sindh
Physical Community Pilot Field Study
Institutions Survey
Basic learning Primary Sketch of Renewable
energy scenario of Pakistan
Future Research Objectives Identification
Designing of Research Methodology
Literature Review GRD-Framework
Selection of solar thermal technologies
Identification of Cai et al. Framework
Provisions of House Hold Services
Market Formation
189
7.2 CONCLUSIONS
1. The role of appropriate technologies for possible poverty alleviation and the economic
growth has been studied on the lines of innovation systems. It has been identified that the
undertaken research has close resemblance to the establishment of a new technological
innovation system (TIS) in less developed regions. The GRD-Framework has been
developed to perform the literature review keeping in view the different nature of the
research. Through this literature review, two frameworks i-e Primary and Secondary were
developed to study the MTED for possible poverty alleviation in Sindh. The Primary
framework emerged from the research work done by Cai et al. (2009). His framework fits
well in order to investigate the basic MTED scenario in Sindh’s context. His framework
guided in establishing the Primary framework of the MTED. To undertake this task solar
thermal technologies (STTs) were selected and the Primary Framework was tested. The
first stage of the Primary framework started with a pilot field study. The said study was
conducted in local community to investigate the potentials of identified appropriate
technologies for possible poverty alleviation and economic growth. The second stage of
the Primary framework was a survey conducted to trace major stakeholders and
institutions shaping Sindh’ MTED on the basis of STTs. The survey provided an
understanding of the basic MTED scenario of Sindh and it was found to be stagnant to
alleviate poverty at the community level of the society.
2. This basic understanding of MTED has compelled to further investigate certain
parameters in detail. The Primary framework, then further extended by incorporating
Bergek et al. framework found to be suitable to investigate the deeper picture of Sindh’s
MTED on the grounds of emerging TIS. The selection of Bergek et al. framework lies
was mainly due to the low awareness of the community people with the solar thermal
technologies (STTs). This framework addresses the new technologies and STTs appear
to be new for the people of Sindh. The functional parameters of Bergek et al. framework
were then modified in terms of Sindh’s perspective and developed a Secondary
Framwork. The Primary framework and the Secondary framework then merged together
to develop a new framework termed as MTED. In the Secondary framework a detailed
survey was conducted with stakeholders identified during the Primary framework. In this
190
survey stakeholders were asked for opinions regarding their individual and societal
perspective for various factors affecting the MTED in Sindh for possible poverty
alleviation and economic up-gradation. After data collection various statistical techniques
were applied to investigate the trends regarding the functioning of MTED in Sindh. Later,
on different hypotheses were tested to identify the blocking mechanism, which work as
hurdles in moving the MTED wheel in the direction of possible poverty alleviation in
Sindh. Finally, these hurdles were interlinked with the already published national
policies. In the end, following conclusion is drawn from the findings of entire research:
3. “In Sindh enormous untapped potential exists. The proper utilization of this potential
needs to mobilize communities to accelerate the pace of economic growth to alleviate
poverty. This can only be achieved on a sustainable basis if appropriate technologies
can be utilized by these communities efficiently and intelligently”
Hence, “The strong micro techno-economic dynamics (MTED) is prerequisite to
establish an efficient technological innovation system (TIS) in Sindh”.
7. 2.1 Contributions of Research
The major contributions of this research are discussed below.
1. Contribution to the literature
This research provides adequate information to policy makers to emphasize more on the
appropriate technology utilization for possible poverty alleviation in Sindh. The proposed MTED
system can establish linkages between pattern of appropriate technology adoption, economic
growth and poverty alleviation. The details of publications made through this research are shown
below:
Book Chapter:
Asif A Shah, Arabella Bhutto, S.M.Qureshi, Ambreen Shah, AA Shah & Wajiha Shah.
191
Renewable Energy Scenario of Pakistan for Sustainable Development. In edited book
Global Sustainable Development and Renewable Energy Systems, IGI Global, USA.
a. Research Papers:
Asif A Shah, Roshan S. Rashdi, Arabella Bhutto, Ambreen Shah.
“The real life scenario for diffusion of renewable energy technologies (RETs) in
Pakistan– Lessons learned through the pilot field study under physical Community”.
Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2011;15: 2210–2213.
Impact Fact: 6.619
Asif A Shah, S.M.Qureshi, ArabellaBhutto, Ambreen Shah.
“Sustainable development through renewable energy—The fundamental policy
dilemmas of Pakistan”. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2011;05:861–5
Impact Factor: 6.619
Asif A Shah.
“Drying of food by using alternate energy”. Proceedings of world conference on Physics
for Sustainable Development 2005 (available online @
www.wcpsd.org/poster/environment/shah.pdf)
2. Contribution to the Industry
This research becomes the sole source of information to understand the Sindh’s dynamics
for utilization of appropriate technologies for poverty alleviation. Not only the provincial
organizations such as Tourism Deptt. Govt. of Sindh has benefited from the learning of this
research but national organizations like National Institute of Science & Technical Education,
Islamabad and Zarai Tarqiyati Bank Ltd’s Technology Transfer Unit utilized the findings of this
research in shaping their policies.
Apart from Provincial and National recognition, the researcher was invited by the
International Centre of Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Italy to review the “Outcome of Rio 20”
document in terms of the learning made through this research.
192
7.2.2 Research Limitations
Keeping in view the innovative nature of this research as it tries to establish the linkages
between appropriate technology utilization, poverty alleviation and economic up-gradation, the
said study is conducted on the basis of application/diffusion of STTs. This approach helped the
researcher to remain focused and to meet the available resources of time, money etc. However,
the main problem faced during this research was the unavailability of genuine and updated
poverty statistics for poverty level in Sindh and Pakistan.
7.2.3 The Way Forward
The research until now maintained its focus towards the policy perspective of MTED in
Sindh for poverty alleviation. The future research should make attempts to investigate the
financial perspective of the same as well. However, the role of big scale solar thermal dehydrator
and other related technologies can also be included in the future studies.
7.3 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The Government of Sindh should strengthen the Science and Technology (S&T) Cell in
the Department of Planning and Development or better revive and reestablish the separate
Department of Science and Technology established earlier but abandoned soon after.
2. The S&T Cell or the Department should frame a comprehensive policy and its plan of
action to introduce the MTED, rather make it feasible throughout Sindh up to village
level, to alleviate poverty.
3. The policies framed and action plans introduced in this respect be reviewed on regular
basis and need to be based on evidence.
4. It should be made mandatory that national policies must be widely circulated to take the
viewpoint of provinces.
5. The recommendations of Pakistan Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPPA) such as the
formulation of support system for people falling into sudden illness should also be
incorporated in Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP).
193
6. While setting the priorities of S&T at National/Provincial level the concept of inclusive
growth approach should be incorporated through community mobilization.
7. A detailed survey of human and natural resources and other requirements to be conducted
for each feasible unit at Taluka, Village, etc. level for whole of Sindh and a relevant
appropriate technology (s) be identified for each different unit to introduce MTED
phenomenon for poverty alleviation effectively in that area.
8. An appropriate comprehensive program must be launched for vocational education and
technical training for generation of suitable manpower in Techno-Economic
Development and Innovation to promote MTED. The concepts may be introduced in
general through special topics/ courses at the secondary level of education to generate
creative minds in this field.
9. Financial Incentives may be provided to promote RETs/STTs and other relevant
technologies in order to keep the wheel of MTED moving in Sindh.
10. The Government must encourage linkages among different concerned organizations to
form themselves into an Innovation System to achieve the objectives of Poverty-
alleviation through MTED.
11. The role of NGOs and private sector must be strengthened in MTED effort to rapidly
bring the benefits of RETs/STTs and other appropriate technologies to common people.
12. Funds be provided for small pilot field studies and training to provide RETs/STTs and
other appropriate technologies first-hand knowledge to common people.
194
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Annexure. I
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Details of Stakeholder visiting PCSIR Laboratories Hyderabad
S. No.____________________________ Date of Visit.______________________________
Name.____________________________________________________________________
Designation._____________________________ Organization.__________________________
Reason for visit.________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Remarks.______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Any Suggestion/s.____________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
200
Annexure. II
Table: I Pillars and Areas of Intervention of PRSP-I:
Source: UNDP 2009 report titled Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers: An Evaluation
# Pillar Areas of Intervention
1
Accelerating Economic
Growth
Macroeconomic
Framework
Monetary and Fiscal
Policy
Financial Sector
Reform
Capital Market
Development
Trade Liberalization
and Export Growth
Investment Policy
Reform and
Privatization
Streamlining
Regulatory
Framework
Enabling Environment
for SMEs
Provision of
Supportive
Infrastructure
Rural
Development
Strategy
Expansion of Housing
Finance
2
Improving Governance
and Devolution
Devolution Fiscal Decentralization Access to Justice
Police Reforms Civil Service Reforms Pay and Pension
Reforms
Capacity
Building
Anti-Corruption
Strategy
Procurement
Reforms
Freedom of
Information
Fiscal and Financial
Transparency
Strengthening
Statistics
3
Investing in Human
Capital
Improvement In
Education
Delivery
Improvement In Health
Delivery
Drinking Water and
Sanitation
Youth
Development
Strengthening the Commission of Human
Development
4
Targeting the Poor and
the Vulnerable.
Expansion of Micro-
Finance Facility
Streamlining (Special)
Programmes
Strengthening Other Safety
Nets
Pension Program for the Private
Sector
201
Annexure. III
Table: II Pillars and Areas of Intervention PRSP-II:
Source: UNDP 2009 report titled Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers: An Evaluation
# Pillar Areas of Intervention
1 Drivers of Economic Growth and
Macro-Economic Stability
1. Reaping the Demographic Dividend
2. Riding the Globalization Wave in
Export Markets
3. Developing Mega Cities as Engines of
Growth
4. Development of Rural Infrastructure
and Markets
2 Crafting A Competitive Advantage 1. Private Sector Development
2. Intensifying Deregulation,
Privatization and Liberalization
3. Enhancing Competitiveness and
Productivity
4. Special Economic Zones, Industrial
Parks, IT Parks
5. Small and Medium Enterprises
6. R & D, Extension Services and Value-
addition in Agriculture 3 Harnessing the Potential of the People 1. Human Resource Development
Strategy
2. Mainstreaming Gender and
Empowering Women
3. Employment Generation 4 Financial Sector Deepening and
Economic Development
1. Development of Financial
and Capital Markets
2. SME Finance
3. Micro Finance 4.lslamic Banking
5 World Class Infrastructure 1. Infrastructure Development
2. Public-Private Partnership
3. Harnessing the Water Resources
4. Ensuring Energy Security and Efficiency
5. National Trade Corridor and
Modernization of Logistic Chain 6 Effective Governance and
Management
1. Reinforcing Devolution
2. Effective Social Service Delivery
3. Reforms in Civil Service, Judiciary,
Police
4. Restructuring of Federal Bureau of Statistics
into an autonomous institution
5.E-Government Strategy 7 Targeting the Poor and Vulnerable 1. Social safety nets
2. Micro Finance
202
Annexure IV
List of the some important stakeholders who contributed in survey:
The local Government Department Mithi, District Tharparkar.
M/s Aga Khan Higher Secondary School, Hyderabad.
M/s Strengthening Participatory Organization (SPO) Hyderabad.
The local Government Department, District Dadu, District Badin, District Khairpur,
District Nawabshah, District Mirpurkhas, District Larkana (Agro Export Processing
Zone, AEPZ, Hyderabad).
M/s Jamil and Company, Hyderabad.
M/s Dada Bhoy Hydro Carbon Limited Hyderabad.
M/s Descon Engineering Private Limited, Dadu.
M/s Pakistan Rangers, Hyderabad.
M/s Silicate Mining and Trading Company, Hyderabad.
M/s RBOD, Thatta, Hyderabad and Jamshoro.
M/s Amin Textile Mills Private Limited, SITE, Kotri.
M/s Al-Wardah Agro Industries, Super Highway Nooriabad.
M/s Animal Husbandry Government of Sindh, Hyderabad
M/s Small Dams Organization Nangarparkar, Tharparkar.
M/s Pakistan Beverages Limited, Hyderabad.
M/s Faran Sugar Mills Limited, Hyderabad.
M/s Island Textile Mills Limited, Kotri.
M/s Cadet College Petaro, Jamshoro.
M/s Syed Floor Mills, Hyderabad.
M/s Badin Rural Development Society, Badin.
M/s Farooq Products Private Limited, Hyderabad.
M/s Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB), Mithi.
M/s SAWFCO Hyderabad.
M/s Jaffer Brothers Private Limited, Hyderabad.
M/s Thar Rangers, Hyderabad.
M/s Naurus Private Limited, Karachi.
M/s Clairient Pakistan Private Limited, Hyderabad.
M/s National Food Private Limited, Karachi.
M/s Symax Private Limited, Karachi.
M/s Diakob Enterprises, Rawalpindi.
M/s Export Promotion Bureau, Karachi.
M/s Oxfam International, Hyderabad
Badin Rural Development, Society
M/s National Food Pvt. Ltd, Karachi.
M/s Shalimar Food Pvt. Ltd, Karachi.
Mr. Hussain Syed, DCO, Hyderabad.
M/s KBI Textile Mills Pvt. Ltd.
198
Annexure V
Functional Parameters Survey Questionnaire
1. Awareness Creation Through Education
Sr.
No. Statements
Level of Agreement
Chances of
Acceptability etc
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
1 Knowledge diffusion is the main pillar for the success of knowledge transfer (KT).
2 Is it needed to include more courses on RE in general education.
3 The role of primary education in promotion of RE is highly essential.
4 The role of secondary education in promotion of RE is highly significant.
5 The role of higher secondary education in promotion of RE is crucial.
6 The role of university education in promotion of RE is most significant.
7 More trainings/seminars/conferences increases the awareness of RETs/STTs.
8 Institutes of technical education should incorporate more courses on RETs.
*RETs: Renewable Energy Technologies, STTs: Solar Thermal Technologies, RE: Renewable Energy
2. Availability of RE Policies
Sr.
No. Statements
Level of Agreement
Chances of
Acceptability etc
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
1 The un-availability of RE policies on regular basis affects the un-commercialization/diffusion of RETs.
2 In order to promote RETs/STTs all other policies [Education, S&T etc] may also contain some
components of RE.
3 Should Sindh Govt. also launch its own policies for promotion of RE on regular basis.
4 Political parties must have their own think tanks which works on innovative ideas such as poverty
alleviation through utilization of technologies
5 Govt. /Politicians are much sincere in policy formulation for utilizing RETs/STTs as a tool for poverty
alleviation and economic up gradation.
6 You foresee in coming 10 years that the rate of poverty will be reduced greatly, keeping in view the
current policy practices.
199
3. Introduction of Household Services to Masses Through RETs
Sr.
No. Statements
Level of Agreement
Chances of
Acceptability etc
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
1 There is a scope of Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) in our society?
2 RETs can improve economic conditions and remove poverty in Sindh.
3 The problem of water purification/cleaning can be solved through Solar Desalination
4 Solar Geysers can provide suitable options for water heating
5 The solar stove (Cooker) is an ideal way for Cooking food in off grid areas.
6. Food/vegetables drying provide much economic up-gradation opportunities through solar dehydrators.
7 The solar dehydrators can be efficiently used for dates drying
8 The solar dehydrators can be efficiently used for chilies drying
9 The solar dehydrators can be efficiently used for Rose petals/Spinach /Onions/ tomato etc drying
10 After sales service for STTs is essential for their commercialization. If it is provided society may greatly
adopt STTs.
11 STTs can easily be diffused in society, if it contains more applications other then water purification,
heating, cooking and drying.
12 STTs can improve economic conditions, remove poverty in Sindh.
13 The shortfall of electricity can be removed through RE.
14 The cooling systems of buildings can be done through RE.
15 High cost of RETs (STTs) brings hurdle in their diffusion. Is society ready to pay more for these
technologies?
16 A major cause for almost no diffusion of RE/ST is unawareness regarding their utilization. If society
becomes more aware it can be benefited more from these technologies.
17 Lack of Incentives / Disincentives from Govt. do make hurdles for the diffusion of RETs (STTs).
18 RETs (STTs) successful diffusion will occurs when more general applications of these technologies will
emerge.
19 Operational Complexities [Difficulties in operation] affected the diffusion rate of RET (STT) in society.
20 Customization [availability of tailor-made technologies] best suiting the needs of individual customer is a
key to improve the scenario for RETs (STTs) applications.
200
4. Funding & Viability
Sr.
No Statements
Level of Agreement
(Respondent)
Chances of
Acceptability etc
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
1 Increase of capital volume may increase resource mobilization for RETs (STTs).
2 Increase in Seed and Venture Capital [Funds for startup Firms and Business], also increases potential for resource mobilization for RETs (STTs).
3 Resource mobilization for RETs (STTs) can be done through change and increase in quality of human resources.
4 Change in complementary Assets (Products, Services, Work Infrastructure etc) increases resource
mobilization for RETs (STTs).
5 Lack of efficiency in technologies of RETs (STTs) is the main hurdle in their commercialization. If they
are made more efficient society will adopt them easily.
6 Creation of Business Incubators [places providing business management help] is the main source to
encourage new firms in the field of RETs (STTs).
5. Creation/ Alignment of Policy & Educational RE Based Institution
Sr.
No. Statements
Level of Agreement
(Respondent)
Chances of
Acceptability etc
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
1 R&D/Educational Institutional Alignment (Institutions starting to focus more on RETs/STTs) is crucial for
promotion of RETs(STTs).
2 Creation of new RE based institutions is crucial for promotion of RETs (STTs).
3 Increase of pilot field studies highlighting the use of RETs (STTs) by institutions may helps in their
diffusion
4 Is it a need of time, to establish more policy institutes in Sindh, which make policy more relevant to
Sindh’s real issues.
5 Policy needs to be formulated by policy experts rather than politicians/bureaucrats.
201
6. Community Involvement
S.
No. Statements
Level of Agreement
Chances of
Acceptability etc
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
1. Are NGOs and private sector performing efficient role in poverty alleviation in Sindh
2. Do NGOs and private sector ever focused on alleviating poverty through technology utilization.
3. Poverty can be reduced in Sindh, if policies giving more focus to communities.
7. Interlinking Economic, Poverty Alleviation Policies with RE Based Policies
S.
No. Statements
Level of Agreement
Chances of
Acceptability etc
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
1 Use of Science and Technology can be an essential tool for poverty alleviation in Sindh
2 National policies are being formulated by incorporating the views, needs and ground realities of provinces.
3 Technical education can strongly boost the diffusion of RET/STT if its infrastructure can be utilized
efficiently such as the provision of after sale services for RE/ST technologies.
4 Does Sindh has potential to use technologies for poverty alleviation and economic up gradation.
202
REAL SCENARIO Annexure VI Level of Agreement (Individual Perception) Vs. Chances of Acceptability/Happening/Occurring etc (Societal Perception)
KNOWLEDGE CREATION
(EDUCATION)
Level of Agreement
(Individual Perception)
Level of Agreement
Chances of acceptability/happening/occurring etc (Societal Perception)
Highly Agree Not Agree Highly Agree Not Agree
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
Statements Statements
1. Is it needed to include more courses on RE in general education.
2. The role of primary education in promotion of RE is highly essential.
3. The role of secondary education in promotion of RE is highly significant.
4. The role of higher secondary education in promotion of RE is crucial.
5. The role of university education in promotion of RE is most significant.
6. Institutes of technical education should incorporate more courses on RET
1. Is it needed to include more courses on RE in general education.
2. The role of primary education in promotion of RE is highly essential.
3. The role of secondary education in promotion of RE is highly significant.
4. The role of higher secondary education in promotion of RE is crucial.
5. The role of university education in promotion of RE is most significant.
6. Institutes of technical education should incorporate more courses on RET
RESOURCE MOBILIZATION (FUNDING AND VIABILITY)
Level of Agreement
(Individual Perception)
Level of Agreement
Chances of acceptability/happening/occurring etc (Societal Perception)
Highly Agree Not Agree Highly Agree Not Agree
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
Statements Statements
1. Increase of capital volume may increase resource mobilization for
RETs (STTs).
2. Increase in Seed and Venture Capital [Funds for startup Firms and
Business], also increases potential for resource mobilization for RETs
(STTs).
3. Resource mobilization for RETs (STTs) can be done through change
and increase in quality of human resources.
4. Change in complementary Assets (Products, Services, Work
Infrastructure etc) increases resource mobilization for RETs (STTs).
5. Lack of efficiency in technologies of RETs (STTs) is the main hurdle
in their commercialization. If they are made more efficiently society
will adopt them easily.
6. Creation of Business Incubators [places providing business
management help] is the main source to encourage new firms in the
field of RETs (STTs).
1. Increase of capital volume may increase resource mobilization for RETs
(STTs).
2. Increase in Seed and Venture Capital [Funds for startup Firms and
Business], also increases potential for resource mobilization for RETs
(STTs).
3. Resource mobilization for RETs (STTs) can be done through change and
increase in quality of human resources.
4. Change in complementary Assets (Products, Services, Work
Infrastructure etc) increases resource mobilization for RETs (STTs).
5. Lack of efficiency in technologies of RETs (STTs) is the main hurdle in
their commercialization. If they are made more efficiently society will
adopt them easily.
6. Creation of Business Incubators [places providing business management
help] is the main source to encourage new firms in the field of RETs
(STTs).
7.
203
MARKET FORMATION (INTRODUCTION OF HOUSEHOLD SERVICES TO MASSES THROUGH RETs/STTs)
Level of Agreement (Individual Perception) Level of Agreement (Societal Perception)
Highly Agree Not Agree Highly Agree Not Agree
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
Statements Statements
1. Do you think there is a scope of RETs in our society?
2. RET can improve economic conditions, remove poverty in Sindh.
3. The problem of water purification/cleaning can be solved through Solar
Desalination
4. Solar Geysers can provide suitable options for water heating
5. The solar stove (Cookers) is an ideal way for Cooking of food in off grid.
6. Food/vegetables drying provide much economic up-gradation opportunities
through solar dehydrators.
7. The solar dehydrators can be efficiently used for dates drying
8. The solar dehydrators can be efficiently used for chilies drying
9. The solar dehydrators can be efficiently used for Rose petals/Spinach
/Onions/ tomato etc drying
10. After sales service for STT is essential for their commercialization. If it is
provided society may greatly adopt STTs.
11. STTs can easily be diffused in society, if it contains more applications other
then water purification, heating, cooking and drying.
12. STT can improve economic conditions, remove poverty in Sindh.
13. The shortfall of electricity can be removed through RE.
14. The cooling systems of buildings can be done through RE.
15. High cost of RET (STT) brings hurdle in their diffusion. Is society ready to
pay more for these technologies?
16. A major cause for almost no diffusion of RE/ST is unawareness regarding
their utilization. If society becomes more aware it can be benefited more
from these technologies.
17. Lack of Incentives / Disincentives from Govt. do make hurdles for the
diffusion of RET (STT).
18. RETs (STTs) successful diffusion will occurs when more general
applications of these technologies will emerge.
19. Operational Complexities [Difficulties in operation] effected the diffusion
rate of RET (STT) in society.
20. Customization [availability of tailor-made technologies] best suiting the
needs of individual customer is a key to improve the scenario for RET
(STT) applications.
1. Do you think there is a scope of RETs in our society?
2. RET can improve economic conditions, remove poverty in Sindh.
3. The problem of water purification/cleaning can be solved through Solar
Desalination
4. Solar Geysers can provide suitable options for water heating
5. The solar stove (Cookers) is an ideal way for Cooking of food in off grid.
6. Food/vegetables drying provide much economic up-gradation
opportunities through solar dehydrators.
7. The solar dehydrators can be efficiently used for dates drying
8. The solar dehydrators can be efficiently used for chilies drying
9. The solar dehydrators can be efficiently used for Rose petals/Spinach
/Onions/ tomato etc drying
10. After sales service for STT is essential for their commercialization. If it is
provided society may greatly adopt STTs.
11. STTs can easily be diffused in society, if it contains more applications
other then water purification, heating, cooking and drying.
12. STT can improve economic conditions, remove poverty in Sindh.
13. The shortfall of electricity can be removed through RE.
14. The cooling systems of buildings can be done through RE.
15. High cost of RET (STT) brings hurdle in their diffusion. Is society ready
to pay more for these technologies?
16. A major cause for almost no diffusion of RE/ST is unawareness
regarding their utilization. If society becomes more aware it can be
benefited more from these technologies.
17. Lack of Incentives / Disincentives from Govt. do make hurdles for the
diffusion of RET (STT).
18. RETs (STTs) successful diffusion will occurs when more general
applications of these technologies will emerge.
19. Operational Complexities [Difficulties in operation] effected the
diffusion rate of RET (STT) in society.
20. Customization [availability of tailor-made technologies] best suiting the
needs of individual customer is a key to improve the scenario for RET
(STT) applications
204
LIGITIMATION (POLICIES)
Level of Agreement
(Individual Perception)
Level of Agreement
Chances of acceptability/happening/occurring etc (Societal Perception)
Highly Agree Not Agree Highly Agree Not Agree
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
Statements Statements
1. Availability of RE policies on regular basis affects the
commercialization/diffusion of RET.
2. In order to promote RET/STT all other policies [Education, S&T etc]
may also contain some components of RE.
3. Should Sindh Govt. also launch its own policies for promotion of RE
on regular basis.
4. Political parties must have their own think tanks which works on
innovative ideas such as poverty alleviation through utilization of
technologies etc
5. Govt. /Politicians needed to be much sincere in policy formulation for
utilizing RET/STT as a tool for poverty alleviation and economic up
gradation.
6. What do you foresee in coming 10 years that the rate of poverty will be
reduced greatly, keeping in view the current policy practices.
1. Availability of RE policies on regular basis affects the
commercialization/diffusion of RET.
2. In order to promote RET/STT all other policies [Education, S&T etc]
may also contain some components of RE.
3. Should Sindh Govt. also launch its own policies for promotion of RE on
regular basis.
4. Political parties must have their own think tanks which works on
innovative ideas such as poverty alleviation through utilization of
technologies etc
5. Govt. /Politicians needed to be much sincere in policy formulation for
utilizing RET/STT as a tool for poverty alleviation and economic up
gradation.
6. What do you foresee in coming 10 years that the rate of poverty will be
reduced greatly, keeping in view the current policy practices
INFLUENCE ON THE DIRECTION OF SEARCH
(CREATION/ ALIGNMENT OF POLICY & EDUCATIONAL RE BASED INSTITUTION)
Level of Agreement
(Individual Perception)
Level of Agreement
Chances of acceptability/happening/occurring etc (Societal Perception)
Highly Agree Not Agree Highly Agree Not Agree
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
Statements Statements
1. R&D/Educational Institutional Alignment (Institutions starting to
focusing more on RET/STT) is crucial for promotion of RET (STT).
2. Creation of new RE based institutions is crucial for promotion of RET
(STT).
3. Increase of pilot field studies highlighting the use of RET (STT) by
institutions may helps in their diffusion
4. Is it a need of time, to establish more policy institutes in Sindh, which
make policy more relevant to Sindh’s real issues.
5. Policy needs to be formulated by policy experts rather than
politicians/bureaucrats.
1. R&D/Educational Institutional Alignment (Institutions starting to
focusing more on RET/STT) is crucial for promotion of RET (STT).
2. Creation of new RE based institutions is crucial for promotion of RET
(STT).
3. Increase of pilot field studies highlighting the use of RET (STT) by
institutions may helps in their diffusion
4. Is it a need of time, to establish more policy institutes in Sindh, which
make policy more relevant to Sindh’s real issues.
5. Policy needs to be formulated by policy experts rather than
politicians/bureaucrats.
205
ENTREPRENEURIAL EXPERIMENTATION
(COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT)
Level of Agreement
(Individual Perception)
Level of Agreement
Chances of acceptability/happening/occurring etc (Societal Perception)
Highly Agree Not Agree Highly Agree Not Agree
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
Statements Statements
1. Are NGOs and private sector performing efficient role in poverty
alleviation in Sindh.
2. Do NGOs and private sector ever focused on alleviating poverty
through technology utilization.
3. Poverty can be reduced in Sindh, if policies giving more focus to
communities
1. Are NGOs and private sector performing efficient role in poverty
alleviation in Sindh.
2. Do NGOs and private sector ever focused on alleviating poverty through
technology utilization.
3. Poverty can be reduced in Sindh, if policies giving more focus to
communities
DEVELOPMENT OF EXTERNAL ECONOMICS
(INTERLINKING ECONOMIC , POVERTY ALLEVIATION POLICIES WITH RE BASED POLICIES)
Level of Agreement
(Individual Perception)
Level of Agreement
Chances of acceptability/happening/occurring etc (Societal Perception)
Highly Agree Not Agree Highly Agree Not Agree
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
Statements Statements
1. Use of Science and Technology can be an essential tool for poverty
alleviation in Sindh
2. National policies are being formulated by incorporating the views,
needs and ground realities of provinces.
3. Technical education can strongly boost the diffusion of RET/STT if its
infrastructure can be utilized efficiently such as the provision of after
sale services for RE/ST technologies.
4. Does Sindh has potential to use technologies for poverty alleviation
and economic up gradation
1. Use of Science and Technology can be an essential tool for poverty
alleviation in Sindh
2. National policies are being formulated by incorporating the views, needs
and ground realities of provinces.
3. Technical education can strongly boost the diffusion of RET/STT if its
infrastructure can be utilized efficiently such as the provision of after sale
services for RE/ST technologies.
4. Does Sindh has potential to use technologies for poverty alleviation and
206
Annexure VII
Publications Details
Book Chapter:
Asif A Shah, Arabella Bhutto, S.M.Qureshi, Ambreen Shah, AA Shah &
Wajiha Shah.
Renewable Energy Scenario of Pakistan for Sustainable Development. In
edited book Global Sustainable Development and Renewable Energy Systems,
IGI Global, USA.
Research Papers:
Asif A Shah, Roshan S. Rashdi, Arabella Bhutto, Ambreen Shah.
“The real life scenario for diffusion of renewable energy technologies (RETs)
in Pakistan– Lessons learned through the pilot field study under physical
Community”. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2011;15: 2210–2213.
Impact Fact: 6.619
Asif A Shah, S.M.Qureshi, ArabellaBhutto, Ambreen Shah.
“Sustainable development through renewable energy—The fundamental
policy dilemmas of Pakistan”. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2011;05:861–5
Impact Factor: 6.619
Asif A Shah.
“Drying of food by using alternate energy”. Proceedings of world conference on
Physics for Sustainable Development 2005 (available online @
www.wcpsd.org/poster/environment/shah.pdf)