study of applicable future public library trends & … · future public library trends &...

By Marie Palmer

19 June 2019

STUDY OF APPLICABLE FUTURE PUBLIC LIBRARY TRENDS & BEST PRACTICES

PREPARED FOR THE SQUAMISH PUBLIC LIBRARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to thank the Squamish Public Library Board of Directors, Hilary Bloom, Director of

Squamish of Public Library, and Annerieke van Hoek of studioHuB for their ideas, contributions, and

futuristic enthusiasm.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 1

EXPECTED SQUAMISH PUBLIC LIBRARY VISITOR PROFILE ............................................................................ 5

NEW TYPES OF PATRONS .......................................................................................................................... 5

Digital Natives ....................................................................................................................................... 5

Knowledge Creators .............................................................................................................................. 6

Entrepreneurial Learners ...................................................................................................................... 6

ROLE OF THE PUBLIC LIBRARY ....................................................................................................................... 7

PHYSICAL SPACE ............................................................................................................................................ 9

SIZE ............................................................................................................................................................ 9

FEWER BOOKS → MORE PHYSICAL SPACE ............................................................................................... 9

FUNCTIONAL SPACE NEEDS .................................................................................................................... 10

Collaborative Work Space ................................................................................................................... 13

Quiet, Individual Work/Study Space ................................................................................................... 15

Social Space ......................................................................................................................................... 17

Large Multipurpose Space .................................................................................................................. 19

Creation Space .................................................................................................................................... 19

PHYSICAL SPACE DESIGN ......................................................................................................................... 26

Building New ....................................................................................................................................... 26

Flexible Spaces .................................................................................................................................... 27

Upgrading Existing Buildings ............................................................................................................... 28

Mobile Spaces ..................................................................................................................................... 31

Satellite Locations ............................................................................................................................... 34

Shared Space ....................................................................................................................................... 35

Sustainability ....................................................................................................................................... 40

Accessible Libraries ............................................................................................................................. 41

Combining All of the Above ................................................................................................................ 42

TECHNOLOGY .............................................................................................................................................. 43

THE DIGITAL DIVIDE ................................................................................................................................ 45

Libraries Bridging the Digital Divide .................................................................................................... 45

DATA COLLECTION & GOVERNANCE ....................................................................................................... 47

CONNECTING WITH PATRONS VIRTUALLY .............................................................................................. 48

PARTNERSHIPS AND COLLABORATION ....................................................................................................... 50

COMMUNITY CHAMPIONS...................................................................................................................... 50

VOLUNTEERS ........................................................................................................................................... 50

INDIGENOUS COLLABORATIONS ............................................................................................................. 51

HEALTH PARTNERSHIPS .......................................................................................................................... 52

ARTS COLLABORATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 52

DISTANT NEIGHBOURHOODS & HOMEBOUND CITIZENS ....................................................................... 54

STAFF SKILLS ................................................................................................................................................ 55

COLLABORATIVE AND INNOVATIVE SKILLS ............................................................................................. 55

PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP SKILLS ................................................................................ 55

DIGITAL SKILLS ......................................................................................................................................... 56

REFERENCE SKILLS ................................................................................................................................... 56

RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................................................. 57

END NOTES .................................................................................................................................................. 59

Future Public Library Trends & Best Practices Page 1 Prepared for the Squamish Public Library | June 2019

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

As long as libraries have existed, people have questioned their place and relevance in a world that

continuously evolves with new technologies and ideas. As one Ottawa Citizen respondent asked:

“People still go to libraries? LOL.”i

But research proves the worth of libraries. More people visit libraries every year; circulation statistics

continue to rise; and new and innovative programs and technologies are continuously adopted and

delivered by libraries.

Endless amounts of literature discuss the changing roles of libraries in the face of future technologies,

but no matter what lies ahead, core library goals will not change. In the broadest sense, libraries will

continue to serve two fundamental and timeless purposes:

Serving as the Community Hub

Libraries build communities. They are the reflection of their communities. They provide space

where anyone can gather to learn, share, work, reflect, study, collaborate, and socialize. All for free.

They are the “Living Rooms” of their communities with no financial, class, cultural, or educational

barriers. Libraries enhance lives, resulting in healthier and more prosperous communities.

Acting as Knowledge Facilitators

Libraries offer knowledge in the form of physical books and online materials. They facilitate the

sharing of knowledge through reference services, workshops and community presentations. They

offer tools, such as computers and eReaders, and other new technologies for use in the library or

for loan so that anyone can experiment and learn. Again, with no financial barriers.

Libraries will remain true to these roles in the face of a number of expected shifts:

Fewer Books → More Space

As more content is digitized, fewer physical materials will be stored in libraries, resulting in more

available space for people. This shift can help increase space for any number of ideas, including

group work areas and “Maker Spaces,” without the need for costly physical expansion.

Content Warehouse → Content Creation

Libraries will continue to house books and other physical materials, but will increasingly encourage

and support content creation. Assistance and resources will be offered to visitors in the form of

space, software, and technical resources to create and share new content, not just within their

communities, but also worldwide.


Information Consumers → New Types of Visitors

In addition to traditional visitors, libraries will welcome new types of patrons:

Digital Natives: born after the introduction of personal computers and who have always had access to the Internet. Heavy users of social networking and adept at multitasking.

Knowledge Creators: create and share content both in person and digitally.

Entrepreneurial Learners: self-directed, lifelong learners who proactively and regularly seek knowledge to further their business and personal success.

These societal shifts will affect four main tools used by libraries to achieve their roles as Community

Hubs and Knowledge Facilitators:

These tools overlap and affect one another. For example, if a library purchases a 3D printer, it will need

space to house it, as well as supporting staff skills. Or perhaps a collaboration with a particular

community group will result in co-shared facilities, with technologies specific to that group’s needs.

Physical Space

Physical space will take on a variety of forms, some completely distinct, but some overlapping with

one another:

• Collaborative work areas

• Quiet individual study spaces

• Social spaces


• Large multipurpose spaces

• Creation spaces, such as innovative Maker Spaces

The challenge is in designing these spaces so that they do not negatively affect one another. This

requires flexible, modular design and experimentation with mobile, satellite, and pop-up venues.

Technology

New, as yet unknown, technologies generate both excitement and apprehension. They offer new

ways in which to interact with communities and deliver services, but they can also create and widen

the Digital Divide, prompting libraries to strategize on how to bridge that Divide.

But libraries need not worry. They are experts in bridging divides and have been doing so since they

opened their doors. Prosperity Divide. Culture Divide. Literacy Divide. Class Divide. Libraries will

bridge the Digital Divide in the same way it does with all others:

• offering access to resources and support

• loaning relevant materials

• providing education

Moving into the future, these services will expand to include emerging technologies available for

use within the library, for loan, and online, so that people can experiment and learn, thus helping to

close the Digital Divide.

Collaboration

The buzz around new technologies can provoke a sense of urgency to plan for and incorporate said

technologies into libraries. But what is clear is that future library planning is less about fancy new

gadgets and more about people. The collaboration of people, to be exact.

Collaboration between the library and community groups to determine needs and challenges.

Collaboration between the library and local experts to identify and understand new trends and

technologies.

Collaboration between the library and local organizations to share space.

Collaboration between library visitors in shared group and socialization spaces provided by the

library.

"As libraries struggle to stay up to par in the 21st century, our minds stray to

technology. But, collaboration... that’s the 21st-century skill that’s needed most,” ii

Mary Chute, Deputy Director, Library Services,

Institute of Museum and Library Services


Staff Skills

Flexible, collaborative, and experimental, or “playful” approaches to future planning will allow the

public library to adapt and embrace new and unforeseen technologies and to respond to previously

unidentified community needs. Technology may reduce the amount of lower-skilled repetitive work

required by employees, leaving room for professional development that focuses on collaborative,

leadership, and project management skills. There will be an increased emphasis on a culture of

experimentation, with small-scale pilot studies testing new technologies and ideas. Additionally,

new success measurement skills will be needed that focus less on traditional transaction-based

numbers, and more on determining the societal worth of the library.

Perhaps the biggest challenge moving forward will be managing and prioritizing all of the exciting and

innovative ideas that the Squamish community will generate. But sorting information is what libraries

are good at, so bring on the future.


EXPECTED SQUAMISH PUBLIC LIBRARY VISITOR PROFILE

Squamish has experienced a tremendous growth in population, averaging an increase of 14% since 2006

compared to the national average of just under 6%.iii It is recognized as one of the fastest growing

communities in British Columbia, largely due to its proximity to Vancouver and more affordable housing

compared to the Lower Mainland.iv Not only are permanent residents flocking to Squamish, but more

and more tourists are as well, thanks to positive press such as a New York Times feature naming

Squamish as one of the top 52 places to go in 2015.v

When the current library building was built in 1997, it served a community of approximately 14,000 people.vi The Squamish Official Community Plan (OCP) suggests the population will reach 33,100 by 2031,vii more than double what it was when the library building first opened its doors. The community is increasingly young and diverse: almost three quarters of the population is under forty years oldviii and 18% of residents are immigrants.ix Squamish is also home to the Squamish Nation, Sḵwxw̱ú7mesh Úxwumixw, an important partner in future planning. Economically, the Sea to Sky Corridor continues to experience a shift in industry from one based historically on natural resources to one that now welcomes tourism and knowledge-based skills. The community is witnessing an influx of creative business skills and was recently named one of our nation’s top 10 communities for entrepreneurship.x Consequently, the library can expect new and creative types of service needs.

NEW TYPES OF PATRONS

Not only can the Squamish Library expect an increase in usage over the next several decades, but thanks

to innovative technologies and new styles of learning, the library will also see a rise in new types of

visitors. Their needs will directly affect the library’s future role within the community. They can be

categorized as follows, with overlap to be expected between the three:

• Digital Natives

• Knowledge Creators

• Entrepreneurial Learners

Digital Natives

A growing body of literature identifies those born after the advent of personal computers in the 1980s

as “Digital Natives” (also known as Millennials or Generation Y and Z) and suggest their approach to

creating and accessing information is substantially different from those who came before them.xi

The American Libraries Association (ALA) Center for the Future of Libraries describes Digital Natives as

those who "have grown up with internet access, depend heavily on mobile devices, heavily consume

social networking services, consider speed to be among the most important characteristics of digital

products and services, and multitask across devices and between work and entertainment.”xii

As a result, traditional services, programs, and spaces will adapt to meet the needs of these Digital

Natives. Relevant, innovative models are discussed throughout this report.


Knowledge Creators

Libraries have traditionally encouraged the consumption of information, but this is now shifting towards

providing support and inspiration for visitors to create and share knowledge. Along these lines, the

Aspen Institute, an educational and policy studies organization, suggests the “knowledge economy” is

giving way to the “creation economy.”xiii

As libraries shift from “Knowledge Keepers” to “Knowledge Creators”, Sohail Inayatullah advises that

libraries will need to provide space and resources that encourage knowledge creation, as opposed to

traditional passive environments, which may include increased workshops, “maker spaces”, virtual

programs, and redesigned physical spaces.xiv

Entrepreneurial Learners

Life-long learning will become critical to personal and professional success. John Seely Brown, codirector

of the Deloitte Center for the Edge, explains that the “half-life of a skill is down to about five years,”

suggesting that most future learning will occur after people leave school. Success will belong to those

capable of finding information and teaching themselves the skills they need: hence, the “Entrepreneurial

Learner”.xv

Although these learners may be skilled at finding ample resources, they will need increasing guidance on

how to effectively assess information. Libraries will become ever more proactive in their vital role as

educator in helping people to discern “fake” content from real.


ROLE OF THE PUBLIC LIBRARY

Some believe that with the rise of new technologies, particularly the Internet and eBooks, libraries will

become obsolete. Dr. Guy Berthiaume, Librarian and Archivist of Canada, noted several negative

comments regarding libraries as recorded in the Ottawa Citizen:xvi

“A library is a thing of the past, anything you need is on the Internet.

It’s a big waste of tax dollars.”

“People still go to libraries? LOL”

“Libraries still exist? Why? Be cheaper to buy everyone a kindle or a smart phone.”

But the reality is that libraries are becoming ever more needed and popular. The Squamish Public Library

continues to see a rise in visitors (2% increase from 2016 to 2017), a substantial increase in items

borrowed (14%), visitors making use of in-house computers (10%), and visitors accessing the free Wi-Fi

(21%).

This upwards trend is being felt across Canada, with the Canadian Urban Libraries Council (CULC) noting

that library usage transactions per capita rose by 45% between 2000 and 2009.xvii More recently and

specifically, CULC found a 33% rise in annual in-person visits to the Vancouver Public Library between

2012 and 2017.xviii Dr. Berthiaume noted that the new Halifax Public Library saw 1.9 million visitors in its

first year, a full one million more than expected, and that the US had a 4% increase in visitors over 2016.

He concluded that not only are libraries important to the individual, but that they positively contribute

to the economy as a whole, generating about $5 for every dollar invested.

These people are not visiting their libraries just for books. They seek knowledge, connection, and access

to information and technologies without financial barriers. As a result, and very broadly, public libraries

have come to serve two vital – and timeless – roles:

• Acting as a Community Hubxix

• Facilitating access to information and knowledge creationxx

These roles are reflected and refined in the Squamish Public Library’s Mission:

To welcome, inspire and connect our community to new worlds of

learning, literacy and creativity.


They are also captured within the British Columbia Public Libraries Provincial Strategic Plan Priorities:

1. Fostering connected communities: advancing access to information and resources

2. Building capacity: enabling inspiration and innovation

3. Working together: creating lasting and sustainable partnerships

4. Sustaining our success: enhancing governance and demonstrating impact

Realization of these goals happens through the library’s physical space, the technologies it uses and

offers to its community, collaborative initiatives, and continued development of staff skills.


PHYSICAL SPACE

SIZE

When the current 12,000 square foot building for the Squamish Public Library opened in 1997, it served

a population of approximately 14,000 people, resulting in a healthy 0.86 square feet per capita.

Recently, while developing plans for a new library building, Port Moody Public Library determined that

while the size of library buildings varies widely, they typically fall between 0.5 – 1.0 square feet per

capita, a statistic supported by other sources.xxi As a result, Port Moody is planning a 42,500 square foot

building to accommodate an expected population of 50,000 by 2040.xxii

Squamish’s Official Community Plan (OCP) suggests its population will reach 33,100 by 2031,xxiii more

than double what it was when the library building first opened its doors, reducing the square footage

per capita to 0.36, indicating a definitive need for increased library space, whether that will take form in

a new building, modifications to the current building, or is spread across various locations.

FEWER BOOKS → MORE PHYSICAL SPACE

When people think of libraries, they typically

visualize BOOKS. For centuries, books have

been the means to transfer knowledge and

ideas, a core value of libraries. But today’s

world, and the future ahead, has many more

avenues for sharing knowledge and the

traditional image of a book is evolving into

something that can assume many different

forms: the physical book, eBooks, and

networked books “produced through online

collaboration between authors, publishers

and readers.”xxiv Ken Roberts, former chief

librarian of Hamilton Public Library, suggests

that libraries must connect people to “the

best of the world’s intellectual property,” no

matter the form in which it is delivered.xxv

Although the rise in eBook popularity has been modest,xxvi digital content has become an important part

of the library’s collection and is expected to continue to rise in popularity.xxvii The continued exponential

growth in mobile technology ownership (in 2016, 90% of Canadians owned two or more digital devices

and 80% three or more)xxviii will further encourage the consumption of books and information through

digital formats. This will also help meet the needs of citizens who live far away from or are physically

unable to access a physical branch.xxix

As a result of more content becoming digitally available and consumed, libraries of the future will house

fewer physical materials, freeing up more space for unique services and innovative work zones.xxx Library

10 in Helsinki, for example, devotes just 20% of their space to physical collections and 80% to people.xxxi

Image courtesy of Rich Grundy, 2011 https://www.flickr.com/photos/loughboroughuniversitylibrary/6333984637


Further examples of libraries using space for non-traditional purposes are described throughout this

report.

Although digitization offers tremendous opportunities for freeing up library space, it brings challenges:

• Complex publisher relationships

Digital content offers numerous advantages for libraries and their communities, but sourcing

these materials has and will continue to present challenges with respect to the business and

legal frameworks around content ownership and publisher relationships.xxxii Continued

collaboration with organizations such as the BC Libraries Cooperative will help forge strong

strategies for working with publishers of digitized content.

• Resistance from communities to see fewer books on the shelves

Removing books from shelves or storing them elsewhere may not sit well with those who have

an emotional attachment to the idea of books on shelves. Case in point: students at Yale

University recently protested against a move to relocate 75% of the library’s books, despite the

fact that circulation of these materials had declined by 64% over the previous decade.xxxiii

However, research by Pew Research Center found that 70% of people felt that libraries should

“maybe” or “definitely” relocate physical materials to free up space for innovative new services

such as tech spaces and cultural events.xxxiv

In response, some studies suggest that local libraries house specialist collections where items can be

transported by request to other libraries through interlibrary loan services.

"The local library could also hold subject-oriented physical archives, such as mystery books, musical

scores, silent movie DVDs, and so on. If groups of libraries chose complementary specializations for their

archives, they could jointly create a larger and more diverse collection than would be possible for any of

them separately. Combined with a common online catalog and rapid delivery of materials through

interlibrary loan, such a collective archive would enable smaller public libraries to offer services

comparable to those of much larger libraries."xxxv

FUNCTIONAL SPACE NEEDS

So, if fewer physical books will be on shelves, why would libraries need more space?

Gaining additional square footage is not necessarily a response to a growing population’s need for more

books, but instead an answer to the community’s need for more space for people.

Trends indicate people increasingly seek environments where they can work or study through their

laptops or other mobile devices, share knowledge, socialize, and learn.xxxvi People need physical space

where they can realize all of these activities, each of which falls within the mandates of public libraries.

An oft-cited paradigm for designing library spaces is the Four Spaces model, put forth by a team led by

Henrik Jochumsen in 2010. The model has been used in various ways by Danish libraries, ranging from


minor changes within an existing library building to major developmental programs.xxxvii It identifies four

overlapping spaces:

1. Inspiration space

Libraries can inspire meaningful experiences through careful interior design choices that

encourage “play, surprise and new ways of using the library space.”

2. Learning space

A place where people can discover

and learn new things. This may

take the form of workshops, access

to technology, collaborative and

individual work spaces, and

activity-based, playful areas for

children.

3. Meeting space

This space focuses on open, relaxed venues that encourage connection. These may take the

form of random interpersonal interactions or organised meetings with specific topics. It

Squamish Public Library Children’s Area

Scotts Valley Library, California


requires flexible space that may be small and intimate, as well as spaces designed for larger

gatherings.

BMO Community Room, Halifax Public Libraryxxxviii

Herning Central Library. Photo: Thomas Mølvigxxxix

4. Performative space

These spaces offer materials and information to help visitors “create” content, including

support from local experts such as professional artists and technological developers. These

spaces often take the form of “maker spaces”.

Th Four Spaces model is not intended to specify “concrete rooms in a physical sense,” but to rather

provide objectives that can be satisfied by various zones within the physical library space and online.xl

Rockwood Makerspace at Multnomah County Library, Oregaon, USA


These ideas are most often manifested in libraries through one or more of the following types of

practical physical spaces:

• Collaborative Space

• Quiet Work / Study Space

• Social Space

• Large Meeting / Presentation Space

• Creation or Tech Space

Many libraries include all of these spaces in their designs, such as in Port Moody Public Library’s new

building plans:xli

Collaborative Work Space

Work spaces for library patrons have traditionally focused on quiet, self-study cubicles or individual

computer work stations. But in a society that increasingly encourages collaboration for work and

learning purposes,xlii more patrons and businesses will cluster in groups that are noisier than what was

once allowed in traditional libraries.xliii Coffee shops are popular not just for their coffee, but also for

their space where people can easily and comfortably gather and work at tables and sofas. Seeing a need

for group work space, funky and appealing co-working spaces that are available for short- or long-term

rentals have become increasingly popular. They typically offer desk rentals, private office space and

meeting rooms. Squamish has two such local businesses located in its downtown core: The Common

and Aligned Collective.

What the library offers beyond these organizations are zero obligations to purchase for food, coffee or

rent, and more importantly, free access to authoritative information resources and staff that can help

groups and individuals with whatever goals they may have.


Richland Public Library, South Carolina, USA

General Assembly Co-Working Space, New York, USA

Furthermore, collaboration may not be limited to individuals within the library walls. A single library

visitor may use their laptop with a headsets and microphone to work with people outside the library,

perhaps even on the other side of the world.xliv

Richland Public Library, South Carolina, USA

• Offers a variety of laptop bars and meeting

spaces

• https://www.richlandlibrary.com/blog/

2019-01-02/cozy-coworking-2019

Spokane Public Library, Washington, USA

Spokane provides four collaborative spaces:

• Co-working space with large tables,

laptop bars, computers loaded with

design software and a printer.

• Hi-tech classroom with an interactive

whiteboard and video conferencing

equipment.

• The “Bloomberg Terminal” which acts

as a business information centre,

providing “real-time financial news,

analytics, communications, charts,

https://www.richlandlibrary.com/blog/%0b2019-01-02/cozy-coworking-2019

https://www.richlandlibrary.com/blog/%0b2019-01-02/cozy-coworking-2019


liquidity and functionalities that you need to put financial and market research knowledge into

action.”

• Collaborative Room. Encourages individual and group work and includes a flat screen monitor.

• https://www.spokanelibrary.org/levelup

Quiet, Individual Work/Study Space

In a community where accommodations are increasingly expensive, more people live in smaller

apartments or in shared homes with multiple roommates. This results in a growing need for not just

freely-accessible collaborative space, but also for quiet work and study space. Wi-Fi throughout the

library allows individuals to work anywhere they would like, but dedicated quiet zones enable focused

work.

Recognizing this need, and as one of the

more extreme examples, Meeting Point

Library in Helsinki was created with no

books, instead focusing all of its space on

work zones, both collaborative and

individual. In addition to open work

space, visitors can book office space or

chairs that “shield against sound and have

room for a portable computer.”xlv

Some libraries go beyond spaces that are

free of noise, to those that are free of

technology: Wake Forest University

Library’s Ziesta Room is completely

devoid of Wi-Fi and other technology,

encouraging visitors to completely disconnect and relax.

The challenge lies in separating the noisy, collaborative spaces from

quiet, individual spaces so that each can achieve its goals without

negatively affecting the other’s. Acoustically-dampened rooms or pods

and careful attention to layout can help address this challenge. Port

Moody, in their future design, suggests a “hub-and-spoke” model to

separate quiet and noisy spaces.xlvi

Meeting Point Library, Helsinki, Finland

https://www.spokanelibrary.org/levelup


SnapCab Pods

• SnapCab pods are built on caster wheels, making them easily

mobile. They cost around $13,000 USD.

• https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2019/01/02/pod-help-

us-modular-furniture

Brody Steelcase Modular Furniturexlvii

Galveston Branch Library, Logansport-Cass County Public Library, Indiana, USA

• Combines groupwork and quiet space using partitions and acoustically-dampened roomsxlviii

https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2019/01/02/pod-help-us-modular-furniture/

https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2019/01/02/pod-help-us-modular-furniture/


Social Space

Social space promotes inclusion and connection between diverse multicultural groups. Socialization may

occur in a number of different areas of the library, but libraries are increasingly building dedicated

relaxing social space into their plans, recognizing that forging connections helps nurture and inspire

knowledge-growth.xlix Uses for these spaces are unlimited: new parents may connect to share ideas on

child rearing; youth may gather, appreciating a safe space that offers independence; casual business

meetings can be held in comfortable chairs over a coffee, as opposed to meeting at desks.l

Literature regularly refers to libraries as the “city’s living room”.li According to architect Morten Schmidt,

“the Halifax Central Library, which opened in December 2014, was conceptualized as a ‘city's living

room’.”lii Bette-Lee Fox also used this term when recognizing the Vancouver Community Library in

Washington as a leading example of libraries creating community.liii Such spaces are also referred to as

“third places”, the first place being home and the second being work or school.

“The ideal third place is a place where everyone, regardless of age, origin or status,

feels at home. A place that does not require money to be accessed, is welcoming and

approachable, and relevant to the surrounding area. A place to meet, share and learn

with each other, but also get inspired, have fun and be surprised.” – Aat Vos,

architect working with Hub Kerkradeliv

These spaces typically include comfortable, modular furniture, sometimes within close proximity to a

coffee kiosk, which is included in Port Moody’s future building plans along with a fireside lounge.lv

Halifax Public Library Living Room, Canada


The New Library, Almere, The Netherlands

Media-Third-Place Library, Thionville, France


Large Multipurpose Space

As a Community Hub, libraries require adequate space to

host community events, workshops, and educational

programs, all of which help fulfil the library’s goals to

foster learning and community connection. As such, a

large gathering space, able to accommodate many

people, is a fixture in many public libraries. Historically,

however, these rooms have been closed to the public

when not in use for large gatherings. The space is wasted

during some of the most needed times of the day.

Libraries are beginning to incorporate flexible and

innovative design using modular, stacking, and nesting

furniture, as well as laptop bars lining the perimeter of

the room to breathe new life into these spaces, making

them truly multi-purpose.lvi

Port Moody

• Port Moody’s new library will include a space accommodating up to 150 people. Flexible design

will allow for the room to be subdivided for smaller group events. They expect to host

community forums, meetings, and library programs.lvii

Kodiak Public Library, Canada

• Kodiak Public Library serves the entire island of Kodiak which has limited space for community

events. In its mission to serve as Community Hub, the library offers a large space designated for

community meetings and cultural events that include presentations, workshops, training, and

exploratory labs.lviii

iCount, LA County Library, USA

• LA County Library uses a large space to implement an annual iCount program through town-hall

style meetings. These programs connect library staff with specific community groups to

determine their specific needs and to identify gaps in services. As a result, the libraries have

become more inclusive with programs and services focusing on tangible needs and equity.lix

Creation Space

David Lankes sums up a common thread regarding one of the roles of libraries within their communities:

“the mission of librarians is to improve society through facilitating knowledge creation in their

communities."lx

“Creation” is a term that repeatedly pops up in literature regarding future library design. Libraries have

shifted from “Collection to Creation Libraries.lxi No longer is the public library viewed as a content

warehouse but moving forward, it will be an enabler of content creation.lxii “To be sure, libraries will

carry books for as long as a critical mass of people want to read them,” Swope writes. “Increasingly,

Laptop bar can be used for individual or collaborative work and for large meetings. HermanMiller.com.


however, libraries are talking about flipping the content equation around… the library will create

content—and give patrons the tools to create content of their own.”lxiii

As a result, libraries are incorporating creative space into their buildings, giving the community a place

where they can experiment, learn, share and create knowledge, art, entertainment and technical

innovations. Such spaces, often termed “Maker Spaces,” support the library’s mandate to promote

learning and collaboration and encourages innovation and entrepreneurship.lxiv These spaces typically

house a range of technical and artistic equipment, sometimes with staff or volunteers to help visitors

create “new works, alone or in groups, in new or old media, for personal use or widespread

distribution.”lxv

Free access to spaces and technologies such as this help bridge the Digital Divide, giving those who may

not have the financial means to access expensive tools the means to further their education or work

endeavours. For example, many entrepreneurs may not have the funds to purchase expensive software

subscriptions needed to further their business goals. If their library provides such tools, people can build

their skills, eventually giving back to the economic health of the community.

Research indicates library users are very interested in this type of resource: “45% say that libraries

should “definitely” purchase new digital technologies such as 3-D printers to let people explore how to

use them. Another 35% say libraries should “maybe” do this.”lxvi

Possibilities for these spaces are limitless. Often, they include tools such as 3D printers, computers with

extensive graphics and other software, audiovisual equipment, as well as artistic tools such as sewing

machines, printmaking apparatus, and other art supplies. Abundant opportunities exist for collaboration

with local experts who can provide guidance around specific tools.

The Bubbler, Madison Public Library, Wisconsin, USA


Some spaces have volunteers or staff available to help with

specific technologies. A poignant example of library staff

working with their community was when they used the

library’s 3D printer to create a prosthetic hand for a local

girl.lxvii

A wide variety of Maker Space examples exist, with a small selection listed below. Further inspirational

examples can be found at:

• Libraries & Maker Culture: a Resource Guide

https://library-maker-culture.weebly.com/makerspaces-in-libraries.html

• Model Programme for Public Libraries

https://modelprogrammer.slks.dk/en/challenges/zones-and-spaces/the-makerspace/

ideaMILL, Millenium Library, Winnipeg, Canada

• Includes a media studio with design software, two bookable sound booths, photography and

videography equipment, 3D printers and a craft room with sewing machines. The total budget

was just over $500,000.lxviii

• https://wpl.winnipeg.ca/library/ideamill/default.asp

https://library-maker-culture.weebly.com/makerspaces-in-libraries.html

https://modelprogrammer.slks.dk/en/challenges/zones-and-spaces/the-makerspace/

https://wpl.winnipeg.ca/library/ideamill/default.asp


Makerspace, Hamilton Public Library, Canada

• Cameras, green screen studio, video and graphics software, virtual reality equipment, large

format and vinyl printers, 3D printers and scanners, VHS to DVD converters, digitization

equipment, coding stations, sound studios.

• https://www.hpl.ca/makerspaces

Inspiration Lab, Vancouver Public

Library, Canada

• Audio recording studios,

digitization equipment, and

audio, video and publishing

software

• https://www.vpl.ca/

inspirationlab

https://www.hpl.ca/makerspaces

https://www.vpl.ca/%0binspirationlab

https://www.vpl.ca/%0binspirationlab


Bellevue ideaX Makerspace, King County Library System, USA

• Features introductory workshops and drop-in sessions for collaboration and creation.

• Includes art kits, sewing machines, a Cricut, sound recording equipment, laser cutter, 3D printer,

laptops and iPads with extensive software, laminators, VHS to DVD converters, scanners,

filmmaking tools, and robotics equipment.

• https://kcls.org/makerspace/

YouMedia Center, Chicago Public Library

• Focus is on providing a safe, inclusive

space for youth to “hang out, mess

around, geek out"lxix

• Equipment includes laptops,

cameras, music and gaming

equipment, 3D printers, vinyl

cutters.

• https://www.chipublib.org/

youmedia-teens

Studio NPL, Nashville Public Library, USA

• Focus is on youth aged 12 – 18 years old.

• Includes workshops and equipment focusing on STEM (science, technology, engineering and

maths) skills, digital literacy and career readiness.

• "Whether you want to be an engineer, an inventor, a filmmaker, a photographer, a graphic

artist, a musician, or anything else, Studio NPL has resources and the nurturing environment for

teens to explore and engage their passions."

• http://nashvillepubliclibrary.org/studionpl

https://kcls.org/makerspace/

https://www.chipublib.org/%0byoumedia-teens

https://www.chipublib.org/%0byoumedia-teens

http://nashvillepubliclibrary.org/studionpl


Saint John Free Public Library, Canada

• Offers sewing machines, button maker, Photoshop, Cyberdirector video editing software, Makey

Makeys, Little Bits, a 3D printer and a 3D scanner, among other tools.

• Collaborates with community volunteers to deliver specialized workshops based on requests

from the community. "We want people in our community to come in and tell us what they want

to learn and we'll find an expert in the community to come in and do a program," said director

Joann Hamilton-Barry.lxx

Ignite Studio, Hamilton East Public Library, USA

• Strong emphasis on the arts. Provides sewing

machines, pottery wheels, cricut machines, artistic

kits for kids, calligraphy, printmaking, painting,

jewelry making and other supplies.

• Hosts a maker-in-residence on a rotating, ongoing

basis.

• https://ignite.hepl.lib.in.us/ignite-art-studio-

makerspace/

https://ignite.hepl.lib.in.us/ignite-art-studio-makerspace/

https://ignite.hepl.lib.in.us/ignite-art-studio-makerspace/


FryskLab, Bibliotheekservice Fryslân

• A mobile unit that can reach diverse locations within the community.

• Workshops, 3D printing, circuit production, laser printing, precision milling, vinyl cutting.

• http://www.frysklab.nl/presentaties/frysklab-english-with-notes/

Digital Dens, Kent Public Library, UK

• Pop-up unit called “Makercart”: a portable cart

containing all of the equipment that would be

used in the Dens. The kit includes a 3D Printer,

LittleBits, micro:bits, Raspberry Pi’s, Ozobots,

mBots, and Paper Circuits.

• https://dcmslibraries.blog.gov.uk/2017/12/19/

kents-digital-dens/

http://www.frysklab.nl/presentaties/frysklab-english-with-notes/

https://dcmslibraries.blog.gov.uk/2017/12/19/%0bkents-digital-dens/

https://dcmslibraries.blog.gov.uk/2017/12/19/%0bkents-digital-dens/


Instrumental Zone, Copenhagen Central Library, Denmark

• Created an “Instrumental Zone” in some dead space within a corridor to create an area where

anyone can pick up an instrument and play music silently.lxxi

PHYSICAL SPACE DESIGN

Libraries have long made use of a variety of types of structures to house their materials and connect

with community: stand-alone buildings devoted entirely to the library, satellite locations, mobile units,

and shared spaces. Each offers unique benefits and challenges.

Building New

Most new library building designs attempt to incorporate the spaces previously described, including Port

Moody, which has designed a 42,500 square foot building for an expected population of 50,000 over the

next 25 years.lxxii Community collaboration during the design process is essential to ensure a new

building that meets their needs over several decades.

Numerous examples of new library buildings with design descriptions and extensive photographs are

listed on the architectural website ArchDaily:

https://www.archdaily.com/search/projects/categories/library/country/canada

https://www.archdaily.com/search/projects/categories/library/country/canada


Flexible Spaces

Whether designing a new building or transforming an existing space, architect peter Gisolfi advises to

“not build the best library of the previous century. Create an environment that facilitates new patterns of

interacting, learning and accessing information and is sufficiently flexible to accommodate changes that

inevitably will come.”lxxiii

The term “flexible” repeatedly appears in literature discussing library design and while this concept is

essential to meet the needs of new digital learners, it also helps accommodate the traditional needs of

citizens looking for print materials. Flexible design also addresses challenges in accommodating both

noisy and quiet spaces and reaching more disperse neighbourhoods. As such, libraries increasingly

incorporate the following concepts into new buildings or as a way to upgrade existing library spaces:


• Converting meeting rooms into collaborative

work zones during non-meeting times using

modular, mobile tables and chairs that can

easily be pulled out or stored away as needed.

Some libraries have placed their collections

and computer tables on wheels that can be

moved out of the way for special programs.lxxiv

• Using modular, soundproof dividers to

subdivide larger rooms into smaller spaces as

needed.

Flexible spaces also give libraries opportunities to create small-scale, temporary, interactive initiatives

that engage and enhance community connections.

Civic Lab, Skokie Public Library, USA

• Small-scale library-led facilitated events that include discussions on gentrification, eating local,

privacy, gun violence, net neutrality, and more.lxxv

• Flexible design is used to create pop-up experiences within the library does not occupy much

space and that “provide patrons with evidence-based, credible resources and information that

have been vetted by our staff.”lxxvi

Create Space, Calgary Public Library, Canada

• Along these same lines, Calgary Public Library built Create Space, “a community engagement

space designed to invite dialog, civic participation, and empathy building”lxxvii

Upgrading Existing Buildings

Renovating abandoned or vacant buildings and warehouses can be ideal solutions for libraries looking

for new or additional space, particularly in a community where new development properties are scarce

or expensive. Additionally, repurposing existing buildings can be more environmentally-friendly than

building new. Flexible and collaborative design, once again, is key to success.


Challenges, may include:lxxviii

• Location: is the location easily accessible to library users and on a public transit route?

• Older buildings may not be structurally sound.

• Plumbing, HVAC and electrical services: how easily can these be upgraded? Can green options

be built in?

Pickaway County District Public Library, Ohio

• Renovated and incorporated a

neighbouring medical office into its

existing library facility.

• Includes an after-hours area that can

remain open with minimal staffing to

offer high-demand services such as

meeting rooms, a computer lab,

coffee shop, and teen area.

• https://pickawaylib.org/

Scotts Valley Library, California, USA

• Renovated an old indoor roller rink. The

rink’s raised platform was kept and turned

into a teen area, maintaining a connection

alive to the roots of the old building.

• https://www.santacruzpl.org/branches/12/

Idyllwild Library, California, USA

• Renovated a small, dark strip mall space into a library. Roof was raised to bring in more light and make the space feel larger. Made use of some of the existing structural features and added colour and contextual materials to modernize the building.

• https://hmcarchitects.com/portfolio/civic/idyllwild-library/

https://pickawaylib.org/

https://www.santacruzpl.org/branches/12/

https://hmcarchitects.com/portfolio/civic/idyllwild-library/


Aars Library, Vesthimmerland, Denmark

• Upgraded a small existing library space (6,932 square feet) on a tight budget.

• Collaborated with local educational institutions: “students from the metal course and from the

text writing course at the production school Kongshøjgaard helped carry out practical work at

the library.”lxxix Used modular furniture for small group work as well as for large community

gatherings.


Mobile Spaces

Mobile library units offer ways to connect with more disperse populations that may not have the means

to regularly access the central building.

Bookmobiles have been a part of the public library’s history for decades, traditionally focusing on using vehicles to deliver books to more distant communities. Some libraries now offer bookmobiles on bikes (“Library Books Bikes”), a more cost-effective and environmentally-friendly alternative to larger vehicles.lxxx Trends now show that bookmobiles are evolving into innovative units delivering not just books, but information, access to technology, and community connection. Newer mobile units include reading materials, computers, Wi-Fi and collaborative workspace, such as the previously discussed FryskLab. It is, in effect, a smaller, mobile version of the bricks and mortar library building. They offer the flexibility to reach more distant neighbourhoods on a rotating schedule, which can be more cost-effective than building fixed library satellite locations. Some mobile units additionally offer pop-up style workshops.

Chicago Public Library · DPL Connect: Denver's Mobile Bike Library


BiebBus, The Netherlands

• A truck-container with about 7,000 books, a transparent ceiling, and a reading room.

• https://www.domusweb.it/en/design/2011/04/11/biebbus-the-expanding-mobile-library.html

Mobile Tech Lab, Washington, DC, USA

• A 48-foot converted bookmobile equipped with computers and Wi-Fi.

• https://connect.dc.gov/mtl

https://www.domusweb.it/en/design/2011/04/11/biebbus-the-expanding-mobile-library.html

https://connect.dc.gov/mtl


Techmobile, San Francisco Public Library, USA

• A large bus offering classes ranging from Basic Computer Skills, to 3D Printing and LEGO

Robotics.

• http://sfpl.org/index.php?pg=2000795701

The Book Stop Pop-Up Library Project

• A mobile unit that focuses on books, reading, connection and learning.

• “As a research tool, it serves as a data gathering centre for the demand for public libraries in

various neighbourhoods. This allows planners and policy makers to determine where libraries

can make the most impact and which communities can utilise them the most.”

• http://www.designinglibraries.org.uk/index.asp?PageID=1479

http://sfpl.org/index.php?pg=2000795701

http://www.designinglibraries.org.uk/index.asp?PageID=1479


Satellite Locations

Satellite locations share a similar goal to mobile

units: reaching more disperse populations that are

not able to access the library as easily as those

located nearby. They may take the form of a

smaller building dedicated to library space, shared

space or unstaffed units, such as book dispensers,

which are based on a vending machine concept,

but populated with books. Richmond Public Library

recently installed a book dispenser in the Hamilton

Community Centre, where it can be accessed

anytime the centre is open.lxxxi

Advantages of book dispensers include the

possibility of 24x7 availability in high-traffic areas

or remote locations. Additionally, the dispensers

are relatively easy to re-locate as needed.lxxxii

However, some library systems have reported

underwhelming success with book dispensers and are in the process of dismantling them. Ottawa Public

Library (OPL) first installed two machines in 2010 at a cost of $105,000, but have found that citizens

without library cards are unable to use the dispensers and without library staff there to sign them up,

these people are effectively cut off from borrowing books. OPL also notes that mobile units would be

more cost-effective than purchasing and maintaining book dispensers.lxxxiii

Atelier Kastelic Buffey’s Story Pod, Newmarket, Ontario

• An example of a tiny, cost-effective

unit that can serve spread out,

rural areas. Two walls open during

the day and lock up in the evening.


Shared Space

Sharing space with other community organizations and businesses can be beneficial in many ways,

particularly in a location such as Squamish, where available property is limited and expensive. Co-

location relies on effective long-term relationships and aligns with the library’s collaborative values.

Public libraries have demonstrated successful shared space initiatives in a wide range of settings:

schools, universities, municipal departments including firehalls and recreation centres, mixed-use

development, retail businesses, museums, galleries, and seniors’ and low-income housing.

Shared space may house the entire library alongside other groups or may be a form of satellite branch

for the library. Shared space may also be temporary, with libraries organizing pop-up events within

other community buildings.

All of these options give libraries opportunities to connect with more diverse groups that may not have

otherwise have visited the library and are more cost-effective than building a new structure devoted

solely to the library.lxxxiv Both businesses and the library benefit from increased traffic.lxxxv

Mixed-Use Development

A variety of mixed-use models exist, each demonstrating the benefits of such arrangements: reduced

development costs, reaching more neighbourhoods, increased library visits due to foot traffic generated

from adjacent retailers, organizations and dwellings.lxxxvi Retailers are keen to be a part of mixed-use

plans with public libraries thanks to the repeated traffic that libraries bring, without competition for

sales.lxxxvii

Nate Hill coined the term “Library Outposts”: “storefront library service points, no more than 1500 sq. ft.

in size, centrally located in busy commercial districts or near transportation hubs.”lxxxviii

Perth/Dupont Branch, Toronto Public Library, Canada

• The Perth/Dupont branch of the

Toronto Public Library will be housed

at the base of a new 14-storey

apartment building. Demonstrates the

possibility of building smaller library

branches into new developments.

• https://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/

renovations/

perth-dupont-branch-renovation.jsp

https://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/%0brenovations/%0bperth-dupont-branch-renovation.jsp




Baker District Redevelopment, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

• Converting a parking lot and older buildings into a new mixed-use development that will include

the central public library, residential and commercial, and an urban square.

• Following sustainable building practices using the One Planet Living model.

• Substantial amount of research, design ideas, and community collaboration results available at

https://guelph.ca/business/downtown-business/bakerdistrict

• Construction is expected to begin in 2023.

Mission Bay Branch, San Francisco Public Library, USA

• Co-developed a new complex with very-low-income senior housing and a new library branch. An

honourable mention in Library Journal’s New Landmark Library awards.lxxxix

• Includes retail space, community meeting hall and health centre.

• Offers a successful example of co-locating a library with low-income housing to help address an

affordable housing crisis.xc

Chicago Public Library

• Chicago co-developed multiple public library branches with seniors’ housing, but the library

space is not necessarily dominated by seniors’ collections and services. Rather, these libraries

continue to cater to the community as a whole, encouraging connections between the various

demographic groups.xci

Hollywood Public Library, Portland, Oregon, USA

• Library is built in a 13,000 square foot space on the bottom floor of the Bookmark Apartments

building, which also contains a coffee shop and nearby retail.

• https://www.bookmarkapartments.com/amenities.aspx

Wigan Life Centre, UK

• Large complex that houses leisure, library, social care and municipal services all under one roof.

• https://www.wigan.gov.uk/Council/Contact-us/Life-Centres/Wigan.aspx

https://guelph.ca/business/downtown-business/bakerdistrict

https://www.bookmarkapartments.com/amenities.aspx

https://www.wigan.gov.uk/Council/Contact-us/Life-Centres/Wigan.aspx


Chester Library at Storyhouse, Chester, UK

• A mixed-use space occupying a former 1930s cinema. The building will include a library, large

theatre space, studio and cinema.

• http://www.designinglibraries.org.uk/index.asp?PageID=1418

Hub Kerkrade, Netherlands

• Hub Kerkrade is located in a former shopping mall and includes a theatre, library, various

cultural partners, and the nearby Kerkrade music school.

• http://www.designinglibraries.org.uk/?PageID=1520

Pop-Up Locations

Temporary pop-up libraries in a variety of locations serve a more diverse and far-reaching community

than a single brick and mortar building is able to. The Squamish Public Library has successfully staged

several pop-ups at the local community centre, Squamish Farmers’ Market and the Sea to Sky Gondola.

Other examples include:

The Bubbler, Madison Public Library, USA

• The Bubbler is a programming model involving a series of pop-up events held at various

locations throughout the city. Workshops are led by local experts on a variety of topics, again

promoting collaboration and keeping costs low for the library, while also meeting the needs of a

diverse and sprawling community.xcii

http://www.designinglibraries.org.uk/index.asp?PageID=1418

http://www.designinglibraries.org.uk/?PageID=1520


Hot Spots, The Free Library of Philadelphia, USA

• The Free Library of Philadelphia hosts library “Hot Spots” that bring computers, internet access,

printers, workshops, and reference materials to various neighbourhoods.

• Locations include churches, schools, arts and other non-profit organizations.xciii

GLAM: Galleries, Libraries, Archives, Museums

The BC Museums Association, BC Library Association and Archives Association of BC have recently joined

forces to showcase the power of collaboration between galleries, libraries, archives and museums

(GLAM). The GLAM Memorandum of Understandingxciv identifies shared values and objectives between

the four sectors.

One way in which the collaborative goals of GLAM are realized are through shared spaces between two

or more of these various sectors.

Here in British Columbia, exciting examples of GLAM are currently under development.

Clayton Community Centre, Surrey, BC, Canada

• The new centre will include a library branch, gallery, rehearsal and performance space,

woodworking studio, music studios, meeting space, fitness facilities, a coffee shop, and more.xcv

• Liane Davison, Culture Manager at the City of Surrey, said the “key to this project was

“integration” as opposed to “co-location” and this shift in thinking has been central to the entire

design of the project.”xcvi

Cultural Centre and Museum, Township of Langley, BC, Canada

• A partnership between the Township of Langley and the Kwantlen First Nation to build a cultural

centre containing a library, two museums, a conference centre, art studios, a presentation

theatre, and more.


• The partnership ensures that Indigenous cultures and history are appropriately represented.

“The Langley Centennial Museum does a fine job of telling colonial history to modern times, but

it can’t rightly tell the First Nations’ story,” noted Peter Tulumello, the Township’s director of

arts, culture and community initiatives.xcvii

Library and Archives Canada (LAC) and Vancouver Public Library, BC, Canada

• A partnership between Library and Archives Canada and the Vancouver Public Library has resulted in a public service point in the central library, with staff to help visitors search through LAC archives.

Riverfront Centre, Trail, BC, Canada

• A new centre that houses the Trail & District Public Library and the Trail Museum & Archives all under one roof.

Indigenous Partnerships

Promoting cultural awareness, respect, education and collaboration between Indigenous and non-

Indigenous communities are a priority for Canadian libraries and a key strategy for the Squamish Public

Library.xcviii

To this end, the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) and the Truth and

Reconciliation Commission’s Call to Actions encourage libraries and other cultural sectors to explore

partnerships to help guide the healing process. Richard Linzey, Director of the Heritage Branch of the

Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, noted that cultural

agencies need to shift their roles from that of “experts” to “facilitators”, enabling community

conversations.xcix

Part of GLAM’s initiatives is to also determine how to collaboratively work more closely with Indigenous

peoples to “renew mutual relationships that are based on understanding and respect.”c Furthermore,

the Squamish OCP highlights the need for partnership with the Squamish Nation to improve

relationships.ci This exploration will continue to be a priority for Canadian communities and libraries for

the foreseeable future.

One of the recommendations put forth by the Canadian Federation of Library Associations (CFLA) Truth

and Reconciliation Report and Recommendations is to:

“Decolonize Libraries and Space by recognizing and supporting Indigenous cultures,

languages and knowledges through culturally appropriate space planning, interior

design, signage, art installations, territorial acknowledgements of geographic-specific

traditional territories and public programming in collaboration with local Indigenous

stakeholders.”cii


Physical manifestations of such collaborations include shared space opportunities, including dedicated

space within existing libraries for Indigenous representation. Additional forms of services and programs

are examined in INDIGENOUS COLLABORATIONS (page 51).

Architectural Best Practices in Co-Design and Building with First Nations

The Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (RAIC) recently undertook a study that examined four

projects demonstrating best practices in co-design and building in partnership with First Nations. The

four case studies cover “schools, community and cultural centres, administration and business centres,

and housing,” and include the nearby Squamish Lil’Wat Cultural Centre in Whistler.ciii RAIC determined

that collaboration was fundamental to co-location designs that successfully reflected Indigenous culture

and identity. The case studies are useful guides for any organization planning on partnering with

Indigenous communities.

Indigenous Design Collaborative

Another source for best practices and guidelines for Indigenous design and development is the Indigenous Design Collaborative (IDC) in Arizona. They aim to develop sustainable solutions for tribal communities by bringing these communities together with industry and students from the Arizona State University.civ

Sustainability

Our world faces continued severe ecological challenges and all organizations must take a lead in

proactive development and programming to help educate communities and minimize their

contributions towards these threats.

There are numerous inspirational examples of libraries leading by example through the use of

sustainable practices to either build new structures or upgrade existing buildings, many of which aim for

LEED certification. Sustainability should be adopted by libraries as a core value, advocates the American

Library Association Special Task Force on Sustainability, which recommends doing so by employing the

“Triple Bottom Line” framework:

“to be truly sustainable, an organization or community must embody practices that

are environmentally sound AND economically feasible AND socially equitable.”cv

The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) celebrates environmental

success with an annual Green Library Award, established in 2016. The award focuses not just on

sustainable building practices, but also innovative services and programs that feature libraries’ roles as

environmental champions.cvi It encourages physical design in conjunction with community collaboration

and education around sustainable practices. Cutting-edge features often include solar roofs, recycled

building materials, low-VOC paint, bicycle racks, high-efficiency windows, and underfloor HVAC

systems.cvii


Another leading advocate of sustainable design is the New York Library Association (NYLA), which has

developed a benchmarking system with a series of recommendations (and a downloadable app for

administrators called “NYLA Sustainability Road Map”) that help guide libraries towards sustainable

design.cviii

Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province, China

• Older library building upgrading by adding rainwater collection, solar panels, and a rooftop

garden, encouraging bird nesting.

• Offers many educational programs around ecological and environmental protection.

Huntsville Public Library, USA

Developed the Sustainability @ HPL project that includes several facets:

• Community partnerships that bring in experts to lead sustainable practices workshops with staff

and the community.

• Battery recycling stations, new LED lighting, solar rooftop panels.

• Encourages staff to reduce printing by using apps such as Notability or GoodNotes.

• https://open-shelf.ca/160415-sustainability/

Fayetteville Public Library, Arkansas, USA

• Built a new library that won the 2017 Green Building Legacy Award from the U.S. Green Building

Council, Arkansas.

• Almost 99% of the construction waste was recycled or reused.

• Includes a rooftop garden with rainwater collection and reading and work spaces that use

natural sunlight.

Orange Branch, Delaware County District Library, Ohio, USA

• Used chilled beam technology to reduce energy, and locally-sourced construction materials.cix

Accessible Libraries

In any new library design or retrofit, accessibility will be a core design element. Not only will this include

structural and design elements, but also professional development to help staff understand and

accommodate varying accessibility-related needs. Richmond Public Library in British Columbia uses

“calming colours, clear signage and special acoustic engineering” to accommodate people with autism

spectrum disorder.cx

Technology planning will also need to occur with an eye on the implications it may have on persons with

disabilities.cxi

Accessibility may also refer to providing library access to anyone and everyone 24x7. Budget constraints

do not usually support having staff available at all hours of the day and night, so some libraries are

pursuing the concept of the “open library.” This allows people to access the library at any time with the

swipe of their library card. It is based on trust, particularly when staff are not on-site, but also relies on

surveillance cameras, self-serve checkouts and RFID. Scandinavia leads the way with over two hundred

https://open-shelf.ca/160415-sustainability/

https://www.usgbc.org/usgbc-arkansas

https://www.usgbc.org/usgbc-arkansas


open libraries and here in Canada, Hamilton Public Library has integrated the concept into two of its

branches.cxii

Combining All of the Above

Each community is unique and the ways in which they incorporate and combine the spaces discussed

will reflect their distinct community needs and goals. Some libraries will design for all types of spaces

under one roof, such as Port Moody’s new library and also the new central public libraries in Seattle and

Salt Lake City; others will use a combination of a physical building with shared space, mobile units and

satellite locations.

Planning will rely on deep community consultation and collaboration. As Andra Addison,

communications director for the Seattle Public Library notes, the “library’s cutting-edge offerings focus

more on expressed user needs than on flashy technological trends."cxiii


TECHNOLOGY

The ALA’s Center for the Future of Libraries has identified thirty-nine trends that will influence libraries,

thirteen of which are categorized under technology and are briefly summarized below:cxiv

• Artificial Intelligence (AI)

o “intelligent machines” that function similar to humans.

o Calgary Public Library offers a chat service based on a partnership between library staff

and an AI company.cxv

• Blockchain

o A high-security record keeping system that organizes records into “blocks” with

cryptographic validation. May affect access to content and intellectual property.

• Connected Toys

o Toys that integrate conversational technology and AI and connect to the Internet for

further interactions.

o Opportunities to allow parents to monitor and interact with children through their toys.

o Toys like Povi collect usage data around a child’s ability to discuss various topics and

uses machine learning to adjust its behaviour according to the child’s needs.

o These toys may be useful in a library setting, but raise concerns around privacy and

security.

• Data Everywhere

o User information is increasingly collected through online interactions.

o Libraries may be needed to act as repositories for data sets.

o Libraries will have increasing responsibility to help inform and educate users about how

to protect their privacy and the data they share online.

• Drones

o Drones may be used by libraries to deliver materials to underserved areas and

homebound patrons.cxvi

o Libraries are beginning to offer drones for loan.

• Facial Recognition

o Facial recognition may replace library cards and lead to the possibility where “librarians

will know as soon as individuals walk into the library who they are, where they live, what

books they have checked out, and if any of their books are overdue.”cxvii

o Raises dramatic privacy and ethnical concerns.

• Haptic Technology

o Technology that uses tactile interfaces to interact between humans and devices. The

technology “tricks” users into feeling things that are not actually there, such as “bumps,

indentations, holes, and other relief-like textures.”

o Offers exciting possibilities to address accessibility issues.

• Internet of Things

o More and more devices will be introduced that are connected through the Internet. This

will increase the number of technical questions libraries receive regarding such devices

and privacy issues and will also further widen the Digital Divide.


• Robots

o Robots will likely work alongside human workers, performing predominantly repetitive

tasks. This may result in the displacement of human workers, and a need for libraries to

help such people develop new skills. Librarians themselves may also see such a

displacement and should work towards building higher skills.

o Temasek Polytechnic Library in Singapore uses “Robbie, the Library Inventory Robot” to

scan shelves and search for missing materials.cxviii

• Self-Driving Cars

o Self-driving cars may be used by libraries to deliver materials to distant locations or

homebound patrons.

• Virtual Reality

o Immersive technologies include Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Mixed

Reality (MR).

o Opportunities for immersive field trips: traveling through the Solar System, walk through

a refugee camp in Turkey, dissect a 3D model of the human body.cxix

o The MERGE Cube works with a smartphone app offering new ways to explore math,

science, anatomy and engineering.

• Voice Control

o Voice-controlled devices such as Siri and Alexa are increasingly found in homes and

businesses and used in a reference capacity. They raise privacy concerns and will require

education on how to assess the authority and accuracy of information.

ALA extensively describes these themes with further examples that are relevant to public libraries.cxx

This, of course, is not an exhaustive list and other technology trends affecting libraries include, but are

not limited to:cxxi

• Online privacy

• Cyberbullying

• Fake news and information

• Maker Spaces

• Wearable technology

• Digital displays: using digital slideshows to display library books while saving space

• Social media

One certainty is that the use of technology, in its myriad forms, will continue to rise exponentially. The

world is now expected to generate 163 zettabytes of data a year by 2025, ten times what it generated in

2017.cxxii Canada alone had 22.9 million mobile phone internet users in 2016 and this is expected to grow

to almost 29 million users by 2021.cxxiii Technological possibilities are limitless.

Despite the lack of a crystal ball to show what lies ahead (who knows – maybe libraries will inspire their

invention within the next few decades!), many believe that libraries are in a strong position to embrace

the future by creating flexible, creative and innovative strategies, adaptable to any type of new

technology. Literature often focuses less on specific future technologies and more on flexible leadership

that moves the library away from ”a transaction-based way of thinking to a mindset of innovation.”cxxiv


The terms “creative”, “fun” and “playful” are often used in this context,cxxv supporting the notion of

collaborative experimentation. Pilot studies are repeatedly recommended as ways to cost-effectively

test the technological waters.cxxvi

New technologies will contribute to three themes directly affecting libraries:

• The Digital Divide

• Data Collection & Governance

• Connecting with Patrons Virtually

THE DIGITAL DIVIDE

The future will bring abundant opportunities, but the expense of new technologies will widen the

“Digital Divide”. Those with the educational and financial means to understand, acquire, and apply new

technologies will thrive, while those who do not will be left at an enormous disadvantage.cxxvii

Canadian wireless data plans are among the most expensive in the worldcxxviii, so despite the fact that

most Canadians own mobile devices,cxxix accessing the Internet will continue to be economically-

challenging.

Libraries Bridging the Digital Divide

Libraries are in a well-established position to help bridge the Digital Divide by providing free and

equitable access to technology, space to experiment and learn new skills, technologies for loan, and

education.

Access to Technology & Space to Experiment

For many years, libraries have offered access to the Internet through desktop computers available on a

limited time-basis. Most libraries now offer Wi-Fi allowing those with mobile devices to access the

Internet free-of-charge. All of this gives people a place where “they can go to catch up with their e-mail

and social networks, search for information, write and submit resumés, follow the news, find or list

objects for sale, watch videos, or do any of the myriad other things enabled by the computer and the

Web."cxxx

This model has served communities well and, according to a recent Pew Research study, respondents

want libraries to continue with, and expand, such initiatives. Eighty percent of respondents felt libraries

should “definitely” or “maybe” purchase new technologies such as 3D printers to let people explore how

to use them.cxxxi

As discussed earlier in this report, if more books are digitized, increased space is available for initiatives

such as Maker Spaces (see Creation Space, page 19). These spaces, filled with a variety of new

technologies, give patrons the ability to experiment, learn and create.

Technology Outside of the Library

As well as housing new tools inside the library, libraries are increasingly loaning technologies for use at

home. These include items such as laptops, tablets, eReaders, and software. Some libraries, such as the


Toronto Public Library, also loan Wi-Fi hotspots for six-month periods so that people can gain free,

unlimited access to the Internet.cxxxii Cleveland Public Library offers free cloud storage space that is

“protected from commercial invasion and that ensures privacy is preserved.”cxxxiii Even drones are offered

for loan by libraries such as Arapahoe Libraries in Colorado because they can “provide new opportunities

for content creation and research."cxxxiv The types of technologies available for loan are limitless.

Education

Simply providing technologies does not effectively bridge the Digital Divide and the library, as an

educational organization with clear mandates to foster literacy of all kinds, including digital literacy,

must also offer education around these tools. Citizens continue to rely on their libraries to provide such

educational services: Pew Research found that a majority of respondents (70%) believe that libraries

should continue to offer educational programs on how to use new technologies, including content

creation and productivity tools.cxxxv

Libraries will take new approaches to teaching that will meet the needs of new users such as Digital

Natives while continuing to balance the needs of those who are uncomfortable with technology.

Additionally, in a future where robots and artificial intelligence are likely to displace workers, the library

will see an influx of people seeking to upgrade their digital skills.cxxxvi Although other organizations within

the community can also offer this type of education, “libraries have the advantage of flexibility; easy

accessibility; low or nonexistent fees; and ready access to information resources, including computers

and the Internet.”cxxxvii

The Maker Spaces described earlier (see Creation Space, page 19) demonstrate new ways that libraries

are helping to education patrons. Other workshops and classes focused on specific technologies will be

valuable library offerings and may be delivered in collaboration with local community experts. The

Mandel Public Library in West Palm Beach, Florida, for example, offers several classes and seminars

focusing on drones, including safe, legal and enjoyable flying.cxxxviii

Not only will libraries continue to help their citizens to develop digital skills, their usefulness in teaching

“digital understanding” is needed more than ever in a world saturated with “fake news” and threats to

online security. As such, specific educational initiatives are needed:

• Information literacy

• Privacy protection

• Copyright and intellectual property rights

Information Literacy

More than ever, in a world of increasingly bombarded by “fake news” and easily created, un-vetted

content, research suggests that libraries must to continue to act as leaders in educating people on

effective evaluation of information.cxxxix


“The on-going explosion of choice of digital content and information increases the

importance of information literacy skills as essential tools for distinguishing

authoritative information from content that is influenced by various social, political,

commercial and sometimes extremist agendas.”cxl

Privacy Protection

With increased user data collection, privacy protection will remain a hot topic, with libraries continuing

to taking a lead in educating people around online dangers and the means for protection.cxli

Pew Research found that more than three-quarters of Americans felt their libraries should “definitely”

provide programs educating people about how to protect their privacy and security online.cxlii

In addition to using their own in-house privacy and security settings as examples for patrons, libraries

can offer educational programs in-house and online. San Jose Public Library maintains an extensive set

of online resources regarding privacycxliii and Lebanon Public Libraries has a series of Online Self Defense

classes, with coloured "belts" offered upon completion of levels.cxliv

Copyright & Intellectual Property Rights

As more content is created and shared online, further misunderstandings regarding appropriate and

legal use of online content will arise.

“Questions of ownership of information and content become more complicated as

boundaries between producers and consumers of information are increasingly

blurred. A rise in the amount of content created by automated machine processes

further complicates such situations.”

International Federation of Library Associationscxlv

Correspondingly, libraries will continue to serve as educators in this realm.cxlvi

DATA COLLECTION & GOVERNANCE

A “Smart City” uses interconnected data and technology to collect real-time information that can be

used to help manage and adjust programs and services more effectively. Applications can be as simple

as collecting and disseminating traffic information via an app to alert citizens of traffic jams and parking

availability. Or as innovative as using self-driving technology that complements transit systems.


“It's when you can derive data from everything that is connected and utilize it to

improve the lives of citizens and improve communication between citizens and the

government that a city becomes a smart city.”

Esmeralda Swartz, head of strategy and marketing of the software business unit for

Ericssoncxlvii

Spending on smart city technology is expected to almost double between 2016 and 2021, according to

the International Data Corporation.cxlviii Implications include the collection of a huge amount of personal

data, along with the accompanying privacy issues.

Given their expertise in information management and privacy protection, public libraries can expect

increased collaboration with their municipal departments to help determine how data should be

collected as Smart City concepts gain traction.

Sidewalk Toronto is an example of a visionary Smart City currently in the design stage.cxlix The Toronto

Regional Board of Trade has suggested that the Toronto Public Library may be the wisest choice for

“managing the proposed civic data trust that would handle information culled from Sidewalk Toronto.”cl

Additionally, libraries, in their role as Community Hub, may take a lead in facilitating community

discussions around Smart City strategies and implications.cli

CONNECTING WITH PATRONS VIRTUALLY

For several years, libraries have been connecting virtually with citizens through their websites, social

catalogues, email, online chats and social media. New technologies will continue to provide additional

venues in which to meet patrons. These may include specialized apps, such as reading games for young

readers, that might be developed in partnership with local experts. Calgary Public Library’s Grow a

Reader app is one such example of delivering early childhood literacy programs to families online.

Continuing to expand online services addresses the challenges in meeting with geographically-dispersed

patrons.

Public libraries increasingly use social media such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.clii Facebook

appears to be more useful for connecting with locals, particularly about specific events, while Twitter

has been an engaging forum for discussing books and libraries on a wider regional level.cliii


Innovative social media experiments include the New York Public Library partnership with a well-known

artist “to bring classics to

life in the form of ephemeral

content with each page only

lasting 10 seconds in nature

before disappearing.”cliv The

campaign not only boosted

NYPL’s Instagram following

by 100,000 people, but also

dramatically increased the

circulation of books

featured in the Insta Stories.

Regardless of the type of

technology, David Lee King,

Digital Services Director at

Topeka & Shawnee County Library, recommends that libraries have clear guidelines outlining which staff

will post and respond to comments and the types of content that should be posted.clv

Challenges with social media will continue to

include how to grow the audience and find time to

maintain accounts.clvi Libraries would also be well-

served by canvassing their communities to

determine which social media platforms are most

popular.

Finally, humour can go a long way in boosting a

library’s social media following, as discovered by

the Liverpool University Library.clvii


PARTNERSHIPS AND COLLABORATION

Collaboration, is the key to success,clviii and as such, the concept is built into the Squamish Library’s

strategic plan as well as the provincial library strategic priorities.

"As libraries struggle to stay up to par in the 21st century, our minds stray to

technology. But, collaboration...that’s the 21st-century skill that’s needed most.”

– Mary Chute, Deputy Director, Library Services,

Institute of Museum and Library Services."clix

"a fundamental and increasingly popular prediction about the future of libraries:

collaboration will become a common and important focus."

Jennifer C. Henrixclx

Collaboration can take on many forms, including shared space options and partnerships in development

of specialized programs and services. Select examples of collaborative initiatives are listed below.

COMMUNITY CHAMPIONS

The Aspen Institute suggests that libraries should identify “Community Champions” who “can leverage

philanthropic action to support the library and help to showcase the library as a community asset."clxi

For several years, Patrick Losinksi, CEO of Columbus Metropolitan Library, held weekly meetings with

local business leaders to gain advice and to help them understand the value of the library.clxii An added

benefit was that these leaders then championed libraries within their circles.

Public Library InterLINK has developed the Library Champions Project (LCP), focused on recruiting and

training newcomers to Canada share library and settlement information with other local immigrants.

Such a project promotes collaboration and helps to meet the needs of a growing immigrant population.

VOLUNTEERS

Volunteers play an essential role in enhancing community connections. They have traditionally

performed lower-skilled tasks, helping to free up staff time for more specialized services. But some

libraries are looking for more focused partnerships with volunteers to deliver unique services.

Volunteers may donate higher-level, specialized skills and in return gain experience that may be useful

in their own professional lives.

Some examples include:

• Teens educating patrons about new technologies (North Vancouver District Public Library’s Tech

Tutoring).clxiii


• Volunteers translating library promotional materials and website content into a variety of

languages (United Nations Academic Impact recruited volunteers to translate website

content).clxiv

• Local programmers may be interested in building their experience by developing reading apps in

conjunction with library staff.

• Specialists of all kinds may enjoy leading workshops or classes in a Maker Space environment,

including artists, environmentalists, developers, and more.

The challenge is in effective volunteer management and coordination, which requires staff time and

investment.clxv However, once those skills in place, a wide variety of specialized volunteers may be

recruited.

INDIGENOUS COLLABORATIONS

Canadian public libraries are responding to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s Calls to Action,clxvi

which includes directives to increase Indigenous collections and programs, resource guides, staff training

on the history of residential schools. Further recommendations are put forth by the Canadian Federation

of Library Associations (CFLA) Truth and Reconciliation Report and Recommendations.clxvii Indigenous

collaborations in terms of shared spaces were examined in Indigenous Partnerships (page 39).

Squamish Public Library has acted on these directives by collaborating with the Squamish Nation on

various programs and promoting Indigenous collections. Other initiatives from Canadian libraries

include:

Southeast Regional Library (SRL), Saskatchewan, Canada

• Take-home kits with Indigenous stories and exercises

• https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/sask-libraries-agreement-services-indigenous-

communities-1.4872283

Frances Morrison Central Library, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

• Created a space dedicated to reconciliation: the “Read for Reconciliation” area, which includes

Truth and Reconciliation reports and books about residential schools.

• https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatoon/saskatoon-library-space-reconciliation-1.3860235

Calgary Public Library, Alberta, Canada

• Calgary Public Library hired its first Indigenous Service Design Lead, focusing on community

engagement, inclusivity, and relationship building.

• Calgary also has Indigenous Placemaking by Indigenous artists,clxviii permanent art by local

Indigenous artists.

• https://calgarylibrary.ca/blogs/post/a-glimpse-at-indigenization-at-calgary-public-library

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/sask-libraries-agreement-services-indigenous-communities-1.4872283

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/sask-libraries-agreement-services-indigenous-communities-1.4872283

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatoon/saskatoon-library-space-reconciliation-1.3860235

https://calgarylibrary.ca/blogs/post/a-glimpse-at-indigenization-at-calgary-public-library/


HEALTH PARTNERSHIPS

A variety of cooperative efforts with health organizations allow libraries to develop unique programs

aimed at improving the health of their communities.

Health Clinics in the Library

The “non-clinical atmosphere” of libraries helps relieve stress in patients, particularly in children, making

the library an effective location to deliver health services. The Toronto Public Library has seen success in

delivering flu shot clinics at its branches.clxix These clinics also bring in people who may not have

previously been in the library. Workshops, delivered in conjunction with health professionals, can

highlight resources that are available both in the library and at local health care facilities.

Opioid Epidemic

More than ever, library staff are on the front lines of the opioid epidemic, but are often ill-equipped to

help in an emergency. Anti-overdose drugs such as Naloxone are more and more common in libraries,clxx

and development of effective staff training, follow-up support, risk-management, and policies will be

ongoing.clxxi Opportunities exist for partnerships with health units to provide staff training and the

occasional presence of health professionals within the library.clxxii

Health Kits for Loan

A wide variety of health-related kits are available for loan from libraries around the world.

Numerous libraries, including the Squamish Library, have begun offering radon kits for long-term loan,

allowing citizens to monitor radon levels in their homes. Blood pressure monitoring kits are also

increasingly available for loan at various libraries.clxxiii

The Region of Waterloo Library loans kits that include hands-on activities and learning materials that

families can use to learn about “healthy eating, hand washing, dental health, physical activity, injury &

substance misuse prevention.”clxxiv Other examples include workout kits loaned by SDG Library in

Ontario that contain DVDs and exercise equipment, and mental health kits at the Renfrew Public

Library.clxxv As more health-related technological gadgets come onto the market, libraries will have

increased opportunities to loan these types of items to their communities.

Social Workers

The housing affordability crisis has left many in Squamish homeless. The library is a natural destination

for these people for its safe and inclusive environment. Opportunities exist to help these people with

social and employment services. Seattle Public Library allocated funds to hire a part-time social worker

who helps direct people to the services and resources they need.clxxvi

ARTS COLLABORATIONS

Libraries have long held partnerships with their local arts communities, often using library walls as

gallery space and occasionally offering art for loan. But deeper collaborative opportunities exist. As

Roberts notes, "the shift toward library as community creativity hub is more developed in northern

Europe but some initiatives are taking place in North American."clxxvii The Maker Space concept,


discussed in Creation Space (page 19), offers a space where artists can gather, share, experiment, learn

from one another, and teach others.

“Creative Residencies” offer libraries another way to connect with local creatives, to capitalize on their

skills, and to give them a venue to create and to share their knowledge through workshops and

presentations. The Vancouver Public Library offers three such residencies:clxxviii

• Indigenous Storyteller in Residence

• Writer in Residence

• Vancouver’s Poet Laureate

Other initiatives include the “Idea Box” at Oak Park Public Library in Illinois, a 57 square foot glass-walled

showcase room that is used for interactive and creative community installations, all designed to inspire

creativity and learning.clxxix

This “Idea Box” interactive exhibit filled the walls and floors with pages from books. Visitors were encouraged to participate in the exhibit by decorating books covered in pink paper.

Another month, the Idea Box was used for “Real Art Work”, with live artists working inside and available for conversation.


Further partnerships may focus on shared space, following the GLAM concept as discussed earlier (see

GLAM: Galleries, Libraries, Archives, Museums, page 38). For example, the Lindower 22 Ateliers and

Galleries in Berlin is a project that is turning an old industrial complex into a gallery and small library.clxxx

DISTANT NEIGHBOURHOODS & HOMEBOUND CITIZENS

Even when a library has just one central location, it has a responsibility to serve people in outlying,

distant areas and those who are unable to easily access the library. To achieve this, collaboration with

these groups is key in determining their specific needs in order to generate innovative solutions, which

may include:

• Increased digitization of traditional library materials.clxxxi

• Using drones to deliver materials to distant neighbourhoods and homebound people.clxxxii

• Connecting more through online venues such as social software.

• Using mobile units, satellite locations, book kiosks, and other forms of shared space.


STAFF SKILLS

All of these new forms of collaborations and library services will inspire growth in the types of work

available for library staff.clxxxiii A shift in skills will see fewer lower-paying positions focused on traditional

library services and more high-skilled jobs focused on technology, education and collaboration.clxxxiv

COLLABORATIVE AND INNOVATIVE SKILLS

There will be increased emphasis on proactive staff skills that can enthusiastically engage with

community to determine needs and effectively translate those needs into specialized programs.clxxxv

“Waiting for people to come and ask us a question has been and continues to be a

recipe for irrelevance. “Today, we need targeted efforts that speak to where people’s

passions and aspirations lie.”

Rebekkah Smith Aldrich, coordinator for library sustainability at the Mid-Hudson

Library System in New Yorkclxxxvi

Staff will increasingly reach out to community experts for advice and education, particularly in the

technological arena. Developing innovative programs in conjunction with these experts will ensure top-

quality and relevant educational offerings. For example, a musician may volunteer time to help with

music creation tools; a designer may help with graphics software in a digital lab. New York Public Library

(NYPL) brought in financial literacy experts to provide specialized services.

“We give library staff permission to not have to be good at everything, and we bring

users the expert skills they need,” said

Mary Lee Kennedy, Chief Library Officer at NYPL."clxxxvii

PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP SKILLS

Pilot studies have been discussed as a useful way to test new programs and services. Successful

execution of such projects will require project management skills that include planning, teamwork,

resource allocation, and success measurement proficiencies.clxxxviii Staff will need to find new ways to

determine the success of their library, which will expand to include not just traditional transaction-based

numbers, but increasing stories of success.clxxxix The Aspen Institute suggests “an intelligent community,

not large circulation numbers, is the primary library goal,"cxc or, as Huysmans and Ooms ask: what is the

library’s real social worth to society?cxci To answer this question, libraries will need to boost their

qualitative success measurement tools, incorporating more surveys, recognition awards, economic

studies, testimonial videos, and other innovative ideas.cxcii


DIGITAL SKILLS

Technology will become a core competency for library staff,cxciii and librarians will hone their teaching

skills, becoming mentors and facilitators to individuals and groups learning about new technologies.cxciv

"Future librarians will become digital media mentors, fluent in the languages and

structures of digital documents and data and the availability of information resources

on the Internet and elsewhere. They will be able to use the tools of social networking,

recommendation systems, and messaging to establish immediate and more focused

communication with their patrons and to respond more effectively to patrons’ needs

and wants. Thus, they will both be highly competent with digital media and tools and

have a richer and more nuanced understanding of their users."

Roger Levien, strategy and innovation consultantcxcv

This may seem a daunting prospect to staff not necessarily comfortable with new technologies.

However, collaboration again is key and partnerships with community experts can help alleviate

pressures to quickly become adept with new technologies.

REFERENCE SKILLS

Some may think that reference librarians will soon be extinct, given how quickly answers can be found

online. “But that, librarians say, is not a threat to library reference, but an opportunity,” according to

Publishers Weekly.cxcvi As traditional reference questions dwindle, time is freed up for new and

innovative programs that allow for learning and collaboration. More classes zeroing in on specific

community needs can be developed.

Reference librarians may be increasingly accessed through online platforms and may see a shift from

helping people with specific information requests to providing further education on how to assess

information, separate fact from fiction, and how to stay safe online and protect their privacy. cxcvii


RECOMMENDATIONS

The Squamish Public Library has implemented a number of innovative strategies and programs that

touch on many of the examples described within this report. To continue in their role as a community

leader, a number of recommendations are proposed that can occur in conjunction with ongoing

community consultations:

• Pilot Projects

Use small-scale projects with space and technology to experiment and evaluate new ideas and

initiatives.

• Create a “futurist” role for a library board member.

They may be tasked to review new literature on a monthly basis and present emerging ideas at

Board Meetings. Publications worth following include:

o ALA’s Library Information Technology Association (LITA)

http://www.ala.org/lita/ttt

o The Aspen Institute Dialogue on Public Libraries

http://www.libraryvision.org/resources

o Model Programme for Public Libraries

A toolkit with numerous articles and inspirational case studies.

https://modelprogrammer.slks.dk/en/cases/thematic-cases/

o WebJunction: Resources for Space Planning in Libraries

https://www.webjunction.org/documents/webjunction/WebJunction_039_s_Focus_on

_Space_Planning_for_Libraries.html

o Designing Libraries

Abundant resources regarding library design. Includes dozens of global case studies that

can be filtered according to types of projects, countries, years.

www.designinglibraries.org.uk

o International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) Green Library Award

Describes winners of the IFLA’s Green Library Awards.

https://www.ifla.org/node/10159

o New York Library Association (NYLA) Sustainability Initiative

Guidelines for building sustainable libraries. Free “NYPL Sustainability Road Map” app

available for download.

https://www.nyla.org/max/4DCGI/cms/review.html?Action=CMS_Document&DocID=17

71&MenuKey=SI

o Sign up for newsletters from ALA’s Center for the Future of Libraries:

▪ “Read for Later” e-newsletter

“a weekly wrap-up of news and articles that indicate possible trends and

changes that could affect libraries and the communities we serve”

https://tinyletter.com/libraryofthefuture

▪ “Get Smart” newsletter

“provides information for how smart city development might align with library

values and services and the aspirations we have for communities”

http://www.ala.org/lita/ttt

http://www.libraryvision.org/resources

https://modelprogrammer.slks.dk/en/cases/thematic-cases/

https://www.webjunction.org/documents/webjunction/WebJunction_039_s_Focus_on_Space_Planning_for_Libraries.html

https://www.webjunction.org/documents/webjunction/WebJunction_039_s_Focus_on_Space_Planning_for_Libraries.html

http://www.designinglibraries.org.uk/


https://www.nyla.org/max/4DCGI/cms/review.html?Action=CMS_Document&DocID=1771&MenuKey=SI


https://tinyletter.com/libraryofthefuture


http://ala.informz.net/ala/pages/CFL_Smart_Communities_Newsletter_Opt_In

• Consider attending the Symposium on the Future of Libraries, part of the ALA Midwinter

Meeting & Exhibits.

• Selection of Recommended Books:

o Library 2020: Today’s Leading Visionaries Describe Tomorrow’s Library, edited by Joseph

Janes

o Emerging Library Technologies: It's Not Just for Geeks, by Ida Joiner

o The New Librarianship Field Guide, by R. David Lankes

o Creating the Sustainable Public Library: the Triple Bottom Line Approach, by Gary L.

Shaffer

o Sustainable Thinking: Ensuring your Library’s Future in an Uncertain World, by Rebekkah

Smith Aldrich

o BiblioTECH: Why Libraries Matter More Than Ever in the Age of Google, by John Palfrey

http://ala.informz.net/ala/pages/CFL_Smart_Communities_Newsletter_Opt_In


END NOTES

i Dr. Guy Berthiaume, “Rethinking the Role of Libraries and Archives and Museums in the Age of Google,” Library and Archives Canada, last modified 28 February 2017, https://www.canada.ca/en/library-archives/news/2017/07/rethinking_the_roleoflibrariesandarchivesandmuseumsintheageofgoo.html.

ii Jennifer C. Hendrix, Checking out the Future: Perspectives from the Library Community on Information Technology and 21st-Century Libraries, ALA Office for Information Technology Policy, 2010, 15, http://www.ala.org/advocacy/sites/ala.org.advocacy/files/content/advleg/pp/pub/policy/ala_checking_out_the.pdf.

iii Statistics Canada, “Focus on Geography Series, 2011 Census,” Census Agglomeration of Squamish, British

Columbia, last modified 21 September 2016, https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/fogs-

spg/Facts-cma-eng.cfm?LANG=Eng&GK=CMA&GC=934. Also, Statistics Canada, “Focus on Geography Series, 2016

Census,” Squamish, British Columbia, last modified 20 February 2019, https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-

recensement/2016/as-sa/fogs-spg/Facts-cma-eng.cfm?LANG=eng&GK=CMA&GC=934&TOPIC=1. iv Joanne Lee-Young, “Squamish Attracts New Population and Hip Businesses, Along With Growing Pains,”

Vancouver Sun, last modified 12 June 2018, https://vancouversun.com/business/local-business/squamish-

population-growth-puts-pressure-on-infrastructure-needs-from-traffic-to-landfills. v “52 Places to Go in 2015,” New York Times, last modified 21 December 2015,

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/01/11/travel/52-places-to-go-in-2015.html. vi “1996 Municipalities by Regional District,” BC Stats, (n.d.),

http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/Census/1996Census/PopulationHousing/MunbyRD.aspx. vii Squamish District, “OCP Part 2 – Community Context,” District of Squamish, (n.d.),

https://squamish.civicweb.net/document/120167. viii “Investing in Squamish, British Columbia,” Trade and Invest British Columbia, (n.d.),

https://www.britishcolumbia.ca/invest/communities/british-columbia/lower-mainland-southwest/squamish-lillooet/squamish/.

ix “Census Profile, 2016 Census, Squamish, British Columbia,” Statistics Canada, last modified 3 April 2019, https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=POPC&Code1=0781&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Squamish&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All.

x “Squamish named one of Canada’s top 10 communities for entrepreneurship,” Squamish District, last modified 9 April 2019, https://squamish.ca/yourgovernment/news/squamish-named-one-of-canadas-top-10-communities-for-entrepreneurship.

xi Hendrix, Checking out the Future: Perspectives from the Library Community on Information Technology and 21st-Century Libraries, 6. Also, “Digital Natives,” American Library Association, Center for the Future of Libraries, (n.d.), http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/digitalnatives.

xii “Trends,” American Library Association, Center for the Future of Libraries, (n.d.), http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends.

xiii Amy K. Garmer, Rising to the Challenge: Re-Envisioning Public Libraries, The Aspen Institute Communications and Society Program, 2014, 4, http://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/themes/5660b272ebad645c44000001/attachments/original/1452193779/AspenLibrariesReport.pdf?1452193779.

xiv Inayatullah, Sohail. 2015. “From Knowledge Keepers to Knowledge Creators.” Public Library Quarterly 34 (4):

310–17. doi:10.1080/01616846.2015.1106888. xv Garmer, Rising to the Challenge: Re-Envisioning Public Libraries, 4. xvi Berthiaume, “Rethinking the Role of Libraries and Archives and Museums in the Age of Google.” xvii Lumos Research, Inc., An Analysis of Public Library Trends, Canadian Urban Libraries Council, 2011, 2,

http://www.culc.ca/cms_lib/CULC%20Public%20Library%20Trends-es.pdf. xviii “Key Performance Indicators,” Canadian Urban Libraries Council, (n.d.), http://www.culc.ca/kpis.

https://www.canada.ca/en/library-archives/news/2017/07/rethinking_the_roleoflibrariesandarchivesandmuseumsintheageofgoo.html

https://www.canada.ca/en/library-archives/news/2017/07/rethinking_the_roleoflibrariesandarchivesandmuseumsintheageofgoo.html

http://www.ala.org/advocacy/sites/ala.org.advocacy/files/content/advleg/pp/pub/policy/ala_checking_out_the.pdf

http://www.ala.org/advocacy/sites/ala.org.advocacy/files/content/advleg/pp/pub/policy/ala_checking_out_the.pdf

https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/fogs-spg/Facts-cma-eng.cfm?LANG=Eng&GK=CMA&GC=934

https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/fogs-spg/Facts-cma-eng.cfm?LANG=Eng&GK=CMA&GC=934

https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/fogs-spg/Facts-cma-eng.cfm?LANG=eng&GK=CMA&GC=934&TOPIC=1

https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/fogs-spg/Facts-cma-eng.cfm?LANG=eng&GK=CMA&GC=934&TOPIC=1

https://vancouversun.com/business/local-business/squamish-population-growth-puts-pressure-on-infrastructure-needs-from-traffic-to-landfills

https://vancouversun.com/business/local-business/squamish-population-growth-puts-pressure-on-infrastructure-needs-from-traffic-to-landfills

http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/Census/1996Census/PopulationHousing/MunbyRD.aspx

https://www.britishcolumbia.ca/invest/communities/british-columbia/lower-mainland-southwest/squamish-lillooet/squamish/

https://www.britishcolumbia.ca/invest/communities/british-columbia/lower-mainland-southwest/squamish-lillooet/squamish/

http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/digitalnatives

http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends

http://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/themes/5660b272ebad645c44000001/attachments/original/1452193779/AspenLibrariesReport.pdf?1452193779

http://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/themes/5660b272ebad645c44000001/attachments/original/1452193779/AspenLibrariesReport.pdf?1452193779

http://www.culc.ca/cms_lib/CULC%20Public%20Library%20Trends-es.pdf

http://www.culc.ca/kpis


xix “Sector Profile: Public Libraries,” Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, (n.d.),

https://www.ontario.ca/document/environmental-scan-culture-sector-ontario-culture-strategy-background-document/sector-profile-public-libraries. Also, Linda Besner, “Risotto, Robotics and Virtual Reality: how Canada Created the World’s Best Libraries,” The Guardian, last modified 15 June 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/jun/15/risotto-robotics-and-virtual-reality-how-canada-created-the-worlds-best-libraries.

xx R. David Lankes, “The Mission of Librarians is to Improve Society Through Facilitating Knowledge Creation in Their Communities,” (n.d.), https://davidlankes.org/new-librarianship/the-atlas-for-new-librarianship/threads-2/mission/the-mission-of-librarians-is-to-improve-society-through-facilitating-knowledge-creation-in-their-communities/.

xxi Guidelines for Rural/Urban Public Library Systems, Administrators of Rural and Urban Public Libraries of

Ontario, 2017, 6, http://aruplo.weebly.com/uploads/2/8/3/7/2837807/aruplo_guidelines_3rd_edition.pdf. xxii Resource Planning Group, Inc., Port Moody Public Library: Functional Space Programming, (Vancouver, BC:

RPG, 2017), B.2. xxiii “OCP Part 2 – Community Context,” District of Squamish, (n.d.),

https://squamish.civicweb.net/document/120167. xxiv Paula Bernstein, “The Book as Place: The ‘Networked Book’ Becomes the New ‘In’ Destination”

InformationToday.com, last modified November 2006, http://www.infotoday.com/searcher/nov06/Berinstein.shtml.

xxv Ken Roberts, Facing the Future: A Vision Document for British Columbia’s Public Libraries, 2014, 8, https://nvdpl.ca/sites/default/files/Facing-the-Future-A-Report-on-the-future-of-libraries-for-the-Province-of-British-Columbia_WEB.pdf.

xxvi Marshall Breeding, “The Complicated Story of Ebooks in Libraries,” Computers in Libraries, June 2017, 16–18, Academic Search Elite.

xxvii Maryse Zeidler, “Can’t Find Your Favourite e-book at the Library? This Might be Why,” CBC, last modified 15 December 2018, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/can-t-find-your-favourite-e-book-at-the-library-this-might-be-why-1.4947637. Also Brandi Scardilli, “The State of Ebooks in Libraries,” Information Today, March 2019, 12–14, Academic Search Elite.

xxviii “Life in the Fast Lane: How Are Canadians Managing?” Statistic Canada, last modified 14 November 2017, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/171114/dq171114a-eng.htm?HPA=1.

xxix Hendrix, Checking out the Future: Perspectives from the Library Community on Information Technology and 21st-Century Libraries, 9.

xxx Hendrix, Checking out the Future: Perspectives from the Library Community on Information Technology and 21st-Century Libraries, 9. Also, Resource Planning Group, Inc., Port Moody Public Library: Functional Space Programming, i.

xxxi “Model Programme for Public Libraries,” The Agency for Culture and Palaces, Denmark, last modified 18 September 2017, https://modelprogrammer.slks.dk/en/cases/inspirational-cases/library-10-helsinki/.

xxxii Breeding, “The Complicated Story of Ebooks in Libraries”, 16-18. xxxiii Dan Cohen, “The Books of College Libraries Are Turning Into Wallpaper,” The Atlantic, last modified 26 May

2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/05/college-students-arent-checking-out-books/590305/. xxxiv John B. Horrigan, “Libraries at the Crossroads.” Pew Research Center, last modified September 2015,

http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/09/15/2015/Libraries-at-the-crossroads. xxxv Roger E. Levien, Confronting the Future: Strategic Visions for the 21st Century Public Library, ALA Office for

Information Technology Policy, June 2011, 27, http://www.ala.org/advocacy/sites/ala.org.advocacy /files/content/advleg/pp/pub/policy/confronting_the_futu.pdf.

xxxvi Roberts, Facing the Future: A Vision Document for British Columbia’s Public Libraries, 10. xxxvii Henrik Jochumsen, Casper Hvenegaard Rasmussen, and Dorte Skot-Hansen, “The four spaces – a new model

for the public library”, New Library World, Vol. 113 (2012) Issue: 11/12, pp. 586-597, https://doi.org/10.1108/03074801211282948. Also, Henrik Jochumsen, “The Four-Space Model,” Model Programme for Public Libraries, (n.d.), https://modelprogrammer.slks.dk/en/challenges/zones-and-spaces/the-four-space-model-by-henrik-jochumsen/.

https://www.ontario.ca/document/environmental-scan-culture-sector-ontario-culture-strategy-background-document/sector-profile-public-libraries


https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/jun/15/risotto-robotics-and-virtual-reality-how-canada-created-the-worlds-best-libraries

https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/jun/15/risotto-robotics-and-virtual-reality-how-canada-created-the-worlds-best-libraries

https://davidlankes.org/new-librarianship/the-atlas-for-new-librarianship/threads-2/mission/the-mission-of-librarians-is-to-improve-society-through-facilitating-knowledge-creation-in-their-communities/



http://aruplo.weebly.com/uploads/2/8/3/7/2837807/aruplo_guidelines_3rd_edition.pdf

https://squamish.civicweb.net/document/120167

http://www.infotoday.com/searcher/nov06/Berinstein.shtml

https://nvdpl.ca/sites/default/files/Facing-the-Future-A-Report-on-the-future-of-libraries-for-the-Province-of-British-Columbia_WEB.pdf

https://nvdpl.ca/sites/default/files/Facing-the-Future-A-Report-on-the-future-of-libraries-for-the-Province-of-British-Columbia_WEB.pdf

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/can-t-find-your-favourite-e-book-at-the-library-this-might-be-why-1.4947637

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/can-t-find-your-favourite-e-book-at-the-library-this-might-be-why-1.4947637

https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/171114/dq171114a-eng.htm?HPA=1

https://modelprogrammer.slks.dk/en/cases/inspirational-cases/library-10-helsinki/

https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/05/college-students-arent-checking-out-books/590305/

http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/09/15/2015/Libraries-at-the-crossroads

http://www.ala.org/advocacy/sites/ala.org.advocacy%0b/files/content/advleg/pp/pub/policy/confronting_the_futu.pdf

http://www.ala.org/advocacy/sites/ala.org.advocacy%0b/files/content/advleg/pp/pub/policy/confronting_the_futu.pdf

https://doi.org/10.1108/03074801211282948

https://modelprogrammer.slks.dk/en/challenges/zones-and-spaces/the-four-space-model-by-henrik-jochumsen/

https://modelprogrammer.slks.dk/en/challenges/zones-and-spaces/the-four-space-model-by-henrik-jochumsen/


xxxviii “Community Rooms,” Halifax Public Libraries, (n.d.), https://www.halifaxpubliclibraries.ca/library-

spaces/book-a-space/community-rooms/. xxxix Jochumsen, “The Four-Space Model.” xl Jochumsen, Hvenegaard and Skot-Hansen, “The four spaces – a new model for the public library.” xli Resource Planning Group, Inc., Port Moody Public Library: Functional Space Programming, iii-iv. xlii Cohen, “The Books of College Libraries Are Turning Into Wallpaper.” Also, Sarah D. Sparks, “Children Must Be

Taught to Collaborate, Studies Say,” Education Week, last modified 16 May 2017, https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2017/05/17/children-must-be-taught-to-collaborate-studies.html. Also, “Core Competencies,” British Columbia Ministry of Education, (n.d.), https://curriculum.gov.bc.ca/competencies.

xliii Roberts, Facing the Future: A Vision Document for British Columbia’s Public Libraries, 22. xliv Roberts, Facing the Future: A Vision Document for British Columbia’s Public Libraries, 22. xlv “Case: Meeting Point in Helsinki,” Model Programme for Public Libraries, last modified 18 September 2017,

http://modelprogrammer.slks.dk/en/cases/inspirational-cases/meeting-point-helsinki/. xlvi Resource Planning Group, Inc., Port Moody Public Library: Functional Space Programming, 3.11. xlvii “Brody,” Steelcase, https://www.steelcase.com/eu-en/products/lounge-seating/brody/. xlviii “Logansport-Cass County Public Library,” krM Architecture+, (n.d.), https://krmarchitecture.com/portfolio-

item/galveston-library/. xlix Bette-Lee Fox, “Design of the Times,” Library Journal, December 2011, Academic Search Elite. Also, “Co-

Working / Co-Living,” American Library Association, Center for the Future of Libraries, (n.d.), http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/coeverything.

l Brian Bethune, “How public libraries are reinventing themselves for the 21st century,” Maclean’s, last modified 25 January 2018, https://www.macleans.ca/society/how-public-libraries-are-reinventing-themselves-for-the-21st-century/.

li Anya Georgijevic, “Opening the Library,” The Globe and Mail, last modified 12 November 2017, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/home-and-garden/design/the-reinvention-of-libraries-from-public-spaces-to-livingrooms/article29333752/. Also, Lizzie Hoffman, “Free Library of Philadelphia Leads the Way for Future Libraries II,” AGATI, (n.d.), https://www.agati.com/blog/future-of-public-library-furniture-flp-part2/. Also, Piotr Kowalczyk, “A Futuristic Library in France is Like the City’s Living Room,” Ebook Friendly, last modified 14 February 2017, https://ebookfriendly.com/a-futuristic-public-library-thionville-france.

lii Georgijevic, “Opening the Library.” liii Bette-Lee Fox, “Design of the Times.” liv “Hub Kerkrade,” Designing Libraries, (n.d.), http://www.designinglibraries.org.uk/?PageID=1520. lv Resource Planning Group, Inc., Port Moody Public Library: Functional Space Programming, iii. lvi Margaret Sullivan, “Designing for Community: 10 Essential Library Spaces,” Demco Interiors, last modified 20

July 2017, https://www.demcointeriors.com/blog/designing-community-10-essential-library-spaces/. lvii Resource Planning Group, Inc., Port Moody Public Library: Functional Space Programming, 4.17. lviii “Interview with Katie Baxter, Gayle Edelen, and Hillary Scholz,” Young Adult Library Services, Fall 2017,

Academic Search Elite. lix John N. Berry III, “LA County Library is Library of the Year 2019,” Library Journal, last modified 28 May 2019,

https://www.libraryjournal.com/?detailStory=Equity-and-Education-for-All-Library-of-the-Year-2019. lx Lankes, “The Mission of Librarians is to Improve Society Through Facilitating Knowledge Creation in Their

Communities.” lxi Levien, Confronting the Future: Strategic Visions for the 21st Century Public Library, 5. lxii Hendrix, Checking out the Future: Perspectives from the Library Community on Information Technology and

21st-Century Libraries, 11. lxiii Hendrix, Checking out the Future: Perspectives from the Library Community on Information Technology and

21st-Century Libraries, 16. lxiv “Maker Movement,” American Library Association, Center for the Future of Libraries, (n.d.),

http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/makers. lxv Levien, Confronting the Future: Strategic Visions for the 21st Century Public Library, 5. lxvi John B. Horrigan, “Libraries at the Crossroads.” Pew Research Center, September 2015, 1,

http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/09/15/2015/Libraries-at-the-crossroads.

https://www.halifaxpubliclibraries.ca/library-spaces/book-a-space/community-rooms/

https://www.halifaxpubliclibraries.ca/library-spaces/book-a-space/community-rooms/

https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2017/05/17/children-must-be-taught-to-collaborate-studies.html

https://curriculum.gov.bc.ca/competencies

http://modelprogrammer.slks.dk/en/cases/inspirational-cases/meeting-point-helsinki/

https://www.steelcase.com/eu-en/products/lounge-seating/brody/

https://krmarchitecture.com/portfolio-item/galveston-library/

https://krmarchitecture.com/portfolio-item/galveston-library/

http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/coeverything

https://www.macleans.ca/society/how-public-libraries-are-reinventing-themselves-for-the-21st-century/

https://www.macleans.ca/society/how-public-libraries-are-reinventing-themselves-for-the-21st-century/

https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/home-and-garden/design/the-reinvention-of-libraries-from-public-spaces-to-livingrooms/article29333752/

https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/home-and-garden/design/the-reinvention-of-libraries-from-public-spaces-to-livingrooms/article29333752/

https://www.agati.com/blog/future-of-public-library-furniture-flp-part2/

https://ebookfriendly.com/a-futuristic-public-library-thionville-france

http://www.designinglibraries.org.uk/?PageID=1520

https://www.demcointeriors.com/blog/designing-community-10-essential-library-spaces/

https://www.libraryjournal.com/?detailStory=Equity-and-Education-for-All-Library-of-the-Year-2019

http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/makers

http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/09/15/2015/Libraries-at-the-crossroads


lxvii Elyse Wanshel, “Library Used Its 3D Printer To Make Prosthetic Hand For Girl,” HuffPost, last modified 25

August 2016, https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/texas-library-3d-printer-prosthetic-limb-girl-katelyn-vincik_n_57bdc30ae4b0287a6e7312c0.

lxviii Sarah Petz, “New makerspace at Millennium Library offers sound booths, 3D printers for creative fun,” CBC, last modified 10 July 2018, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/makerspace-opening-millennium-library-1.4741130.

lxix Roberts, Facing the Future: A Vision Document for British Columbia’s Public Libraries, 10. lxx “New hands-on hub broadens learning at Saint John library,” CBC, last modified 14 June 2018,

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/saint-john-library-makerspace-1.4704918. lxxi Roberts, Facing the Future: A Vision Document for British Columbia’s Public Libraries, 11. Also, Justine Shaffner,

“Wonderful, Wonderful Copenhagen Main Library,” The Librarian is In, last modified 18 May 2011, https://jshaffner.wordpress.com/2011/05/18/wonderful-wonderful-copenhagen-main-library/.

lxxii Resource Planning Group, Inc., Port Moody Public Library: Functional Space Programming. lxxiii Garmer, Rising to the Challenge: Re-Envisioning Public Libraries, 14. lxxiv W. M. Brown, Future-Proof Design. (Cover story). Library Journal, 2008, Academic Search Elite. Also, “Model

Programme for Public Libraries.” Also, Carrie Smith, “Extend Your Space,” American Libraries, last modified 1 June 2017, https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2017/06/01/extend-your-space/.

lxxv “Collaboration and Engagement in Smart Communities,” ALA Center for the Future of Libraries, (n.d.), https://ala.informz.net/informzdataservice/onlineversion/ind/bWFpbGluZ2luc3RhbmNlaWQ9Nzk1NjYzNSZzdWJzY3JpYmVyaWQ9MTAxMTgxMTE3NQ==

lxxvi “Program Model: Civic Lab,” Programming Librarian, last modified 30 April 2018, http://programminglibrarian.org/programs/civic-labs.

lxxvii John N. Berry III, “LA County Library is Library of the Year 2019.” lxxviii Chris Taylor, “Repurposing Vacant Buildings: Sustainable Solutions for Civic Urban Spaces,” HMC Architects,

(n.d.), https://hmcarchitects.com/news/repurposing-vacant-buildings-sustainable-solutions-for-civic-urban-spaces-

2018-08-22/. lxxix “Vesthimmerland's Libraries transformed on a small budget,” Model Programme for Public Libraries, last

modified 18 September 2017, https://modelprogrammer.slks.dk/en/cases/thematic-cases/vesthimmerlands-libraries-transformed-on-a-small-budget/.

lxxx Chris Francis, “Custom Library Book Bikes Roll Out Across US,” American Libraries, last modified 13 August 2014, https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2014/08/13/custom-library-book-bikes-roll-out-across-us/.

lxxxi Alyse Kotyk, “Vancouver is Awesome,” Vancouver Sun, last modified 21 September 2018, https://www.vancouverisawesome.com/2018/09/21/book-dispenser-richmond-public-library/.

lxxxii Bruce Monley, Vending Machine Collection Dispensers in Libraries, State Library of Queensland, http://plconnect.slq.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/230517/SLQ_Library-Vending-facilities_2011-07.pdf.

lxxxiii Jon Willing, “Public library considers closing book on trailblazing vending machines,” Ottawa Citizen, last modified 9 November 2018, https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/public-library-considers-closing-book-on-trailblazing-vending-machines.

lxxxiv “Idea Box,” Oak Park Public Library, 37, (n.d.), https://oppl.org/visit/idea-box/. lxxxv Kaitlin Throgmorton, “A Balancing Act,” American Libraries, last modified 1 November 2016,

https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2016/11/01/balancing-act-shared-spaces-libraries. lxxxvi “Library Living? Integrating a library into a mixed-use development,” UNC School of Government, last

modified 25 August 2016, https://ced.sog.unc.edu/library-living-integrating-a-library-into-a-mixed-use-development.

lxxxvii “21st century libraries memorandum: North Anchor feasibility study,” Arts Council of Lake Oswego, https://www.ci.oswego.or.us/sites/default/files/fileattachments/lora/webpage/15792/3-_21st_century_libraries_memorandum-_north_anchor_feasibility_study_phase_i.pdf.

lxxxviii Nate Hill, “Library Outposts, a new service modal for urban public libraries,” Catch and Release, last

modified 15 March 2008, https://natehill.wordpress.com/2008/03/15/library-outposts-a-new-service-model-for-

urban-public-libraries/. lxxxix Marta Murvosh, “Life + Library | Innovation,” Library Journal, last modified 13 June 2017,

https://www.libraryjournal.com/?detailStory=life-library-innovation.

https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/texas-library-3d-printer-prosthetic-limb-girl-katelyn-vincik_n_57bdc30ae4b0287a6e7312c0

https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/texas-library-3d-printer-prosthetic-limb-girl-katelyn-vincik_n_57bdc30ae4b0287a6e7312c0

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/makerspace-opening-millennium-library-1.4741130

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/makerspace-opening-millennium-library-1.4741130

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/saint-john-library-makerspace-1.4704918

https://jshaffner.wordpress.com/2011/05/18/wonderful-wonderful-copenhagen-main-library/

https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2017/06/01/extend-your-space/

https://ala.informz.net/informzdataservice/onlineversion/ind/bWFpbGluZ2luc3RhbmNlaWQ9Nzk1NjYzNSZzdWJzY3JpYmVyaWQ9MTAxMTgxMTE3NQ==

https://ala.informz.net/informzdataservice/onlineversion/ind/bWFpbGluZ2luc3RhbmNlaWQ9Nzk1NjYzNSZzdWJzY3JpYmVyaWQ9MTAxMTgxMTE3NQ==

http://programminglibrarian.org/programs/civic-labs

https://hmcarchitects.com/news/repurposing-vacant-buildings-sustainable-solutions-for-civic-urban-spaces-2018-08-22/

https://hmcarchitects.com/news/repurposing-vacant-buildings-sustainable-solutions-for-civic-urban-spaces-2018-08-22/

https://modelprogrammer.slks.dk/en/cases/thematic-cases/vesthimmerlands-libraries-transformed-on-a-small-budget/

https://modelprogrammer.slks.dk/en/cases/thematic-cases/vesthimmerlands-libraries-transformed-on-a-small-budget/

https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2014/08/13/custom-library-book-bikes-roll-out-across-us/

https://www.vancouverisawesome.com/2018/09/21/book-dispenser-richmond-public-library/

http://plconnect.slq.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/230517/SLQ_Library-Vending-facilities_2011-07.pdf

https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/public-library-considers-closing-book-on-trailblazing-vending-machines

https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/public-library-considers-closing-book-on-trailblazing-vending-machines

https://oppl.org/visit/idea-box/

https://ced.sog.unc.edu/library-living-integrating-a-library-into-a-mixed-use-development

https://ced.sog.unc.edu/library-living-integrating-a-library-into-a-mixed-use-development

https://www.ci.oswego.or.us/sites/default/files/fileattachments/lora/webpage/15792/3-_21st_century_libraries_memorandum-_north_anchor_feasibility_study_phase_i.pdf

https://www.ci.oswego.or.us/sites/default/files/fileattachments/lora/webpage/15792/3-_21st_century_libraries_memorandum-_north_anchor_feasibility_study_phase_i.pdf

https://natehill.wordpress.com/2008/03/15/library-outposts-a-new-service-model-for-urban-public-libraries/

https://natehill.wordpress.com/2008/03/15/library-outposts-a-new-service-model-for-urban-public-libraries/

https://www.libraryjournal.com/?detailStory=life-library-innovation


xc Jared Brey, “How Library Systems Can Help Address Affordable Housing Crises,” Next City, last modified 8 June

2018, https://nextcity.org/daily/entry/how-library-systems-can-help-address-affordable-housing-crises. xci Murvosh, “Life + Library | Innovation.” xcii Lauren Pongan, “The Bubbler, a new Madison Public Library program, finds innovative ways to connect

creative types,” Isthmus, last modified 11 April 2013, https://isthmus.com/arts/the-bubbler-a-new-madison-public-library-program-finds-innovative-ways-to-connect-creative-types/.

xciii “Innovative Library Services ‘in the wild’,” Pew Research Centre, last modified 29 January 2013, https://www.pewinternet.org/2013/01/29/innovative-library-services-in-the-wild.

xciv BC Museums Association, BCLA, AABC, “Memorandum of Understanding,” https://bclaconnect.ca/wp-uploads/2017/04/MOU.pdf.

xcv “Surrey Breaks Ground on Clayton Community Centre,” City of Surrey, last modified 5 July 2018, https://www.surrey.ca/city-government/27221.aspx.

xcvi Emily Lonie, “BC GLAM Symposium 2019,” Things I’m Fonds Of, last modified 17 May 2019, http://www.thingsimfondsof.com/its-the-glam-time-of-year-again-glam-symposium-2019/.

xcvii “New Museums, Cultural Centre, and Aboriginal Arts Lodge Proposed for Fort Langley,” Township of Langley, (n.d.), https://www.tol.ca/news/fort-langley-projects/. Also, “Fort Langley Community Projects,” Township of Langley, (n.d.), https://www.tol.ca/your-township/about-the-township/communities-and-neighbourhoods/fort-langley/fort-langley-community-projects.

xcviii “Strategic Plan 2019-2023,” Squamish Public Library, https://squamish.bc.libraries.coop/files/2016/11/WCFS2720_SqLibrary-StategicPlan_web-spreads-1.pdf.

xcix Lonie, “BC GLAM Symposium 2019.” c “Final Report: Taking it to the next level: Galleries, Libraries Archives, and Museums (GLAMs) Summit 2018 ,”

Library and Archives Canada, last modified 16 April 2018, https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/events/Pages/2018/GLAM-summit-2018-final-report.aspx.

ci “OCP Part 1 – Vision,” District of Squamish, (n.d.), 6, https://squamish.civicweb.net/document/120167. cii “Truth and Reconciliation Report and Recommendations,” Canadian Federation of Library Associations, (n.d.),

https://librarianship.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/CFLA_TRC_Report.pdf. ciii “Four Case Studies Exemplifying Best Practices in Architectural Co-design and Building with First Nations,”

Royal Architectural Institute of Canada, https://raic.org/raic/four-case-studies-exemplifying-best-practices-architectural-co-design-and-building-first?utm_medium=website&utm_source=archdaily.com.

civ “Indigenous Design Collaborative,” Arizona State University, https://design.asu.edu/research-and-initiatives/indigenous-design-collaborative?dept=1626&id=1.

cv Rebekkah Smith Aldrich, “Sustainability | On a Mission,” Library Journal, last modified 3 April 2018, https://www.libraryjournal.com/?detailStory=Sustainability-On-a-Mission.

cvi “IFLA Green Library Award,” International Federation of Library Associations, last modified 7 June 2019, https://www.ifla.org/node/10159.

cvii Bette-Lee Fox, “Design of the Times.” cviii “Sustainable, Resilient, Regenerative: a Strategy for the Future of New York's Libraries,” New York Library

Association, https://www.nyla.org/max/4DCGI/cms/review.html?Action=CMS_Document&DocID=1771&MenuKey=SI.

cix “Library Design Showcase 2012: Green Facilities,” American Libraries, last modified 28 February 2012, https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2012/02/28/library-design-showcase-2012-green-facilities/.

cx Taylor Blewett, “10 Big Ideas from Around the World to Inspire Ottawa’s New Super Library,” Ottawa Citizen, last modified 13 June 2019, https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/10-big-ideas-from-around-the-world-to-inspire-ottawas-new-super-library. cxi Paul T. Jaeger and John Carlo Bertot, “Libraries, Inclusion, and the 25th Anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act,” Emerald Group Publishing, last modified 2015, http://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/librarians/features/pdf/Libraries,%20Inclusion,%20and%20the%2025th%20Anniversary%20of%20the%20Americans.pdf.

cxii “List of Staffless / “Open Plus” Libraries in the United Kingdom and beyond,” Public Libraries News, (n.d.), http://www.publiclibrariesnews.com/about-public-libraries-news/unstaffed-libraries. Also, “Forward-thinking libraries meet in Hamilton, Ontario to discuss the future of library service and extending access with bibliotheca’s

https://nextcity.org/daily/entry/how-library-systems-can-help-address-affordable-housing-crises

https://isthmus.com/arts/the-bubbler-a-new-madison-public-library-program-finds-innovative-ways-to-connect-creative-types/

https://isthmus.com/arts/the-bubbler-a-new-madison-public-library-program-finds-innovative-ways-to-connect-creative-types/

https://www.pewinternet.org/2013/01/29/innovative-library-services-in-the-wild

https://bclaconnect.ca/wp-uploads/2017/04/MOU.pdf

https://bclaconnect.ca/wp-uploads/2017/04/MOU.pdf

https://www.surrey.ca/city-government/27221.aspx

http://www.thingsimfondsof.com/its-the-glam-time-of-year-again-glam-symposium-2019/

https://www.tol.ca/news/fort-langley-projects/

https://www.tol.ca/your-township/about-the-township/communities-and-neighbourhoods/fort-langley/fort-langley-community-projects

https://www.tol.ca/your-township/about-the-township/communities-and-neighbourhoods/fort-langley/fort-langley-community-projects

https://squamish.bc.libraries.coop/files/2016/11/WCFS2720_SqLibrary-StategicPlan_web-spreads-1.pdf

https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/events/Pages/2018/GLAM-summit-2018-final-report.aspx

https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/about-us/events/Pages/2018/GLAM-summit-2018-final-report.aspx

https://squamish.civicweb.net/document/120167

https://librarianship.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/CFLA_TRC_Report.pdf

https://raic.org/raic/four-case-studies-exemplifying-best-practices-architectural-co-design-and-building-first?utm_medium=website&utm_source=archdaily.com

https://raic.org/raic/four-case-studies-exemplifying-best-practices-architectural-co-design-and-building-first?utm_medium=website&utm_source=archdaily.com

https://design.asu.edu/research-and-initiatives/indigenous-design-collaborative?dept=1626&id=1

https://design.asu.edu/research-and-initiatives/indigenous-design-collaborative?dept=1626&id=1

https://www.libraryjournal.com/?detailStory=Sustainability-On-a-Mission



https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2012/02/28/library-design-showcase-2012-green-facilities/

https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/10-big-ideas-from-around-the-world-to-inspire-ottawas-new-super-library

https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/10-big-ideas-from-around-the-world-to-inspire-ottawas-new-super-library

http://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/librarians/features/pdf/Libraries,%20Inclusion,%20and%20the%2025th%20Anniversary%20of%20the%20Americans.pdf

http://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/librarians/features/pdf/Libraries,%20Inclusion,%20and%20the%2025th%20Anniversary%20of%20the%20Americans.pdf

http://www.publiclibrariesnews.com/about-public-libraries-news/unstaffed-libraries


open+,” bibliotheca, last modified 8 November 2018, https://www.bibliotheca.com/forward-thinking-libraries-meet-in-hamilton-ontario-to-discuss-the-future-of-library-service-and-extending-access-with-bibliothecas-open/.

cxiii Hendrix, Checking out the Future: Perspectives from the Library Community on Information Technology and 21st-Century Libraries, 14.

cxiv “Trends,” American Library Association, Center for the Future of Libraries, (n.d.), http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends.

cxv John N. Berry III, “LA County Library is Library of the Year 2019,” Library Journal, last modified 28 May 2019, https://www.libraryjournal.com/?detailStory=Equity-and-Education-for-All-Library-of-the-Year-2019.

cxvi “Drones,” American Library Association, Center for the Future of Libraries, (n.d.), http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/drones.

cxvii “Facial Recognition,” American Library Association, Center for the Future of Libraries, (n.d.), http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/facialrecognition. Also, Troy Lambert, “Facing Privacy Issues: Your Face as Big Data,” Public Libraries Online, last modified 19 May 2016, http://publiclibrariesonline.org/2016/05/facing-privacy-issues-your-face-as-big-data/.

cxviii “Meet Robbie, Library’s Inventory Robot,” Temasek Polytechnic, (n.d.), https://www.tp.edu.sg/library/highlights/Meet-Robbie-Librarys-Inventory-Robot.

cxix Alison Marcotte, “Tech Trends,” American Libraries, last modified 1 March 2019, https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2019/03/01/tech-trends-libraries.

cxx “Trends,” American Library Association, Center for the Future of Libraries, (n.d.), http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends.

cxxi Jim Lynch, “Library Tech Trends for 2019,” TechSoup for Libraries, 14 January 2019, http://www.techsoupforlibraries.org/blog/library-tech-trends-for-2019. Also, “2019 Library Technology Trends You Should Be Adopting,” Alexandria, (n.d.), https://www.goalexandria.com/2019-library-technology/. Also, “What Trends Will Affect and Shape Libraries In 2018 And Beyond?,” USC Marshall School of Business, https://librarysciencedegree.usc.edu/blog/what-trends-will-affect-and-shape-libraries-in-2018-and-beyond.

cxxii Andrew Cave, “What Will We Do When The World's Data Hits 163 Zettabytes In 2025?,” Forbes, last modified 13 April 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewcave/2017/04/13/what-will-we-do-when-the-worlds-data-hits-163-zettabytes-in-2025/#2aaf9d54349a.

cxxiii “Mobile usage in Canada - Statistics & Facts,” Statista, last modified 4 March 2019, https://www.statista.com/topics/3529/mobile-usage-in-canada/.

cxxiv Garmer, Rising to the Challenge: Re-Envisioning Public Libraries, 4. cxxv Joseph Janes, “The Myriad Futures of Libraries,” PWxyz, last modified 22 February 2019,

https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/libraries/article/79313-the-myriad-futures-of-libraries.html. Also, John N. Berry III, “LA County Library is Library of the Year 2019,” Library Journal, last modified 28 May 2019, https://www.libraryjournal.com/?detailStory=Equity-and-Education-for-All-Library-of-the-Year-2019.

cxxvi Roberts, Facing the Future: A Vision Document for British Columbia’s Public Libraries, 29. Also, Garmer, Rising to the Challenge: Re-Envisioning Public Libraries, 14. Also, Jayne Gest, “The Columbus Metropolitan Library turns the page to better serve customers,” Smart Business, last modified 1 February 2016, http://www.sbnonline.com/article/the-columbus-metropolitan-library-turns-the-page-to-better-serve-customers/?all=1.

cxxvii “Internet of Things,” American Library Association, Center for the Future of Libraries, (n.d.), http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/internetofthings. Also, Riding the Waves or Caught in the Tide? Navigating the Evolving Information Environment, International Federation of Library Associations, 2013, 10, https://trends.ifla.org/files/trends/assets/insights-from-the-ifla-trend-report_v3.pdf. Also, Elaine Lies, “Technological changes may lead to "reading divide’," Reuters, last modified 16 March 2011, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-books-technology-golden/technological-changes-may-lead-to-reading-divide-idUSTRE72G0G120110317/.

cxxviii Tristin Hopper, “Why Canadian cell phone bills are among the most expensive on the planet,” National Post, last modified 18 September 2017, https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/why-canadian-cell-phone-bills-are-among-the-most-expensive-on-the-planet.

cxxix “Mobile usage in Canada – Statistics & Facts,” Statista, last modified 4 March 2019, https://www.statista.com/topics/3529/mobile-usage-in-canada/.

https://www.bibliotheca.com/forward-thinking-libraries-meet-in-hamilton-ontario-to-discuss-the-future-of-library-service-and-extending-access-with-bibliothecas-open/

https://www.bibliotheca.com/forward-thinking-libraries-meet-in-hamilton-ontario-to-discuss-the-future-of-library-service-and-extending-access-with-bibliothecas-open/



http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/drones

http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/facialrecognition

http://publiclibrariesonline.org/2016/05/facing-privacy-issues-your-face-as-big-data/

http://publiclibrariesonline.org/2016/05/facing-privacy-issues-your-face-as-big-data/

https://www.tp.edu.sg/library/highlights/Meet-Robbie-Librarys-Inventory-Robot

https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/2019/03/01/tech-trends-libraries


http://www.techsoupforlibraries.org/blog/library-tech-trends-for-2019

https://www.goalexandria.com/2019-library-technology/

https://librarysciencedegree.usc.edu/blog/what-trends-will-affect-and-shape-libraries-in-2018-and-beyond

https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewcave/2017/04/13/what-will-we-do-when-the-worlds-data-hits-163-zettabytes-in-2025/#2aaf9d54349a

https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewcave/2017/04/13/what-will-we-do-when-the-worlds-data-hits-163-zettabytes-in-2025/#2aaf9d54349a

https://www.statista.com/topics/3529/mobile-usage-in-canada/

https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/libraries/article/79313-the-myriad-futures-of-libraries.html

https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/libraries/article/79313-the-myriad-futures-of-libraries.html


http://www.sbnonline.com/article/the-columbus-metropolitan-library-turns-the-page-to-better-serve-customers/?all=1

http://www.sbnonline.com/article/the-columbus-metropolitan-library-turns-the-page-to-better-serve-customers/?all=1

http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/internetofthings

https://trends.ifla.org/files/trends/assets/insights-from-the-ifla-trend-report_v3.pdf

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-books-technology-golden/technological-changes-may-lead-to-reading-divide-idUSTRE72G0G120110317

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-books-technology-golden/technological-changes-may-lead-to-reading-divide-idUSTRE72G0G120110317

https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/why-canadian-cell-phone-bills-are-among-the-most-expensive-on-the-planet

https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/why-canadian-cell-phone-bills-are-among-the-most-expensive-on-the-planet

https://www.statista.com/topics/3529/mobile-usage-in-canada/


cxxx Levien, Confronting the Future: Strategic Visions for the 21st Century Public Library, 17. cxxxi John B. Horrigan, “Libraries at the Crossroads.” Pew Research Center, last modified September 2015,

http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/09/15/2015. cxxxii Michael Oliviera, “Libraries 'loaning out' internet access via Wi-Fi hotspots,” CTV News, last modified 17 April

2018, https://www.ctvnews.ca/lifestyle/libraries-loaning-out-internet-access-via-wi-fi-hotspots-1.3888020. Also, Garmer, Rising to the Challenge: Re-Envisioning Public Libraries, 24. Also, Jim Lynch, “Library Tech Trends for 2019,” TechSoup for Libraries, last modified 14 January 2019, http://www.techsoupforlibraries.org/blog/library-tech-trends-for-2019.

cxxxiii Roberts, Facing the Future: A Vision Document for British Columbia’s Public Libraries, 9. cxxxiv “Drones,” American Library Association, Center for the Future of Libraries, (n.d.),

http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/drones. cxxxv Horrigan, “Libraries at the Crossroads.” cxxxvi “Robots,” American Library Association, Center for the Future of Libraries, (n.d.),

http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/robots. cxxxvii Levien, Confronting the Future: Strategic Visions for the 21st Century Public Library, 17. cxxxviii Jim Lynch, “Top Tech Trends from the 2018 ALA Midwinter Conference,” TechSoup for Libraries, last

modified 13 April 2018, http://www.techsoupforlibraries.org/blog/top-tech-trends-from-the-2018-ala-midwinter-conference.

cxxxix Jim Lynch, “Library Tech Trends for 2019,” TechSoup for Libraries, 14 January 2019, http://www.techsoupforlibraries.org/blog/library-tech-trends-for-2019. Also, Hendrix, Checking out the Future: Perspectives from the Library Community on Information Technology and 21st-Century Libraries, 7. Also, “IFLA Trend Report 2018 Update,” IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations), 14, https://trends.ifla.org/files/trends/assets. documents/ifla_trend_report_2018.pdf. Also, Riding the Waves or Caught in the Tide? Navigating the Evolving Information Environment, International Federation of Library Associations, 2013, 10, https://trends.ifla.org/files/trends/assets/insights-from-the-ifla-trend-report_v3.pdf.

cxl Riding the Waves or Caught in the Tide? Navigating the Evolving Information Environment, International Federation of Library Associations, 2013, 10, https://trends.ifla.org/files/trends/assets/insights-from-the-ifla-trend-report_v3.pdf.

cxli “Privacy,” American Library Association, Center for the Future of Libraries, (n.d.), http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/privacy. Also, “IFLA Trend Report 2018 Update,” IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations), 14, https://trends.ifla.org/files/trends/assets. documents/ifla_trend_report_2018.pdf. Also, Jim Lynch, “Library Tech Trends for 2019,” TechSoup for Libraries, 14 January 2019, http://www.techsoupforlibraries.org/blog/library-tech-trends-for-2019.

cxlii Horrigan, “Libraries at the Crossroads,” 3. cxliii “Virtual Privacy Lab,” San Jose Public Library, (n.d.), https://www.sjpl.org/privacy. cxliv “Online Self Defense,” Lebanon Public Libraries, (n.d.), https://leblibrary.com/taxonomy/term/416. cxlv Riding the Waves or Caught in the Tide? Navigating the Evolving Information Environment, International

Federation of Library Associations, 2013, 10, https://trends.ifla.org/files/trends/assets/insights-from-the-ifla-trend-report_v3.pdf.

cxlvi “Data Everywhere,” American Library Association, Center for the Future of Libraries, (n.d.), http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/data.

cxlvii Teena Maddox, “Smart cities: a cheat sheet,” TechRepublic, last modified 16 July 2018, https://www.techrepublic.com/article/smart-cities-the-smart-persons-guide/.

cxlviii Maddox, “Smart cities: a cheat sheet.” cxlix “Welcome to Sidewalk Toronto,” Sidewalk Toronto, https://sidewalktoronto.ca/. cl James McLeod, “Make Public Libraries Custodians of Smart City Data: Board of Trade,” Financial Post, last

updated 10 January 2019, https://business.financialpost.com/technology/make-public-libraries-custodians-of-smart-city-data-board-of-trade.

cli “Smart Cities,” American Library Association, Center for the Future of Libraries, (n.d.), http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/smartcities.

http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/09/15/2015

https://www.ctvnews.ca/lifestyle/libraries-loaning-out-internet-access-via-wi-fi-hotspots-1.3888020



http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/drones

http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/robots

http://www.techsoupforlibraries.org/blog/top-tech-trends-from-the-2018-ala-midwinter-conference

http://www.techsoupforlibraries.org/blog/top-tech-trends-from-the-2018-ala-midwinter-conference


https://trends.ifla.org/files/trends/assets




http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/privacy

https://trends.ifla.org/files/trends/assets


https://www.sjpl.org/privacy

https://leblibrary.com/taxonomy/term/416



http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/data

https://www.techrepublic.com/article/smart-cities-the-smart-persons-guide/

https://sidewalktoronto.ca/

https://business.financialpost.com/technology/make-public-libraries-custodians-of-smart-city-data-board-of-trade

https://business.financialpost.com/technology/make-public-libraries-custodians-of-smart-city-data-board-of-trade

http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/smartcities


clii “Social Networking,” American Library Association, last modified 9 April 2014, http://www.ala.org/news/state-

americas-libraries-report-2014/social-networking. cliii Deirdre Costello and Cathleen Keyser, “Meet Them in the Moment: Engaging Public Library Patrons When It

Matters Most,” Weave, Journal of Library User Experience, 2016, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/w/weave/12535642.0001.404?view=text;rgn=main.

cliv Kate Talbot, “What Brands Can Learn From The New York Public Library's Instagram Stories,” Forbes, last modified 10 October 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/katetalbot/2018/10/10/what-brands-can-learn-from-the-new-york-public-librarys-instagram-stories/#3e0d6da436b4.

clv Karen Pundsack, “To Engage or Not to Engage? Social Media in Public Libraries,” Public Libraries Online, last modified 18 January 2019, http://publiclibrariesonline.org/2019/01/to-engage-or-not-to-engage-social-media-in-public-libraries/.

clvi Molly Bacon, “How Libraries Use Social Media,” TechSoup for Libraries, last modified 12 October 2017, http://forums.techsoup.org/cs/community/b/tsblog/archive/2017/10/12/how-libraries-use-social-media.aspx.

clvii Marguerite Reardon, “Libraries lean on Twitter, Facebook and Instagram to reel you in,” CNET, last modified 11 April 2019, https://www.cnet.com/news/libraries-lean-on-twitter-facebook-and-instagram-to-reel-you-in.

clviii Garmer, Rising to the Challenge: Re-Envisioning Public Libraries, 4. clix Hendrix, Checking out the Future: Perspectives from the Library Community on Information Technology and

21st-Century Libraries, 15. clx Hendrix, Checking out the Future: Perspectives from the Library Community on Information Technology and

21st-Century Libraries, 15. clxi Garmer, Rising to the Challenge: Re-Envisioning Public Libraries, 44. clxii Gest, “The Columbus Metropolitan Library turns the page to better serve customers.” clxiii “Get Involved: Teen Advisory Group,” North Vancouver District Public Library, (n.d.), https://nvdpl.ca/get-

involved. clxiv “Meet our volunteer translator: Ophélie,” United Nations, Academic Impact, last modified 5 October 2018,

https://academicimpact.un.org/content/meet-our-volunteer-translator-oph%C3%A9lie. clxv Nick Ockenden, “The future of libraries and volunteering,” National Council for Voluntary Organizations, last

modified 29 March 2016, https://blogs.ncvo.org.uk/2016/03/29/the-future-of-libraries-and-volunteering/. clxvi “Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action,” Truth and Reconciliation Commission of

Canada, 2015, http://templatelab.com/truth-and-reconciliation-commission-calls-to-action/. clxvii “Truth and Reconciliation Report and Recommendations,” Canadian Federation of Library Associations, (n.d.),

https://librarianship.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/CFLA_TRC_Report.pdf. clxviii John N. Berry III, “LA County Library is Library of the Year 2019,” Library Journal, last modified 28 May 2019,

https://www.libraryjournal.com/?detailStory=Equity-and-Education-for-All-Library-of-the-Year-2019. clxix “Sector Profile: Libraries,” Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, (n.d.),

https://www.ontario.ca/document/environmental-scan-culture-sector-ontario-culture-strategy-background-document/sector-profile-public-libraries.

clxx Timothy Inklebarger, “Company to Supply Free Narcan to Libraries,” American Libraries, last modified 24 October 2018, https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/narcan-company-supply-free-narcan-to-libraries.

clxxi “How the opioid crisis could turn library workers into emergency responders,” CBC, last modified 3 April 2018, https://www.cbc.ca/radio/day6/episode-383-what-google-knows-about-you-naloxone-for-libraries-the-sound-of-the-jays-easter-island-more-1.4597061/how-the-opioid-crisis-could-turn-library-workers-into-emergency-responders-1.4597108.

clxxii “Information Brief: Opioids, Naloxen and Your Local Public Library,”AccessOLA, Ontario Library Association, last modified October 2018, http://www.accessola.org/WEB/Documents/Advocacy/2018%20-%20Info%20Brief%20Opioid%20-%20Final.pdf.

clxxiii “Blood pressure monitors available at Solano libraries,” The Reporter, last modified 16 January 2019, https://www.thereporter.com/2019/01/16/blood-pressure-monitors-available-at-solano-libraries/.

clxxiv “Public Health Kits,” Region of Waterloo Library, (n.d.), https://www.rwlibrary.ca/en/collections/public-health-kits.aspx.

clxxv “The Library of Things,” SDG Library, (n.d.), https://www.sdglibrary.ca/library-things.

http://www.ala.org/news/state-americas-libraries-report-2014/social-networking

http://www.ala.org/news/state-americas-libraries-report-2014/social-networking

https://quod.lib.umich.edu/w/weave/12535642.0001.404?view=text;rgn=main

https://www.forbes.com/sites/katetalbot/2018/10/10/what-brands-can-learn-from-the-new-york-public-librarys-instagram-stories/#3e0d6da436b4

https://www.forbes.com/sites/katetalbot/2018/10/10/what-brands-can-learn-from-the-new-york-public-librarys-instagram-stories/#3e0d6da436b4

http://publiclibrariesonline.org/2019/01/to-engage-or-not-to-engage-social-media-in-public-libraries/

http://publiclibrariesonline.org/2019/01/to-engage-or-not-to-engage-social-media-in-public-libraries/

http://forums.techsoup.org/cs/community/b/tsblog/archive/2017/10/12/how-libraries-use-social-media.aspx

https://www.cnet.com/news/libraries-lean-on-twitter-facebook-and-instagram-to-reel-you-in

https://nvdpl.ca/get-involved

https://nvdpl.ca/get-involved

https://academicimpact.un.org/content/meet-our-volunteer-translator-oph%C3%A9lie

https://blogs.ncvo.org.uk/2016/03/29/the-future-of-libraries-and-volunteering/

http://templatelab.com/truth-and-reconciliation-commission-calls-to-action/

https://librarianship.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/CFLA_TRC_Report.pdf




https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/narcan-company-supply-free-narcan-to-libraries

https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/narcan-company-supply-free-narcan-to-libraries

https://www.cbc.ca/radio/day6/episode-383-what-google-knows-about-you-naloxone-for-libraries-the-sound-of-the-jays-easter-island-more-1.4597061/how-the-opioid-crisis-could-turn-library-workers-into-emergency-responders-1.4597108



http://www.accessola.org/WEB/Documents/Advocacy/2018%20-%20Info%20Brief%20Opioid%20-%20Final.pdf

http://www.accessola.org/WEB/Documents/Advocacy/2018%20-%20Info%20Brief%20Opioid%20-%20Final.pdf

https://www.thereporter.com/2019/01/16/blood-pressure-monitors-available-at-solano-libraries/

https://www.rwlibrary.ca/en/collections/public-health-kits.aspx

https://www.rwlibrary.ca/en/collections/public-health-kits.aspx

https://www.sdglibrary.ca/library-things


clxxvi Blewett, “10 big ideas from around the world to inspire Ottawa's new super library.” clxxvii Roberts, Facing the Future: A Vision Document for British Columbia’s Public Libraries, 10. clxxviii “Creative Residencies,” Vancouver Public Library, (n.d.), https://www.vpl.ca/programs-events/creative-

residencies. clxxix “Idea Box,” Oak Park Public Library, 37, (n.d.), https://oppl.org/visit/idea-box/. clxxx Paula Pintos, “Lindower 22 Ateliers and Galleries,” ArchDaily, last modified 2 June 2019,

https://www.archdaily.com/918033/lindower-22-ateliers-and-galleries-heim-balp-architekten. clxxxi Hendrix, Checking out the Future: Perspectives from the Library Community on Information Technology and

21st-Century Libraries, 9. clxxxii “Drones,” American Library Association, Center for the Future of Libraries, (n.d.),

http://www.ala.org/tools/future/trends/drones. clxxxiii Hendrix, Checking out the Future: Perspectives from the Library Community on Information Technology and

21st-Century Libraries, 18. clxxxiv Garmer, Rising to the Challenge: Re-Envisioning Public Libraries, 45. Also, Roberts, Facing the Future: A

Vision Document for British Columbia’s Public Libraries, 16 and 26. clxxxv Roberts, Facing the Future: A Vision Document for British Columbia’s Public Libraries, 17. Also, Andrew

Richard Albanese and Brian Kenney, “The Changing World of Library Reference,” Publishers Weekly, last modified 26 August 2016, https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/libraries/article/71322-we-need-to-talk-about-reference.html.

clxxxvi Albanese and Kenney, “The Changing World of Library Reference.” clxxxvii Garmer, Rising to the Challenge: Re-Envisioning Public Libraries, 17. clxxxviii Roberts, Facing the Future: A Vision Document for British Columbia’s Public Libraries, 17 and 29. clxxxix Gest, “The Columbus Metropolitan Library turns the page to better serve customers.” cxc Garmer, Rising to the Challenge: Re-Envisioning Public Libraries, 11. cxci F. Huysmans and M. Oomes, “Measuring the public library’s societal value: A methodological research

program,” IFLA Journal 39, no. 2 (2013):168–77, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273118808_Measuring_the_public_library's_societal_value_A_methodological_research_program.

cxcii Marie DeYoung, The Status and Future of Canada’s Libraries and Archives, Canadian Library Association, 2014, 15, http://cla.ca/wp-content/uploads/RSC-Status-and-Future-of-Libraries-Jan14-v-8.pdf.

cxciii Garmer, Rising to the Challenge: Re-Envisioning Public Libraries, 4. Also, John N. Berry III, “LA County Library is Library of the Year 2019,” Library Journal, last modified 28 May 2019, https://www.libraryjournal.com/?detailStory=Equity-and-Education-for-All-Library-of-the-Year-2019.

cxciv Levien, Confronting the Future: Strategic Visions for the 21st Century Public Library, 26. cxcv Levien, Confronting the Future: Strategic Visions for the 21st Century Public Library, 28.

cxcvi Andrew Richard Albanese and Brian Kenney, “The Changing World of Library Reference,” Publishers Weekly, last modified 26 August 2016, https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/libraries/article/71322-we-need-to-talk-about-reference.html. cxcvii Levien, Confronting the Future: Strategic Visions for the 21st Century Public Library, 15.

https://www.vpl.ca/programs-events/creative-residencies

https://www.vpl.ca/programs-events/creative-residencies

https://oppl.org/visit/idea-box/

https://www.archdaily.com/918033/lindower-22-ateliers-and-galleries-heim-balp-architekten

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273118808_Measuring_the_public_library's_societal_value_A_methodological_research_program

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273118808_Measuring_the_public_library's_societal_value_A_methodological_research_program

http://cla.ca/wp-content/uploads/RSC-Status-and-Future-of-Libraries-Jan14-v-8.pdf

https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/libraries/article/71322-we-need-to-talk-about-reference.html

https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/libraries/article/71322-we-need-to-talk-about-reference.html